【英语】2019届二轮复习英语阅读理解专题词义猜测试题解题指导（53页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习英语阅读理解专题词义猜测试题解题指导（53页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习英语阅读理解专题词义猜测试题解题指导 高考考情分析解读：‎ 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。‎ ‎2016年全国卷设问形式例子：‎ ‎(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)‎ ‎(3)What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 常见的命题形式有：‎ The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”．‎ Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?‎ The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”．‎ What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?‎ 利用定义definition或同义解释 本学案结构：‎ 重述 举例 利用构词法word-building 利用语境和逻辑关系 单词或短语 反义（同义第一部分已讲）‎ 根据语法知识猜测 意思猜测题 因果 利用构词法word-building 根据常识common sense判定 代词指代猜测题目 句子猜测句意题目 附：典故谚语知识储备 单词或短语意思猜测题 该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。‎ 定义或者同义解释：‎ 作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词 同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。‎ ‎1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man. ‎ ‎2).It will be very hard but very brittle — that is , it will break easily.‎ ‎3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.‎ A. Having been abandoned B. Having been used to home life C. Having been used to life in the wild D. Having been weak and hungry ‎4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.‎ ‎5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.‎ ‎6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a ‎ window. ‎ ‎7). The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.‎ • The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.‎ A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless 同义词（近义词 ）‎ 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as … as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义 。‎ 例如.‎ I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.‎ 题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?‎ ‎ A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor ‎9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him. ‎ ‎10).Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym. ‎ ‎11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.‎ ‎12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. ‎ ‎13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also ‎ regard drinking as harmful. ‎ 利用构词法猜词 英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。‎ 根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。‎ super- inter- mini- micro- -some anti- co-‎ ‎ post- pre- -ship pro- 表示“往前”‎ progress ['prəugres] n./v. 进步 promote v.增进，促进，提高 pre- 提前，领先 ‎ predict vt. 预测 prevent vt. 预防；妨碍 preview n./v. 预览；预习 prevent ‎ 记：预先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是预防 ‎ Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words. ‎ ‎ 及时重复才能预防忘记单词。 timely adv. 及时地 repetition n. 重复 per “每个，都，一直”‎ person n. 人 percent n. 百分比 ‎ persist v. 坚持 persuade [pə'sweid]vt.说服，劝服 ‎ 记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就 可以说服 re-表示“再次，重复，往回，”‎ repeat n./v. 重复 rewrite v. 重写，改写 recall v.回想，记起；召回 recover v. 重新获得，恢复 report n./v 报告 ‎ 表示“往上”的前缀 up-和in- “向下”的前缀 de ‎ grade n. 等级，级别，成绩 upgrade ___________ degrade ______________‎ increase n./v 上升 增加 decrease n./v 减少，减小 in-除了表示“往上”， 更重要的意思是“往里”。 和它音近的im-，en-，em-‎ ‎ 都是“往里”的含义 inside a.里面的 import vt. 进口 记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口 invite v. 邀请 ink n. 墨水 in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？‎ 往外 ex-，e-‎ export v./n 出口 expand v. 扩张 exit v. 出口 ['eksit] ‎ experience n. 经历，经验 vt.体会 explain v.解释 ‎ exhibit v. 展览 [ig'zibit; eg-]‎ 表示否定的前缀：‎ ‎ un- unfair,unhappy ‎ ‎ non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)‎ ‎ in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.)‎ ‎ dis-disagree,disappear ‎ im-impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)‎ ‎ il-illegal ‎ ir-irreal, irregular ‎(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:‎ ‎ mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导)‎ ‎(C).表示向背的前缀:‎ ‎ pro-(亲，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American ‎ anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war ‎(D).表示程度、大小的前缀 super- superstar,supermarket, ‎ ‎ superman, superpower over- overhead, overeat, overuse mini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-car under- underground, underestimate semi-(半，部分) semicircle, semiskilled, ‎ ‎(E).表示时间的前缀 ‎ pre- prewar ‎ post- postwar ‎ fore-(前，预先)‎ ‎ foretell, ‎ ‎ forecast, foresee, ‎ ‎ weather forecast ‎(F).表示方位的前缀：‎ ‎ sub- subway, submarine ‎ inter- international, ‎ ‎ interclass(年级之间的）‎ ‎ trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)‎ ‎ transplant, ‎ ‎ transatlantic （横渡大西洋的）‎ 常见的后缀 ‎-ment 名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”‎ move v.移动；搬家movement n.运动，活动 agree v. 同意agreement n.同意，协议 ‎ manage v.管理 management n.管理 ‎-tion 名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态 ‎1. n. 行动 action ‎ ‎2. n. 污染 pollution ‎3. n. 人口 population ‎4. n. 手术 operation ‎-ty 名词后缀，加在形容词后面,表示特性或情况 ‎1. n. 诚实 honesty ‎2. n. 安全 safety ‎3. n. 多样；种类；；变化 variety ‎4. n 焦虑 anxiety ‎ ‎5. n. 残酷 cruelty ‎-able, 形容词后缀 有”能够、有某种特性”的意思 ‎1. adj. 舒服的 comfortable ‎2. adj. 合适的 suitable ‎3. adj. 时尚的，时髦的 fashionable ‎4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的 reasonable ‎ ‎5. adj. 可信赖的，可靠的 ‎ ‎ v. 信赖 rely reliable ‎ ‎6. adj. 大量的；可观的 ‎ 考虑 动词是？‎ ‎ considerable adj.大量的，可观的 ‎7. adj. 稳定的 ‎ stable adj. 稳定的 ‎ 记：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。‎ ‎8.adj 可用的，可得到的 ‎ available adj 可用的，可得到的 ‎-ish 为形容词和名词后缀。‎ ‎1. adj. 愚蠢的 foolish ‎2. adj. 自私的 selfish ‎ ‎ 记忆：一条自私的鱼 ‎3. n. 垃圾 rubbish ‎4. n. 英语 English ‎5. adj. 英国的，英国人的 British ‎-ful 形容词后缀 ‎1. adj. 鲜艳的，多姿多彩的 colourful ‎ ‎2. adj. 高兴的，愉快的 cheerful delightful ‎ ‎3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的 hopeful ‎ ‎4. adj 有意义的，意味深长的 meaningful ‎5. adj. 奇妙的，极好的，精彩的 wonderful ‎1.动词变名词：‎ ‎-ation ‎ satisfaction, education, realization ‎-ment ‎ development, movement, disappointment ‎-al ‎ arrival, refusal ‎-ee ‎ trainee（受训者）, employee ‎-er ‎ teacher, worker ‎-or ‎ visitor, sailor ‎ wrong-doer 做错事情的人 补充学习 over- : too much overcrowded ‎(1)Overwork may cause diseases.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.en- 动词前缀 enable, endanger, enrich ‎3.重要后缀 -ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en等 ‎4.合成词 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.‎ ‎ ‎ Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.‎ ‎ ‎ Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. …At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.‎ 词性转换（解释意思）‎ He is a man with broad shoulders. ‎ We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time. ‎ So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you pleasure…Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets you. ‎ ‎ Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？)‎ ‎ [真题演练] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.‎ 利用语境及逻辑关系猜词 利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。‎ 利用上下文线索猜测词义 ‎ ‎(1)重述 ‎ 作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。‎ ‎[典例]　 In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(2) 举例 作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。‎ ‎[典例] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. ‎ ‎1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.‎ ‎2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.‎ ‎(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。‎ 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand， but, however, although , though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。‎ ‎[典例]　 If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.‎ ‎73．The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”. ‎ A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．temporary 举例：‎ He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.‎ A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. ‎ Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. ‎ Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. ‎ She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ 对比Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.‎ • The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______.‎ A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you ‎（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。‎ Signal words: because，since ,so, such…that, so…that, for, ect. ‎ I could see nothing because the light was too faint . ‎ I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”‎ The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “      ” .‎ A．full of respect     B． rude and too confident  ‎ C．lacking in experience  D．too shy and quiet ‎ 词语再应用 ‎1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.‎ a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting ‎2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.‎ a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly ‎ ‎3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。‎ ‎4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.‎ ‎5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.‎ • What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?‎ A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.‎ B. Take away everything you bring in.‎ C. Carry all the necessary food.‎ D. Look after your personal belongings.‎ 再如：‎ 真题演练 ‎[典例] There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ ‎30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? ‎ A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.‎ C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire. ‎ ‎[典例] This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.‎ ‎63．The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．‎ A．change　　　　　　B．lift C．repair D．decorate 根据语法知识猜测词义 在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。‎ ‎[典例] Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.‎ ‎65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．Countries where their people need help.‎ B．Powerful states with higher civilization. ‎ C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.‎ D．Governments ruled with absolute power. ‎ 根据生活常识断定 生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。‎ ‎1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.‎ The word “pruning” means______‎ A. Regular cutting of the plants B. Frequent watering C. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the plants high in the mountain ‎2). Husband：It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace? ‎ a). dying b). frozen c). hurt ‎3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.‎ The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．‎ A．silently　　　　　　 B．gradually C．regularly D．completely ‎4). My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had ‎ paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed.‎ Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______‎ A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed allnight movies ‎ ‎ 代词指代猜测题 代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “________”. What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ ‎ ‎ Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.‎ What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________‎ A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.‎ C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.‎ ‎ ‎ 直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容 ‎ ‎[例 ] However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. ‎ • In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to ______.‎ A. being good at something ‎ B. setting a practical goal C. putting in more time ‎ D. succeeding in life ‎ ‎ 间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握 ‎ 因为代词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在解答某些细节题时，如果不弄清代词的指代内容，就很难选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预指来理清上下句的衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。‎ It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse.‎ • When did Lisa become conscious again?‎ A. When the train was leaving. ‎ B. After she was back on the platform.‎ C. After the police and fire officials came. ‎ D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.‎ Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. ‎ Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. ‎ • What does the underlined word “they” refer to?‎ A. The attacks B. Slavery and prejudice C. White men D. The shows Two 12-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search a football. Once they’d rowed beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.‎ What does “it” refer to?‎ A. The beach B. The water ‎ C. The boat D. The wind However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the ‎ things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．‎ So he tried it．‎ What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________‎ A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.‎ B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.‎ C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.‎ D．Rolling the blocks with fat.‎ ‎ ‎ 名师点津 解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。‎ 针对句子句意猜测题 名师点津 考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。‎ 句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有：‎ The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”．‎ The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean ________．‎ While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now.‎ Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.‎ Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________‎ A．Escape from your punishment.‎ B．Realization of your dreams.‎ C．Freedom from your tension.‎ D．Reduction of your expectations.‎ 常见典故谚语（短语）知识储备 skeleton in the cupboard/closet 碗橱里的骨架　　引申为：不为人知的家丑，不可外扬的家丑，隐情”‎ the last straw 压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草,终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，终于使人不支的最后一击，导火线;‎ ‎“have nine lives like a cat”（富有生命力的）‎ you reap what you sow一分耕耘，一分收获 our small kindnesses often bring us rich rewards, while our small offence can bring disasters.‎ senior citizens 老年人，年长的人 as easy as pie 十分容易，轻而易举 ‎“meet one’s Waterloo”（一败涂地）‎ capital punishment 死刑 dog tired非常累 catch-22 第二十二条军规（指让人左右为难的规定或处境）‎ ‎“rain cats and dogs”（倾盆大雨）‎ Don't count your chickens before/until they are hatched. ‎ 鸡蛋未孵出,先别数小鸡。 寓意:别高兴太早了。‎ Pandora’s Box 潘多拉魔盒(邪恶之源)、‎ see the handwriting on the wall –see signs that disaster is coming ‎ Achilles’ heel 阿基里斯的脚踵(致命弱点)、‎ the apple of somebody’s eye—a child who is loved very much by his or her parents.‎ 视觉的核心”，即“眼睛中的苹果 (apple of the eye)”时，我们就会联想到，那是对我们来说最为宝贵的东西。与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似。‎ ‎《圣经》中的Adam's apple(喉结) 、‎ a feather in one’s cap—something that you can be proud of ‎ 可夸耀的事,值得骄傲的事。‎ ‎《圣经》中的Garden of Eden伊甸园(世外桃源)、‎ Shylock（夏洛克）来比喻“狡诈者，守财奴” ‎ scratch the surface 隔靴搔痒，只触及问题的表面或一小部分 其他古希腊典故：‎ the sword of Damocles(达摩克利斯之剑)“富贵中隐藏的危险”的同义语，也可以指形势危急，千钧一发。‎ Damon and Pythias 生死之交 Penelop’s web 一项永远也完不成的工作 apple of discord意思是“不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端”‎ daphne（月桂树）古罗马人便用月桂树枝条编成冠冕，奖励音乐、美术、体育竞赛和作战的胜利者，“桂冠”就成了优胜的标志和荣誉的象征。‎ 猜测词意练习题目：‎ Passage 1 ‎ ‎ A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.‎ The word “disgrace” means _________ in this text.‎ A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame ‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever. ‎ The underlined word “banished” mean_______.‎ ‎ A. killed by stoning B. sent away ‎ ‎ C. imprisoned D. punished by whipping ‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.‎ ‎ ‎ The word “jeopardize” means _____ in this text.‎ A. protect B. endanger C. continue D. stop It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.‎ In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class' and 'classless society' in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be ‎ middle class. ‎ But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.‎ ‎42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.‎ A. variety B. division C. authority ‎ D. qualification The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”‎ ‎49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react B. Having a thin edge C. Clear and definite D. sudden and rapid In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.‎ Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth,‎ ‎ for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a collective (集体的) intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.‎ ‎70. What does the underlined expression "take on" in Paragraph 3 mean? ‎ A. Accept. B. Employ. C. Play with. D. Fight against.‎ Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.‎ Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.‎ Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.‎ ‎52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?‎ A. Swallow more than you can digest.‎ B. Act slightly above your abilities.‎ C. Develop more mysterious powers.‎ D. Learn to make creative decisions.‎ Passage 11（2016全国卷I B 篇 ）‎ ‎“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”‎ ‎27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?‎ A. They were unsure of themselves. ‎ B. They were eager to raise more children.‎ C. They wanted to live away from their parents.‎ D. They had little respect for their grandparents.‎ Passage 12（2011 全国卷·A篇）‎ ‎ Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it in the back porch （门廊）. Every so often my son’s ‎ friends will ask what it is. So I started stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.‎ ‎ 59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?‎ ‎ A. He missed the good old days. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories.‎ ‎ C. He needed it for his milk bottles. D. He planted flowers in it. ‎ Passage 15‎ ‎（全国卷II B篇）Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”‎ ‎27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. ‎ Passage 16（2016全国卷II C篇）‎ ‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to ?‎ A. The book. B. An adventure. ‎ C. A public place. D. The identification number. ‎ Passage17（2011 湖南卷· B篇）‎ ‎ He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes.Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.‎ ‎63.The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the father’s ____.‎ ‎ A. weak heart B. taking a shore job ‎ C. failure to return to sea D. injury caused by a torpedo ‎ Passage 18（2011 福建卷· E篇）‎ ‎…… Second, the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest（投入）in them. We invest a lot in a small number of people and then distribution what’s left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our ‎ engagement with that person will decline（减弱）until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.‎ ‎73. The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.‎ ‎ A. appointment B. connection C. interview D. agreement ‎ Passage 19‎ ‎(2016全国卷III C篇) There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. (白日梦) C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.‎ Passage 20 (2016全国卷III B篇) ‎ ‎“My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”‎ The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's _______.‎ A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories ‎2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略 参考答案 ‎ ‎ ‎ 简洁版本参考答案 定义或者同义解释：‎ ‎1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man. ‎ 参考答案 人类学 ‎2).It will be very hard but very brittle — that is , it will break easily.‎ ‎(adj. 易碎的, 脆的)‎ ‎3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.‎ Having been used to home life ‎ (adj. 家养的，驯服的)‎ ‎4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.‎ adj.坚决的 ‎5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.‎ n. 通两种语言的人 ‎6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. ‎ 分析：通过本句中的the same way light passes through a window可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。‎ ‎7). reluctant ‎ ü 解析： B 根据破折号后面的解释“即使是有英格兰和阿根廷比赛门票的老师也很难挤出一天的时间”，可见学校是“不愿意”放假的, 故选B。‎ 同义词（近义词 ）‎ ‎8).‎ 题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?‎ ‎ A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 答案 B courier和carry与delivery近义。‎ ‎9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him. 爱说话的，多嘴的；‎ ‎10).Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym. 笔名 假名 ‎11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, 代替 the law that was in effect last year.‎ ‎12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 不同意 ‎13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also ‎ regard drinking as harmful. 有害的 利用构词法猜词 ‎1. over- : too much overcrowded ‎(1)Overwork may cause diseases.‎ over（过分的、过量的）＋work＝overwork“工作过度”。‎ ‎(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.‎ dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。‎ ‎4.合成词 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.‎ 生死攸关的 Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.‎ 实事求是，脚踏实地 tongue-tied舌头短的，发音不清的，结结巴巴的； 语塞；‎ ‎ overseas adv.在[向]海外，在[向]国外；‎ adj.（在）海外的，（在）国外的； （向或来自）外国的；‎ ‎ highlight n.（图画或照片的）强光部份； 最重要的事情； 最精彩的部分；‎ vt.强调，突出； 把…照亮； 标示记号； 为…中最突出的事物 词性转换 He is a man with broad shoulders. n. 肩膀 We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time. v. take/bear 承担责任 So when someone has hurt 伤害you, calm 使得。。。镇静yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you pleasure…Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets使得。。。心烦意乱 you. ‎ ‎ Never trouble（动词） trouble （名词）until trouble troubles （名词）you. (trouble 词性与意义？)‎ ‎ [真题演练] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.‎ 分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。‎ 利用语境及逻辑关系猜词 ‎ (1)重述 ‎ ‎ [典例]　 beagle,_‎ 分析：由同位语the first and only animal companion可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。‎ ‎ (2) 举例 ‎ [典例] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. ‎ 分析：根据下文的举例like anger or anxiety可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。‎ ‎1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.‎ 富裕的 ‎2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.‎ 期刊，杂志 ‎(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。‎ ‎[典例]　 73．The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”. ‎ A．cheerful ‎ 分析：根据语义，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。‎ 举例：‎ He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.‎ 恶化 A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. ‎ 困难，麻烦 Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 肮脏的 Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. 爱交际的 She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ 准时的 对比The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______.‎ A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you ü 解析：B 本句由or引出，与前句意义相对，要求猜的ally显然与前句的enemy相对，即为“朋友”，朋友是支持和帮助我们的，故选B。‎ ‎（4）因果关系法I could see nothing because the light was too faint . dark I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”‎ The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “      ” .‎ A．full of respect     B． rude and too confident  ‎ 参考答案B专横的，冒昧的 词语再应用 ‎1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.‎ a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting 参考答案b 相撞 ‎2). My dog is hostile c). unfriendly ‎ 参考答案c 敌意的 ‎3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。‎ 浑浊的 ‎4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.‎ 巨大的 ‎5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 永久性的 因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, ‎ • What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?‎ A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.‎ B. Take away everything you bring in.‎ ‎ ‎ ü 解析：B 句中so引出结果, 由果推因, “不要留下任何参观的痕迹”, 因此“要把带来的所有东西都带走”, 故选B。‎ 再如：‎ 真题演练 ‎[典例] 30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? ‎ A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.‎ ‎ ‎ 分析：根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it ...”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择B项。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎[典例] ‎ ‎63．The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．‎ A．change　　　　　　B．lift 分析：根据下文“Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.”可知hoist与lift同义，故正确答案为B项。‎ 根据语法知识猜测词义 在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。‎ ‎[典例] ‎ ‎65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ D．Governments ruled with absolute power. ‎ 分析：根据后面的同位语“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”我们不难得知选项D与其意义一致，即“专政，暴君统治”。‎ 根据生活常识断定 ‎1). The word “pruning” means______‎ A. Regular cutting of the plants 参考答案A ‎2). Husband：It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace? ‎ a). dying b). frozen c). hurt 参考答案B冻僵的，麻木的 ‎3). The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．‎ A．silently　　　　　　 B．gradually C．regularly D．completely 参考答案D ‎【解析】　词义猜测题。本题属于猜测熟词的新义。由本段可知，我们能看到物体一类是因为它们减慢了光速和对光进行了散射，使其改变了原来的路线，而另外一类是因为它们对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那么在光的传播过程中就被完全阻止了，因此这里dead意为“完全地”，故选D。‎ ‎4). Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______‎ A．ended all their programs ‎【解析】答案A　词义猜测题。结合画线部分所在的句子“The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.”尤其是画线短语前面的I would keep it on说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一 直看到电视台停止播放节目为止，故A项“结束所有的节 目”与短语sign off “结束广播/电视节目”意义相近，为正确答案。‎ 代词指代猜测题 代词一般是“回指”前面提到过的某一事物或内容。如：‎ Our curtains look dirty. They need a good wash. (They回指our curtains)‎ ‎ 但有时也“预指”后面出现的某一事物或内容。如：‎ I shall say this to you: he is an honest man. (this预指冒号后面的he is an honest man)‎ What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________‎ A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.‎ C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.‎ ‎【解析】　代词指代题。做代词指代题时一般应该从前文查找答案，画线代词所在句子与其前一句是并列的，前一个句子的主语是the camps，而the camps指前面提到的safari camps，故应该选择C项。 ‎ 直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容 ‎ ‎[例 ] In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to ______.‎ A. being good at something ‎ B. setting a practical goal 解析：选B。本题考查要求考生弄清that指代的内容，“除此之外”中的“此(that)”到底是指什么？当然是回指前句中的set a goal and then gradually make it more practical，故选B。‎ 间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握 ‎ ‎ That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse.‎ • When did Lisa become conscious again?‎ A. When the train was leaving. ‎ B. After she was back on the platform.‎ 解析：B。解答本题的关键是理解 “That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness (那就是丽莎苏醒的地方)”中的that到底是指什么。结合前句，不难看出that是回指the platform的，故正确选项是B。‎ Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. ‎ • What does the underlined word “they” refer to?‎ A. The attacks B. Slavery and prejudice C. White men D. The shows 解析：D。结合前句理解，可知they替代the shows，代入they，全句意为“他对奴隶制和偏见的不断攻击表明深知这些表演并不代表现实”，上下连贯，故选D。‎ What does “it” refer to?‎ A. The beach B. The water ‎ C. The boat D. The wind ü 解析：D。句中it应是替代上上句中的the wind，将其替代it，看看句意是否连贯，“‎ 他们划到了静水之外，绑在船上的沙滩伞遇到了风，把他们的船牵引到开阔的水面。他们惊慌失措，想划回岸边。但是他们敌不过风，船失去控制”， 上下贯通，语意衔接，故选D。‎ So he tried it．‎ What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________‎ A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.‎ B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.‎ C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.‎ D．Rolling the blocks with fat.‎ ‎【解析】　代词指代题。根据So he tried it.中的So一词可判断，it指代的内容应该在第六段。由文章第六段中的A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides...make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．可知，物理学家West提出，在石块四周捆绑上木棒可以使石块更容易滚动。因此他对这种方法进行了尝试，故选A项。 ‎ 名师点津 解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。‎ 针对句子句意猜测题 Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.‎ Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________‎ A．Escape from your punishment.‎ B．Realization of your dreams.‎ C．Freedom from your tension.‎ D．Reduction of your expectations.‎ ‎【解析】　答案C，句意猜测题。根据最后一条建议Decide and act before overthinking.(行动前不要犹豫不决)可知，要把自己从思想的束缚中解放出来。release意为“解放”，与freedom同义，根据句中you’ll be on your way也可得知只有把自己释放出来，你才能走出去。‎ 真题演练 猜测词意练习题目：‎ Passage 1 ‎ The word “disgrace” means _________ in this text.‎ A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame ‎ Passage 2‎ The underlined word “banished” mean_______.‎ ‎ A. killed by stoning B. sent away ‎ ‎ C. imprisoned D. punished by whipping ‎ Passage 3‎ The word “jeopardize” means _____ in this text.‎ A. protect B. endanger C. continue D. stop ‎42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.‎ A. variety B. division C. authority D. qualification 参考答案B B. division 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子。“Britain seems to have a love of stratification．”，再结合上文中提到的英国人喜欢把自己定位于某个等级可知，该句是指，英国似乎很喜欢这种等级划分。‎ ‎49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react B. Having a thin edge C. Clear and definite D. sudden and rapid 参考答案C 清晰，明确的 ‎70. What does the underlined expression "take on" in Paragraph 3 mean? ‎ A. Accept. B. Employ. C. Play with. D. Fight against.‎ 参考答案D ‎52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?‎ A. Swallow more than you can digest.‎ B. Act slightly above your abilities.‎ C. Develop more mysterious powers.‎ D. Learn to make creative decisions.‎ 参考答案B Passage 11（2016全国卷I B 篇 ）‎ ‎27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?‎ A. They were unsure of themselves. ‎ B. They were eager to raise more children.‎ C. They wanted to live away from their parents.‎ D. They had little respect for their grandparents.‎ ‎27．C　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own...”可知，在20世纪60年代，人们都有点儿狂野，急于“远走高飞”来证明自己的能力，这与C项的表述“他们想远离父母生活”相吻合，故选C项。]‎ Passage 12（2011 全国卷·A篇）‎ ‎ 59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?‎ ‎ A. He missed the good old days. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories.‎ ‎ C. He needed it for his milk bottles. D. He planted flowers in it. ‎ 答案A Passage 15‎ ‎27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. ‎ 答案D Passage 16（2016全国卷II C篇）‎ ‎ 30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to ?‎ A. The book. 答案A Passage17（2011 湖南卷· B篇）‎ ‎ 63.The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the father’s ____.‎ ‎ A. weak heart ‎ 答案A Passage 18（2011 福建卷· E篇）‎ ‎73. The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.‎ ‎ A. appointment B. connection C. interview D. agreement ‎ 答案B Passage 19‎ ‎30. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. (白日梦) C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.‎ 答案B Passage 20 (2016全国卷III B篇) ‎ The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's _______.‎ A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 答案D 高考考情分析解读：‎ 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。‎ ‎2016年全国卷设问形式例子：‎ ‎(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)‎ ‎(3)What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 常见的命题形式有：‎ The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”．‎ Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?‎ The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”．‎ What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?‎ 利用定义definition或同义解释 本学案结构：‎ 重述 举例 利用构词法word-building 利用语境和逻辑关系 单词或短语 反义（同义第一部分已讲）‎ 根据语法知识猜测 意思猜测题 因果 利用构词法word-building 根据常识common sense判定 代词指代猜测题目 句子猜测句意题目 附：典故谚语知识储备 单词或短语意思猜测题 该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。‎ 定义或者同义解释：‎ 作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词 同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。‎ ‎1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man. ‎ 参考答案 人类学 ‎2).It will be very hard but very brittle — that is , it will break easily.‎ ‎(adj. 易碎的, 脆的)‎ ‎3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.‎ A. Having been abandoned B. Having been used to home life C. Having been used to life in the wild D. Having been weak and hungry ‎ (adj. 家养的，驯服的)‎ ‎4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.‎ adj.坚决的 ‎5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.‎ n. 通两种语言的人 ‎6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. ‎ 分析：通过本句中的the same way light passes through a window可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。‎ ‎7). The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.‎ • The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.‎ A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless ü 解析： B 根据破折号后面的解释“即使是有英格兰和阿根廷比赛门票的老师也很难挤出一天的时间”，可见学校是“不愿意”放假的, 故选B。‎ 同义词（近义词 ）‎ 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as … as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义 。‎ ‎8).例如.‎ I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.‎ 题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?‎ ‎ A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 答案 B courier和carry与delivery近义。‎ ‎9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him. 爱说话的，多嘴的；‎ ‎10).Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym. 笔名 假名 ‎11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, 代替 the law that was in effect last year.‎ ‎12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 不同意 ‎13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also ‎ regard drinking as harmful. 有害的 利用构词法猜词 英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。‎ 根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。‎ super- inter- mini- micro- -some anti- co-‎ ‎ post- pre- -ship pro- 表示“往前”‎ progress ['prəugres] n./v. 进步 promote v.增进，促进，提高 pre- 提前，领先 ‎ predict vt. 预测 prevent vt. 预防；妨碍 preview n./v. 预览；预习 prevent ‎ 记：预先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是预防 ‎ Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words. ‎ ‎ 及时重复才能预防忘记单词。 timely adv. 及时地 repetition n. 重复 per “每个，都，一直”‎ person n. 人 percent n. 百分比 ‎ persist v. 坚持 persuade [pə'sweid]vt.说服，劝服 ‎ 记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就 可以说服 re-表示“再次，重复，往回，”‎ repeat n./v. 重复 rewrite v. 重写，改写 recall v.回想，记起；召回 recover v. 重新获得，恢复 report n./v 报告 ‎ 表示“往上”的前缀 up-和in- “向下”的前缀 de ‎ grade n. 等级，级别，成绩 upgrade ___________ degrade ______________‎ increase n./v 上升 增加 decrease n./v 减少，减小 in-除了表示“往上”， 更重要的意思是“往里”。 和它音近的im-，en-，em-‎ ‎ 都是“往里”的含义 inside a.里面的 import vt. 进口 记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口 invite v. 邀请 ink n. 墨水 in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？‎ 往外 ex-，e-‎ export v./n 出口 expand v. 扩张 exit v. 出口 ['eksit] ‎ experience n. 经历，经验 vt.体会 explain v.解释 ‎ exhibit v. 展览 [ig'zibit; eg-]‎ 表示否定的前缀：‎ ‎ un- unfair,unhappy ‎ ‎ non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ dis-disagree,disappear ‎ im-impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ il-illegal ‎ ir-irreal, irregular ‎(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:‎ ‎ mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导)‎ ‎(C).表示向背的前缀:‎ ‎ pro-(亲，支持)‎ ‎ pro-Chinese, pro-American ‎ anti-（阻止，抗）‎ ‎ antiwar, anti-Japanese war ‎(D).表示程度、大小的前缀 super-‎ ‎ superstar,supermarket, ‎ ‎ superman, superpower over-‎ ‎ overhead, overeat, overuse mini-‎ ‎ minibus, miniskirt, mini-car under-‎ ‎ underground, underestimate semi-(半，部分)‎ ‎ semicircle, semiskilled, ‎ ‎(E).表示时间的前缀 ‎ pre- prewar ‎ post- postwar ‎ fore-(前，预先)‎ ‎ foretell, ‎ ‎ forecast, foresee, ‎ ‎ weather forecast ‎(F).表示方位的前缀：‎ ‎ sub-‎ ‎ subway, submarine ‎ inter-‎ ‎ international, ‎ ‎ interclass(年级之间的）‎ ‎ trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)‎ ‎ transplant, ‎ ‎ transatlantic （横渡大西洋的）‎ 常见的后缀 ‎-ment 名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”‎ move v.移动；搬家 agree v. 同意 manage v.管理 ‎ movement n.运动，活动 agreement n.同意，协议 ‎ management n.管理 ‎-tion 名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态 ‎1. n. 行动 action ‎ ‎2. n. 污染 pollution ‎3. n. 人口 population ‎4. n. 手术 operation ‎-ty 名词后缀，加在形容词后面,表示特性或情况 ‎1. n. 诚实 honesty ‎2. n. 安全 safety ‎3. n. 多样；种类；；变化 variety ‎4. n 焦虑 anxiety ‎ ‎5. n. 残酷 cruelty ‎-able, 形容词后缀 有”能够、有某种特性”的意思 ‎1. adj. 舒服的 comfortable ‎2. adj. 合适的 suitable ‎3. adj. 时尚的，时髦的 fashionable ‎4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的 reasonable ‎ ‎5. adj. 可信赖的，可靠的 ‎ ‎ v. 信赖 rely reliable ‎ ‎6. adj. 大量的；可观的 ‎ 考虑 动词是？‎ ‎ considerable adj.大量的，可观的 ‎7. adj. 稳定的 ‎ stable adj. 稳定的 ‎ 记：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。‎ ‎8.adj 可用的，可得到的 ‎ available adj 可用的，可得到的 ‎-ish 为形容词和名词后缀。‎ ‎1. adj. 愚蠢的 foolish ‎2. adj. 自私的 selfish ‎ ‎ 记忆：一条自私的鱼 ‎3. n. 垃圾 rubbish ‎4. n. 英语 English ‎5. adj. 英国的，英国人的 British ‎-ful 形容词后缀 ‎1. adj. 鲜艳的，多姿多彩的 colourful ‎ ‎2. adj. 高兴的，愉快的 cheerful delightful ‎ ‎3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的 hopeful ‎ ‎4. adj 有意义的，意味深长的 meaningful ‎5. adj. 奇妙的，极好的，精彩的 wonderful ‎1.动词变名词：‎ ‎-ation ‎ satisfaction, ‎ ‎ education, ‎ ‎ realization ‎-ment ‎ development, ‎ ‎ movement, ‎ ‎ disappointment ‎-al ‎ arrival, refusal ‎-ee ‎ trainee（受训者）, employee ‎-er ‎ teacher, worker ‎-or ‎ visitor, sailor ‎ wrong-doer 做错事情的人 ‎1. over- : too much overcrowded ‎(1)Overwork may cause diseases.‎ over（过分的、过量的）＋work＝overwork“工作过度”。‎ ‎(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.‎ dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。‎ ‎2.en- 动词前缀 enable, endanger, enrich ‎3.重要后缀 -ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en等 ‎4.合成词 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.‎ 生死攸关的 Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.‎ 实事求是，脚踏实地 Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. …At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.‎ 词性转换 He is a man with broad shoulders. n. ‎ We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time. v. take/bear So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you pleasure…Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets you. ‎ ‎ Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？)‎ ‎ [真题演练] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.‎ 分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。‎ 利用语境及逻辑关系猜词 利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。‎ 利用上下文线索猜测词义 ‎ ‎(1)重述 ‎ 作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。‎ ‎[典例]　 In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.‎ 分析：由同位语the first and only animal companion可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(2) 举例 作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。‎ ‎[典例] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. ‎ 分析：根据下文的举例like anger or anxiety可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。‎ ‎1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.‎ 富裕的 ‎2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.‎ 期刊，杂志 ‎(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。‎ 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand， but, however, although , though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。‎ ‎[典例]　 If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.‎ ‎73．The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”. ‎ A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．temporary 分析：根据语义，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。‎ 举例：‎ He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.‎ 恶化 A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. ‎ 困难，麻烦 Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 肮脏的 Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. 爱交际的 She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ 准时的 对比Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.‎ • The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______.‎ A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you ü 解析：B 本句由or引出，与前句意义相对，要求猜的ally显然与前句的enemy相对，即为“朋友”，朋友是支持和帮助我们的，故选B。‎ ‎（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。‎ Signal words: because，since ,so, such…that, so…that, for, ect. ‎ I could see nothing because the light was too faint . dark I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”‎ The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “      ” .‎ A．full of respect     B． rude and too confident  ‎ C．lacking in experience  D．too shy and quiet ‎ 参考答案B专横的，冒昧的 词语再应用 ‎1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.‎ a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting 参考答案b 相撞 ‎2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.‎ a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly ‎ 参考答案c 敌意的 ‎3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。‎ 浑浊的 ‎4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.‎ 巨大的 ‎5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 永久性的 因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.‎ • What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?‎ A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.‎ B. Take away everything you bring in.‎ C. Carry all the necessary food.‎ D. Look after your personal belongings.‎ ü 解析：B 句中so引出结果, 由果推因, “不要留下任何参观的痕迹”, 因此“‎ 要把带来的所有东西都带走”, 故选B。‎ 再如：‎ 真题演练 ‎[典例] There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ ‎30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? ‎ A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.‎ C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire. ‎ 分析：根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it ...”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择B项。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎[典例] This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.‎ ‎63．The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．‎ A．change　　　　　　B．lift C．repair D．decorate 分析：根据下文“Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.”可知hoist与lift同义，故正确答案为B项。‎ 根据语法知识猜测词义 在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。‎ ‎[典例] Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.‎ ‎65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．Countries where their people need help.‎ B．Powerful states with higher civilization. ‎ C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.‎ D．Governments ruled with absolute power. ‎ 分析：根据后面的同位语“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”我们不难得知选项D与其意义一致，即“专政，暴君统治”。‎ 根据生活常识断定 生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。‎ ‎1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.‎ The word “pruning” means______‎ A. Regular cutting of the plants B. Frequent watering C. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the plants high in the mountain 参考答案A ‎2). Husband：It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace? ‎ a). dying b). frozen c). hurt 参考答案B 冻僵的，麻木的 ‎3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.‎ The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．‎ A．silently　　　　　　 B．gradually C．regularly D．completely 参考答案D ‎【解析】　词义猜测题。本题属于猜测熟词的新义。由本段可知，我们能看到物体一类是因为它们减慢了光速和对光进行了散射，使其改变了原来的路线，而另外一类是因为它们对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那么在光的传播过程中就被完全阻止了，因此这里dead意为“完全地”，故选D。‎ ‎4). My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed.‎ Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______‎ A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed allnight movies ‎【解析】答案A　词义猜测题。结合画线部分所在的句子“The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.”尤其是画线短语前面的I would keep it on说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一 直看到电视台停止播放节目为止，故A项“结束所有的节 目”与短语sign off “结束广播/电视节目”意义相近，为正确答案。‎ 代词指代猜测题 代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “________”. What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ 代词一般是“回指”前面提到过的某一事物或内容。如：‎ Our curtains look dirty. They need a good wash. (They回指our curtains)‎ ‎ 但有时也“预指”后面出现的某一事物或内容。如：‎ I shall say this to you: he is an honest man. (this预指冒号后面的he is an honest man)‎ Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.‎ What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________‎ A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.‎ C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.‎ ‎【解析】　代词指代题。做代词指代题时一般应该从前文查找答案，画线代词所在句子与其前一句是并列的，前一个句子的主语是the camps，而the camps指前面提到的safari camps，故应该选择C项。 ‎ 直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容 ‎ ‎[例 ] However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. ‎ • In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to ______.‎ A. being good at something ‎ B. setting a practical goal C. putting in more time ‎ D. succeeding in life 解析：选B。本题考查要求考生弄清that指代的内容，“除此之外”中的“此(that)”到底是指什么？当然是回指前句中的set a goal and then gradually make it more practical，故选B。‎ 间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握 ‎ 因为代词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在解答某些细节题时，如果不弄清代词的指代内容，就很难选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预指来理清上下句的衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。‎ It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse.‎ • When did Lisa become conscious again?‎ A. When the train was leaving. ‎ B. After she was back on the platform.‎ C. After the police and fire officials came. ‎ D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.‎ 解析：B。解答本题的关键是理解 “That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness (那就是丽莎苏醒的地方)”中的that到底是指什么。结合前句，不难看出that是回指the platform的，故正确选项是B。‎ Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. ‎ Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. ‎ • What does the underlined word “they” refer to?‎ A. The attacks B. Slavery and prejudice C. White men D. The shows 解析：D。结合前句理解，可知they替代the shows，代入they，全句意为“他对奴隶制和偏见的不断攻击表明深知这些表演并不代表现实”，上下连贯，故选D。‎ Two 12-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search a football. Once they’d rowed beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.‎ What does “it” refer to?‎ A. The beach B. The water ‎ C. The boat D. The wind ü 解析：D。句中it应是替代上上句中的the wind，将其替代it，看看句意是否连贯，“他们划到了静水之外，绑在船上的沙滩伞遇到了风，把他们的船牵引到开阔的水面。他们惊慌失措，想划回岸边。但是他们敌不过风，船失去控制”， 上下贯通，语意衔接，故选D。‎ However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．‎ So he tried it．‎ What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________‎ A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.‎ B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.‎ C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.‎ D．Rolling the blocks with fat.‎ ‎【解析】　代词指代题。根据So he tried it.中的So一词可判断，it指代的内容应该在第六段。由文章第六段中的A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides...make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．可知，物理学家West提出，在石块四周捆绑上木棒可以使石块更容易滚动。因此他对这种方法进行了尝试，故选A项。 ‎ 名师点津 解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。‎ 针对句子句意猜测题 名师点津 考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。‎ 句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有：‎ The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”．‎ The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean ________．‎ While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now.‎ Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.‎ Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________‎ A．Escape from your punishment.‎ B．Realization of your dreams.‎ C．Freedom from your tension.‎ D．Reduction of your expectations.‎ ‎【解析】　答案C，句意猜测题。根据最后一条建议Decide and act before overthinking.(行动前不要犹豫不决)可知，要把自己从思想的束缚中解放出来。release意为“解放”，与freedom同义，根据句中you’ll be on your way也可得知只有把自己释放出来，你才能走出去。‎ 常见典故谚语（短语）知识储备 skeleton in the cupboard/closet 碗橱里的骨架　　引申为：不为人知的家丑，不可外扬的家丑，隐情”‎ the last straw 压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草,终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，终于使人不支的最后一击，导火线;‎ ‎“have nine lives like a cat”（富有生命力的）‎ you reap what you sow一分耕耘，一分收获 our small kindnesses often bring us rich rewards, while our small offence can bring disasters.‎ senior citizens 老年人，年长的人 as easy as pie 十分容易，轻而易举 ‎“meet one’s Waterloo”（一败涂地）‎ capital punishment 死刑 dog tired非常累 catch-22 第二十二条军规（指让人左右为难的规定或处境）‎ ‎“rain cats and dogs”（倾盆大雨）‎ Don't count your chickens before/until they are hatched. ‎ 鸡蛋未孵出,先别数小鸡。 寓意:别高兴太早了。‎ Pandora’s Box 潘多拉魔盒(邪恶之源)、‎ see the handwriting on the wall –see signs that disaster is coming ‎ Achilles’ heel 阿基里斯的脚踵(致命弱点)、‎ the apple of somebody’s eye—a child who is loved very much by his or her parents.‎ 视觉的核心”，即“眼睛中的苹果 (apple of the eye)”时，我们就会联想到，那是对我们来说最为宝贵的东西。与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似。‎ ‎《圣经》中的Adam's apple(喉结) 、‎ a feather in one’s cap—something that you can be proud of ‎ 可夸耀的事,值得骄傲的事。‎ ‎《圣经》中的Garden of Eden伊甸园(世外桃源)、‎ Shylock（夏洛克）来比喻“狡诈者，守财奴” ‎ scratch the surface 隔靴搔痒，只触及问题的表面或一小部分 其他古希腊典故：‎ the sword of Damocles(达摩克利斯之剑)“富贵中隐藏的危险”的同义语，也可以指形势危急，千钧一发。‎ Damon and Pythias 生死之交 Penelop’s web 一项永远也完不成的工作 apple of discord意思是“不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端”‎ daphne（月桂树）古罗马人便用月桂树枝条编成冠冕，奖励音乐、美术、体育竞赛和作战的胜利者，“桂冠”就成了优胜的标志和荣誉的象征。‎ 猜测词意练习题目：‎ Passage 1 ‎ ‎ A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his ‎ tribe.‎ The word “disgrace” means _________ in this text.‎ A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame ‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever. ‎ The underlined word “banished” mean_______.‎ ‎ A. killed by stoning B. sent away ‎ ‎ C. imprisoned D. punished by whipping ‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.‎ ‎ ‎ The word “jeopardize” means _____ in this text.‎ A. protect B. endanger C. continue D. stop It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.‎ In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class' and 'classless society' in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class. ‎ But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.‎ ‎42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.‎ A. variety B. division C. authority ‎ D. qualification 参考答案B B. division 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子。“Britain seems to have a love of stratification．”，再结合上文中提到的英国人喜欢把自己定位于某个等级可知，该句是指，英国似乎很喜欢这种等级划分。‎ The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”‎ ‎49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react B. Having a thin edge C. Clear and definite D. sudden and rapid 参考答案C 清晰，明确的 In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.‎ Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth, for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a collective (集体的) intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.‎ ‎70. What does the underlined expression "take on" in Paragraph 3 mean? ‎ A. Accept. B. Employ. C. Play with. D. Fight against.‎ 参考答案D Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.‎ Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.‎ Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.‎ ‎52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?‎ A. Swallow more than you can digest.‎ B. Act slightly above your abilities.‎ C. Develop more mysterious powers.‎ D. Learn to make creative decisions.‎ 参考答案B Passage 11（2016全国卷I B 篇 ）‎ ‎“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”‎ ‎27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?‎ A. They were unsure of themselves. ‎ B. They were eager to raise more children.‎ C. They wanted to live away from their parents.‎ D. They had little respect for their grandparents.‎ ‎27．C　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own...”可知，在20世纪60年代，人们都有点儿狂野，急于“远走高飞”来证明自己的能力，这与C项的表述“他们想远离父母生活”相吻合，故选C项。]‎ Passage 12（2011 全国卷·A篇）‎ ‎ Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it in the back porch （门廊）. Every so often my son’s friends will ask what it is. So I started stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.‎ ‎ 59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?‎ ‎ A. He missed the good old days. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories.‎ ‎ C. He needed it for his milk bottles. D. He planted flowers in it. ‎ 答案A Passage 15‎ ‎（全国卷II B篇）Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”‎ ‎27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. ‎ 答案D Passage 16（2016全国卷II C篇）‎ ‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to ?‎ A. The book. B. An adventure. ‎ C. A public place. D. The identification number. ‎ 答案A Passage17（2011 湖南卷· B篇）‎ ‎ He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the ‎ war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes.Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.‎ ‎63.The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the father’s ____.‎ ‎ A. weak heart B. taking a shore job ‎ C. failure to return to sea D. injury caused by a torpedo ‎ 答案A Passage 18（2011 福建卷· E篇）‎ ‎…… Second, the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest（投入）in them. We invest a lot in a small number of people and then distribution what’s left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline（减弱）until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.‎ ‎73. The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.‎ ‎ A. appointment B. connection C. interview D. agreement ‎ 答案B Passage 19‎ ‎(2016全国卷III C篇) There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. (白日梦) C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.‎ 答案B Passage 20 (2016全国卷III B篇) ‎ ‎“My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”‎ The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's _______.‎ A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 答案D