2018高三英语一轮复习分类专练阅读理解题及答案 Word版含答案

2018高三英语一轮复习分类专练阅读理解题及答案 Word版含答案

阅读理解 专题一 广告信息类 Passage 1 [·全国卷Ⅰ, A]‎ You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?‎ Jane Addams(1860—1935)‎ Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.‎ Rachel Carson(1907—1964)‎ If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans.‎ Sandra Day O'Connor(1930—present)‎ When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.‎ Rosa Parks(1913—2005)‎ On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement. "The only tired I was, was tired of giving in," said Parks.‎ ‎21.What is Jane Addams noted for in history?‎ A. Her social work. B. Her teaching skills.‎ C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background.‎ ‎22.What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm?‎ A. Her lack of proper training in law. B. Her little work experience in court.‎ C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions.‎ ‎23.Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?‎ A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.‎ C. Sandra Day O'Connor. D. Rosa Parks.‎ ‎24.What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?‎ A. They are highly educated. B. They are truly creative.‎ C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace-lovers.‎ Passage 2 [·全国卷Ⅱ，A]‎ What's On?‎ Electric Underground ‎7.30pm—1.00amFree at the Cyclops Theatre Do you know who's playing in your area? We're bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)？ If so, come early to the talk at 7.30pm by Jules Skye, a successful ‎ record producer. He's going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music.‎ Gee Whizz ‎8.30pm—10.30pmComedy at Kaleidoscope Come and see Gee Whizz perform. He's the funniest stand-up comedian on the comedy scene. This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00pm for drinks and snacks（快餐）.‎ Simon's Workshop ‎5.00pm—7.30pmWednesdays at Victoria Stage This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years' experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.‎ Charlotte Stone ‎8.00pm—11.00pmPizza World Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best-selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食). Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine.‎ ‎21.Who can help you if you want to have your music produced?‎ A. Jules Skye. B. Gee Whizz.‎ C. Charlotte Stone. D. James Pickering.‎ ‎22.At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?‎ A. The Cyclops Theatre. B. Kaleidoscope.‎ C. Victoria Stage. D. Pizza World.‎ ‎23.What do we know about Simon's Workshop?‎ A. It requires membership status. B. It lasts three hours each time.‎ C. It is run by a comedy club. D. It is held every Wednesday.‎ ‎24.When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs?‎ A. 5.00pm—7.30pm. B. 7.30pm—1.00am.‎ C. 8.00pm—11.00pm. D. 8.30pm—10.30pm.‎ Passage 3 [·全国卷Ⅲ，A]‎ Music Opera at Music Hall: 1243 Elm Street. The season runs June through August, with additional performances in March and September. The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts. Phone: 241-2742. http://www.cityopera.com.‎ Chamber Orchestra: The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June. Call 723-1182 for more information. http://www.chamberorch.com.‎ Symphony Orchestra: At Music Hall and Riverbend. For ticket sales, call 381-3300. Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall and in summer at Riverbend. http://www.symphony.org/home.asp.‎ College Conservatory of Music (CCM): Performances are on the main campus(校园) of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater. CCM organizes a variety of events, including ‎ performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. Students with I.D. cards can attend the events for free. A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556-4183. http://www.ccm.uc.edu/events/calendar.‎ Riverbend Music Theater: 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (price difference). Big name shows all summer long! Phone: 232-6220. http://www.riverbendmusic.com.‎ ‎1.Which number should you call if you want to see an opera?‎ A. 241-2742. B. 723-1182. C. 381-3300. D. 232-6220.‎ ‎2.When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra?‎ A. February. B. May. C. August. D. November.‎ ‎3.Where can students go for free performances with their I.D. cards?‎ A. Music Hall. B. Memorial Hall.‎ C. Patricia Cobbett Theater. D. Riverbend Music Theater.‎ ‎4.How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places?‎ A. It has seats in the open air. B. It gives shows all year round.‎ C. It offers membership discounts. D. It presents famous musical works.‎ Passage 4 [·全国卷Ⅲ，C]‎ If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.‎ Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn't taste of anything special, it's still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat's Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.‎ Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.‎ ‎8.What can people do at the apple events?‎ A. Attend experts' lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families.‎ C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples.‎ ‎9.What can we learn about Decio?‎ A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.‎ C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.‎ ‎10.What does the underlined phrase "a pipe dream" in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.‎ C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.‎ ‎11.What is the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ A. To show how to grow apples. B. To introduce an apple festival.‎ C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research.‎ Passage 5 [·天津，A]‎ A A Language Programme for Teenagers Welcome to Teenagers Abroad! We invite you to join us on an amazing journey of language learning.‎ Our Courses Regardless of your choice of course, you’ll develop your language ability both quickly and effectively.‎ Our Standard Course guarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language, with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas----speaking, listening, reading and writing.‎ Our Intensive Course builds on our Standard Course, with 10 additional lessons per week, guaranteeing the fastest possible language learning (see table below).‎ Course Type Days Number of Lesson ‎ Course Timetable Standard Course Mon－Fri ‎20　lessons ‎９：００－１２：３０‎ Intensive Course Mon－Fri ‎20　lessons ‎９：００－１２：３０‎ ‎10　lessons ‎１３：００－１４：３０‎ Evaluation Students are placed into classes according to their current language skills. The majority of them take on online language test before starting their programme. However, if this is not available, students sit the exam on the first Monday of their course.‎ Learning materials are provided to students throughout their course, and there will never be more than 15 participants in each class.‎ Arrivals and Transfer Our programme offers the full package—students are take good care of from the start through to the very end. They are collected from the airport upon arrival and brought to their accommodation in comfort. We require the student’s full details at least 4 weeks in advance. ‎ Meals/Allergies(过敏)/Special Dietary Requirements Students are provided with breakfast, dinner and either a cooked or packed lunch(which consists of a sandwich, a drink and a dessert). Snacks outside of mealtimes may be purchased by the student individually.‎ We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take. Depending on the type of allergies and/or dietary requirements, an extra charge may be made for providing special food.‎ ‎36. How does Intensive Course differ from Standard Course?‎ ‎ A. It is less effective.‎ ‎ B. It focuses on speaking.‎ ‎ C. It includes extra lessons.‎ ‎ D. It give you confidence ‎37. When can a student attend Standard Course?‎ ‎ A. 13:00-14:30 Monday.‎ ‎ B. 9:00-12:30 Tuesday ‎ C. 13:00-14:30 Friday.‎ ‎ D. 9:00-12:30 Saturday.‎ ‎38. Before starting their programme, students are expected to _____.‎ ‎ A. take a language test ‎ B. have an online interview ‎ ‎ C. prepare learning materials ‎ D. report their language levels ‎39. With the full package, the programme organizer is supposed to_____.‎ ‎ A. inform students of their full flight details ‎ B. look after students throughout the programme ‎ C. offer students free sightseeing trips ‎ D. collect students’ luggage in advance ‎40. Which of the following may require an extra payment?‎ A. Cooked dinner.‎ B. Mealtime dessert.‎ C. Packed lunch.‎ D. Special diet.‎ Passage 6 [·浙江，B]‎ B Below are search record from a university library’s database. ‎ ‎ Quick Search | Category | Full Text | Advanced Search full text of books for children ‎ Displaying 1 to 100 of 639 titles for children where Category is Education ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Refine Your Search Remove all filters Year Published ‎2016( 9 )‎ ‎2015( 90 )‎ ‎2014( 290 )‎ ‎2013( 118 )‎ ‎2012(62 )‎ Show more...‎ Language English(637 )‎ German(2)‎ Category Education(639)‎ Social Science(27)‎ Medicine (15)‎ Psychology(11)‎ Language/Linguistics(10)‎ Show more...‎ Build It ,Make It ,Play It ! Guides for Children and Teens ‎ Bomhold Catharine ;Elder Terri,2004 |ABC-CLIO Series: Children’s and Young Adult Literature Reference ‎ ●Available For busy librarians and educators ,finding instructions for projects, activities, sports, and games that children and teens will find interesting is a constant challenge, This guide is a time-saving,one-stop…‎ Read this book | View details |Add to Collection Circle Time for Young Children Mosley Jenny,2014 |Taylor and Francis Series: Essential Guides for Early Years Practitioners ‎●Available Jenny Mosley’s quality circle time model involves setting up an on-going, timetabled process of circle-meeting for adults and children. As a basis for teaching relationship skills, building up self-esteem...‎ Read this book |View details | Add to Collection Connecting Animals and Children in Early Childhood Selly Patty Born,2014 | Redleaf Press ‎●Available Understand the value of connecting animals and children. From familys pets and wild animals to toys, stuffed animals, and media images, animals are a central part of every child’s world. This book examines…‎ Read this book |View details |Add to Collection Education and Disadvantaged Children and Young People ‎ Matsumoto Mitsuko; Brock Colin,2013| Bloomsbury Publishiing Series: Education as a Humanitarian Response ‎ ● Available Do street children go to school, and if not, why not? What kind of education can be ‘meaningful’ to young people affected by conflict? The contributors explore groups of children and young people who have…‎ Read this book |View details | Add to Collection ‎ ‎ Children with School Problems:A Physician’s Manual The Canadian Paediatric Society; Andrews Debra; Mahoney William J, 2012|Wiley ‎●Available The physician’s guide to diagnosing and treating learning disabilities in children. 1 to 10 Canadians have a learning disability, and doctors must be able to identify, diagnose, treat, and manage children…‎ Read this book | View details | Add to Collection Songs in Their Heads:Music and Its Meaning in Children’s Lives Campbell Patricia Shehan,1998 |Oxford University Press ‎●Available This book explores the musical interest and needs of children in their daily lives. Based upon their expressed thoughts and actual “musicking” behaviors, this text examines the songs they sing, the ryhthms…‎ Read this book| View details | Add to Collection ‎ Young Children as Artists: Art and Design in the Earty Years and Key Stage 1‎ Tutchell Suzy, 2014| Taylor Francis ‎●Available From the moment a child is born,they interact with the sensory world, looking at colours, feeling textures; constructing mental and physical images of what they see and experience.Within all early years…‎ Read this book | view details| Add to Collection Big Ideas for Little Kids: Teaching Philosophy Through Children’s Literature Wartenberg Thomas E, 2014 |Rowman&Littlefield Publishers ‎●Available Big Ideas for Little Kids includes everything a teacher, a parent, or a college student needs to teach philosophy to elementary school children from picture books.Written in a clear and accessible style, …‎ Read this book |View details| Add to Collection ‎46. Suppose you are doing research on children’s relationship skills, you may want to read .‎ A.Circle Time for Young Children B. Children with School Problems: A Physician’s Manual C. Education and Disadvantaged Children and Young People D. Build It, Make It, Do It, Play It! Guides for Children and Teens ‎47.Which book would you recommend to someone interested in children’s mental images?‎ A.Connecting Animals and Children in Early Childhood.‎ B.Songs in Their Heads: Music and Its Meaning in Children’s Lives.‎ C.Big Ideas for Little Kids: Teaching Philosophy Through Children’s Literature.‎ D.Young Children as Artists: Art and Design in the Early Years and Key Stage 1. 48.How many books published in are found in this search?‎ A. 9. B.90. C.118. D.290.‎ ‎49. Children with School Problems: A Physician’s Manual is most likely intended for .‎ A. educators B. librarians C. doctors D.artists Passage 7 [·四川，A]‎ A Basketball Statistician Help Wanted The Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall , Winter -17 and Spring 2017 semesters. Students in this position will be keeping live statistics during basketball games. Students must meet all of the following requirements:‎ ‎●Good computer skills ‎●Available evenings and weekends ‎●Knowing basketball rules and statistics Students interested in working for the Athletic Department should contact the Athletic Coordinator at their respective(各自的) campuses. ‎ ‎●TP/SS Athletic Coordinator, Michael Simone,240-567-1308‎ ‎●Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga,240-567-7589‎ ‎●Springfield Athletic coordinator, Gary Miller,240-567-2273‎ ‎●Germantown Athletic Coordinator, GavriChavan, 240-567-6915‎ ‎21.When will the job start?‎ A .In May B. In May 2017‎ C.In September D. In September2017‎ ‎22.Who is more likely to get job?‎ A.Sam,English major ,member of the college basketball team B.Judy,IT staff with night classes,children’s basketball team coach C.Ted,computer major, basketball fan,free on evenings and weekends D.Molly,part-time programmer,high school basketball player ,new mother ‎23.Whom should you contact if you want to apply for the job in Rockville?‎ A.Michael B.Jorge C.Gauri D.Gary Passage 8 [·新课标全国II,D]‎ Choose Your One-Day Tours!‎ Tour A — Bath & Stonehenge including entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and ‎ Stonehenge — ￡37 until 26 March and ￡39 thereafter.‎ Visit the city with over 2,000 years of history and Bath Abbey, the Royal Crescent and the Costume Museum. Stonehenge is one of the world's most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5,000 years. ‎ Tour B — Oxford & Stratford including entrance fees to the University St Mary's Church Tower and Anne Hathaway's house — ￡32 until 12 March and ￡36 thereafter. ‎ Oxford: Includes a guided tour of England's oldest university city and colleges. Look over the "city of dreaming spires (尖顶)" from St Mary's Church Tower. Stratford: Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder.‎ Tour C — Windsor Castle & Hampton Court including entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace — ￡34 until 11 March and ￡37 thereafter.‎ Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court, Henry VIII's favourite palace. Free time to visit Windsor Castle(entrance fees not included). With 500 years of history, Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction. Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宫) where it is easy to get lost!‎ Tour D — Cambridge including entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great — ￡33 until 18 March and ￡37 thereafter.‎ Includes a guided tour of Cambridge, the famous university town, and the gardens of the 18th century.‎ ‎33.Which tour will you choose if you want to see England's oldest university city?‎ A. Tour A. B. Tour B. C. Tour C. D. Tour D.‎ ‎34.Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March?‎ A. Windsor Castle & Hampton Court. B. Oxford & Stratford.‎ C. Bath & Stonehenge. D. Cambridge.‎ ‎35.Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction?‎ A. It used to be the home of royal families. B. It used to be a well-known maze.‎ C. It is the oldest palace in Britain. D. It is a world-famous castle.‎ Passage 9 [·北京，B]‎ B Revolutionary TV Ears TV Ears has helped thousands of people with various degrees of hearing loss hear the television clearly without turning up the volume(音量) and now it’s better and more affordable than ever! With TV Ears wireless technology, you set your own headset volume, while other TV listeners hear the television at a volume level that’s comfortable for them. You can even listen through the headset only and put the TV on mute(静音) if the situation calls for a quiet environment —maybe the baby is sleeping. Or perhaps you are the only one who is interested in listening to the ballgame.‎ ‎ TV Ears patented technology includes a revolutionary noise reduction car tip, not used in any other commercially available headset. This tip reduces outside noise so that television dialogue is clear and understandable. Get the technology that has proven to help the most demanding customers. That’s why TV Ears has earned the trust and confidence of audiologists(听觉学家) nationwide as well as world-famous doctors.‎ Doctor Recommended TV Ears!‎ ‎“My wife and I have used TV Ears almost daily for the past two years and find them a great help in our enjoyment of television . As a retired ear doctor, I heartily recommend TV Ears to people with normal hearing as well as those with hearing loss.”‎ ‎ — Robert Forbes, M. D, CA Customer Recommended TV Ears!‎ ‎“ Now my husband can have the volume as loud as he needs and I can have the TV at my hearing level. TV Ears is so comfortable that Jack forgets he has them on ! He can once again hear and understand the dialogue.”‎ ‎ — Darlene & Jack B, CA Risk Free Trial! TV Ears comes with a 30-day risk free trial.‎ Special Offer — Now ＄59.95.‎ If you’re not satisfied, return it.‎ Money-back guarantee! ‎ Call now ! 800-123-7832‎ ‎60. TV Ears helps you ______. A. improve your sleeping quality B. listen to TV without disturbing others C. change TV channels without difficulty D. become interested in ballgame programs 61. What makes TV Ears different from other headsets? A. It can easily set TV on mute B. Its headset volume is adjustable C. It has a new noise reduction ear tip D. It applies special wireless technology 62.This advertisement is made more believable by ______. A. using recommendations B. offering reasons for this invention C. providing statistics D. showing the results of experiments Passage 10 [·天津，A]‎ University Room Regulations Approved and Prohibited Items ‎ The following items are approved for use in residential(住宿的)rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players. Items that are not allowed in student rooms include: candles, ceiling fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers. Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.‎ Access to Residential Rooms ‎ Students are provided with a combination(组合密码）for their room door locks upon ‎ check-in. Do not share your room door lock combination with anyone. The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others. The fee is ＄25 to change a room combination.‎ Cooking Policy ‎ Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen. Students must clean up after cooking. This is not the responsibility of housekeeping staff. Kitchens that are not kept clean may be closed for use. With the exception of using a small microwave oven（微波炉） to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms. ‎ Pet Policy ‎ No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms. Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are subject to an initial fine of ＄100 and a continuing fine of ＄50 a day per pet. Students receive written notice when the fine goes into effect. If, one week from the date of written notice, the pet is not removed, the student is referred to the Student Court.‎ Quiet Hours ‎ Residential buildings must maintain an atmosphere that supports the academic mission of the University. Minimum quiet hours in all campus residences are 11:00 pm to 8:00 am Sunday through Thursday. Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1:00 am to 8:00 am. Students who violate quiet hours are subject to a fine of ＄25. ‎ ‎36.Which of the following items are allowed in student rooms?‎ A. Ceiling fans and waterbeds. B. Wireless routers and radios.‎ C. Hair dryers and candles. D. TVs and electric blankets.‎ ‎37.What if a student is found to have told his combination to others?‎ A. The combination should be changed. B. The Office should be charged.‎ C. He should replace the door lock. D. He should check out of the room.‎ ‎38.What do we know about the cooking policy?‎ A. A microwave oven can be used.‎ B. Cooking in student rooms is permitted.‎ C. A housekeeper is to clean up the kitchen.‎ D. Students are to close kitchen doors after cooking.‎ ‎39.If a student has kept a cat in his room for a week since the warning, he will face .‎ A. parent visits B. a fine of ＄100‎ C. the Student Court D. a written notice ‎40.When can students enjoy a party in residences?‎ A. 7:00 am, Sunday. B. 7:30 am, Thursday.‎ C. 11:30 pm, Monday. D. 00:30 am, Saturday.‎ Passage 11 [2014·新课标全国II,D]‎ Metro Pocket Guide ‎ Metrorail (地铁) ‎ Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out. Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer. ‎ Farecard machines are in every station. Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to ＄5 in change.‎ Get one day of unlimited Metrorail rides with a One Day Pass. Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations. Use it after 9:30 a.m. until closing on weekdays, and all day on weekends and holidays.‎ Hours of service ‎ Open: 5 a.m. Mon.—Fri. ‎ ‎ 7 a.m. Sat.—Sun. ‎ Close: midnight Sun.—Thurs. ‎ ‎ 3 a.m. Fri.—Sat. nights ‎ Last train times vary. To avoid missing the last train, please check the last train times posted in stations.‎ Metrobus ‎ ‎ When paying with exact change, the fare is ＄1.35. When paying with a SmarTrip card, the fare is ＄1.25.‎ Fares for senior/disabled customers ‎ Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare. On Metrorail and Metrobus, use a senior/disabled farecard or SmarTrip card. For more info rmation about buying senior/disabled farecards, SmarTrip cards and passes, please visit MetroOpensDoors.com or call 202-637-7000 and 202-637-8000. ‎ Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorail services by calling 202-962-1100.‎ Travel tips (提示)  ‎●Avoid riding during weekday rush periods — before 9:30 a.m. and between 4 and 6 p.m. ‎ ‎●If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.‎ ‎32.What should you know about farecard machines?‎ ‎ A. They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.‎ ‎ B. They are connected to change machines.‎ ‎ C. They offer special service to the elderly.‎ ‎ D. They make change for no more than ＄5.‎ ‎33.At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday?‎ ‎ A. At midnight. B. At 3 a.m.‎ ‎ C. At 5 a.m. D. At 7 p.m.‎ ‎34.What is good about a SmarTrip card?‎ ‎ A. It is convenient for old people. B. It saves money for its users.‎ ‎ C. It can be bought at any time. D. It is sold on the Internet.‎ ‎35.Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?‎ ‎ A. 202-962-1195 B. 202-962-1100‎ ‎ C. 202-637-7000 D. 202-637-8000‎ Passage 12 [2014·安徽，A]‎ A WATCH CONTROL This is a watch that James Bond would be proud to wear!‎ This is NOT a watch for ordinary people!‎ Your electronic PENGO WATCH CONTROL Ø acts as a remote control for TVs and videos.‎ Ø gives you a daily weather forecast.‎ Ø reminds you when to hand in your homework.‎ Ø sets off a silent warning alarm when parents or teachers are near.‎ Besides, your PENGO WATCH CONTROL will always tell you the time accurately!‎ Originally sold for $199‎ NOW ONLY $99‎ For further information, click here.‎ Personal Robot Make your parents and teachers happy !‎ Are you having problems finishing your homework on time? Do you avoid tidying your room until your mom shouts at you? You don’t need to worry if you buy a Mr. Helping Hand personal robot.Mr. H can be programmed to organize your homework.Your own personal robot will follow you around, putting away books and objects that you have left on the floor or bed.‎ Mr. H also has these features (特点)‎ ‎·weighs only 500 grams ‎·includes long-lasting batteries ‎·comes with a 5-year guarantee ‎·remembers simple instructions Originally (最初) sold for $499‎ NOW ONLY $299‎ BUY NOW ‎56. With help from a Mr.H, you can .‎ A. stop using batteries.‎ B. finish your homework on time.‎ C. remember your teacher’s instructions.‎ D. get your room tidied on your way home.‎ ‎57. A PENGO WATCH CONTROL can help you to .‎ A. repair your TV B. organize your homework C. be a James Bond D. know what the weather is like ‎58. You can get your Mr. H for .‎ A. ＄499 B. ＄299 C. ＄199 D. ＄99‎ ‎59. Where would you be most likely to find the two texts?‎ A. On a notice board B. In a company brochure.‎ C. On a teenage website D. In a college newspaper.‎ Passage 13 [2013·北京，A]‎ EP Portable Heater We all know that the cost of heating our homes will continue to be a significant burden on the family budget. Now millions of people are saving on their heating bills with the EP portable heater. With over one million satisfied customers around the world, the new EP heats better and faster, saves more on heating bills, and runs almost silent.‎ The EP has no exposed heating parts that can cause a fire. The outside of the EP only gets ‎ warm to the touch so that it will not burn children or pets.‎ The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room. With other heaters, you'll notice that you get sleepy when the heat comes on because they are burning up oxygen. ‎ The advanced EP also heats the room evenly, wall to wall and floor to ceiling. It comfortably covers an area up to 350 square feet. Other heaters heat rooms unevenly with most of the heat concentrated to the center of the room. And they only heat an area a few feet around the heater. With the EP, the temperature will not vary in any part of the room. ‎ The EP comes with a 3-year warranty (保修) and a 60-day, no questions asked, satisfaction guarantee. If you are not totally satisfied, return it at our expense and your money will be given back to you.‎ Now we have a special offer for 10 days, during which you can enjoy a half price discount and a free delivery.If you order after that, we reserve the right to either accept or reject order requests at the discounted price.Take action right now!‎ ‎56.What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?‎ ‎ A. The heat of the EP. B. The safety of the EP.‎ ‎ C. The appearance of the EP. D. The material of the EP.‎ ‎57.From the passage,we can learn that the EP____.‎ ‎ A. doesn't burn up oxygen B. runs without any noise ‎ C. makes people get sleepy D. is unsuitable for children and pets ‎58.The underlined word "evenly" in Paragraph 4 probably means ____.‎ ‎ A. continuously B. separately ‎ C. quickly D. equally ‎59.The main purpose of the passage is to ____.‎ ‎ A. persuade people to buy the product ‎ B. advise people to save on heating bills ‎ C. report the new development of portable heaters ‎ D. compare the functions of different heater brands Passage 14 [2012·新课标全国，A]‎ Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these places: Visit art museums. They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids' interest. Many offer workshops for making hand-made pieces, traveling exhibits, book signings(签名) by children's favorite writers, and even musical performances and other arts.  Head to a natural history museum. This is where kids can discover the past from dinosaur models to rock collections and pictures of stars in the sky. Also, ask what kind of workshops and educational programs are prepared for kids and any special events that are coming up. Go to a Youtheater. Look for one in your area offering plays for child and family visitors. Pre-show play shops are conducted by area artists and educators where kids can discover the secret about performing arts. Puppet (木偶) making and stage make-up are just a couple of the special offerings you might find. Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. They'll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family science show, commonly found in these museums.‎ ‎56.If a child is interested in the universe, he probably will visit ______.‎ ‎ A. a Youtheater B. an art museum ‎ C. a natural history museum D. a hands-on science museum ‎57.What can kids do at a Youtheater?‎ ‎ A. Look at rock collections. B. See dinosaur models.‎ ‎ C. Watch puppet making. D. Give performances.‎ ‎58.What does "hands-on science" mean in the last paragraph?‎ ‎ A. Science games designed by kids. B. Learning science by doing things.‎ ‎ C. A show of kids' science work. D. Reading science books.‎ ‎59.Where does this text probably come from?‎ ‎ A. A science textbook. B. A tourist map.‎ ‎ C. A museum guide. D. A news report.‎ 专题二 科普研究类 Passage 1‎ 全国卷Ⅲ，8分词数：349‎ Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people's e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎"The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media," says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. "They want your eyeballs and don't care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer."‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的)， but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times'website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the "most e-mailed" list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times'readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, "Contagious:Why Things Catch On."‎ ‎1.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A. News reports. B. Research papers.‎ C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.‎ ‎2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A. They're socially inactive. B. They're good at telling stories.‎ C. They're inconsiderate of others. D. They're careful with their words.‎ ‎3.Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger's research?‎ A. Sports news. B. Science articles.‎ C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews.‎ ‎4.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B. Online News Attracts More People C. Reading Habits Change with the Times D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks Passage 2 天津，12.5分词数：372‎ When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.‎ These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. "Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society," said George ‎ Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家) who made the discovery. "And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them."‎ Vaillant's study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men's mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.‎ The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. ‎ Working — at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence — the underpinnings(基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn't everything. As Tolstoy once said, "One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one's work."‎ ‎1.What do we know about John?‎ A. He enjoyed his career and marriage.‎ B. He had few childhood playmates.‎ C. He received little love from his family.‎ D. He was envied by others in his childhood.‎ ‎2.Vaillant's words in Paragraph 2 serve as____.‎ A. a description of personal values and social values B. an analysis of how work was related to competence C. an example for parents'expectations of their children D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men ‎3.Vaillant's team obtained their findings by____.‎ A. recording the boys'effort in school B. evaluating the men's mental health C. comparing different sets of scores D. measuring the men's problem solving ability ‎4.What does the underlined word "sharp" probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react. B. Having a thin edge.‎ C. Clear and definite. D. Sudden and rapid.‎ ‎5.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. Competent adults know more about love than work.‎ B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.‎ C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.‎ D. Independence is the key to one's success.‎ Passage 3 浙江，10分词数：449‎ A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is, well, just playing...right? Perhaps, but some ‎ developmental psychologists (心理学家)have argued that this "play" is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.‎ Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the ground — and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用)：bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby's investigation and the scientist's experiment appear to share the same aim (to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).‎ Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way — that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn't like Dove chocolate.‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, "It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children."‎ ‎1.According to some developmental psychologists,____.‎ A. a baby's play is nothing more than a game B. scientific research into babies'games is possible C. the nature of babies'play has been thoroughly investigated D. a baby's play is somehow similar to a scientist's experiment ‎2.We learn from Paragraph 2 that____.‎ A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B. scientists and babies often interact with each other C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do ‎3.Children may learn the rules of language by____.‎ A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology C. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents'behaviors ‎4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. The world may be more clearly explained through children's play.‎ B. Studying babies'play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D. One's drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ ‎5.What is the author's tone when he discusses the connection between scientists'research and babies'play?‎ A. Convincing. B. Confused.‎ C. Confident. D. Cautious.‎ Passage 4 四川，8分词数：259‎ ‎ A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.‎ ‎ Researchers have discovered that "night milk" contains more melatonin (褪黑激素),which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.‎ ‎ The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.‎ ‎ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.‎ ‎ Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.‎ ‎ While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.‎ ‎ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.‎ ‎ Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.‎ ‎1.According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk ____.‎ A. started sleep more easily ‎ B. were more anxious C. were less active D. woke up later ‎2.Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?‎ A. It's been tested on mice for ten times.‎ B. It can make people more energetic.‎ C. It exists in milk in great amount.‎ D. It's used in sleeping drugs.‎ ‎3.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and Health C. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health ‎4.How does the author support the theme of the text?‎ A. By giving examples.‎ B. By stating arguments.‎ C. By explaining statistical data.‎ D. By providing research results.‎ Passage 5 江苏，6分词数：396‎ Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.‎ In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random — he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.‎ Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.‎ The core of what children's minds have and chimps'don't is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a "we", a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.‎ ‎1.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?‎ A. Chimps seldom care about others'interests.‎ B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.‎ C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors'food.‎ D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.‎ ‎2.Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that they ____.‎ A. have the instinct to help others B. know how to offer help to adults C. know the world better than chimps D. trust adults with their hands full ‎3.The passage is mainly about ____.‎ A. the helping behaviors of young children B. ways to train children's shared intentionality C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature D. the development of intelligence in children Passage 6 新课标全国Ⅰ，8分词数:361‎ Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thur sday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France's favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the "talking cure". Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn't always easy. The customers — some thirty Parisians who pay just under ＄2 (plus drinks)per session — are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论）， slow to open up and connect. "You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’ or ‘people think’," Lehanne told them. "Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’." ‎ A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn't seem more un-French. But Lehanne's psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It's trying to help the city's troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle — longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening. ‎ The city's "psychology cafes", which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne's group just to learn to say what they feel. "There's a strong need in Paris for communication," says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. "People have few real friends. And they need to open up." Lehanne says she'd like to see psychology cafes all over France. "If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn't exist," she says. "If life weren't a battle, people wouldn't need a special place just to speak." But then, it wouldn't be France.‎ ‎1.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?‎ ‎ A. Learn a new subject. B. Keep in touch with friends.‎ ‎ C. Show off their knowledge. D. Express their true feelings.‎ ‎2.How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?‎ ‎ A. They are less frequently visited. B. They stay open for longer hours.‎ ‎ C. They have bigger night crowds. D. They start to serve fast food.‎ ‎3.What are theme cafes expected to do?‎ ‎ A. Create more jobs. B. Supply better drinks.‎ ‎ C. Save the cafe business. D. Serve the neighborhood.‎ ‎4.Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?‎ ‎ A. They bring people true friendship. B. They give people spiritual support.‎ ‎ C. They help people realize their dreams. D. They offer a platform for business links.‎ Passage 7 新课标全国Ⅱ，8分词数:331‎ Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.‎ Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.‎ Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry.‎ ‎ So when it's time to repaint, go blue.‎ Don't forget the clock — or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.‎ Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.‎ ‎1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____.‎ A. their home comforts B. their body shape C. house buying D. healthy diets ‎2.A home environment in blue can help people ____.‎ A. digest food better B. reduce food intake C. burn more calories D. regain their appetites ‎3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?‎ A. Eat quickly. B. Play fast music.‎ C. Use smaller spoons. D. Turn down the lights.‎ ‎4.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Is Your House Making You Fat?‎ B. Ways of Serving Dinner C. Effects of Self-Consciousness D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?‎ Passage 8 重庆，8分词数:288‎ In ancient Egypt, a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead, with more tactics (策略).‎ One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example, stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food (垃圾食品) later in their trip. In department stores, the women's shoe section is generally next to the women's cosmetics (化妆品) section: while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe, bored customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.‎ Besides, businesses seek to appeal to customers'senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping, so they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods, too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played, sales of French wines went up.‎ When it comes to the selling of houses, businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in the door, and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house, the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows, and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these ＄10 million houses.‎ ‎1.Why do stores usually display fruits and vegetables in the first section?‎ A. To save customers time. B. To show they are high quality foods.‎ C. To help sell junk food. D. To sell them at discount prices.‎ ‎2.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following encourages customers to buy?‎ A. Opening the store early in the morning. B. Displaying British wines next to French ones.‎ C. Inviting customers to play music. D. Filling the store with the smell of fresh bread.‎ ‎3.What is the California builder's story intended to prove?‎ A. The house structure is a key factor customers consider.‎ B. The more costly the house is, the better it sells.‎ C. An ocean view is much to the customers'taste.‎ D. A good first impression increases sales.‎ ‎4.What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.‎ B. To introduce how businesses have grown from the past.‎ C. To report researches on customer behavior.‎ D. To show dishonest business practices.‎ Passage 9 安徽，8分词数:293‎ There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual (个体的) ant hardly weighs anything, but put together they weigh roughly the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles. For animals their size, ants have been astonishingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social behavior. ‎ In colonies (群体) that range in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear division of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones (外激素) , chemicals sent out by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of their colony. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an individual ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the colony to prepare for a conflict as a defense unit. ‎ In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy. ‎ Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a collective (集体的) intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts. ‎ ‎1.We can learn from the passage that ants are ____ .‎ A. not willing to share food B. not found around the poles ‎ C. more successful than all other animals D. too many to achieve any level of organization ‎2.Ants can use pheromones for ____.‎ A. escape B. communication C. warning enemies D. arranging labor ‎3.What does the underlined expression "take on" in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. Accept. B. Employ. C. Play with. D. Fight against.‎ ‎4.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ants？‎ A. Their behavior. B. Their size. C. Their number. D. Their weight.‎ Passage 10 2014江苏，8分词数:367‎ Most damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.‎ Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. ‎ Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and, as a result of this, we're likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative. ‎ Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.‎ ‎1.The "duels" example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger .‎ A. usually has a biological basis B. varies among people C. is socially and culturally shaped D. influences one's thinking and evaluation ‎2.What changes can be found in an angry brain?‎ A. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.‎ B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.‎ C. Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.‎ D. Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.‎ ‎3.Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?‎ A. Approaching the source of anger. B. Trying to control what is disliked.‎ C. Moving away from what is disliked. D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.‎ ‎4.What is the key message of the last paragraph?‎ A. How anger differs from other emotions. B. How anger relates to other emotions.‎ C. Behavioural responses to anger. D. Behavioural patterns of anger.‎ Passage 11 2014陕西，8分词数:270‎ Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight,while the French,who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight.Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full.However,Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over. ‎ According to Dr.Joseph Mercola,a health expert,the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle.They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table,while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities.Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped.In addition,he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French,instead,tend to shop daily,walking to small shops and farmers'markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits,vegetables,and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal. ‎ After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano,author of French Women Don't Get Fat,decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food.Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym. ‎ In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits.Today the rate of obesity — or extreme overweight — among adults is only 6％.However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17％ — and is growing.‎ ‎1.In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr.Joseph Mercola?‎ ‎ A. They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.‎ ‎ B. They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.‎ ‎ C. They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyle.‎ ‎ D. They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.‎ ‎2.This text is mainly about the relationship between____.‎ ‎ A. Americans and the French B. lifestyle and obesity ‎ C. children and adults D. fast food and overweight ‎3.This text is mainly developed____.‎ ‎ A. by contrast B. by space ‎ C. by process D. by classification ‎4.Where does this text probably come from?‎ ‎ A. A TV interview. B. A food advertisement.‎ ‎ C. A health report. D. A book review.‎ Passage 12 2013湖北，8分词数:373‎ A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.　　‎ The paper, published this March in Psychology and Aging, examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96. The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.　　‎ Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, among other questions.　　‎ The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future ‎ life satisfaction, while middle-aged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future. Adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction. Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.　　‎ ‎"We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade," wrote Frieder R. Lang, a professor at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg.　　‎ Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.　　‎ ‎"Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)," the authors wrote.　　‎ Surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline. Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.　　‎ The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions. Illness, medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.　　‎ However, the researchers said a pattern was clear. "We found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic to accurate, to pessimistic," the authors concluded.‎ ‎1. According to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?‎ ‎　A. Optimistic adults.　　 B.Middle-aged adults.‎ ‎　C. Adults in poor health.　　 D.Adults of lower income.‎ ‎2. Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people ____.‎ ‎　A.to fully enjoy their present life ‎　B.to estimate their contribution accurately ‎　C. to take measures against potential risks ‎　D.to value health more highly than wealth ‎3. How do people of higher income see their future?‎ ‎　A. They will earn less money.　　 B.They will become pessimistic.‎ ‎　C. They will suffer mental illness.　　D.They will have less time to enjoy life.‎ ‎4. What is the clear conclusion of the study?‎ ‎　A. Pessimism guarantees chances of survival.‎ ‎ B.Good financial condition leads to good health.‎ ‎　C. Medical treatment determines health outcomes.‎ ‎ D.Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.‎ Passage 13 2012全国Ⅱ，8分词数:240‎ Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter (住所) as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.‎ Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When you're cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you ‎ must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.‎ If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. Keep an eye on your pet's water. Sometimes owners don't realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet can't get anything to drink. Animals that don't have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.‎ ‎1.What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?‎ A. They are often forgotten by their owners. B. They are used to living outdoors.‎ C. They build their own shelters. D. They like to stay in warm places.‎ ‎2.Why are pet owners asked to stay with their pets when they are out in cold weather?‎ A. To know when to bring them inside. B. To keep them from eating bad food.‎ C. To help them find shelters. D. To keep them company.‎ ‎3.If pets are left on their own outdoors in cold weather, they may____ .‎ A. run short of clean water B. dig deep holes for fun C. dirty the snow nearby D. get lost in the wild ‎4.What is the purpose of this text?‎ A. To solve a problem. B. To give practical advice.‎ C. To tell an interesting story. D. To present a research result.‎ 专题三 生态环保类 Passage 1 北京，8分词数：357‎ California Condor's Shocking Recovery California condors are North America's largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.‎ In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.‎ Electrical lines have been killing them off. "As they go in to rest for the night, they just don't see the power lines," says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.‎ So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-free birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.‎ Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.‎ Rideout's team thinks that the California condors' average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. "Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now," he says. "They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them."‎ ‎1.California condors attract researchers' interest because they ____.‎ A. are active at night B. had to be bred in the wild C. are found only in California D. almost died out in the 1980s ‎2.Researchers have found electrical lines are ____.‎ A. blocking condors' journey home B. big killers of California condors C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away ‎3.According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning ____.‎ A. makes condors too nervous to fly ‎ B. has little effect on condors' kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood D. makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds ‎4.This passage shows that ____.‎ A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B. Rideout's research interest lies in electric engineering C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem Passage 2 江苏，8分词数：437‎ ‎ El Niño, a Spanish term for "the Christ child," was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Niño sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.‎ The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped America's economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.‎ But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱) in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.‎ The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño's harmful effects — and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.‎ ‎1.What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It is named after a South American fisherman.‎ B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.‎ C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.‎ D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.‎ ‎2.What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?‎ A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.‎ B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.‎ C. Rich countries' gains are greater than their losses.‎ D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.‎ ‎3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that ____.‎ A. more investment should go to risk reduction B. governments of poor countries need more aid C. victims of El Niño deserve more compensation D. recovery and reconstruction should come first ‎4.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?‎ A. To introduce El Niño and its origin. B. To explain the consequences of El Niño.‎ C. To show ways of fighting against El Niño. D. To urge people to prepare for El Niño.‎ Passage 3 浙江,10分词数:492‎ If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. ‎ The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences — called light pollution — whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels — and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected. ‎ In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vaca nt haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night — dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth — is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost. ‎ We've lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet (磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being "captured" by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings. ‎ Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself. ‎ Living in a glare of our own making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage — the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge of our galaxy — arching overhead.‎ ‎1.According to the passage, human beings ____.‎ ‎ A. prefer to live in the darkness B. are used to living in the day light ‎ C. were curious about the midnight world D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon ‎2.What does "it" (Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?‎ ‎ A. The night. B. The moon. ‎ ‎ C. The sky. D. The planet.‎ ‎3.The writer mentions birds and frogs to ____.‎ ‎ A. provide examples of animal protection ‎ B. show how light pollution affects animals ‎ C. compare the living habits of both species ‎ D. explain why the number of certain species has declined ‎4.It is implied in the last paragraph that ____.‎ ‎ A. light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals ‎ B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages ‎ C. human beings cannot go to the outer space ‎ D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe ‎5.What might be the best title for the passage?‎ ‎ A. The Magic Light. B. The Orange Haze.‎ ‎ C. The Disappearing Night. D. The Rhythms of Nature.‎ Passage 4 湖北,8分词数:380‎ ‎"I see you've got a bit of water on your coat,"said the man at the petrol station. "Is it raining out there?" "No,it's pretty nice," I replied, checking my sleeve."Oh, right. A pony (马驹) bit me earlier."‎ As it happened, the bite was virtually painless: more the kind of small bite you might get from a naughty child. The pony responsible was queuing up for some ice cream in the car park near Haytor,and perhaps thought I'd jumped in ahead of him. The reason why the ponies here are naughty is that Haytor is a tourist-heavy area and tourists are constantly feeding the ponies foods,despite signs asking them not to.By feeding the ponies,tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car,and make them harder to gather during the area's annual pony drift (迁移).‎ The purpose of a pony drift is to gather them up so their health can be checked,the baby ones can be stopped from feeding on their mothers' milk,and those who've gone beyond their limited area can be returned to their correct area.Some of them are also later sold,in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.‎ Three weeks ago, I witnessed a small near-disaster a few miles west of here. While walking, I noticed a pony roll over on his back."Hello!" I said to him, assuming he was just rolling for fun, but he was very still and, as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily. I began to properly worry about him. Fortunately, I managed to get in touch with a Dartmoor's Livestock Protection officer and send her a photo. The officer immediately sent a local farmer out to check on the pony. The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks. The farmer freed him, and he began to run happily around again.‎ Dartmoor has 1,000 or so ponies, who play a critical role in creating the diversity of species ‎ in this area. Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies, and trying to come up with plans to find a sustainable (可持续的) future for one of Dartmoor's most financially-troubled elements.‎ ‎1.Why are tourists asked not to feed the ponies?‎ A. To protect the tourists from being bitten. B. To keep the ponies off the petrol station.‎ C. To avoid putting the ponies in danger. D. To prevent the ponies from fighting.‎ ‎2.One of the purposes of the annual pony drift is ____.‎ A. to feed baby ponies on milk B. to control the number of ponies C. to expand the habitat for ponies D. to sell the ponies at a good price ‎3.What was the author's first reaction when he saw a pony roll on its back?‎ A. He freed it from the trap. B. He called a protection officer.‎ C. He worried about it very much. D. He thought of it as being naughty.‎ ‎4.What does the author imply about the preservation of Dartmoor's ponies？‎ A. It lacks people's involvement. B. It costs a large amount of money.‎ C. It will affect tourism in Dartmoor. D. It has caused an imbalance of species.‎ Passage 5 2014新课标全国Ⅱ，8分词数：254‎ Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot "greener" toward the environment. "We didn't know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA. ‎ But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. "The understanding has increased many, many times," says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.‎ According to US government reports, emissions (排放) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of "green thinking" has become part of practices. ‎ Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling pro grams; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution. ‎ Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, it's hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. "Until we do that, nothing else will change!" says Bruce Anderson.‎ ‎1.According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about ____.‎ ‎ A. the social movement B. recycling techniques ‎ C. environmental problems D. the importance of Earth Day ‎2.Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?‎ ‎ A. The grass-roots level. B. The business circle.‎ ‎ C. Government officials. D. University professors.‎ ‎3.What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?‎ ‎ A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.‎ ‎ B. They have settled their environmental problems.‎ ‎ C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.‎ ‎ D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.‎ ‎4.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?‎ ‎ A. Education. B. Planning. C. Green living. D. CO reduction.‎ Passage 6 2014湖南，10分词数:319‎ The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre(UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放) by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by . But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own — though extremely important — is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.‎ The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率), which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.‎ ‎‘Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything，’explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher, ‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful ‎ design.’ In other words, old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.‎ Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers don't have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information, it's hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback(反馈) facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors, could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.‎ Social science research has added a further dimension (方面), suggesting that individuals' behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted — whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器), for example.‎ Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.‎ ‎1.As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of ____.‎ A. zero-carbon homes B. the behaviour of building users C. sustainable building design D. the reduction of carbon emissions ‎2.The underlined word "which" in Paragraph 2 refers to "____".‎ A. the ways B. their homes C. developments D. existing efforts ‎3.What are Katy Janda's words mainly about?‎ ‎ A. The importance of changing building users' habits.‎ ‎ B. The necessity of making a careful building design.‎ ‎ C. The variety of consumption patterns of building users.‎ ‎ D. The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.‎ ‎4.The information gap in energy use ____.‎ A. can be bridged by feedback facilities B. affects the study on energy monitors C. brings about problems for smart meters D. will be caused by building users' old habits ‎5.What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?‎ A. The social science research is to be furthered.‎ B. The education programme is under discussion.‎ C. The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.‎ D. The behaviour preference of building users is similar.‎ Passage 7 2014浙江，10分词数:422‎ Last summer, two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana, to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood. These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers.‎ The cottages could be an example of the industry's odd love affair with "low technology" , a concept associated with the natural world, and with old-school craftsmanship (手艺) that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual (虚拟的) — so, to take advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitter's designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation (阐释) of low technology that focuses on nature.‎ Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can "work and socialize in a more natural, park-like setting" . At Google's office, an entire floor is carpeted in grass. Facebook's second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail. ‎ Olle Lundberg, the founder of Lundberg Design, has worked with many tech companies over the years. "We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives, and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished (贫乏的), because they're surrounded by the digital world," he says. "They're looking for a way to regain their individual identity, and we've found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that." ‎ This craft-based theory is rooted in history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to pre- industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after the Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. "Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life," Morris said. ‎ Research has shown that natural environments can restore (恢复) our mental capacities. In Japan, patients are encouraged to "forest-bathe", taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure. ‎ These health benefits apply to the workplace as well. Rachel Kaplan, a professor of environmental psychology, has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments. Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office — even simple views of trees and flowers — felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying. If lowtech ‎ offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then, fine, bring on the cottages.‎ ‎1.The writer mentions the two nineteenth century cottages to show that____.‎ A. Twitter is having a hard time B. old cottages are in need of protection C. early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana D. Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology ‎2.Low technology is regarded as something that____.‎ A. is related to nature B. is out of date today C. consumes too much energy D. exists in the virtual world ‎3.The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings _____.‎ A. have destroyed many pre-industrial arts B. have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts C. can become intelligent by learning history D. can regain their individual identity by using machines ‎4.The writer's attitude to "low technology" can best be described as____.‎ A. positive B. defensive C. cautious D. doubtful ‎5.What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Past Glories, Future Dreams. B. The Virtual World, the Real Challenge.‎ C. High-tech Companies, Low-tech Offices. D. The More Craftsmanship, the Less Creativity.‎ Passage 8 2013江西，8分词数:293‎ Going green seems to be a fad （时尚） for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we can't really say, but for the two of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.‎ On April 22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green things, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond the easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.‎ With the idea of going green every single day for a year, Our Green Year started. My wife and I decided to educate people about how they could go green in their lives and hoped we could show people all the green things that could be done to help the environment. We wanted to push ‎ the message that every little bit helps.‎ Over the course of Our Green Year, we completely changed our lifestyles. We now shop at organic（有机的） stores. We consume less meat, choosing green food. We have greatly reduced our buying we don't need. We have given away half of what we owned through websites. Our home is kept clean by vinegar and lemon juice, with no chemical cleaners. We make our own butter, enjoying the smell of home-made fresh bread. In our home office anyone caught doing something ungreen might be punished.‎ Our minds have been changed by Our Green Year. We are grateful for the chance to have been able to go green and educate others. We believe that we do have the power to change things and help our planet.‎ ‎1.What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Going Green B. Protecting the Planet C. Keeping Open Minded D. Celebrating Our Green Year ‎2.It was difficult for the couple to live a green life for the whole year because____.‎ A. they were expected to follow the green fad ‎ B. they didn't know how to educate other people C. they were unwilling to reduce their energy D. they needed to perform unusual green tasks ‎3.What did the couple do over the course of Our Green Year?‎ A. They tried to get out of their ungreen habits.‎ B. They ignored others' ungreen behavior.‎ C. They chose better chemical cleaners.‎ D. They sold their homemade food.‎ ‎4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A.The government will give support to the green project.‎ B.The couple may continue their project in the future.‎ C.Some people disagree with the couple's green ideas.‎ D.Our Green Year is becoming a national campaign.‎ Passage 9 2013安徽，8分词数:256‎ Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put ‎ our water supply in danger,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving (铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave,the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.‎ Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages (短缺) . Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts (干旱) than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs. ‎ Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live, but there's a lot we can do to lower the number.‎ You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher (洗碗机) only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.‎ ‎1. Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater？‎ A. Using river water. B. Throwing batteries away.‎ C. Paving parking lots. D. Throwing rubbish into lakes. ‎ ‎2. What can be inferred from the text? ‎ A. All water shortages are due to human behavior.‎ B. It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.‎ C. There is much we can do to reduce family size.‎ D. The average family in America makes proper use of water. ‎ ‎3. The last paragraph is intended to ____.‎ A. show us how to fix leaks at home B. tell us how to run a dishwasher C. prove what drinking glass is best for us D. suggest what we do to save water at home ‎4. The text is mainly about ____.‎ A. why paving roads reduces our water B. how much we depend on water to live C. why droughts occur more in dry climates D. how human activity affects our water supply Passage 10 2012北京，8分词数:369 ‎ ‎"In wilderness (荒野) is the preservation of the world." This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.‎ As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation (开发) brings to such landscapes (景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need — the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these "ecosystem services" far outweigh the gains from exploitation.‎ Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others. ‎ I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm. ‎ This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.‎ ‎1.John Sauven holds that ____.‎ A. many people value nature too much B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong ‎2.What is the main idea of Para. 3?‎ A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.‎ B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.‎ C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.‎ D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.‎ ‎3.What is the author's attitude towards this debate?‎ A. Objective. B. Disapproving. C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic.‎ ‎4.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?‎ CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion 专题四 社会生活类 Passage 1 全国卷Ⅰ，8分 词数：291‎ Grandparents Answer a Call As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.‎ No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama's mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson's decision will influence grandparents in the ‎ American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama's family.‎ ‎"In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,"says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents."We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you're raising children."‎ Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.‎ ‎1.Why was Garza's move a success?‎ A. It strengthened her family ties.‎ B. It improved her living conditions.‎ C. It enabled her to make more friends.‎ D. It helped her know more new places.‎ ‎2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinson's decision?‎ A. 17% expressed their support for it.‎ B. Few people responded sympathetically.‎ C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.‎ D. The majority thought it was a trend.‎ ‎3.What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?‎ A. They were unsure of themselves.‎ B. They were eager to raise more children.‎ C. They wanted to live away from their parents.‎ D. They had little respect for their grandparents.‎ ‎4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?‎ A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.‎ B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.‎ C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.‎ D. Get to know themselves better.‎ Passage 2 全国卷Ⅱ，8分词数：247‎ Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, "The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both."‎ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.‎ People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.‎ BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the "real" and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.‎ ‎1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?‎ A. To explain what they are.‎ B. To introduce BookCrossing.‎ C. To stress the importance of reading.‎ D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.‎ ‎2.What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The book. B. An adventure.‎ C. A public place. D. The identification number.‎ ‎3.What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?‎ A. Meet other readers to discuss it. B. Keep it safe in his bookcase.‎ C. Pass it on to another reader. D. Mail it back to its owner.‎ ‎4.What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Online Reading:A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books:A New Trend C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D. A Website Links People through Books Passage 3 北京，8分词数：425‎ Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today's students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.‎ For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.‎ To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves "trying on" new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually (在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide "safe spaces" within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.‎ Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.‎ Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.‎ It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents' desire for autonomy and their ‎ understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.‎ Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.‎ ‎1.What's the author's attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?‎ A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving. C. Supportive. D. Neutral.‎ ‎2.The underlined word "passage" in Paragraph 2 means____.‎ A. change B. choice C. text D. extension ‎3.According to the author, what role should college play?‎ A. To develop a shared identity among students.‎ B. To define and regulate students' social behavior.‎ C. To provide a safe world without tension for students.‎ D. To foster students' intellectual and personal development.‎ ‎4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?‎ A. B.‎ C. D.‎ I:Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点) C:Conclusion Passage 4 天津，12.5分词数：394‎ Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.‎ We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.‎ Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles ‎ and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.‎ Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序)，never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.‎ Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can — then let the unconscious take over.‎ When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(《大英百科全书》)， I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.‎ One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.‎ An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.‎ Human beings, I believe, must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.‎ ‎1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to ____.‎ A. delay tasks B. work hard C. seek help D. accept failure ‎2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?‎ A. Writing essays in strict order. B. Building up physical strength.‎ C. Leaving out the toughest ideas. D. Dealing with the hardest task first.‎ ‎3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?‎ A. Before starting a difficult task. B. When all the solutions fail.‎ C. If the job is rather boring. D. After finding a way out.‎ ‎4.According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us ____.‎ A. ignore mental problems B. get some nice sleep C. gain complete relief D. find the right solution ‎5. What could be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Success Is Built upon Failure B. How to Handle Performance Fatigue C. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success D. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems Passage 5 浙江，10分词数：415‎ ‎"Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?" Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ With her eyes shining, Tori brags, "You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago."‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren't very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don't. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the "in group." In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).‎ Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do's and don'ts conveyed ‎ through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your "juicy story" might have.‎ ‎1.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to ____.‎ A. introduce a topic B. present an argument C. describe the characters D. clarify his writing purpose ‎2.An important negative effect of gossip is that it ____.‎ A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences ‎3.In the author's opinion, many people like to gossip because it ____.‎ A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people ‎4.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ____.‎ A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors C. force schools to improve student handbooks D. attract the police's attention to group behaviors ‎5.What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ A. Never become a gossiper. B. Stay away from gossipers.‎ C. Don't let gossip turn into lies. D. Think twice before you gossip.‎ Passage 6 安徽，8分词数:304‎ Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat — and when and how we eat them — are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.‎ Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes ‎ that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.‎ Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it. ‎ Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.‎ Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world. ‎ ‎1. According to the passage, sharing bread ____. ‎ A. indicates a lack of food B. can help to develop unity C. is a custom unique to rural areas D. has its roots in birthday celebrations ‎2. What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?‎ A. Trust. B. Success. C. Health. D. Togetherness. ‎ ‎3. The author explains the role of food in celebrations by. ‎ A. using examples B. making comparisons C. analyzing causes D. describing processes ‎4. What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. The custom of sharing food. B. The specific meaning of food. ‎ C. The role of food in ceremonies. D. The importance of food in culture. ‎ Passage 7 广东,10分词数:340‎ It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.‎ In recent years, many writers have begun to speak of the ‘decline of class' and ‘classless society’ in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.‎ But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging study of public ‎ opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in a particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.‎ One unchanging aspect of a British person's class position is accent. The words a person speaks tell her or his class. A study of British accents during the 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice. Most people said this accent sounded‘educated’ and ‘soft’. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional (地区的) city accents. These accents were seen as ‘common’ and ‘ugly’.However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.‎ In recent years， however，young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed．However, the 1995 pop song ‘Common People’ puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may ‘want to live like common people’ they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life．‎ ‎1.A recent study of public opinion shows that in modern Britain ____.‎ A. it is time to end class distinction B. most people belong to middle class C. it is easy to recognize a person's class D. people regard themselves socially different ‎2.The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ____.‎ A. variety B. division C. authority D. qualification ‎3.The study in the US showed that BBC English was regarded as.‎ A. regional B. educated C. prejudiced D. unattractive ‎4.British attitudes towards accent _____.‎ A. have a long tradition B. are based on regional status C. are shared by the Americans D. have changed in recent years ‎5.What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A. The middle class is expanding. B. A person's accent reflects his class．‎ C. Class is a key part of British society． D. Each class has unique characteristics．‎ Passage 8 重庆,8分词数:271‎ The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism (相对主义), are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view, however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.‎ History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries. Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art, even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.‎ In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because "the general principles of taste are uniform (不变的) in human nature," the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent. He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years. Works of this type, he believed, spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.‎ Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. For example, evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction. The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before. Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.‎ ‎1.According to the passage, what do we know about cultural relativism?‎ A. It introduces different cultural values.‎ B. It explains the history of artistic works.‎ C. It relates artistic values to local conditions.‎ D. It excites the human mind throughout the world.‎ ‎2.In Paragraph 2,the artists are mentioned in order to show that ____.‎ A. great works of art can go beyond national boundaries B. history gives art works special appeal to set them apart C. popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts D. great artists are skilled at combining various cultures ‎3.According to Hume,some works of art can exist for centuries because ____.‎ A. they are results of scientific study B. they establish some general principles of art ‎ C. they are created by the world's greatest artists D. they appeal to unchanging features of human nature ‎4.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?‎ A. Are Artistic Values Universal? B. Are Popular Arts Permanent?‎ C. Is Human Nature Uniform? D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?‎ Passage 9 2014新课标全国Ⅰ，8分词数:281‎ As more and more people speak the global languages of English,Chinese,Spanish,and Arabic,other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact,half of the 6,000 — 7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).‎ In an effort to prevent language loss,scholars from a number of organizations — UNESCO and National Geographic among them — have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.‎ Mark Turin,a scientist at the Macmillan Center,Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working,and raising a family in a village in Nepal.‎ Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin,who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.‎ At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials — including photographs,films,tape recordings, and field notes — which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.‎ Now, through the two organizations that he has founded — the Digital Himalaya Project and ‎ the World Oral Literature Project — Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world,available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet,Turin notes,the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.‎ ‎1.Many scholars are making efforts to ____.‎ A. promote global languages B. rescue disappearing languages C. search for language communities D. set up language research organizations ‎2.What does "that tradition" in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Having full records of the languages. B. Writing books on language teaching.‎ C. Telling stories about language users. D. Living with the native speakers.‎ ‎3.What is Turin's book based on?‎ A. The cultural studies in India. B. The documents available at Yale.‎ C. His language research in Bhutan. D. His personal experience in Nepal.‎ ‎4.Which of the following best describes Turin's work?‎ A. Write, sell and donate. B. Record, repair and reward.‎ C. Collect, protect and reconnect. D. Design, experiment and report.‎ Passage 10 2014新课标全国Ⅱ，6分词数:274‎ One of the latest trends (趋势) in American childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamford, Conn., for example, has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4,000 since 2004. And that's true all across the country. ‎ ‎"I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age," Joseph Stocke, the managing director of a company, says of his 2-year-old son. "I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future." After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says. ‎ Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China: She didn't want her children to miss out on their roots. "Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to (接触) the language and culture," she says. ‎ ‎"Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom," says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of children. "But parents must understand that just one year with an au pair is unlikely to produce wonders. Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12." ‎ The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.‎ ‎1.What does the term "au pair" in the text mean?‎ A. A mother raising her children on her own. ‎ B. A child learning a foreign language at home.‎ C. A professor in language education of children. ‎ D. A young foreign woman taking care of children.‎ ‎2.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them .‎ A. to live in China some day B. to speak the language at home C. to catch up with other children D. to learn about the Chinese culture ‎3.What can we infer from the text?‎ A. Learning Chinese is becoming popular in America.‎ B. Educated women do better in looking after children.‎ C. Chinese au pairs need to improve their English skills.‎ D. Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.‎ Passage 11 2013辽宁，6分词数:288‎ ‎"Indeed," George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785, "some kind of fly, or bug, had begun to eat the leaves before I left home." But the father of America was not the father of bug.When Washington wrote that, Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century,and Americans had already created lightning-bug（萤火虫）. But the English were soon to stop using the bugs in their language, leaving it to the Americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The American bug could also be a person, referring to someone who was crazy about a particular activity. Although fan became the usual term,sports fans used to be called racing bugs, baseball bugs, and the like.‎ Or the bug could be a small machine or object, for example, a bug-shaped car.The bug could also be a burglar alarm, from which comes the expression to bug, that is, "to install (安装) an alarm".Now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for listening secretly to others' conversations.Since the 1840s, to bug has long meant "to cheat", and since the 1940s it has been annoying. We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design. That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison.In 1878 he explained bugs as "little problems and difficulties" that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product.In 1889 it was recorded that Edison "had been up the two previous nights discovering ‘a bug’ in his invented record player."‎ ‎1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that ____.‎ A. Americans had difficulty in learning to use the word bug B. George Washington was the first person to call an insect a bug C. the word bug was still popularly used in England in the nineteenth century D. both Englishmen and Americans used the word bug in the eighteenth century ‎2.What does the word "flaw"in the last paragraph probably mean?‎ A. Explanation B.Finding C. Origin D.Fault ‎3.The passage is mainly concerned with ____. A. the misunderstanding of the word bug B. the development of the word bug C. the public views of the word bug D. the special characteristics of the word bug Passage 12 2012安徽，8分词数:262‎ ‎ Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?‎ The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the Egyptians, green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. In China, children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils(灾祸).‎ People's choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions(反应) toward them. Green is said to be the most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both ‎ mentally and physically. People who work in green environments have been found to have fewer stomach aches.‎ Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites(食欲). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. Similarly, many commercial websites will have a red "Buy Now" button because red is a color that easily catches a person's eye.‎ Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room, think about the color carefully.‎ ‎1.Muslims regard green as a symbol of heaven mainly because of their ____.‎ A. cultural values B. commercial purposes C. personal experiences D. physical reactions to the color ‎2.Why will many commercial websites have a red "Buy Now" button?‎ A. To relax people physically. B. To increase people's appetites.‎ C. To encourage people to make a purchase. D. To cause a person's blood pressure to rise.‎ ‎3.What color might help lose weight according to the text?‎ A. Red. B. Green. C. Blue. D. Purple.‎ ‎4.Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?‎ A. Colors and Human Beings B. The Cultural Meaning of Color C. Colors and Personal Experiences D. The Meaning and Function of Color 专题五 时事新闻类 Passage 1 北京，8分词数：373‎ Surviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)‎ Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks from the beach. Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house. "It's the ocean that makes Rockaway so special," she says.‎ On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie's family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridges closed.‎ When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many ‎ of Natalie's friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.‎ In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.‎ ‎"My mom tells me that I can't control what happens to me," Natalie says, "but I can always choose how I deal with it."‎ Natalie's choice was to help.‎ She created a website page, matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down. Within days, Patrick's collection was replaced. ‎ In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.‎ Today, the scars(创痕) of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. "I can't imagine living anywhere but Rockaway," Natalie declares. "My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before."‎ ‎1.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found ____.‎ A. some friends had lost their lives B. her neighborhood was destroyed C. her school had moved to Brooklyn D. the elderly were free from suffering ‎2. According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?‎ A. The people helping Rockaway rebuild. ‎ B. The people trapped in high-rise buildings.‎ C. The volunteers donating money to survivors. ‎ D. Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.‎ ‎3.How did Natalie help the survivors?‎ A. She gave her toys to other kids. B. She took care of younger children.‎ C. She called on the White House to help. D. She built an information sharing platform.‎ ‎4.What does the story intend to tell us?‎ A. Little people can make a big difference. B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ C. East or west, home is best. D. Technology is power.‎ Passage 2 新课标全国Ⅱ，8分词数：264‎ More students than ever before are taking a gap year(间隔年) before going to university. It used to be called the "year off" between school and university. The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year. ‎ This year, 25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS).‎ That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education. "Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible," he said.‎ But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students (NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship — young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. "New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term-time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods," he said.‎ ‎1.What do we learn about the gap year from the text?‎ A. It is flexible in length. B. It is a time for relaxation.‎ C. It is increasingly popular. D. It is required by universities.‎ ‎2.According to Tony Higgins, students taking a gap year ____.‎ A. are better prepared for college studies B. know a lot more about their future jobs ‎ C. are more likely to leave university in debt D. have a better chance to enter top universities ‎ ‎3.How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon?‎ ‎ A. He's puzzled. B. He's worried. ‎ ‎ C. He's surprised. D. He's annoyed. ‎ ‎4.What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics? ‎ A. Attend additional courses. B. Make plans for the new term. ‎ C. Earn money for their education. D. Prepare for their graduate studies. ‎ Passage 3 天津，12.5分词数:322‎ ‎ Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.‎ While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.‎ The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.‎ Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.‎ Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company's "Oshbot" robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.‎ The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. "We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us," said Breazeal.‎ ‎1.How are social robots different from household robots?‎ A. They can control their emotions. B. They are more like humans.‎ C. They do the normal housework. D. They respond to users more slowly.‎ ‎2.What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?‎ A. Communicate with you and perform operations.‎ B. Answer your questions and make requests.‎ C. Take your family pictures and deliver milk.‎ D. Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.‎ ‎3.What can Oshbot work as?‎ A. A language teacher. B. A tour guide.‎ C. A shop assistant. D. A private nurse.‎ ‎4.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ____.‎ A. train employees B. be our workmates C. improve technologies D. take the place of workers ‎5.What does the passage mainly present?‎ A. A new design idea of household robots.‎ B. Marketing strategies for social robots.‎ C. Information on household robots.‎ D. An introduction to social robots.‎ Passage 4 2014四川，8分词数:303‎ A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.‎ Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.‎ Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.‎ However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest instead.‎ Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.‎ Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: "I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital ‎ with a big footprint on his chest."‎ ‎"She's a little star," said Debbie. "I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert."‎ Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.‎ He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.‎ ‎1.Izzy kicked her father in the chest ____.‎ A. to express her helplessness B. to practise CPR on him C. to keep him awake D. to restart his heart ‎2.What's the right order of the events?‎ ‎ ‎ ‎①Izzy kicked Colm. ②Debbie called 999.‎ ‎③Izzy learned CPR. ④Colm's heart stopped ‎ . ‎ A. ③①②④ B. ④②③① ‎ C. ③④②① D. ④③①②‎ ‎3.What does Paragraph 8 mainly talk about?‎ A. What Colm suffered.‎ B. Colm's present condition.‎ C. What caused Colm's allergy.‎ D. Symptoms of Colm's allergic reaction.‎ ‎4.Why does the author write the news?‎ A. To describe a serious accident.‎ B. To prove the importance of CPR.‎ C. To report a 9-year-old girl's brave act.‎ D. To call people's attention to allergic reaction.‎ Passage 5 2012全国Ⅱ，8分词数:215‎ ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia — One of the world's most famous fossils (化石) — the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton (骨骼) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 — will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday.‎ Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston, Texas, spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour, which will start in Houston next September.‎ ‎"Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today, is one of the best kept secrets in the world," said Joel Bartsch, director of the Houston museum.‎ The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York, Denver and Chicago. Officials said six other U.S. cities may be on the tour. But they said plans had not yet been worked out.‎ Traveling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.‎ Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 3 1/2-foot-tall ape-man (猿人).‎ ‎1.The author writes this text mainly to ____.‎ A. introduce a few U.S. museums B. describe some research work C. discuss the value of an ape-man D. report a coming event ‎2.What do the words "a replica" in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. A painting of the skeleton. ‎ B. A photograph of Lucy.‎ C. A copy of the skeleton.‎ D. A written record of Lucy.‎ ‎3.How many cities has Lucy's U.S. tour plan already included?‎ A. Four. B. Five. C. Six. D. Eleven.‎ ‎4.What was the skeleton named after?‎ A. An ape-man. B. A song. C. A singer. D. A camp.‎ 专题 六 人物故事类 Passage 1 全国卷Ⅰ，6分词数：266‎ ‎ I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞)in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.‎ I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:"Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you — there are no flights from Washington." So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:"In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient — please, please, you've got to get me back to the United Kingdom." She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道）me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.‎ For this courier job, you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life.‎ ‎1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "courier" in Paragraph 1?‎ A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor ‎2.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?‎ A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.‎ B. The donor can only wait for that long.‎ C. The operation needs that much time.‎ D. The ice won't last any longer.‎ ‎3.Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?‎ A. To London. B. To Newark.‎ C. To Providence. D. To Washington.‎ Passage 2 全国卷Ⅲ，6分词数：324‎ On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within ‎ minutes, another customer was approaching their table.‎ ‎"Hey, aren't you from Mississippi?" the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. "I'm from Mississippi too."‎ Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.‎ ‎"They began telling me all the news of Mississippi," Welty said. "I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking."‎ Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).‎ ‎"My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’" Welty added. "And I said:‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’"‎ Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.‎ ‎"I don't make them up," she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years."I don't have to."‎ Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片断)of a particularly interesting story.‎ ‎1.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?‎ A. Two strangers joined her. B. Her childhood friends came in.‎ C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner. D. Some people held a party there.‎ ‎2.The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's.‎ A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories ‎3.What can we learn about the characters in Welty's fiction?‎ A. They live in big cities. B. They are mostly women.‎ C. They come from real life. D. They are pleasure seekers.‎ Passage 3 北京，6分词数：329‎ December 15,2014‎ Dear Alfred,‎ I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.‎ Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150+ at 17, I'm anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD(注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.‎ However, when something did interest me, I could become absorbed. In high school, I became curious about the computer, and built my first website. Moreover, I completed the senior course of Computer Basics, plus five relevant pre-college courses.‎ While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse. I wanted to go to college after high school, but couldn't. So, I was killing my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the online computer courses of your training center.‎ Since then, I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I'm learning your Probability course. I have hundreds of printer paper, covered in self-written notes from your videos. This has given me a purpose.‎ Last year, I spent all my time looking for a job where, without dealing with the public, I could work alone, but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job — Data Analyst — this month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful profession, without going to college, and be just as good as, if not better than, my competitors.‎ Thank you. You've given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I'm doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole.‎ This is why you're saving my life.‎ Yours,‎ Tanis ‎1.Why didn't Tanis go to college after high school?‎ A. She had learned enough about computer science.‎ B. She had more difficulty keeping focused.‎ C. She preferred taking online courses.‎ D. She was too slow to learn.‎ ‎2.As for the working environment, Tanis prefers ____.‎ A. working by herself B. dealing with the public C. competing against others D. staying with ADHD students ‎3.Tanis wrote this letter in order to ____.‎ A. explain why she was interested in the computer B. share the ideas she had for her profession C. show how grateful she was to the center D. describe the courses she had taken so far Passage 4 江苏，12分词数：699‎ Not so long ago, most people didn't know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high athlete. There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future. However, one person wanted to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at Jamaica's Olympic trials in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaica's unchallenged queen of the sprint (短跑).‎ ‎"Where did she come from?" asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs. But Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Berlin, becoming world champion with a time of 10.73 —‎ ‎ the fourth fastest time ever.‎ Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jamaica's toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Ann's friends and family were caught up in the killings; one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didn't have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldn't afford shoes. Her mother Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had been an athlete herself as a young girl but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby. Maxime's early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse's roundabout of poverty. One of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything.‎ It didn't take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports.‎ But Shelly-Ann's victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. The dark cloud above one of the world's toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. "I have so much fire burning for my country," Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it a woman's as well as a man's world.‎ As Muhammad Ali puts it, "Champions aren't made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision." One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.‎ ‎1.Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann?‎ A. He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.‎ B. He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.‎ C. She had big problems maintaining her performance.‎ D. She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.‎ ‎2.What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games?‎ A. She would become a promising star.‎ B. She badly needed to set higher goals.‎ C. Her sprinting career would not last long.‎ D. Her talent for sprinting was known to all.‎ ‎3.What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track?‎ A. Her success and lessons in her career.‎ B. Her interest in Shelly-Ann's quick profit.‎ C. Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.‎ D. Her early entrance into the sprinting world.‎ ‎4.What can we infer from Shelly-Ann's statement underlined in Paragraph 5?‎ A. She was highly rewarded for her efforts.‎ B. She was eager to do more for her country.‎ C. She became an athletic star in her country.‎ D. She was the envy of the whole community.‎ ‎5.By mentioning Muhammad Ali's words, the author intends to tell us that ____.‎ A. players should be highly inspired by coaches B. great athletes need to concentrate on patience C. hard work is necessary in one's achievements D. motivation allows great athletes to be on the top ‎6.What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. The Making of a Great Athlete B. The Dream for Championship C. The Key to High Performance D. The Power of Full Responsibility Passage 5 浙江，12分词数：647‎ Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.‎ My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task, but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so and so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room/a car for your birthday/a lavish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance(零用钱) by doing chores around the house. I can still remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table. My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house. Like the two little girls growing up at the White House, we made our own beds (no one left the house until that was done) and picked up after ourselves. We had to keep track of our belongings, and if something was lost, it was not replaced.‎ It was summer and, one day, my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed — and there it was in the window. White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and I knew — I knew — I had to have it.‎ ‎"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her. "What a neat basket."‎ I tried to hold off at first. I played it cool for a short while. But then I guess I couldn't stand it any longer: "Mom, please can I please, please get it? I'll do extra chores for as long as you say. I'll do anything, but I need that basket. I love that basket. Please, Mom. Please?"‎ I was desperate.‎ ‎"You know," she said, gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believed was the coolest thing ever, "If you save up you could buy this yourself."‎ ‎"By the time I make enough it'll be gone！"‎ ‎"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger, the bike guy.‎ ‎"He can't hold it for that long, Mom. Someone else will buy it. Please, Mom, please?""There might be another way," she said.‎ And so our paying plan unfolded. My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I couldn't find. Each week I eagerly counted my growing savings increased by extra work here and there (washing the car, helping my mother make dinner, delivering or ‎ collecting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front). And then, weeks later, I counted, re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh, happy day! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon....‎ Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixed to her shiny, new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster. This horrible turn of events.‎ And then came the lesson I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears. "Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself."‎ ‎1.What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?‎ A. The children enjoyed doing housework.‎ B. The author came from a well-off family.‎ C. The mother raised her children in an unusual way.‎ D. The children were fond of the US president's daughters.‎ ‎2.When the author saw the basket in the window, she ____ .‎ A. fell in love with it B. stared at her mother C. recognized it at once D. went up to the bike guy ‎3.Why did the author say many "pleases" to her mother?‎ A. She longed to do extra work. B. She was eager to have the basket.‎ C. She felt tired after standing too long. D. She wanted to be polite to her mother.‎ ‎4.By using "naked" (Paragraph 12), the author seems to stress that the basket was ____.‎ A. something she could afford B. something important to her C. something impossible to get D. something she could do without ‎5.To the author, it seemed to be a horrible turn of events that ____.‎ A. something spoiled her paying plan B. the basket cost more than she had saved C. a neighborhood girl had bought a new bike D. someone else had got a basket of the same kind ‎6.What is the life lesson the author learned from her mother?‎ A. Save money for a rainy day.‎ B. Good advice is beyond all price.‎ C. Earn your bread with your sweat.‎ D. God helps those who help themselves.‎ Passage 6 新课标全国Ⅰ，8分词数：232‎ Salvador Dali (1904—1989）was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities.‎ The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.‎ The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限）， "From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras," explains the Pompidou Centre. ‎ The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作） with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg, Florida.‎ ‎1.Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1?‎ A. Optimistic. B. Productive.‎ C. Generous. D. Traditional.‎ ‎2.What is Dali's The Persistence of Memory considered to be?‎ A. One of his masterworks. ‎ B. A successful screen adaptation.‎ C. An artistic creation for the stage.‎ D. One of the best TV programmes.‎ ‎3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?‎ A. By popularity. B. By importance.‎ C. By size and shape. D. By time and subject.‎ ‎4.What does the word "contributions" in the last paragraph refer to?‎ ‎ A. Artworks. B. Projects. ‎ C. Donations. D. Documents.‎ Passage 7 湖北，8分词数:330‎ Science has a lot of uses.It can uncover laws of nature,cure diseases,make bombs,and help bridges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it does that there's always a temptation (诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful.David Brooks,author of The Social Animal:The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.‎ Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal,however,is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books.It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on big questions:What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren't?‎ To answer these questions,Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines (学科).Considering this,you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox (非常规的)，and perhaps unfortunate,way.Instead of introducing scientific theories,he tells a story,within which he tries to make his points,perhaps in order to keep the reader's attention. So as Harold and Erica,the hero and heroine in his story, live through childhood,we hear about the science of child development,and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.‎ On the whole,Brooks's story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect,his writing is mostly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks's attempt to translate his tale into science.‎ ‎1.The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to ____.‎ A. illustrate where science can be applied B. demonstrate the value of Brooks's new book C. remind the reader of the importance of science D. explain why many writers use science in their works ‎2.According to the author,which of the following could be a strength of the book?‎ A. Its strong basis. B. Its convincing points.‎ C. Its clear writing. D. Its memorable characters.‎ ‎3.What is the author's general attitude towards the book?‎ A. Contradictory. B. Supportive.‎ C. Cautious. D. Critical.‎ ‎4.What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?‎ A. Problems with the book. B. Brooks's life experiences.‎ C. Death of the characters. D. Brooks's translation skills.‎ Passage 8 2014安徽，8分词数:315‎ You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association,founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty (贫困) and sickness,promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising "changemakers" seeking to solve (解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.‎ Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy, contributing adult. In fact, it is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka, which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.‎ When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost (把……制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers (化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in they soil ‎ over they years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were ＄14，000.‎ Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.‎ ‎1.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Changemakers B. Businessmen C. Social Conditions D. Rubbish Problem ‎2.The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 3 probably refers to "____".‎ A. the local farmers B. Masqsood and Iftekhar C. Drayton and his team D. the poor people in Dhaka ‎3.It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he ____.‎ A. considers Drayton's concept B. gets permission from Ashoka C. tries to improve social conditions D. is a young, happy and healthy adult ‎4.The author's attitude towards Ashoka's program can be described as ____.‎ A. changing B. forgiving C. cautious D. positive Passage 9 2014广东，10分词数:372‎ Like many new graduates, I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do. My degree, with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical. I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow, but I had no idea how to do that. That's when I learned about the Lighthouse Project.‎ I started my journey as a Lighthouse Project volunteer by reading as much as I could about the experiences of previous volunteers. I knew it would be a lot of hard work, and that I would be away from my family and friends for a very long time. In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family.‎ Eventually, however, I won the support of my family, and I sent in all the paperwork needed for application. After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone. Several months later, I finally received a call asking me to report for duty. I would be going to a small village near Abuja, Nigeria. Where? What? Nigeria? I had no idea. But I was about to find out.‎ After completing my training, I was sent to the village that was small and desperately in need of proper accommodation. Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family. I was asked to lead a small team of local people in building a new schoolhouse. For the next year or so, I taught in that same schoolhouse. But I sometimes think I learned more from my students than they did from me.‎ Sometime during that period, I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did, though I did not get anywhere with the local language, and I returned to the United States a different man. The Lighthouse Project had changed my life forever.‎ ‎1.What do we know about the author?‎ A. His university education focused on theoretical knowledge.‎ B. His dream at university was to become a volunteer.‎ C. He took pride in having contributed to the world.‎ D. He felt honored to study English literature.‎ ‎2.According to Paragraph 2, it is most likely that the author ____.‎ A. discussed his decision with his family B. asked previous volunteers about voluntary work C. attended special training to perform difficult tasks D. felt sad about having to leave his family and friends ‎3.In his application for the volunteer job, the author ____.‎ A. participated in many discussions B. went through challenging survival tests C. wrote quite a few papers on voluntary work D. faced strong competition from other candidates ‎4.On arrival at the village, the author was ____.‎ A. asked to lead a farming team B. sent to teach in a schoolhouse C. received warmly by local villagers D. arranged to live in a separate house ‎5.What can we infer from the author' s experiences in Nigeria?‎ A. He found some difficulty adapting to the local culture.‎ B. He had learned to communicate in the local language.‎ C. He had overcome all his weaknesses before he left for home.‎ D. He was chosen as the most respectable teacher by his students.‎ Passage 10 2013山东，10分词数:348‎ George Gershwin, born in 1898, was one of America's greatest composers. He published his first song when he was eighteen years old. During the next twenty years he wrote more than five hundred songs.‎ Many of Gershwin's songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in New York City. These plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s. Many of his songs have remained popular as ever. Over the years they have been sung and played in every possible way — from jazz to country.‎ In the 1920s there was a debate in the United States about jazz music. Could jazz, some people asked, be considered serious music? In 1924 jazz musician and orchestra leader Paul Whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music. Gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized he had just a few weeks to do it. And in that short time, he composed a piece for piano and orchestra which he called Rhapsody in Blue.Gershwin himself played the piano at the concert. The audience were thrilled when they heard his music. It made him world-famous and showed that jazz music could be both serious and popular.‎ In 1928, Gershwin went to Paris. He applied to study composition (作曲) with the well-known musician Nadia Boulanger, but she rejected him. She was afraid that classical study would ruin his jazz-influenced style. While there, Gershwin wrote An American in Paris. When it was first performed, critics (评论家) were divided over the music. Some called it happy and full of life, to others it was silly and boring. But it quickly became popular in Europe and the United States. It still remains one of his most famous works.‎ George Gershwin died in 1937, just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer. He was only thirty-nine years old. Newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages. People mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have still written.‎ ‎1.Many of Gershwin's musical works were ____ .‎ A. written about New Yorkers B. composed for Paul Whiteman C. played mainly in the countryside D. performed in various ways ‎2.What do we know about the concert organized by Whiteman?‎ ‎ A. It attracted more people to theatres.‎ ‎ B. It proved jazz could be serious music.‎ ‎ C. It made Gershwin leader of the orchestra.‎ ‎ D. It caused a debate among jazz musicians.‎ ‎3.What did Gershwin do during his stay in Paris?‎ A. He created one of his best works. ‎ B. He studied with Nadia Boulanger.‎ C. He argued with French critics.‎ D. He changed his music style.‎ ‎4.What do we learn from the last paragraph?‎ A. Many of Gershwin's works were lost.‎ B. The death of Gershwin was widely reported.‎ C. A concert was held in memory of Gershwin.‎ D. Brain cancer research started after Gershwin's death.‎ ‎5.Which of the following best describes Gershwin?‎ A. Talented and productive. B. Serious and boring.‎ C. Popular and unhappy. D. Friendly and honest.‎ Passage 11 2013湖北，8分词数:387‎ Mothers and daughters go through so much — yet when was the last time a mother and daughter sat down to write a book together about it all? Perri Klass and her mother, Sheila Solomon Klass, both gifted professional writers, prove to be ideal co-writers as they examine their decades of motherhood, daughterhood, and the wonderful ways their lives have overlapped (重叠).‎ Perri notes with amazement how closely her own life has mirrored her mother's: both have full-time careers; both have published books, articles, and stories; each has three children; they both love to read. They also love to travel — in fact, they often take trips together. But in truth, the harder they look at their lives, the more they acknowledge their big differences in circumstance and basic nature.　　‎ A child of the Depression (大萧条), Sheila was raised in Brooklyn by parents who considered education a luxury for girls. Starting with her college education, she has fought for everything she's ever accomplished. Perri, on the other hand, grew up privileged in the New Jersey ‎ suburbs of the 1960s and 1970s. For Sheila, wasting time or money is a crime, and luxury is unthinkable while Perri enjoys the occasional small luxury, but has not been successful at trying to persuade her mother into enjoying even the tiniest thing she likes.　　‎ Each writing in her own unmistakable voice, Perri and Sheila take turns exploring the joys and pains, the love and bitterness, the minor troubles and lasting respect that have always bonded them together. Sheila describes the adventure of giving birth to Perri in a tiny town in Trinidad where her husband was doing research fieldwork. Perri admits that she can't sort out all the mess in the households, even though she knows it drives her mother crazy. Together they compare thoughts on bringing up children and working, admit long-hidden sorrows, and enjoy precious memories.　　‎ Looking deep into the lives they have lived separately and together, Perri and Sheila tell their mother-daughter story with honesty, humor, enthusiasm, and admiration for each other. A written account in two voices, Every Mother Is a Daughter is a duet (二重奏) that produces a deep, strong sound with the experiences that all mothers and daughters will recognize.‎ ‎1.Why does Perri think that her own life has mirrored her mother's?‎ A. They both have gone through difficult times.‎ B.They have strong emotional ties with each other.‎ C. They have the same joys and pains, and love and bitterness.‎ D.They both have experiences as daughter, mother and writer.‎ ‎2.The word "luxury" in Paragraph 3 means ____.‎ A. something rare but not pleasant B.something that cannot be imagined C. something expensive but not necessary D.something that can only be enjoyed by boys ‎3.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?‎ A. The content of the book.‎ B.The purpose of the book.‎ C. The influence of the book.‎ D.The writing style of the book.‎ ‎4.How are women's lives explored in this book?‎ A. In a musical form.‎ B.Through field research.‎ C. With unique writing skills.‎ D.From different points of view.‎ Passage 12 2012安徽，8分词数:255‎ When Frida Kahlo's paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as "a ribbon (丝带) around a bomb". Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.‎ Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City, Kahlo suffered from polio (小儿麻痹症) at the age of seven. Her spine (脊柱) became bent as she grew older. Then, in 1925, her back was broken in several places in a school-bus accident. Throughout the rest of her life, the artist had many operations, but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However, the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering, Kahlo taught herself to paint.‎ In 1929, she got married to Diego Rivera, another famous Mexican artist. Rivera's strong influence on Kahlo's style can be seen in her early works, but her later works from the 1940s, known today as her best works, show less influence from her husband.‎ Unfortunately, her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and 1940s, even in her home country. Her first one-woman show in Mexico was not held until 1953. For more than a decade after her death in 1954, Kahlo's works remained largely unnoticed by the world, but in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame at last.‎ ‎1.What does the phrase "a much bigger name" in Paragraph 1 most nearly mean?‎ A. a far better artist B. a far more gifted artist C. a much stronger person D. a much more famous person ‎2.The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by .‎ A. polio B. her bent spine C. back injuries D. the operations she had ‎3.Kahlo's style had become increasingly independent since the .‎ A. 1930s B. 1940s C. 1950s D. 1970s ‎4.What is the author's attitude toward Kahlo?‎ A. Devotion. B. Sympathy.‎ C. Worry. D. Encouragement.‎ 专题七 逸闻趣事类 Passage 1 全国卷Ⅱ，8分词数：291‎ Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said: "Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today — and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week."‎ A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations.‎ Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.‎ Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, "But I'm just not creative."‎ ‎"Do you dream at night when you're asleep?"‎ ‎"Oh, sure."‎ ‎"So tell me one of your most interesting dreams." The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads."That's pretty creative. Who does that for you?"‎ ‎"Nobody. I do it.‎ ‎"Really — at night, when you're asleep?"‎ ‎"Sure."‎ ‎"Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?"‎ ‎1.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ____.‎ A. know more about the students ‎ B. make the lessons more exciting C. raise the students' interest in art D. teach the students about toy design ‎2.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?‎ A. He liked to help his teacher. B. He preferred to study alone.‎ C. He was active in class. D. He was imaginative.‎ ‎3.What does the underlined word "downside" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.‎ ‎4.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?‎ A. To help them to see their creativity.‎ B. To find out about their sleeping habits.‎ C. To help them to improve their memory.‎ D. To find out about their ways of thinking.‎ Passage 2 全国卷Ⅱ，6分词数：297‎ ‎ A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.‎ ‎ Frank Hurley's pictures would be outstanding — undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism — if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难)， by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.‎ ‎ The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica's Weddell Sea. From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled (雪橇) across the continent. The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done. Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.‎ ‎ As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort. Scott's last journey, completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world's imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds. Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make ‎ money from movie and still photography. Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.‎ ‎1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley？‎ A. They were made last week.‎ B. They showed undersea sceneries.‎ C. They were found by a cameraman.‎ D. They recorded a disastrous adventure.‎ ‎2.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?‎ A. Frank Hurley. B. Ernest Shackleton.‎ C. Robert Falcon Scott. D. Caroline Alexander.‎ ‎3.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?‎ A. Artistic creation. B. Scientific research.‎ C. Money making. D. Treasure hunting.‎ Passage 3 天津，12.5分词数：415‎ Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in features but in footsteps. As he grows you also age, and your ambitions become more unachievable. You begin to realize that your boy, in your footsteps, could probably accomplish what you hoped for. But footsteps can be muddied and they can go off in different directions.‎ My son Jody has hated school since day one in kindergarten. Science projects waited until the last moment. Book reports weren't written until the final threat.‎ I've been a newspaperman all my adult life. My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master's degree in English. But Jody? When he entered the tenth grade he became a "vo-tech" student(技校学生). They're called "motorheads" by the rest of the student body.‎ When a secretary in my office first called him "motorhead", I was shocked. "Hey, he's a good kid," I wanted to say. "And smart, really."‎ I learned later that motorheads are, indeed, different. They usually have dirty hands and wear dirty work clothes. And they don't often make school honor rolls(光荣榜).‎ But being the parent of a motorhead is itself an experience in education. We who labor in clean shirts in offices don't have the abilities that motorheads have. I began to learn this when I ‎ had my car crashed. The cost to repair it was estimated at ＄800. "Hey, I can fix it," said Jody. I doubted it, but let him go ahead, for I had nothing to lose.‎ My son, with other motorheads, fixed the car. They got parts(零件) from a junkyard, and ability from vo-tech classes. The cost was ＄25 instead of ＄800.‎ Since that first repair job, a broken air-conditioner, a non-functioning washer and a non-toasting toaster have been fixed. Neighbors and co-workers trust their car repairs to him.‎ These kids are happiest when doing repairs. They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world. And their minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes.‎ I have learned a lot from my motorhead: publishers need printers, engineers need mechanics, and architects need builders. Most important, I have learned that fathers don't need clones in footsteps or anywhere else.‎ My son may never make the school honor roll. But he made mine.‎ ‎1.What used to be the author's hope for his son?‎ A. To avoid becoming his clone.‎ B. To resemble him in appearance.‎ C. To develop in a different direction.‎ D. To reach the author's unachieved goals.‎ ‎2.What can we learn about the author's children?‎ A. His daughter does better in school.‎ B. His daughter has got a master's degree.‎ C. His son tried hard to finish homework.‎ D. His son couldn't write his book reports.‎ ‎3.The author let his son repair the car because he believed that ____.‎ A. his son had the ability to fix it B. it would save him much time C. it wouldn't cause him any more loss D. other motorheads would come to help ‎4.In the author's eyes, motorheads are ____ .‎ A. tidy and hardworking B. cheerful and smart C. lazy but bright D. relaxed but rude ‎5.What did the author realize in the end?‎ A. It is unwise to expect your child to follow your path.‎ B. It is important for one to make the honor roll.‎ C. Architects play a more important role than builders.‎ D. Motorheads have greater ability than office workers.‎ Passage 4 重庆，8分词数:307‎ At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder. It made school difficult for me. When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks, I could not.‎ In my first literature class, Mrs. Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it, all within 45 minutes. I raised my hand right away and said, "Mrs. Smith, you see, the doctor said I have attention problems. I might not be able to do it."‎ She glanced down at me through her glasses, "You are no different from your classmates, young man."‎ I tried, but I didn't finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home.‎ In the quietness of my bedroom, the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person, Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education. But Louis didn't give up. Instead, he invented a reading system of raised dots (点), which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.‎ Wasn't I the "blind" in my class, being made to learn like the "sighted" students? My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the task within 40 minutes. Indeed, I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place. If Louis could find his way out of his problems, why should I ever give up?‎ I didn't expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs. Smith, so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day — with an "A" on it. At the bottom of the paper were these words: "See what you can do when you keep trying?"‎ ‎1.The author didn't finish the reading in class because ____.‎ A. he was new to the class B. he was tired of literature C. he had an attention disorder D. he wanted to take the task home ‎2.What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?‎ A. He had good sight. B. He made a great invention.‎ C. He gave up reading. D. He learned a lot from school.‎ ‎3.What was Mrs. Smith's attitude to the author at the end of the story?‎ A. Angry. B. Impatient. C. Sympathetic. D. Encouraging.‎ ‎4.What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A. The disabled should be treated with respect.‎ B. A teacher can open up a new world to students.‎ C. One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.‎ D. Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.‎ Passage 5 安徽，8分词数:316‎ ‎ When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity(团结). To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up. ‎ Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny's mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard. ‎ Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elizabeth explains, "Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business."‎ Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans ‎ working together.Now the Ans' corporation makes more than ＄20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.‎ ‎1.Helene tied several chopsticks together to show ____.‎ A. the strength of family unity B. the difficulty of growing up C. the advantage of chopsticks D. the best way of giving a lesson ‎2.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family____.‎ A. started a business in 1975 B. left Vietnam without much money C. bought a restaurant in San Francisco D. opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles ‎ ‎3.What can we infer about the An daughters?‎ A. They did not finish their college education.‎ B. They could not bear to work in the family business.‎ C. They were influenced by what Helene taught them.‎ D. They were troubled by disagreement among family members.‎ ‎4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?‎ A. How to Run a Corporation B. Strength Comes from Peace C. How to Achieve a Big Dream D. Family Unity Builds Success Passage 6 新课标全国Ⅱ，8分词数：277‎ My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn't fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn't get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.‎ Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static (静电) noise. For some reason, when certain shows switched into a commercial, a loud noise would sound for a few seconds. Gradually, this noise began to appear during a show, and to get rid of it, I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work, and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles ‎ (肌肉) shaking my set.‎ When neither of these methods removed the static noise, I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist, and it stopped working altogether. My trip to the repair shop cost me ＄62, and the set is working well now, but I keep expecting more trouble.‎ ‎1.Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?‎ A. He got an older model than he had expected.‎ B. He couldn't return it when it was broken.‎ C. He could have bought it at a lower price.‎ D. He failed to find any movie shows on it.‎ ‎2.Which of the following can best replace the phrase "signed off" in Paragraph 1?‎ A. ended all their programs B. provided fewer channels C. changed to commercials D. showed all-night movies ‎3.How did the author finally get his TV set working again?‎ A. By shaking and hitting it. B. By turning it on and off.‎ C. By switching channels. D. By having it repaired.‎ ‎4.How does the author sound when telling the story?‎ A. Curious. B. Anxious. C. Cautious. D. Humorous.‎ Passage 7 广东，10分词数:330‎ When I was nine years old, I loved to go fishing with my dad. But the only thing that wasn't very fun about it was that he could catch many fish while I couldn't catch anything. I usually got pretty upset and kept asking him why. He always answered, "Son, if you want to catch a fish, you have to think like a fish." I remember being even more upset then because,"I'm not a fish!" I didn't know how to think like a fish. Besides, I reasoned, how could what I think influence what a fish does?‎ As I got a little older I began to understand what my dad really meant. So, I read some books on fish. And I even joined the local fishing club and started attending the monthly meetings. I learned that a fish is a cold-blooded animal and therefore is very sensitive to water temperature. That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer. Besides, water is usually warmer in direct sunlight than in the shade. Yet, fish don't have any eyelids (眼皮) and ‎ the sun hurts their eyes... The more I understood fish, the more I became effective at finding and catching them.‎ ‎ When I grew up and entered the business world, I remember hearing my first boss say, "We all need to think like salespeople." But it didn't completely make sense. My dad never once said, "If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman." What he said was, "You need to think like a fish." Years later, with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me, I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.‎ ‎1.Why was the author upset in the fishing trips when he was nine?‎ A. He could not catch a fish. B. His father was not patient with him.‎ C. His father did not teach him fishing. D. He could not influence a fish as his father did.‎ ‎2.What did the author's father really mean?‎ A. To read about fish. B. To learn fishing by oneself.‎ C. To understand what fish think. D. To study fishing in many ways.‎ ‎3.According to the author, fish are most likely to be found ____.‎ A. in deep water on sunny days B. in deep water on cloudy days C. in shallow water under sunlight D. in shallow water under waterside trees ‎4.After entering the business world, the author found ____.‎ A. it easy to think like a customer B. his father's fishing advice inspiring C. his first boss's sales ideas reasonable D. it difficult to sell services to poor people ‎5.This passage most likely comes from ____.‎ A. a fishing guide B. a popular sales book C. a novel on childhood D. a millionaire's biography Passage 8 2014重庆，8分词数:290‎ I was never very neat, while my roommate Kate was extremely organized. Each of her objects had its place, but mine always hid somewhere. She even labeled (贴标签) everything. I always looked for everything. Over time, Kate got neater and I got messier. She would push my dirty clothing over, and I would lay my books on her tidy desk. We both got tired of each other.‎ War broke out one evening. Kate came into the room. Soon, I heard her screaming, "Take your shoes away! Why under my bed!" Deafened, I saw my shoes flying at me. I jumped to my ‎ feet and started yelling. She yelled back louder.‎ The room was filled with anger. We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call. Kate answered it. From her end of the conversation, I could tell right away her grandma was seriously ill. When she hung up, she quickly crawled (爬) under her covers, sobbing. Obviously, that was something she should not go through alone. All of a sudden, a warm feeling of sympathy rose up in my heart. ‎ Slowly，I collected the pencils, took back the books, made my bed, cleaned the socks and swept the floor, even on her side. I got so into my work that I even didn't notice Kate had sat up. She was watching, her tears dried and her expression one of disbelief. Then, she reached out her hands to grasp mine. I looked up into her eyes. She smiled at me, "Thanks." ‎ Kate and I stayed roommates for the rest of the year. We didn't always agree, but we learned the key to living together: giving in, cleaning up and holding on.‎ ‎1.What made Kate so angry one evening?‎ A. She couldn't find her books. B. She heard the author shouting loud.‎ C. She got the news that her grandma was ill. D. She saw the author's shoes beneath her bed.‎ ‎2.The author tidied up the room most probably because ____.‎ A. she was scared by Kate's anger B. she hated herself for being so messy C. she wanted to show her care D. she was asked by Kate to do so ‎3.How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?‎ A. By analyzing causes. B. By showing differences.‎ C. By describing a process. D. By following time order.‎ ‎4.What might be the best title for the story?‎ A. My Friend Kate B. Hard Work Pays Off C. How to Be Organized D. Learning to Be Roommates Passage 9 2014福建，8分词数:332‎ It was Mother's Day morning last year and I was doing shopping at our local supermarket with my five-year-old son, Tenyson. As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit her head on the concrete. Her husband was with her, but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.‎ Walking towards the scene, Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to the couple. He said to me, "Mum, it's not much fun falling over in front of everyone."‎ At the front of the supermarket, a charity (慈善) group had set up a stand selling cooked sausages and flowers to raise funds. Tenyson suggested that we should buy the lady a flower. "It will make her feel better," he said. I was amazed that he'd come up with this sweet idea. So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady to cheer her up. "Just take it," she replied. "I can't take your money for such a wonderful gesture."‎ By now paramedics (急救人员) had arrived, and were attending to the injured woman. As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her.‎ Instead I gave the flower to the woman's husband and told him, "My son was very upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better."‎ At that, the old man started crying and said, "Thank you so much,you have a wonderful son. Happy Mother's Day to you."‎ The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. Though badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.‎ ‎1.What does the author intend to tell us?‎ A. One can never be too careful. B. Actions speak louder than words.‎ C. Love begins with a little smile. D. A small act of kindness brings a great joy.‎ ‎2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?‎ A. The elderly woman was knocked down by Tenyson.‎ B. Tenyson's idea of buying a flower gained his mother's support.‎ C. Tenyson's care for the elderly woman puzzled the flower seller.‎ D. The elderly woman was moved to tears by Tenyson's gesture.‎ ‎3.The underlined word "intimidated" in the fourth paragraph probably means "____".‎ A. astonished B. struck C. frightened D. excited ‎4.What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Flower Power B. Mother's Day ‎ C. An Accidental Injury D. An Embarrassing Moment Passage 10 2014四川，8分词数:315‎ In 1943,when I was 4,my parents moved from Coeur d'Alene,Idaho,to Fairbanks, Alaska,where adventure was never very far away. ‎ We arrived in the summer,just in time to enjoy the midnight sun.All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom's vegetable garden.Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn't care much about my bedtime. ‎ Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel （桶） of paint but couldn't really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though,and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me.The policemen took my matches and drove me home.‎ Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn't turned 5 yet. ‎ As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school? ‎ ‎ As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder (驾雪橇者), I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn't realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped (包裹) heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather. ‎ In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d'Alene， but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.‎ ‎1.What can be inferred about the author's family?‎ A. His father was a cruel man. B. His parents didn't love him.‎ C. His parents used to be very busy. D. His mother didn't have any jobs.‎ ‎2.What happened when the author was 4?‎ A. He learned to smoke. B. He was locked in a basement.‎ C. He was arrested by the police. D. He nearly caused a fire accident.‎ ‎3.Which of the following is true?‎ A. Leonhard was good at driving dog sleds.‎ B. The author spent his whole childhood in Alaska.‎ C. Leonhard often visited the author's family after 1950.‎ D. The author suffered a lot while taking the dog sled in Alaska.‎ ‎4.What is the author's purpose of writing the text?‎ A. To look back on his childhood with adventures. ‎ B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.‎ C. To express how much he misses Leonhard. ‎ D. To show off his pride in making trouble.‎ Passage 11 2013福建，8分词数:332 ‎ When I was 12, all I wanted was a signet (图章) ring. They were the "in" thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday, my Mum gave me a signet ring with my initials (姓名首字母) carved into it. I was in heaven. ‎ What made it even more special was that it was about the only thing that wasn't being "replaced". We'd been burnt out in fires that swept through our area earlier that year and had lost everything — so most of the "new" stuff (东西) we got was really just to replace what we'd lost. But not my ring. My ring was new. ‎ Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning. I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. Eventually, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away. ‎ Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents' when Mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn't my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. "You'll recognize this one," she said, smiling. ‎ Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside. ‎ The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecoration, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it, they realized who owned the ring. They'd had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. ‎ And it still fits me.‎ ‎1.The underlined word "in" in the first paragraph probably means "____".‎ A. fashionable B. available ‎ C. practical D. renewable ‎2.When she got the ring back, the writer was about ____.‎ A. 13 years old B. 15 years old ‎ C. 26 years old D. 28 years old ‎3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?‎ A. The writer's family moved several times.‎ B. The writer never stopped looking for her ring.‎ C. The writer's ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.‎ D. The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.‎ ‎4.What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A. My New Ring B. Lost and Found C. Lost and Replaced D. An Expensive Ring 专题八 史地人文类 Passage 1 四川，8分词数：249‎ If you could have one superpower, what would it be?‎ Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.‎ Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.‎ They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.‎ We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don't be a ‎ bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you're older. But why not start now?‎ Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.‎ ‎1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Your life style. B. Your life value.‎ C. Your trouble in life. D. Your life experience.‎ ‎2.Why does the author say they are inspired every day?‎ A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.‎ B. They have got the power to change the world.‎ C. Some people around them are making the world better.‎ D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.‎ ‎3.What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?‎ A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.‎ B. Rising above self and acting to help others.‎ C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.‎ D. Trying your best to help the poor.‎ ‎4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.‎ B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.‎ C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.‎ D. People's efforts have been materially rewarded.‎ Passage 2 全国卷Ⅰ，8分 词数：333‎ The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙）with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a ‎ person's needs.‎ Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示）is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.‎ Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.‎ Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.‎ ‎1.What does the author say about silence in conversations?‎ A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship.‎ C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based.‎ ‎2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?‎ A. The Chinese. B. The French.‎ C. The Mexicans. D. The Russians.‎ ‎3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?‎ A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.‎ B. Break it while treating patients.‎ C. Evaluate its harm to patients.‎ D. Make use of its healing effects.‎ ‎4.What may be the best title for the text?‎ A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to Be Silent C. Silence to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold Passage 3 四川，8分词数：318‎ ‎ In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous (土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony (殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of "lawlessness" in the world.‎ ‎ The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.‎ ‎ "I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years," says Gin. "I've been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don't see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom."‎ ‎ "I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life," continues Gin. "I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly."‎ ‎ His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.‎ ‎1.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?‎ A. They seldom follow the French law.‎ B. They often ignore the Guianese law.‎ C. They are separated from the modern world.‎ D. They are both Guianese and French citizens.‎ ‎2.Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as .‎ A. a tour guide B. a geographer C. a film director D. a photographer ‎3.What is Gin's attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?‎ A. Cautious. B. Doubtful.‎ C. Uninterested. D. Appreciative.‎ ‎4.What does the underlined word "it" in the last paragraph refer to?‎ A. The modern French lifestyle.‎ B. The self-supporting hunting.‎ C. The uncivilized world.‎ D. The French Republic.‎ Passage 4 新课标全国Ⅰ，8分词数:371 ‎ The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say "sunshine". I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C), thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part — particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables — was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.‎ The market, which was founded in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m., rain or shine, along North Lemon and State streets. Baskets of perfect red strawberries; the red-painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck; and most of all, the tomatoes: amazing, large, soft and round red tomatoes.‎ Disappointed by many a broken, vine-ripened(蔓上成熟的) promise, I've refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless. But I homed in, with uncertainty, on one particular ‎ table at the Brown's Grove Farm's stand, full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn't be experiencing again for months.‎ Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown's Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where — luckily for me — I was planning to have dinner that very night. Without even seeing the menu, I knew I'd be ordering every tomato on it. ‎ ‎1.What did the author think of her winter life in New York?‎ A. Exciting. B. Boring. C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.‎ ‎2.What made the author's getting up early worthwhile?‎ A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air.‎ C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers' market.‎ ‎3.What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?‎ A. They are soft. B. They look nice. C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.‎ ‎4.What was the author going to do that evening?‎ A. Go to a farm. B. Check into a hotel. C. Eat in a restaurant. D. Buy fresh vegetables.‎ Passage 5 湖南，10分词数:388‎ In its early history,Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help,he replies, "No,thanks. I've got a good horse under me."‎ The city planners decided to build an underground drainage(排水）system，but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.‎ An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt.This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.‎ This of course created a new problem:dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago.Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their ‎ buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building? ‎ That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶）beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening. ‎ Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.‎ ‎1. The author mentions the joke to show____.‎ A. horses were fairly useful in Chicago ‎ B. Chicago's streets were extremely muddy C. Chicago was very dangerous in the spring D. the Chicago people were particularly humorous ‎2. The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to . ‎ A. get rid of the street dirt B. lower the Chicago River C. fight against heavy floods D. build the pipes above ground ‎3. The underlined word "hoist" in Paragraph 4 means "____".‎ A. change B. lift C. repair D. decorate ‎4. What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?‎ A. It went on smoothly as intended.‎ B. It interrupted the business of the hotel.‎ C. It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.‎ D. It separated the building from its foundation.‎ ‎5. The passage is mainly about early Chicago's____.‎ A. popular lifestyles and their influences B. environmental disasters and their causes C. engineering problems and their solutions D. successful businessmen and their achievements Passage 6 陕西，8分词数:364‎ The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade grown production to full sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world's ecological balance. ‎ On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full sun fields affects the area's birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种) that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.‎ On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater. ‎ Both locally and globally, the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions. ‎ It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee. ‎ ‎1.What can we learn about fullsun coffee production from Paragraph 4?‎ A.It limits the spread of new growing techniques. ‎ B. It leads to air pollution and global warming. ‎ C. It slows down the loss of shade trees. ‎ D. It improves local soil conditions. ‎ ‎2.The purpose of the text is to ____. ‎ A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade ‎3.Where does this text probably come from?‎ A. An agricultural magazine. B. A medical journal. ‎ C. An engineering textbook. D. A tourist guide. ‎ ‎4.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text？‎ ‎（P：Paragraph）‎ Passage 7 重庆，8分词数:324‎ There are many places to go on safari (观赏野生动物) in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys. ‎ Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience. ‎ The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them. ‎ In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.‎ Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking ‎ back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.‎ ‎1.What does the underlined word "They" refer to?‎ A. Flooded waters. B. Wildlife journeys. C. Safari camps. D. Unique rides.‎ ‎2.What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?‎ A. Seeing and feeling the real African life.‎ B. Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.‎ C. Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.‎ D. Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.‎ ‎3.What does the underlined word "Sedate" probably mean?‎ A. Wild and romantic. B. Slow and peaceful.‎ C. Hungry and thirsty. D. Active and excited.‎ ‎4.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by .‎ A. following space order B. following time order C. making classifications D. giving examples Passage 8 2014安徽，8分词数:282‎ Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons — for example, economic(经济的) reasons — why they should be preserved. So,let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?‎ In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed, there are many examples in my own home town of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate (影响) its surroundings too much, it often improves the attractiveness of the area.‎ It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破坏) the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative (保守的) and do not like change.‎ Although we have to respect people's feelings as fellow users of the buildings. I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.‎ ‎1.What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph?‎ A. Some of them are not attractive.‎ B. Most of them are too expensive to preserve.‎ C. They are more pleasing than modern buildings.‎ D. They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.‎ ‎2.Which of the following is true according to the author?‎ A. We should reproduce the same old buildings.‎ B. Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.‎ C. Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.‎ D. No one understands why people speak against new buildings.‎ ‎3.By "move things forward" in the last paragraph, the author probably means "____".‎ A. destroy old buildings B. put things in a different place C. choose new architectural styles D. respect people's feelings for historical buildings ‎4.What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To explain why people dislike change.‎ B. To warn that we could end up living in caves.‎ C. To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.‎ D. To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.‎ Passage 9 2014重庆，8分词数:279‎ The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid — we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.‎ However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate "hitting".‎ But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a "non-Newtonian" liquid that doesn't behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles (粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.‎ Fun though all this may sound, it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink — and take a shower afterward!‎ ‎1.Walking on water hasn't become a reality mainly because humans____.‎ A. are not interested in it B. have biological limitations C. have not invented proper tools D. are afraid to make an attempt ‎2.What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?‎ A. It is light enough to walk on water.‎ B. Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.‎ C. It can run across water at a certain speed.‎ D. Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.‎ ‎3.What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?‎ A. To create a thick liquid.‎ B. To turn the water into solid.‎ C. To help the liquid behave normally.‎ D. To enable the water to move rapidly.‎ ‎4.What is the author's attitude toward the idea of humans' walking on water?‎ A. It is risky but beneficial.‎ B. It is interesting and worth trying.‎ C. It is crazy and cannot become a reality.‎ D. It is impractical though theoretically possible.‎ Passage 10 2013安徽，8分词数:338‎ Argentina in the late nineteenth century was an exciting place. Around 1870, it was experiencing an economic (经济的) boom, and the capital, Buenos Aires, attracted many people. Farmers, as well as a flood of foreigners from Spain and Italy, came to Buenos Aires seeking jobs. These jobs didn't pay well, and the people felt lonely and disappointed with their new life in the city. As the unhappy newcomers mixed together in the poor parts of the city, the dance known as the tango (探戈舞) came into being.‎ At the beginning the tango was a dance of the lower classes. It was danced in the bars and streets. At that time there were many fewer women than men, so if a man didn't want to be left out, his only choice was to dance with another man so that he could attract the attention of the few available women. Gradually, the dance spread into the upper classes of Argentinean society and became more respectable. ‎ In Europe at this time, strong interest in dance from around the world was beginning. This interest in international dance was especially evident in Paris. Every kind of dance from ballet (芭蕾舞) to belly dancing could be found on the stages of the Paris theaters. After tango dancers from Argentina arrived in Europe, they began to draw the interest of the public as they performed their exciting dance in cafes. Though not everyone approved of the new dance, saying it was a little too shocking, the dance did find enough supporters to make it popular. ‎ The popularity (流行) of the tango continued to grow in many other parts of the world. Soldiers who returned to the United States from World WarⅠbrought the tango to North America. It reached Japan in 1926, and in 2003 the Argentinean embassy in Seoul hired a local tango dancer to act as a kind of dance ambassador, and promote tango dancing throughout South Korea. ‎ ‎1. The origin of the tango is associated with____.‎ A. belly dancers B. American soldiers C. a Spanish city D. the capital of Argentina 2. Which of the following is true about the tango?‎ A. It was created by foreigners from Spain and Italy.‎ B. People of the upper classes loved the tango most. ‎ C. It was often danced by two males in the beginning.‎ D. A dancer in Seoul became the Argentinean ambassador.‎ ‎3. Before World War Ⅰ, the tango spread to ____.‎ A. America B. Japan C. France D. South Korea 4. What can be the best title for the text?‎ A. How to Dance the Tango B. The History of the Tango C. How to Promote the Tango D. The Modern Tango Boom Passage 11 2012重庆，8分词数:313‎ To take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians (基督教徒) have ever cooked up. For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil (邪恶的). So when Columbus brought the tomato back from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be Eden, everyone jumped to the obvious conclusion. Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans. ‎ What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was thought to have come from Hell (地狱). What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots which looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits. Though the tomato and the mandrake were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population considered them one and the same, too terrible to touch. ‎ Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most of the Western people continued to drag their feet. In the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert wrote that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her father's house had been the "introduction of this wonderful new fruit — or is it a vegetable?" As late as the twentieth century some writers still classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an "evil fruit". ‎ But in the end tomatoes carried the day. The hero of the tomato was an American named Robert Johnson,and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820, people journeyed for hundreds of miles to watch him drop dead. "What are you afraid of?" he shouted."I'll show you fools that these things are good to eat!" Then he bit into the tomato. Some people fainted. But he survived and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory.‎ ‎1.The tomato was shut out of the door of early Europeans mainly because ____.‎ A. it made Christians evil B. it was the apple of Eden C. it came from a forbidden land D. it was religiously unacceptable ‎2.What can we infer from the underlined part in Paragraph 3? ‎ A. The process of ignoring the tomato slowed down.‎ B. There was little progress in the study of the tomato.‎ C. The tomato was still refused in most western countries.‎ D. Most western people continued to get rid of the tomato.‎ ‎3.What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato publicly?‎ A. To make himself a hero.‎ B. To remove people's fear of the tomato.‎ C. To speed up the popularity of the tomato.‎ D. To persuade people to buy products from his factory.‎ ‎4.What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To challenge people's fixed concepts of the tomato.‎ B. To give an explanation to people's dislike of the tomato.‎ C. To present the change of people's attitudes to the tomato.‎ D. To show the process of freeing the tomato from religious influence.‎ ‎2012—年 阅读理解 专题一 广告信息类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 本文主要介绍了在过去的一百年里四名杰出的女性以及她们对社会所做出的贡献与影响。‎ ‎21.A 细节理解题。根据Jane Addams(1860—1935)部分的"Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need"可知, Jane Addams因她的社会福利工作而出名。故选A。‎ ‎22.C 细节理解题。根据Sandra Day O'Connor(1930—present)部分的"When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman"可知，她不能在律师事务所工作的原因是女性会受到性别歧视。故选C。‎ ‎23.D 细节理解题。根据Rosa Parks(1913—2005)部分的"It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement"可知，她的举动最终推动了民权运动。故选D。‎ ‎24.C 推理判断题。Jane Addams是社会福利工作的带头人；Rachel Carson是环境运动的发起者；Sandra Day O'Connor是反对性别歧视的领头人；Rosa Parks是民权运动的推动者。由此可见，这四位女性都是先驱者，故选C。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 本文介绍了四项即将举办的娱乐活动，包括相关的时间和地点以及具体的活动事项。‎ ‎21.A细节理解题。根据第一部分中的"...Jules Skye...He's going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music"可知，该题选A项。‎ ‎【技巧点拨】对于细节理解题的解答主要是采用定位的方法，找到题干的关键词"have your music produced"，并对比原文的内容，就可准确地选出答案。‎ ‎22.B 细节理解题。根据第二部分中的"This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest"可知，该题选B项。‎ ‎23.D 细节理解题。 根据文中第三部分中的"Wednesdays at Victoria Stage"可知，Simon's Workshop每周三举行活动。故选D项。‎ ‎24.C 细节理解题。根据第四部分中的"8.00pm—11.00pm"可知，该题选C项。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 本文主要对五个网站上的歌剧及管弦乐等乐曲作品的演出时间、内容及购票等细节作了介绍。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一则信息 "Opera at Music Hall"及本段中的细节 "The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts. Phone: 241-2742"可知答案。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据第二则信息 "Chamber Orchestra" 并结合"which offers several concerts from March through June"的描述可知，四个选项中只有五月在此时间范围内。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据第四则信息"College Conservatory of Music (CCM)" 中的首句"Performances are on the main campus(校园) of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater"及下文中的"Students with I.D. cards can attend the events for free"可知答案。‎ ‎4.A 细节理解题。第五则信息中提到了带座位的巨大户外剧场"Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover",选项A与此描述一致。‎ ‎【长难句解读】CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.分析：本句为一个含有较长介词短语的简单句, including至句末为介词短语，performances后的"by..."是介词短语作后置定语，presenting Baroque through modern music为现在分词短语作名词的后置定语。译文：CCM组织了多样的活动，包括知名的LaSalle四重奏乐团和CCM爱乐管弦乐团的演出，还有各种代表巴罗克风格到现代音乐的音乐家团体所进行的演出。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 本文对英国苹果节的举办规模、活动安排、苹果种类及种植环境等进行了介绍。‎ ‎8.D 细节理解题。从第二段首句"Visiting an apple event...often taste, a wide variety of apples"可直接获取答案。‎ ‎9.C 推理判断题。A选项"Decio是一种新品种"与第二段中的"it can be...still in existence"不一致,且由这句话可知Decio现在比较罕见，故C项正确；文中并未提及Decio的外形奇异，故B选项错误；D选项 "It has a special taste" 与第二段中的原文 "Although it doesn't taste of anything special, it's still worth a try"表述相反。‎ ‎10.B 词义猜测题。根据第三段可知，Orleans Reinette品种虽然口感好，但对种植环境和土壤要求高，因此对于大多数喜欢它的人来说，大饱口福只是一种脱离实际的愿望，这与B项 "A vain hope" （徒劳的希望）一致。‎ ‎11.B 写作意图题。通读全文可知，这是一篇介绍英国苹果节的文章。‎ ‎【长难句解读】To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.分析：本句主干为it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，句中不定式短语作真正的主语，it为形式主语；该句前面为介词短语To people，而people后又接了一个定语从句，该句后面为such as短语，用于举例。译文：对于那些已习惯了选择超市里有限的苹果种类如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人来说，目睹Decio这种过去由罗马人种植的传统苹果品种如今依然存在可能会令他们大开眼界。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 这是针对青少年的一则语言培训项目广告，文章从课程设置、评价体系、接机服务和饮食四个方面进行了详细介绍。‎ ‎36.C 细节理解题。根据Our Courses部分中的"Our Intensive Course builds on our Standard Course, with 10 additional lessons per week, guaranteeing the fastest possible language learning"可知强化课程和标准课程的区别在于强化课程还包括一些额外的课程。‎ ‎37.B 细节理解题。根据表格第一行可知，学生可以在周一到周五的9点至12点半上标准课程。‎ ‎38.A 细节理解题。根据Evaluation部分的第二句话"The majority of them take an online language test before starting their programme"可知，孩子们在开始语言项目学习前先进行语言测试。‎ ‎39.B 推理判断题。根据Arrivals and Transfer部分第一句中的"...students are taken good care of from the start through to the very end"可推知，这个项目推出了full package，组织者会从项目开始一直到结束全程照顾孩子们。‎ ‎40.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话"Depending on the type of allergies ...an extra charge may be made for providing special food"可推知，特殊饮食有可能会额外收费。‎ ‎【长难句解读】We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take.分析：这是一个含有宾语从句和定语从句的复合句。We ask为主句，后面的部分为宾语从句，在宾语从句中又包含一个省略了that的定语从句"you take"，先行词为any medicines。译文：我们请您告知您有无过敏情况、您的饮食要求以及您的用药信息。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 本文主要向读者介绍了一个大学图书馆的数据库的搜索功能以及关于"children"的搜索结果。‎ ‎46.A 细节理解题。从文中的"...As a basis for teaching relationship skills"及其所对应的"Circle Time for Young Children"可知，答案选A项。‎ ‎47.D 细节理解题。从文中的"...constructing mental and physical images of what they see..."及其所对应的"Young Children as Artists: Art and Design in the Early Years and Key Stage 1"可知，答案选D项。‎ ‎48.B 细节理解题。从文章Refine Your Search中提到的Year Published中的"（90）"可知，数据库中搜索到年出版的书共有90本，所以答案选B项。‎ ‎49.C 推理判断题。从文章中Children with School Problems: A Physician's Manual中的"The physician's guide to diagnosing and treating...and doctors must be..."可推知，该书的读者对象最有可能为医生，所以选C项。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 这是一个招聘广告。文章介绍了体育部的招聘要求以及联系人。‎ ‎21.C 细节理解题。由文中的第一句"The Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall , Winter -17 and Spring 2017 semesters"可知，工作从年秋天开始。所以C项正确。‎ ‎22.C 细节理解题。根据文中的招聘条件"Good computer skills"; "Available evenings and weekends"; "Knowing basketball rules and statistics"可知，Ted满足条件，更有可能会得到这个工作。‎ ‎23.B 细节理解题。根据文中"Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga"可知，如果申请在Rockville的工作需要与Jorge联系。所以B项正确。‎ Passage 8‎ ‎ 本文介绍了英国几处风景名胜一日游的相关情况。‎ ‎33.B 细节理解题。在Tour B中提到"Oxford: Includes a guided tour of England's oldest university city and colleges."，因此选B。‎ ‎34.D 细节理解题。结合本文信息可知，在3月17日这一天四个景点的票价分别为：￡37, ￡36, ￡37, ￡33，因此最低票价在Cambridge。‎ ‎35.A 细节理解题。根据Tour C中的"With 500 years of history, Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen."可知，这里曾经是四个国王和一个女王的住所，因此现在成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze (迷宫) where it is easy to get lost! 分析：这是一个主从复合句。定语从句which include the famous maze修饰先行词historic gardens，定语从句where it is easy to get lost修饰先行词maze。译文：（你可以）参观宫殿和各种历史花园，花园中有著名的迷宫，在那里（游客）容易迷失方向！‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 本文向读者介绍了一款产品——电视耳机。‎ ‎60.B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段可知，这款电视耳机可以根据个人的情况调节音量，同时其他人也能在令人舒服的音量下看电视，这样就不会影响其他人，故答案为B项。‎ ‎61.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"TV Ears patented technology includes a revolutionary noise reduction ear tip, not used in any other commercially available headset."可知,a revolutionary noise reduction ear tip让这款耳机与众不同，故选C项。‎ ‎62.A 推理判断题。广告中引用了一位医生和一对夫妇的使用体验以及他们的推荐，这为广告增加了说服力，故选A项。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 本文介绍了大学住宿制度中的五项规定：允许和禁止的物品、宿舍的密码锁、做饭的政策、养宠物的政策和时间管制。‎ ‎36.D 细节理解题。根据第一部分中的"The following items are approved for use in residential（住宿的） rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players." 可知，在学生宿舍里允许使用电热毯、电吹风、个人电脑、收音机、电视和DVD播放器，故选D。‎ ‎37.A 细节理解题。根据第二部分中的"The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others."可知，如果发现学生将组合密码告诉他人，the Office of Residence Life可以随时更改房门锁的组合密码，费用将由学生承担，故选A。‎ ‎38.A 细节理解题。根据第三部分中的"With the exception of using a small microwave oven（微波炉） to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms."可知，除了可以使用小的微波炉来加热食物外，不允许学生在房间里做饭，由此可知选A。‎ ‎39.C 细节理解题。根据第四部分中的"If, one week from the date of written notice, the pet is not removed, the student is referred to the Student Court."可知，如果学生在接到书面通知后的一周内没有移走宠物，他将被送交学生法庭处理，故选C。‎ ‎40.D 细节理解题。根据最后一部分中的"Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1:00 am to 8:00 am."可知，学生应该在周五和周六的凌晨1：00到早上8：00之间保持安静，由此可知D项正确。‎ Passage 11‎ ‎ 本文介绍的是地铁指南，就零币兑换、地铁运行时间、老年人/残疾人优惠、特别提醒等方面给予指导说明。‎ ‎32.D 细节理解题。 依据第二段第二句可知，车站提供最大面值为5美元的零钱。‎ ‎33.B 细节理解题。 依据原文中的"3 a.m. Fri.—Sat. nights"可推断，地铁周六凌晨三点停运。‎ ‎34.B 推理判断题。文章中反复出现SmarTrip Card，再根据Metrobus下的内容可知,其最大特点是使用起来有优惠，换言之，能为持卡者省钱。‎ ‎35.A 细节理解题。依据全文最后一句话可知，遗失物品拨打202-962-1195。‎ Passage 12‎ ‎ 文章由两则广告组成：机器人广告和手表遥控器广告。‎ ‎56.B 细节理解题。根据第一则广告中的首句"Are you having problems finishing your homework on time?"以及第三句"You don't need to worry if you buy a Mr. Helping Hand personal robot."可知选B。A项与文中的"includes long-lasting batteries"矛盾；C项与文中的"remembers simple instructions"不符；D项与文中的"Your own personal robot will follow you around, putting away books and objects that you have left on the floor or bed."不符。‎ ‎57.D 细节理解题。根据第二则广告中所列的该手表控制器功能的第二条"gives you a daily weather forecast"可知选D。由文章的叙述可知，该产品可遥控电视，而不是修理电视，A项错误；该产品可以提醒你交作业的时间，而不是处理你的作业，B项错误；C项与第二则广告中的首句"This is a watch that James Bond would be proud to wear!"不一致。‎ ‎58.B 细节理解题。根据第一则广告中的"Originally (最初) sold for ＄ 499 "和"NOW ONLY ＄ 299"可知，Mr.H现在售价仅为＄ 299。故选B。‎ ‎59.C 文章出处题。根据第二则广告中的最后一句"For further information, click here."可知，这两则广告是刊登在网站上的。故选C。‎ Passage 13‎ ‎ 无可比拟的高强性能，无与伦比的优质服务，无法想象的价格优惠，一款新型便携式加热器惊艳亮相！机不可失，失不再来，心动不如行动，此时不买，更待何时？‎ ‎56.B 段落大意题。本段提到这种加热器没有可以引起火灾的外露部件，它的外部不会烧伤孩子或宠物，由此可知本段主要讨论的是这种加热器的安全性。‎ ‎57.A 推理判断题。第三段第一句提到这种加热器不会减少室内的氧气，下一句提到其他的加热器会因燃烧掉氧气而让你昏昏欲睡，由此可推断出这种加热器不消耗氧气，也不会让人昏昏欲睡，故A项正确，C项错误；根据第一段最后一句中的"runs almost silent"可判断出B项不正确;根据第二段的最后一句可知D项错误。故选A。‎ ‎58.D 词义猜测题。本段提到这种先进的加热器的覆盖面积多达350平方英尺，而其他的加热器散发的大部分热量只集中在房间的中央，再结合本段最后一句的内容可推测出这种加热器可以把热量"均衡地"散发到房间中，故选D。‎ ‎59.A 写作意图题。文章先是叙述了这种加热器的种种优点，接着提到了优质服务和价格折扣，再结合最后一段的内容可知，本文意在劝说人们购买这种产品。‎ Passage 14‎ ‎ 想要为孩子寻找新鲜而又刺激的地方吗？形形色色的寓教于乐的博物馆是非常理想的选择。‎ ‎56.C 细节理解题。根据"Head to a natural history museum."一段中的第二句话可知，孩子们在这里可以了解大自然发展的历史，故C项正确。‎ ‎57.C 细节理解题。根据"Go to a Youtheater."一段的内容可知，在这里孩子们可以看到木偶的制作，了解舞台化妆等内容。‎ ‎58.B 词义猜测题。根据"Try hands-on science."一段的内容可知，"hands-on science"的意思是孩子们自己动手来学习和体验科学知识。‎ ‎59.C 推理判断题。结合文章内容可判断出，本文可能出自一份博物馆指南。‎ 专题二 科普研究类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 本文讲述了科学家对大众传媒的新发现：好消息比坏消息传得更快、更远，越积极乐观的信息越容易被大众分享。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段的内容尤其是"Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers"可知，新闻报道惯常报道坏消息来吸引人们的眼球。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，大众传媒想要吸引你的眼球而不关心你的内心感受，但是当你和朋友分享故事时，你对他们的反应要关心得多，你不希望他们把你看作Debbie Downer。由此可以推断，Debbie Downer和大众传媒是一样的，不会去关心他人的感受，故选C项，inconsiderate意为"不为别人着想的,不考虑他人的"。‎ ‎3.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles"可知，选B项。‎ ‎4.D 标题判断题。本文第一段的最后一句概括了文章的主要内容：通过追踪人们的电子邮件和网上的帖子，科学家已经发现好消息要比坏消息传得更快更远。下文是对这一发现的具体介绍，故选D项。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news.分析：本句为连词but连接的两个并列分句，第一个分句为含有一个宾语从句的复合句，主句的主语是Researchers，其后的现在分词短语analyzing word-of-mouth ‎ communication作定语，谓语是found，后面是that引导的宾语从句；第二个分句也是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。译文：分析口述交际如电子邮件、网帖、评论和面谈的研究者发现，它倾向于更积极而不是消极（的内容），但这并不一定意味着人们更偏爱积极的消息。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 一项研究表明，小时候劳动的男孩长大后更容易享受快乐的生活。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier"可知，约翰享受工作和婚姻带来的快乐。‎ ‎2.D 写作意图题。第二段的第二句话"The study showed that those...than those who had not"告诉我们，小时候劳动的男孩要比不劳动的男孩成年后更能享受生活且更富有创造性，后面紧接着引用Vaillant的话来进一步解释为什么有些男孩成年后会享受快乐的生活。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据第三段的内容可知，Vaillant的团队通过比较几组不同的得分情况得出了他们的结论。‎ ‎4.C 词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的"Those who had done the most boyhood activities...less likely to have been unemployed"可知，孩提时代的劳动和长大后的生活之间的联系是显而易见的。‎ ‎5.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，孩提时代的劳动能够培养一个人多方面的能力，这些能力正是情感健康的基础，同时也能帮助他们过上更快乐的生活。由此可推断出情感健康对享受精彩的成年生活十分重要。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society.分析：这是一个含有定语从句和宾语从句的复合句。who worked in the home or community为定语从句，先行词为Boys；后面的they were worthwhile members of society为宾语从句，作feel的宾语。译文：在社区或家中劳动的男孩能够获得能力并且感受到他们是有价值的社会成员。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 本文探讨了科学家和六个月大的婴儿之间的关联。‎ ‎1.D 推理判断题。从文章第一段的"but some developmental psychologists(心理学家) have argued that this ‘play’ is more like a scientific investigation than one might think"可知，一些发展心理学家认为，婴儿的游戏在某种程度上类似于科学家的实验，所以选D项。‎ ‎2.D 推理判断题。从第二段的"in the process, it brings out important evidence about...the baby's investigation and the scientist's experiment appear to share the same ‎ aim..."推断可知，婴儿收集证据的方式类似于科学家的，故选D项。 ‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。从第三段的"they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means...through repeated experiments..."可知，孩子们可能会通过不停地尝试他们自己的"实验"来习得语言规则，故选C项。‎ ‎4.B 段落大意题。从最后一段的内容尤其是"Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn...look at science and scientists"可知，研究孩子们的游戏可能有助于更好地理解科学，所以B项正确。‎ ‎5.D 观点态度题。通读全文特别是最后一段的"Perhaps evolution（进化） provided..."可知，作者的态度是很谨慎的，所以选D项。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 这是一篇研究报告。文章指出在夜间取自奶牛的牛奶"night milk" 含有大量的褪黑激素，能帮助人们入睡，减少焦虑。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime"可知，饮用在白天取自奶牛的牛奶的老鼠更焦虑。所以B项正确。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第六段中的"taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night"可知，褪黑激素被用在安眠药中。所以D项正确。‎ ‎3.A 主旨要义题。根据第一段中的"But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night"、第二段以及第五段内容可知，全文围绕"Night Milk and Sleep"展开，告诉读者饮用在晚上取自奶牛的牛奶有助于睡眠。所以A项正确。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文中作者通过提供研究结果来支持文章的主题。所以D项正确。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.‎ 分析：这是一个主从复合句。given night milk为过去分词短语作定语，修饰Those; which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin为which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为night milk； fed with the milk collected during daytime为过去分词短语作定语，该短语中collected during daytime为另一个过去分词短语作定语，修饰milk。‎ 译文：由发表在《药物强化性食品杂志》上的研究可知，饮用在夜间取自奶牛的牛奶的老鼠比那些饮用在白天取自奶牛的牛奶的老鼠更不活跃、更不焦虑。在夜间取自奶牛的牛奶里所含的褪黑激素是在白天取自奶牛的牛奶的十倍。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 科学家经过实验发现与黑猩猩相比，合作是人类与生俱来的一种独有的本能。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"they have little instinct (本能）to help one another"和下文的实验可知黑猩猩很少关心别的黑猩猩，只顾自己。因此选项A正确。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。根据第三段首句"Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative"和下文对于实验结果的描述可知帮助别人是儿童的本能，因此选择A。‎ ‎3.C 主旨大意题。文章前两段说明了黑猩猩的自私，第三段作者话锋一转，提出了本文要说明的中心：Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative。因此选项C正确。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 本文介绍了目前在法国流行的主题咖啡馆产生的背景和对消费者起到的心理治疗的作用。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。第一段中的"Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings."一句表明，the cafe La Chope鼓励人们表达自己的真实情感。‎ ‎2.A 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，多年来，咖啡馆受到人们生活方式变化的影响。由文中的"longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home"可推知人们（现在）不经常去咖啡馆了。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句中的"It's trying to help the city's troubled neighborhood cafes"可知，主题咖啡馆的目的就是拯救日趋没落的咖啡行业。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，"心理咖啡馆"之所以变得受欢迎是因为在这里举办讨论活动的心理学家能抚慰人们的心灵。文中的"People have few real friends. And they need to open up."暗示来这里的顾客需要精神支柱。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 最新研究表明，房屋的窗帘、灯光设计、墙壁颜色、餐具大小等都会影响食欲和食量，进而影响节食效果和身材。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。依据第一段中的"Your house may have an effect on your figure...whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off."，再结合该段最后一句"Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan."可知，B项正确。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。依据第三段第三句"In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room ‎ consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room."可知，在蓝色环境中人们的食量会减少33%，因此身处蓝色的环境中有助于减少食量。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。依据第四段的内容可知，吃饭吃得快的话会吃得多，因此为了帮助减缓吃饭的速度，吃饭时可播放舒缓音乐，排除A、B项；D项与第二段首句的内容相矛盾；依据第五段的内容可知，使用小型的餐具有助于减少食物摄入量。故选C。‎ ‎4.A 标题判断题。本文主要讲的是房屋的窗帘、灯光设计、墙壁颜色、餐具大小等均会影响食欲和食量，进而影响节食效果和身材，故A项"你的房屋在使你发胖吗？"作文章标题最佳。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food. 分析：这是一个主从复合句。for为并列连词，表示原因，when在句中引导时间状语从句。 译文：昏暗的环境更有可能刺激人们暴饮暴食，因为在这种光线暗淡的情况下人们往往会不那么难为情，所以就更有可能吃大量的食物。‎ Passage 8‎ ‎ 作者介绍了几种吸引顾客的策略，包括商品的摆放、气味、背景音乐等。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。依据第二段的第二、三句可知，商家知道那些购买新鲜蔬菜、水果的人随后会乐于买更多的垃圾食品，因此商家这样摆放的目的是想销售更多的垃圾食品。 ‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。依据第三段可知，烘焙食物的气味能激发人们的购买欲望，因此商家在早上把食物烘焙好，让气味在商场飘荡，以促使人们更多地消费。‎ ‎3.D 推理判断题。依据尾段的第二句和尾句可知，因为有好的环境，顾客很快决定买房，因此让顾客有一个良好的第一印象能增加销量。‎ ‎4.A 写作目的题。文章介绍了商家采用的不同的吸引人们消费的策略，因此选A项。‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 文章对体型渺小，实则有着庞大团队和巨大力量的蚂蚁进行了分析，指出了它们在地球上存活时间比恐龙还长的原因。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles"可知,答案为B项。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones (外激素)"可知，答案为B项。‎ ‎3.D 词义猜测题。根据第三段中的"They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target"可知,蚂蚁无所畏惧，敢与比自己大得多的动物较量。因而，答案为D项，fight against"对抗"。‎ ‎4.A 推理判断题。根据文中最后一段中的"Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth..."可知答案。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 本文论述了生气的表现形式、表现种类，脑部区域的变化及由此产生的行为方式。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后两句可知，表达愤怒方式之一——决斗，受到文化和社会的双重影响，因此选择C。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"But when we are angry the EEG...aren't balanced"可知,当我们生气时，左额叶前部和右额叶前部区域脑电图活动会不平衡，故B项正确。‎ ‎3.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger"和"This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称) of EEG activity"可知选择A。‎ ‎4.D 段落大意题。根据最后一段中的"But anger is an exception to this pattern"和最后一段所述内容可知，最后一段的重点内容是关于愤怒的行为模式，因此D项正确。‎ Passage 11‎ ‎ 文章通过科学研究发现，美国人和法国人对于饮食的不同态度导致了美国人比法国人更胖，所以美国人更热衷于减肥。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的"the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle"可知，法国人把饮食看做他们生活方式中的一个重要的部分。故答案为C。‎ ‎2.B 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段可知，文章主要说明了美国人和法国人对于饮食的不同态度，同时最后一段也说明了现在饮食的变化，这些都说明了生活方式与肥胖之间的关系。故答案为B。‎ ‎3.A 文章结构题。文章第二段中用the French和Americans对饮食的态度进行对比，同时在文章最后一段又对这两个国家的肥胖比率进行了对比，故可以判断出，作者主要使用了"对比"的写作手法。故答案为A。‎ ‎4.C 文章出处题。本文主要讨论了由于美国人和法国人对于饮食的不同态度而导致了体重上的差异，所以可以推断出，文章应该来自健康方面的话题。故答案为C。‎ Passage 12‎ ‎ 德国的一项研究表明，与悲观者相比，对自己的未来过于乐观的人在未来10年更容易出现残疾或死亡。该研究还发现，年轻人对自己未来生活的满意度估计过高，中年人预测相对较准确，而老年人往往低估自己未来生活的满意度。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知,18—39岁的年轻人会高估自己未来生活的满意度，65岁及以上年龄的人往往会低估自己未来生活的满意度，而40—64岁的中年人则对自己未来生活的满意度估计更准确一些。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。根据第六段和第七段内容可知，对自己未来悲观的人比乐天派对自己的行为更加小心，这样的人可能会及时采取措施应对潜在的危险，因此选C。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。根据第八段中的第一句话可知，与身体不好或收入不高的人相比，身体好或者收入高的受访者往往预料自己身体垮得更厉害或收入明显减少。因此选A。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。文章开头提到不同年龄段的人对自己未来生活满意度的估计不同；从文章接下来的内容可知，年轻人更乐观，中年人较实际，老年人更悲观，由此可推断出对未来生活满意度估计的程度是随着年龄而递减的，因此选D。‎ Passage 13‎ ‎ 习惯了生活在温暖舒适的住所里的宠物如何安全地应对寒冷的天气呢？身为主人，你该做些什么？本文给出了答案。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据本段第二句的内容可知，宠物喜欢待在温暖的场所。‎ ‎2.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的"When you're cold enough to go inside, they probably are too."可推知，这样做是为了了解何时把它们带到温暖的场所。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句的内容可知，它们可能会缺少清洁的水。‎ ‎4.B 主旨大意题。第一段最后一句点明了文章的中心，再根据本文内容可知，本文意在提供实用的意见。‎ 专题三 生态环保类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 美国加利福尼亚州的秃鹫因为各种原因濒临灭绝，但在科研人员的帮助下，秃鹫的种群逐渐恢复生机。‎ ‎1.D 推理判断题。文章没有直接说美国加利福尼亚州秃鹫引起了研究人员的兴趣，但是结合第一段和下文的"So scientists have come up with a shocking idea"可推断，因为电线和铅中毒，20世纪80年代加利福尼亚州秃鹫濒临灭绝，因此它们引起了科研人员的兴趣。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。从题干中的electrical ‎ lines可知，答案应定位在第三段。电线能使秃鹫丧命，因为秃鹫晚上休息的时候看不见电线，而如果它们宽大的翅膀同时搭在两根电线上，它们就会被电死，因此选B。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。第五段讲述了铅中毒对秃鹫的危害：影响秃鹫的神经系统(A错)，影响秃鹫繁衍后代的能力(D正确)，导致秃鹫肾衰竭(B错)。科研人员给秃鹫使用一种化学药物，帮助它们排出了体内的铅(C错)。因此选D。‎ ‎4.C 主旨大意题。本文介绍了美国加州秃鹫濒临灭绝的原因以及科研人员为挽救秃鹫而开展的研究工作。另外，文章的标题也直接表明了本文的主题：保护秃鹫的工作正让秃鹫以令人惊讶的速度恢复生机。因此选C。‎ ‎【长难句解读】So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.分析：本句的主语部分有with短语作定语，后面where引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Los Angeles Zoo;where引导的非限制性定语从句中包含了一个that引导的定语从句，先行词为a chemical。译文：于是，体内含有高剂量的铅的秃鹫被送往洛杉矶动物园。在那里，这些秃鹫得到一种名为EDTA的钙物质的治疗。这是一种化学药物，能够在几天时间内清除血液中的铅。‎ ‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 厄尔尼诺现象的发生给全球带来了巨大的影响，作者通过具体的数据呼吁人们做好防范和准备工作。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"El Nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round"可知，厄尔尼诺现象发生时会有洋流的变化，因此D项正确。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的"Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios, on balance, than they lose"可知，富裕的国家的收益大于损失，因此选择C。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。根据文中的"however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance"与"This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction"可知，这些数据说明了减少风险的投入太少，政府应该加大这方面的投入，因此答案为A。‎ ‎4.D 写作意图题。根据最后一段中的"Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio, reducing their losses needs to be the priority"可知，作者通过此文呼吁人们为厄尔尼诺现象提前做准备，因此D项正确。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 当今社会人们习惯了有光的生活，但是过多的人造光造成了光污染，这不仅给动物带来了危害，也给人类制造了麻烦。因此，我们应该关注光污染问题。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。由第一段第二句"Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light"可知，人类习惯生活在有光的环境中，是昼行生物，因此选B。‎ ‎2.A 代词指代题。联系上文中的"what we've done to the night"可知，it指代的是the night，因此选A。‎ ‎3.B 推理判断题。联系第四、五段的内容可知，作者列举鸟类和青蛙的例子是为了说明光污染给动物带来的危害，因此选B。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。由最后一段中的"... lose sight of our true place in the universe， to forget the scale of our being..."可知，光污染让人类忘记了自己在宇宙中的位置，因此人类应该反省自己，审视自己的位置，所以选D。‎ ‎5.C 标题判断题。本文主要围绕光污染这个话题展开，本没有光的黑夜却被人造光充斥着，这对动物和人类都造成了危害。所以C项作文章标题比较贴切。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 本文介绍了英国达特穆尔草原的马驹保护项目。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"By feeding the ponies, tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car, and make them harder to gather"可知，不让游客喂马驹是为了保护这里的马驹免遭危险。故选C。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。第四段提到每年一度的马驹迁移的目的：把马驹聚集在一起，检查马驹的健康状况；让小马驹不再吃母乳；跑出限制区域的马驹能够返回正确的区域；把有些马驹卖掉，以按照Natural England的规定控制马驹的数量。四个选项中只有B项是马驹迁移的目的之一。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。根据第五段的内容可知，当作者看到这头马驹在地上打滚的时候，他以为它只是为了嬉戏，后来才开始为它担心，并且打电话联系相关的官员，因此选D。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"Many people are working hard...one of Dartmoor's most financially-troubled elements"可以判断，很多人都在努力保护这些马驹，帮忙想办法为达特穆尔的这个饱受资金困扰的项目寻找可持续发展的未来。由此可推知，该保护项目缺少资金，保护这里的马驹会花费很多钱，因此选B。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 本文介绍了环保意识在美国从无到有，逐渐增强，环保教育势在必行。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。依据第一段第二句"We didn't know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it"可知，1970年以前美国人对环境问题所知甚少。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。依据第二段第二句中的"especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement"可知，数以百万计的草根美国人才是支持环保的中流砥柱。‎ ‎3.D 推理判断题。依据第二段后半部分推断，美国政府多管齐下，减少了污染。A项错在lowest，B项错在have settled, C项错在forty。‎ ‎4.A 推理判断题。依据最后一段内容推断可知，环保意识教育至关重要。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 本文论述了房屋使用者的行为对节能减排的重要性，号召人们规范行为，共同保护环境。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句和最后一句可知，房屋使用者的行为对节能减排起着至关重要的作用。‎ ‎2.D 代词指代题。研究表明，人们在家中使用的能源和生活的方式在很大程度上已被提高能源利用效率的现有努力所忽视，这些努力反而被集中于农业和技术的发展。画线词所在句是一个非限制性定语从句，which指代前文中的existing efforts。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的"consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design"可知，Katy Janda旨在强调改变房屋使用者的消费模式的重要性。‎ ‎4.A 细节理解题。根据第四段第四句中的"Feedback (反馈)facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors, could help bridge this information gap"可知，反馈设备，如智能仪表和能源监测器，可以帮助填补这一信息缺口。‎ ‎5.C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"Social science research has added a further dimension(方面), suggesting that individuals' behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted"可知，在家里的个人行为是无法预测的。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 这是一篇关于人与环境的文章。人们热衷于低科技，将它应用于自己的生活与工作中，减轻压力，舒缓心情，带来愉悦。‎ ‎1.D 推理判断题。由文章第二段可推断出选项D正确。网络公司们发现了低科技的好处，因此才会去加以利用"to take advantage of it"。故选D。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。由第二段第一句中的"a concept associated with the natural ‎ world"和最后一句 "Other companies are using a broader interpretation（阐释） of low technology that focuses on nature"可知A项符合。‎ ‎3.B 段落大意题。由第五段的第一句"This craft-based theory is rooted in history"可知,以手工艺为基础的理论历史悠久、根深蒂固，因此选项B"有着重视艺术和手工艺的传统"正确。‎ ‎4.A 作者态度题。A项 positive"积极的"；B项defensive "防卫的"； C项cautious"谨慎的"；D项 doubtful"怀疑的"。通读全文特别是文章的最后一句可知,作者看好、支持低科技，相信其能够造福人类，因此选A。‎ ‎5.C 标题判断题。A"辉煌的曾经，未来的愿望"；B"虚拟的世界，真实的挑战"；C"高科技公司，低科技办公"；D"多技艺，少创意"。通读全文可知，全文主要讲的是现在一些高科技公司都在关注low technology，因此选C。‎ Passage 8‎ ‎ 2011年4月22日作者一家人决定开始践行绿色生活，让我们看看他们是如何做的吧。‎ ‎1.A 标题概括题。文章第一段有两处出现了going green，且下文也多次出现，本文主要讲述的就是作者一家是如何开始践行绿色生活的，所以A项最适合作为文章标题。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句"This meant doing 365 different green things, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond the easy things."可知D项正确。‎ ‎3.A 细节理解题。Our Green Year这个关键信息可以在倒数第二段找到，该段说作者一家完全改变了生活方式，如在有机商店购物，少吃肉，尽量少买不需要的东西，不用化学清洁剂等，这些都是环保的习惯，与A项的概括相一致。故选A。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。文章最后一段中出现了grateful,believe和do have the power等关键词，这些都暗示出作者夫妇在将来可能还会继续他们的环保生活。‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 文章阐述了人类活动对水资源的隐性影响。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater."可知选C。‎ ‎2.B 推理判断题。根据第二段首句"Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages (短缺)."可排除A项。根据第三段最后一句"This shows how much we depend on water to live, but there's a lot we can do to lower the number."可知D项不正确。该句中的the number指的是用水量，而不是家庭的人数，C项不正确。根据全文的内容可推知，由于存在水浪费、水污染现象，并且水需求不断增长，所以要解决水资源短缺矛盾需要付出大量的努力。故选B。‎ ‎3.D 写作意图题。本段首句"You can take steps to save water in your home."是主题句，接下来从几个方面举例说明了节约水资源的方法。显然，本段主要是讨论我们在家里应该如何节约用水。故选D。‎ ‎4.D 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文为议论文，讨论的是人类活动对水资源的隐性影响。故选D。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 荒野是否应该开发？仁者见仁，智者见智，两种观点针锋相对，莫衷一是。作者客观分析，冷静思考，期待着事态的发展。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。第二段的最后一句提到John Sauven认为"生态系统服务"远比开发的利益重要，再结合本段的叙述可推断他的观点是开发荒野有害。‎ ‎2.C 段落大意题。本段第二、三句是对另外一种观点的概括，意思是荒野确实提供有用的服务但这不能作为不开发荒野的理由。‎ ‎3.A 作者态度题。作者在最后两段中并没有直接表明自己的观点，只是"客观"地进行叙述。‎ ‎4.D 文章结构题。文章第一段提出中心论点；第二、三两段分别阐述了两种不同的观点；第四段是作者自己的观点；最后一段是文章的结论。‎ 专题四 社会生活类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 祖父母搬去子女身边照顾小孩是如今的一种趋势，但这是否应该成为每一个祖父母的选择呢？‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句"Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities"可知，三代人将这一搬家视为一种成功，因为它使一家人的关系更为密切。故选A。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第二段的"Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama's mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters...the example of Obama's family"可知, 大多数人认为Marian Robinson搬进白宫的决定是符合潮流的，故选D。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。根据第三段的"In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough..."可知，20世纪60年代，人们想离开父母居住。故选C。‎ ‎4.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段"Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit ‎ frequently instead. Having your...may be harder"可知，作者建议祖父母做决定时考虑他们自己的利益。故选A。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.分析：but前面是第一分句，but后面是第二分句。动名词短语Having your grandchildren far away是第一分句的主语，现在分词短语especially knowing your adult child is struggling是第一分句中的状语；动名词短语giving up the life you know是第二分句的主语，you know是定语从句，修饰先行词the life。译文：与孩子们距离远是痛苦的，尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艰难，但是放弃你熟悉的生活可能会更艰难。 ‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 本文介绍了BookCrossing.com网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的内容。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段的"Now， the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group"可知，作者提到book groups是为了引出BookCrossing。故选B项。‎ ‎2.A 代词指代题。根据第二段中的"hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide..."可知，此处的"it"指的是"the book"。故选A项。‎ ‎【技巧点拨】代词指代题的答案出处一定是在上文，也就是代词指代上文出现的名词。it 指代单数名词，而them或they指代复数名词。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的"BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it"可知，读完书之后，BookCrossers将会把它继续传递给其他的读者。故选C项。‎ ‎4.D 主旨大意题。根据第一段的最后一句"Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group"以及其余的内容可知，本篇文章主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站的功能及其创建的意义。故选D项。‎ ‎【技巧点拨】主旨大意题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段，同时结合文章中的要点进行总结。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. ‎ 分析：句中现在分词短语hoping that...在句中作状语，且其中的that引导宾语从句，且从句中的现在分词短语traveling...在从句中充当状语，而who引导定语从句，修饰each new reader。‎ 译文：然后，这个人把它放在一个公共场所，希望这本书会经历一次冒险，与发现它的每一位新读者到处旅行。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 大学生走出了家门，还没有进入社会，因此他们的大学生活是从受家庭庇护到成为自主承担起成年人职责的人的一个过渡时期。但是随着手机、邮件和一些社交媒体的应用，大学生依旧受到家庭的管控和庇护。作者就这个现象探讨校方应该如何处理这个问题。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。题干的continued parental guidance让我们把答案定位在第一、二段。作者首先说大学时光应该让学生有自主性的发展，但是如今很多大学生没有肩负起成年人的责任；第二段分析原因，说这些都是因为家长在孩子读大学之后还通过手机等方式帮助子女，结果，大学就成了与家庭一样的环境。从这些信息判断应选B，作者对于这种现象是不赞成的。‎ ‎2.A 词义猜测题。从第二段画线词所在的语境看，此处指从家庭的庇护到有自主性和成年人的责任之间的转变，因此该词的含义是A，"转变"。‎ ‎3.D 推理判断题。题干的"大学的角色"是本文后面部分讨论的话题。第四段说，如果学生依靠管理者来规范他们的社交行为和思维模式，他们就不能面对寻找自己身份带来的挑战(A错，应该是鼓励他们finding an identity)；第五段说，大学监管和塑造学生的行为表现会引起学生的反感(B错)；最后一段说，每个大学关于社会价值观、社会风气和行为的讨论应该注重学生的自主性和自我规范以及学生既要寻求安全又想自我发现这二者之间的矛盾(C错，D正确)。‎ ‎4.C 推理判断题。本题考查对文章篇章结构的推断。本文一共有七段，第一段指出本文要讨论的现象：现在的大学生活与以往不同，很多大学生没有承担起成年人的责任。第二段分析原因，后面探讨各方应该采取的做法。第三、四、五段是一个话题，说大学的管理者应该做什么。第六段探讨在大学生活时代，我们应该如何承担起角色的转变，承担起成年人的责任。最后一段总结全文，回归主题。因此本文的篇章结构应该是C项。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 本文作者结合自身经历，向读者介绍了摆脱启动疲惫和执行疲惫从而获得成功、实现人生价值的方法。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"we keep putting off a task...the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel"可知应选A，keep putting off a task与A项的delay tasks照应。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句"The solution is...always handle the most difficult job ‎ first"可知，优先解决最困难的任务是避免启动疲劳的方法。‎ ‎3.B 细节理解题。根据第五段的第三句"Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again"可知，当所有的尝试都失败后，人就会感到疲惫。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。倒数第三段的最后一句"Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep"以及倒数第二段的"An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind"告诉我们，当陷入困境时，不妨暂时放松休息，过一段时间之后，情况自会有所好转，在无意识的状态下可能会找到正确的方法。‎ ‎5.C 标题归纳题。文章首尾呼应，主题鲜明，主要介绍了摆脱启动疲惫和执行疲惫从而获得成功的方法。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 很多人都喜欢背后说人闲话。本文主要介绍了人们说闲话的原因以及说闲话给人们带来的影响。‎ ‎1.A 推理判断题。根据文章开头的对话内容和下文内容可知，作者使用对话的主要目的在于引出本文的话题"人们为什么喜欢说闲话"，故选A项。‎ ‎2.D 推理判断题。从文章第三段中的"I have noticed three effects of gossip... in a group"和第四段中的"An important negative effect of gossip is that...talked about"可推知，说闲话的一个重要的负面影响是给被别人说闲话的人带来不愉快的体验，所以选D项。‎ ‎3.A 细节理解题。从第三段中的"it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction"和第五段中的"gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging..."可知，很多人喜欢说闲话是因为他们可以从中获得某种满足感，所以选A项。‎ ‎4.B 细节理解题。从全文倒数第二段中的"Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group"可知，说闲话会帮助群体成员观察自身的行为习惯。所以选B项。‎ ‎5.D 推理判断题。从最后一段中的"The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip..."可推断出，作者建议我们在说闲话时要慎重考虑，所以选D项。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 本文主要介绍的是在不同的文化中，食物在人们庆祝节日、家庭聚会等中都起到了非常重要的作用，代表着团结、成功、兴旺等。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition ‎ that can promote unity and trust"可知答案为B项。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it"可知答案为B项。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。作者是通过举例来说明食物在节日庆祝中的作用的，比如：在第三段中分别以美国南部、希腊为例，而第四段中则以中国为例。‎ ‎4.D 主旨大意题。第一段的中心句是"Food can also have a specific meaning,and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions";第三段的中心句是"Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations"；第四段的中心句是"Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child,and food can play a significant role"。综上所述，可知答案为D项。‎ ‎【长难句解读】A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.分析：本句为主从复合句。主句是A coin is put into the cake。定语从句有两个：一个是which signifies success；另外一个是who receives it。译文：一枚硬币被放进蛋糕里，这对拿到它的人来说预示着在新的一年里会取得成功。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 英国是一个阶级分明的国家，但是近年来，很多作家都认为英国的阶级意识变弱了，甚至说英国是一个无阶级的社会。真的是这样吗？‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句对调查结果的陈述可知，阶级意识在当代英国仍然很普遍。故选D。‎ ‎2.B 词义猜测题。根据上文的"it remains an important part of British society"可知，英国人似乎喜欢"（社会的）分层"。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。 根据第四段中的"However，...placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least" 可知答案。‎ ‎4.A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice"可知，A项切题。‎ ‎5.C 主旨大意题。本文主要讲的是阶级区分在英国社会中的普遍性。第三段中的"yet it remains an important part of British society"也是提示。‎ Passage 8‎ ‎ 根据文化相对主义，艺术作品的价值反映了当地的社会经济条件。好的艺术作品会永久受人们欢迎。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。依据文章第一句话可知，根据文化相对主义，艺术作品的价值是当地社会经济条件的反映。‎ ‎2.A 推理判断题。第二段谈到了莎士比亚的作品被世人用多种语言表演，莫扎特的音乐在日本的音乐大厅演奏等， 这说明伟大的艺术作品是没有国界的。 ‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。依据第三段可知，David Hume认为人们的欣赏原则是不变的，有些艺术作品的价值是会永远存在的，这些作品会永久被人们喜欢。‎ ‎4.A 标题判断题。文章一开始就告诉读者艺术的价值是什么， 因此A项作为本文标题最合适。 ‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 本文介绍了耶鲁大学的科学家Mark Turin为保护濒临消失的语言而做出的不懈努力。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。第一段说到下个世纪，很多语言将濒临消失。根据第二段中的"In an effort to prevent language loss"可知，很多学者成立了一些机构，致力于记录即将消失的语言和它们所体现的文化。‎ ‎2.A 词义猜测题。根据第二段的内容可知，有很多学者一直致力于语言和文化的保护工作。再结合第三段的第一句话可知，耶鲁大学的Mark Turin也在做这件事，即记录语言，防止语言的消失。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，Mark Turin的书是以自己在尼泊尔的一个村子里的个人经历为基础的。‎ ‎4.C 推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，Mark Turin正在从事的工作是保护即将消失的语言。因此他要搜集语言、保护语言、然后将其重新连接起来。文中出现了documenting, record,其实就是指他搜集（collect）语言；文章第五段中的"in need of care and protection"与选项中的protect相照应；最后一句出现了reconnected。因此最佳答案为C。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 本文介绍了中国互惠生(Chinese au pairs)在美国越来越受到青睐。‎ ‎1.D 词义猜测题。结合语境可知au pair通常指的是住在外国家庭中，帮忙做些家事以换取膳宿并学习语言的女留学生，又称互惠生。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。依据第三段第二句中的"Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to (接触) the language and culture"得知她们这样做的目的是让孩子接触到中国文化。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。依据最后一段尤其是最后一句"It is expected that American demand for au ‎ pairs will continue to rise in the next few years"可推断在美国学习汉语热潮会继续高涨。‎ Passage 11‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs...in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries"可知，美国人和英国人在十八世纪都用过bug这个词。‎ ‎2.D 词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的"In 1878 he explained bugs as ‘little problems and difficulties’"可知flaw与fault同义。‎ ‎3.B 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，整篇文章就是在向我们介绍bug一词的演变，故B项正确。‎ Passage 12‎ ‎ 文章就不同文化中对于颜色含义的理解以及颜色在商业、生活中的作用展开了说明。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段的主题句"The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences."并结合该段内容可知，此段讲述的是在不同文化中人们对颜色的理解，故选A。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可知，商业网站选用红色作为"现在就买"的按钮的颜色是因为红色容易吸引顾客的眼球，可以鼓励顾客购买商品。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据第五段中的"...blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help."可知，蓝色可以减少人的食欲，有助于减肥。‎ ‎4.D 标题概括题。本文就不同文化中对于颜色含义的理解以及颜色在商业、生活中的作用展开了说明，故D项最适合作本文标题。‎ 专题五 时事新闻类答案 Passage1‎ ‎ 本文的主人公——14岁的女孩娜塔莉——主动参与重建遭受飓风重创的家乡。她建立了一个网站，为外界的捐赠者和家乡需要帮助的人结对，同时帮助很多孩子实现了自己的梦想。她应邀到白宫，并被授予荣誉称号。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。由题干的"returned...after the hurricane"可知，答案应该在第三段。娜塔莉一家在飓风过后回到家乡，发现街区已变为废墟(neighborhood in ruins)，很多朋友失去了家园，并且住到了很远的地方。人们都在遭受苦难，特别是老年人。从这些信息可知选B。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。由第四段第一句中的"the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie"可知选A。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。由第七段可知，娜塔莉建立了一个网站，让捐助者与需要帮助的人通过这个网站建立联系，以此来帮助他们，因此选D。‎ ‎4.A 主旨大意题。本题给出的四句谚语的含义依次为："小人物也有大作为"；"患难之友才是真正的朋友"；"金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝"；"技术就是力量"。本文介绍的是14岁的小女孩娜塔莉如何帮助家乡的重建工作，因此选A。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down.分析：本句中过去分词named Patrick作定语修饰名词a boy，who引导非限制性定语从句修饰a boy。从句中的when引导时间状语从句，动词短语burn down表示"烧毁"。译文：娜塔莉在网站发布了一个叫帕特里克的男孩的信息。他家的房子(在飓风中)被烧毁了，因此他失去了自己收集的棒球卡。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 这是一篇社会生活类的新闻报道。越来越多的高中毕业生没有直接去上大学而是选择了间隔年，这样他们可以打工攒钱上大学，以便将来能更好地适应大学生活。 ‎ ‎1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的"More students than ever before are taking a gap year (间隔年) before going to university."和第三段中的"That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year."可推断，间隔年这种现象越来越普遍。‎ ‎2.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的"Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible"可推知，选择间隔年的学生将来能够更好地适应大学生活。‎ ‎3.B 推理判断题。根据第四段的首句"But not everyone is happy."和下文内容可推断，Owain James认为间隔年现象从一个侧面反映了大学生上学压力大、费用高的现状，因此他感到担忧。‎ ‎4.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree."和最后一句可知，大多数学生会充分利用间隔年打工挣钱攒学费。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 数年后，不管在家里还是在工作场所，社会机器人将非常普遍。社会机器人将用更人性化的方式将技术带到日常生活中去。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，现在家务机器人做正常的家务，而社会机器人不仅仅是工具，更像是伙伴。由此可知社会机器人更像人类，故选B。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。第三段中提到：你可以问Jibo机器人问题，也能要求它做不同的任务。它不仅仅给出一般的答案，它能根据对家庭成员的了解做出不同的回应。它能够提醒老人吃药，也能拍摄家庭照片。由此可知Jibo机器人能够服从你的命令，也能提醒你吃药，故选D。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，Oshbot能够在商店中帮助顾客，故选C项。‎ ‎4.B 细节理解题。最后一段提到社会机器人不是用来取代工人的，而是和其他员工一起工作的，由此可知社会机器人将成为我们的同事，故B项正确。‎ ‎5.D 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了社会机器人的一些情况，故选D项。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 本文为新闻报道。文中报道了9岁女童勇敢救父的故事。Izzy的父亲因过敏反应心脏停止工作，Izzy采取急救措施挽救了父亲的生命。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。由第一段中的"A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest"以及第二段中的"Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping（踩）on his chest"可知，Izzy踩她父亲的胸的目的是让心脏复苏。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。由上下文可知，Izzy先前了解了一些CPR(心肺复苏术)，后来她父亲因过敏反应心脏停止了工作，Izzy的母亲Debbie拨了999急救电话，然后Izzy采取了急救措施。‎ ‎3.A 段落大意题。第八段主要讲Colm所患的疾病，即奇怪的过敏反应。所以A项正确。‎ ‎4.C 写作目的题。文章为新闻报道，第一段中的"A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest"为导语，所以作者的写作目的是报道9岁女童勇敢救父的故事。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 一具320万年的猿人骨骼化石即将首次在国外巡回展览，相关事宜正在紧锣密鼓地策划之中。‎ ‎1.D 写作目的题。本文是一则新闻报道，第一段是导语，根据本段的内容可知，作者写本文的主要目的是报道一件即将发生的事情。‎ ‎2.C 词义猜测题。根据画线部分后面的"while the real remains"可推知，画线部分指的是骨骼复制品。‎ ‎3.B 细节理解题。结合第二段后半部分的内容以及第四段的内容可知，包括Houston, Washington, New York, Denver和Chicago五个城市。‎ ‎4.B ‎ ‎ 细节理解题。根据最后一段前半部分的内容可知，这具骨骼化石是根据甲壳虫乐队的一首歌曲命名的。‎ 专题六 人物故事类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 本文介绍了一个名叫Peter Hodes的人从事的有关干细胞传递的志愿者工作，并主要讲述了他的一次难忘的经历。在传递干细胞的过程中，他深刻地意识到时间就是生命。‎ ‎1.B 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box"可知，作者是干细胞传递员，故选B。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last"可知，冰维持的最长时间是42小时，故选D。‎ ‎3.B 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句"She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道) me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled"可知，这位女士安排作者乘坐一架小型飞机改道经纽瓦克回到了英国，故选B。‎ ‎【长难句解读】For this courier job, you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life.分析：For this courier job是介词短语,在句中作状语；that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life是宾语从句，in that box是宾语从句中的地点状语，you've got something是宾语从句中的主谓宾；that is potentially going to save somebody's life是定语从句，修饰前面的something。译文：对于这份传递员的工作而言，你会自觉地意识到你手中的那个箱子装着可能挽救某人生命的东西。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 本文介绍了美国著名女作家Eudora Welty在纽约的一次经历，并以此作为背景说明她的创作源于生活。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。第三段中的 "the woman"指的是第二段中的那个陌生人，根据第三段中的"When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair"可知，陌生女子的晚餐伙伴也加入了她们的行列中，故有两个陌生人加入到了Welty和朋友的晚餐中。‎ ‎2.D 代词指代题。画线词所在句"These are the people that make me write ‎ them"的主语These指的就是像那两位陌生人那样的人，换言之，这些新朋友就成了Welty笔下的写作素材,这些人就是让她写小说的人，故them指的是"小说"。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。根据最后两段的内容可知，Welty小说中的人物源于真实生活。‎ ‎【长难句解读】1.Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).分析：本句为复合句，逗号前为现在分词短语作时间状语，定语从句 "that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚)"在句中修饰先行词the turn of events.译文：在返回市区宾馆的途中，韦尔蒂的大都市的朋友们惊讶于他们活动的转变，他们的聚会早已由纽约式的宴会变成了密西西比人的地方性团聚。‎ ‎2.Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.分析：句中的 "Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats"与"Welty's people"构成同位关系，三个from介词短语与come连用，表明小说中人物角色来源的多面性。译文：Welty小说中的角色——美容师、酒吧招待、钢琴演奏者及那些戴着紫色帽子的人——源自于她与老朋友共度的下午，源自于她在土生土长的密西西比州杰克逊城的大街小巷散步的过程中，还源自于她在公交车上无意间听到的闲谈。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 这是一封书信，作者有注意力缺陷，因此没能实现大学梦，但是一家培训中心的网站给了作者在线学习的机会，让她的生活有了目标，并且找到了一份好工作。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。题干的"不去读大学"告诉我们，本题的答案应该定位在第四段。该段说，作者的病情变得更糟了，因此不能去读大学，而这个疾病是第二段说到的ADHD，具体表现是注意力不能集中较长时间(unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time)，这与B项叙述吻合。‎ ‎【特别提醒】高考阅读理解细节题的特点：题干通过同义转述引导我们去思考并定位答案所在段落，而不是直接问"根据第几段我们知道……"；正确项也不是原文复现，而是注重同义转换，比如本题B项中的had more difficulty keeping focused与文章第二段的unable to keep focused...和第四段的got worse就是同义转换。这对我们的理解能力提出了更高的要求。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。根据题干的working environment，我们找到第六段的looking for a job，该段说到作者希望的工作环境：I could work alone, but still have a team to talk to。A项的working by herself与该句的work alone表达的意思是一致的，因此选A。 ‎ ‎3.C 写作目的题。作者在文章开头直接说明写信的目的"告诉你你的帮助对我的人生是多么重要"；然后描述自己的病情，未了的大学梦，以及收信人开办的网站给作者带来的影响，因此本文的写作目的是C：表明作者对于这个培训中心的感激。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150+ at 17, I'm anything but stupid.分析：本句使用现在分词短语Growing up作时间状语，现在分词短语telling...作people的后置定语，以及though引导的让步状语从句；短语anything but表示"一点也不"。译文：在我成长的过程中，总有人告诉我说，我反应太迟钝，尽管我17岁时智商就超过了150，一点也不笨。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 本文介绍了牙买加短跑运动员Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce的情况。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段的"Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking"可知Stephen教练看到了她的潜能，因此本题答案为B。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs"可知短跑界认为她的成就将是昙花一现，不会持续多久，因此C正确。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Maxime's early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse's roundabout of poverty..."可知她想让孩子们摆脱贫穷的愿望使她决定把女儿送上跑道，因此C项正确。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。本段中画线部分后面的内容是对这句话的诠释，因此这句话的含义是她想为祖国做更多的事，因此B项正确。‎ ‎5.D 推理判断题。根据Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce的成长经历和Muhammad Ali的话可知冠军不是诞生在体育馆，而是由他们内在的东西铸就成的。因此答案为D。‎ ‎6.A 标题判断题。本文主要讲的是一位短跑名将是如何铸就的，因此A作为文章标题最为合适。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 小时候，作者的家教十分严格，母亲不轻易给子女买东西。但一件事情深深地震撼了作者，也教给了她值得铭记一生的道理——用勤劳的双手去创造属于自己的财富。‎ ‎1.C ‎ ‎ 推理判断题。从第二段中母亲对我们种种严格的要求可推知，作者的母亲与其他父母养育小孩的方式不同，她对我们很严格，故选C项。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。从文章第三段的"...the basket winked at me and I knew — I knew — I had to have it"以及下文作者特别期盼得到它的行为可以推断出，作者第一眼看见这个车篮就爱上了它，故选A项。‎ ‎3.B推理判断题。从第三段至第五段的内容可知，作者在文中多次提到"please" 这个单词是为了表达自己迫切想要得到这个车篮的心情，故选B项。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。根据上文作者为了获得车篮而作出的种种努力可知，此处表示的是对作者来说，没有车篮的车子看起来就像是"赤身裸体的"，这从侧面反映了车篮对作者的重要性，故B项正确。‎ ‎5.D 细节理解题。从文章倒数第二段"Days later the unthinkable happened...This horrible turn of events"可知答案。‎ ‎6.C 推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者通过自己小时候想要车篮的经历告诉我们，要用勤劳的双手去创造属于自己的财富，C项最能表达文章的主旨。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 本文介绍了著名的西班牙艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的艺术作品即将在法国巴黎The Pompidou Centre展出的情况。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段可知，艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的200多幅油画、雕塑和绘画作品等将在巴黎的The Pompidou Centre展出。由此可判断这个艺术家的创作颇丰。optimistic"乐观的"； productive"多产的"；generous"慷慨的"；traditional"传统的"。故选B。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory."可知，萨尔瓦多·达利的作品The Persistence of Memory被认为是他的一幅杰作。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain."可知，达利的世界是按照时间和主题组织作品展览的。‎ ‎4.A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段可知，多家博物馆通力合作，共同精选展出作品。文中提到，像西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼德斯堡的博物馆这样的机构也提供萨尔瓦多·达利的作品参加展览。由此推测，contributions指"作品",故选A。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 本文介绍了Brooks的一本新书。在Brooks的新书中，他从科学的角度，用故事的形式讲述了人从出生到死亡的整个生命进程中所蕴含的科学理论。‎ ‎1.D 推理判断题。文章第一段说科学有很多用途，因此人们总想把科学运用到不需要科学的地方，然后介绍了David Brooks的新书。从第一段可判断，列举科学的用途是为了说明很多作家都喜欢在自己的作品中运用科学的原因，因此选D。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。第三段讲述David Brooks的这本书的具体内容，然后在第四段说到"his writing is mostly clear"，因此选C。文章最后一段说这本书的角色"not strong or memorable"(D错)，第三段说作者在写作的时候"tries to make his points"(A、B错）。‎ ‎3.D 作者态度题。最后一段作者在评价这本书的时候说到"mostly clear; some chapters stand out above the rest; not strong or memorable characters; the more serious problems; attempt to translate his tale into science",从这些信息看，作者对于这本书的态度是批判性的(critical)。‎ ‎4.A 推理判断题。文章最后一句说到这本书的一些问题，那么后文很可能会具体说明这本书的问题所在。因此选A。‎ Passage 8‎ ‎ 文章介绍了Bill Drayton创办的名叫"阿育王"的扶贫济困机构。‎ ‎1.A 标题判断题。本文主要介绍的是Ashoka这个扶贫济困机构，该机构旨在让每一位公民都成为changemaker。第一段两次出现changemaker，第二段首句"Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change."为主题句，an agent for change与changemaker同义，最后一段回归到结果：bringing about social change by changing the way。显然贯穿文章始终的是changemakers。故选A。‎ ‎2.D 代词指代题。第三段讲的是在1995年Masqsood and Iftekhar负责教城里的穷人们把垃圾制成堆肥，因为他们认为这些化肥会有市场，但起初遭到拒绝，当他们说服这些芬人这样做有钱可赚时，这一项目得以实施。故画线的them指代the poor people in the city。故选D。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句"If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it."以及第五句"In fact, it is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improves social conditions."综合可知选C。 ‎ ‎4.D 作者态度题。文章对Ashoka's program自始至终充满着赞赏之词，显然作者对此是持积极态度的。故选D。‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 本文讲述了作者大学毕业后，经过犹豫后，选择参加Lighthouse Project,去Nigeria支教的难忘经历。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的"My degree, with honors, in English literature had not ‎ really prepared me for anything practical"可知,作者所接受的英国文学未能让他学到实用的知识，他的大学更关注的是理论性知识。故选A。‎ ‎2.A 推理判断题。根据第二段尾句"Neither did my family"可推知作者与家人讨论过自己的决定。‎ ‎3.D 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句中的"countless interviews and presentations"可知,作者在申请过程中经历了无数次的面试和陈述，最终才可以"stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone"。这足以说明竞争很激烈。故选D。‎ ‎4.C 细节理解题。 根据第四段第二句"Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family"可知，当地居民把作者视为家人一般热情款待。‎ ‎5.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did"可推知，他最初是很难适应当地文化和习俗的。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 乔治·格什温是一位举世闻名的作曲家，他18岁开始作曲，在短暂的一生中为世人留下了500多首曲子。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句"Over the years they have been sung and played in every possible way — from jazz to country."可知，人们以各种形式演唱或演奏格什温创作的曲子。故选D。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的"showed that jazz music could be both serious and popular"可知，B项正确。‎ ‎3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"While there, Gershwin wrote An American in Paris."和"It still remains one of his most famous works."可知,A项正确。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的第三句"Newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages."可知，世界各地的报纸都对他的去世进行了报道。故选B。‎ ‎5.A 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的内容可知，格什温18岁开始作曲，因此他很有"天赋"；他一生创作了500多首曲子，因此他是位"多产的"作曲家。‎ Passage 11‎ ‎ 一对母女合写了一本书,书中描述了这对母女生活的快乐和回忆。‎ ‎1.D ‎ ‎ 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，Perri发现自己的生活折射了妈妈的生活：她们都有自己的事业，都出版了书籍、文章和小说，都生了三个孩子，都喜欢看书和旅游。由此可知选D。‎ ‎2.C 词义猜测题。根据第三段可知，Sheila生长在Brooklyn，她的父母都觉得让女孩儿上学是luxury；对Sheila来说，浪费时间或者金钱是犯罪，luxury是难以想象的，而女儿Perri则可以偶尔享受一下小小的luxury。从这些信息来看，luxury是指"昂贵但不必要的东西"。‎ ‎3.A 段落大意题。根据第四段可知，这对母女在书中描述了把她们的生活连在一起的那些快乐与痛苦，爱与恨，讲到了母女两人交流抚养孩子的看法，一起享受珍贵的回忆等。这是这本书的内容，而不是该书的目的、影响或写作风格。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这本书是用两个人的声音在讲述，好比二重奏；根据第四段可知，她们用自己的不会被混淆的声音在轮流讲述。从这些信息看，这本书的写作风格是母女两人从不同的角度探索女性生活，而不是"用音乐形式(误解了二重奏的含义)、通过野外研究(Perri父亲的工作)或独特的写作技巧(本文没有谈到她们的写作技巧)"。 ‎ Passage 12‎ ‎ 墨西哥女画家弗里达·卡罗，身残志不残，创作了无数优秀作品。虽然在有生之年其作品未能受到应有的关注，但她最终于上世纪70年代赢得了国际声誉。‎ ‎1.D 短语理解题。她去世后，能力（A项）、天赋（B项）、身体强壮程度（C项）不会发生变化，改变的只是人们对她的评价和了解而已，故选D项。第一段的第二句是答案提示。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句和第四句可知，卡罗背部的剧烈疼痛是由那次校车事故造成的。而手术是为了治好背部的伤，而不是造成她背部疼痛的原因。‎ ‎3.B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句的后半句"but her later works from the 1940s, known today as her best works, show less influence from her husband"可知选B。‎ ‎4.B 观点态度题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的Sadly和最后一段中的Unfortunately可以看出，作者对卡罗的遭遇以及其作品只是在去世后才引起关注充满了同情，故选B。‎ 专题七 逸闻趣事类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 本文讲述了作者五年前在西雅图教学生们美术时在教学中所发生的事情，以及培养学生们的想象力的方法。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段的"to find out something about my students"可知，作者使用Tinkertoys是为了弄清楚有关学生们的一些事情。故选A项。‎ ‎2.D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的"Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work"可知，这个男孩儿非常具有创造性，故选D项。‎ ‎3.B 词义猜测题。根据下文的"I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking"可知，作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险。故可知该词的意思为"不足，缺点"，所以选B项。‎ ‎【技巧点拨】对于词义猜测题的考查要结合画线词前后文的内容来判断，该题就是根据画线词后的具体内容推断出来的。‎ ‎4.A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Without fail one would declare, ‘But I'm just not creative.’"及下文内容可推知，作者问学生们他们是否做梦了是为了让他们看到自己的创造力。故选A项。‎ ‎【长难句解读】His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染） other students. ‎ 分析：句中that引导宾语从句，且whose引导定语从句，修饰an unexpected teaching assistant。‎ 译文：他的存在意味着我在班级有一位意想不到的教学助手，并且他的创造力会感染其他的学生。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 一本新的影集把一次不成功的南极洲的旅行带回到现实生活中，由此引出了历史上去南极洲探险的事迹。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难)"可知，这些照片记录了一次灾难性的冒险，故选D项。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent. The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done...in 1912"可知Captain Robert Falcon Scott是第一个到达南极的人。故选C项。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort"和"started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography"可知，Alexander认为1914年旅行的目的是赚钱。故选C项。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 天生我材必有用。就读于技校的儿子虽然没能实现父亲的愿望，但凭借娴熟的技艺让身为报社记者的父亲刮目相看，从而改变了作者的观点并登上了作者心中的光荣榜。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句话"As he grows you also age...could probably ‎ accomplish what you hoped for"可知，作者希望自己的儿子实现自己没有实现的目标。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"My daughter is a university graduate...he became a ‘vo-tech’ student(技校学生)"可知，作者的女儿在学校里的表现要比儿子好。‎ ‎3.C 细节理解题。根据第六段的最后一句可知，作者同意儿子修车是因为他认为这样做不会造成更大损失。‎ ‎4.B 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的"These kids are happiest when doing repairs" "And their minds are bright"可知，在作者眼里这些修理工既快乐又聪明。‎ ‎5.A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的"Most important, I have learned that fathers don't need clones in footsteps or anywhere else"可推知，作者最终意识到希望孩子追随自己的脚步并实现自己实现不了的目标这种想法是不明智的。‎ ‎【长难句解读】We who labor in clean shirts in offices don't have the abilities that motorheads have.分析：这是一个含有两个定语从句的复合句。主句为We don't have the abilities。第一个定语从句为who labor in clean shirts in offices，先行词为We；第二个定语从句为that motorheads have，其先行词为the abilities。译文：我们这些穿着干净的衬衫在办公室工作的人并没有修理工们所具备的能力。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 作者克服了注意力障碍，从而发现了一个新的自己。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。第一段作者就谈到自己有注意力障碍，第二段的尾句说作者认为自己的身体状况使他不能完成老师布置的任务。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。依据第五段的"he invented a reading system of raised dots(点)"可知，Louis Braille为盲人发明了一种非常有用的阅读体系。 ‎ ‎3.D 推理判断题。文章尾段作者的老师Mrs. Smith写道"See what you can do when you keep trying?"说明了这位老师对作者的肯定，她鼓励作者继续努力。‎ ‎4.C 主旨大意题。作者在文中讲述了自己经过努力，最终完成任务的经历。由这件事可以看出，只要努力克服困难就能够成功。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 文章主要讲述了女主人Helene An在五个女儿幼时，对她们进行家庭团结观的培养，为她们日后的成功打下了坚实的基础。本文揭示了团结就是力量的道理。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。由文章第一段中的"she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied ‎ chopsticks"可知，绑在一起的筷子显示了家庭团结的力量。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的"when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't have much money"可知，答案是B项。‎ ‎3.C 推理判断题。A项与文中事实"the girls all graduated from college"不符；B项"孩子们不能忍受在家族企业中工作"与她们都在为家族企业工作的事实不符。D项"她们为家庭成员间的分歧所困扰"，而文中事实是"Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful"。C项由文中的"Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity"推理可知。‎ ‎4.D 标题判断题。由第一段中绑在一起的筷子预示着家庭团结的力量开始一直到最后一段，文章都在讲述一个主题——家庭团结造就了成功。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 作者用诙谐、幽默的语气讲述了自己高价购买的一台电视机给自己带来的诸多烦恼。 ‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。依据第一段中的"I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid."可知答案。‎ ‎2.A 词义猜测题。结合画线部分所在的句子"The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night."可知，此处指作者一开始把它带回家时，一切如此顺利以至于作者一直看到电视台"停止播放节目"。故选A。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。依据最后一段的"My trip to the repair shop cost me ＄62, and the set is working well now"可知，最终作者到维修店修理才使电视机恢复正常。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。由文章第一段的"My color television has given me nothing but a headache."，第二段中的"I actually began to build up my arm muscles (肌肉) shaking my set."，以及最后一段中的"but I keep expecting more trouble"可知，作者用幽默的语气描述了这台电视机给自己带来的烦恼。‎ ‎【长难句解读】I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn't fit. 分析：这是一个主从复合句。连词because引导原因状语从句，同时该从句又包含了一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词clothes。 译文：我能够在一年多前买下它(电视机)是因为我让我的亲戚们在我生日时给我钱而不是买大量不合身的衣服。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 本文主要讲述了"我"从父亲那里学到的钓鱼智慧。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。通过第一段中的 "But the only thing that wasn't very fun about it was that...I couldn't catch anything"可知答案。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。通过第二段的内容可推知，父亲说那句话的真正含义是让作者了解鱼的习性，故答案为C。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。通过第二段中的"That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water"与"water is usually warmer in direct sunlight...the sun hurts their eyes"可知答案。‎ ‎4.B 推理判断题。通过最后一段描述的作者回忆起父亲教导他的话可推知，进入商界后，作者发现父亲的钓鱼建议很有启发。‎ ‎5.B 文章出处题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是最后一句"I will show you how in the following chapters"可知，本文节选自一本关于销售的书。‎ Passage 8‎ ‎ 一个人干净利落，做事很有条理，而另一个人却正好相反，这样的两个人同住一室不打闹才怪呢。是什么使两位室友吵闹后又和好如初呢？‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段的"Why under my bed"可知，凯特进屋之后大喊是因为作者把自己的鞋子放在凯特的床下面了。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。作者打扫房间是在得知凯特的奶奶病重的消息之后，再根据第三段最后一句的提示可知，作者之所以这样做主要还是出于同情和关怀。‎ ‎3.B 篇章结构题。第一段用连词while，but,and巧妙地将作者和凯特的不同进行了对比，由此可知应该选择B项。‎ ‎4.D 主旨大意题。全文通过对两个生活习惯截然不同的室友由闹矛盾到和好如初的叙述生动地展示了"学做室友"这一主题。‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 一对陌生的老年夫妇，一束美丽的鲜花，一颗纯真的童心，一幅温馨的画面。‎ ‎1.D 主旨大意题。举手之劳的一枝花竟然让对方无比感激，作者显然意在告诉我们小小的善意也能带来巨大的快乐。前三项分别表示"人越小心越好""事实胜于雄辩""爱始于微笑"。‎ ‎2.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"I was amazed that he'd come up with this sweet idea"可知,他提出的买花的主意赢得了作者的支持。‎ ‎3.C ‎ ‎ 词义猜测题。根据本句后半部分中的内容可推测作者的儿子看到血和医疗设备后非常"害怕"。另外，下一句中的内容也是他害怕的表现。‎ ‎4.A 标题判断题。文章最后凸显的是花的力量，所以此项最能概括文章大意。其余选项过于笼统，不具有针对性。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 文中讲述了作者的童年趣事，作者回顾了小时候随父母从Coeur d'Alene搬迁到Fairbanks后的一些冒险经历。‎ ‎1.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn't care much about my bedtime"以及第三段中的"Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk.That left me in a mess"可推知，作者的父母很忙。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel (桶) of paint but couldn't really get a good fire going"以及第四段中的"I hadn't turned 5 yet"可知，作者四岁时差点儿引发火灾。‎ ‎3.A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder(驾雪橇者 )"可知，Leonhard擅长驾驶雪橇。‎ ‎4.A 作者意图题。文章回顾了作者小时候随父母从Coeur d'Alene搬迁到Fairbanks后的一些冒险经历。‎ Passage 11‎ ‎ 文章叙述了作者13岁时妈妈送给她的生日礼物——一个图章戒指失而复得的故事。‎ ‎1.A 词义猜测题。结合第一段第二句可知，好像除了作者以外每个女孩都有图章戒指，由此可知在当时戴图章戒指很"流行"。fashionable"流行的，时兴的"；available"可得到的"；practical"适用的"；renewable"可更新的"。故选A项。 ‎ ‎2.D 数字计算题。第一段提到作者在13岁时得到图章戒指；第三段提到图章戒指丢失两年后房屋被卖掉；第六段提到新住户在买完房子13年后装修房屋时意外发现图章戒指。综合上述内容可知，此时作者大概是28岁（13+2+13=28）。 ‎ ‎3.A 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，作者在15岁时搬了一次家，又依据第四段首句可知数年后，作者又搬了两次家，故A项正确；B项与第三段倒数第二句不符；依据倒数第二段最后一句可知，清洗戒指的是a jeweler而不是房屋买家，故C项错误；D项与第三段第二句不符。‎ ‎4.B 标题判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述图章戒指"失而复得"的故事，因此"Lost and Found"作为标题最适合。 ‎ 专题八 史地人文类答案 Passage 1‎ ‎ 我们每个人都有一种"超能力"。我们应该尽量超越自己，利用这种"超能力"去做一些非凡的事情，帮助他人，并改善世界。‎ ‎1.B 词义猜测题。根据第三、四、五段的内容，尤其是"to improve the world" "to make a difference in the lives of others"及"devote some of your time...involved"可知，画线部分指的应是帮助他人、改善世界的人生价值。故B项正确。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的"we are inspired...doing extraordinary things to improve the world"和第四段中的"They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others"可知，作者讲他们每天都受鼓励的原因是他们周围的一些人在做非凡的事情以让世界变得更美好。故C项正确。‎ ‎3.B 推理判断题。根据第五段中的"But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself... Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause..."可知，作者强调的内容是"我们要超越自我，采取行动，帮助他人"。所以B项正确。‎ ‎4.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"...the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead"可知，作者认为最穷困的人的生活会变得更加美好。所以A项正确。‎ ‎【长难句解读】It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.‎ 分析：这是一个主从复合句。句中who和how均引导宾语从句，分别作changed和about的宾语。‎ 译文：它改变了我们，继续激发我们对未来几年里最贫困的人们的生活质量会有多大的提高保持乐观。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ 文章简单介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义以及沉默的治疗价值等内容。‎ ‎1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段第三句"A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry"（某一谈话中的沉默可能也表示倔强、不安或者担忧）可知，silence in conversations具有文化特异性。故选C。‎ ‎2.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing"可知，中国人可能认为一个人在谈话时突然停顿是希望听话人去仔细思考。故选A。‎ ‎3.D 细节理解题。根据最后一段，尤其是最后一句"A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures"可知，护士应该充分利用沉默的治愈价值。故选D。‎ ‎4.B 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义，故选B。文章未谈及Sound，所以A项不对；文章虽谈到了Silence to Native Americans，但这不是文章的中心内容，故排除C项；文章未涉及Speech Is Silver的内容，所以D项也不对。‎ ‎【长难句解读】Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.分析：when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops是时间状语从句，what may be implied是主语从句，what在主语从句中作主语，that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing是表语从句，表语从句中含有宾语从句what has been said before continuing，what在宾语从句中作主语。译文：所以当一个来自这些文化之一的人在讲话时突然停住了，可能那个人是在继续（讲话）之前暗示听众去思考他之前说了什么。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ 这是一篇社会类文章。本文介绍了有关法属圭亚那土著人的生活方面的内容。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs" "In theory, they should live by the French law"可知，作者感到惊讶的是法属圭亚那的土著人有自己的法律和社会风俗，他们很少遵守法国的法律。所以A项正确。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life"及最后一段中的"His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show..."可知，Gin是以一名摄影师的身份介绍圭亚那的。所以D项正确。‎ ‎3.D 观点态度题。由第三段中的"I have a special love for the French Guianese people" "I don't see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom"可知，Gin很欣赏圭亚那土著人的生活方式。所以D项正确。‎ ‎4.A 代词指代题。根据最后一段中的"These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide"可知，it指代的是上文的"the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic"。所以A项正确。‎ ‎【长难句解读】However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of "lawlessness" in the world.‎ 分析：这是一个主从复合句。句中that引导宾语从句，从句中的making them into an interesting area of "lawlessness" in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语。‎ 译文：然而，他们偏远的位置意味着法国的法律经常被忽略或是不为人知的，因此这使它们变成一个世界上有趣的不受法律约束的地区。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ 本文描述了作者在严冬季节去佛罗里达州的萨拉索塔市(Sarasota)过周末的感受。在温暖如春的萨拉索塔市，各种蔬菜水果生机勃勃，而在寒冷的美国东北部，表面诱人的西红柿却食之无味。‎ ‎1.B 推理判断题。根据文章第一句中的"The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter"可判断，作者认为纽约的冬天很无趣。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的"the best part...was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call"及第二段内容可知，作者早上七点起床去集贸市场，看到各种新鲜的蔬菜水果，所以她认为早起很值得。‎ ‎3.B 推理判断题。根据第三段可知，多年来,作者在冬季都不买西红柿。由第二句"No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless"可判断，在纽约市的冬季，西红柿在商店看起来挺好的，但是拿到家里吃起来却没有味道。因此答案为B。‎ ‎4.C 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的"I was planning to have dinner that very night"可知答案为C。‎ ‎【长难句解读】These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn't be ‎ experiencing again for months. 分析：破折号后面的句子对前句进行解释。破折号后为主从复合句。主句I realized 后跟that引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中含有that引导的定语从句，该从句修饰先行词things。 译文：这些都是货真价实的瓜果蔬菜——就在那一刻，我意识到，萨拉索塔冬天的最美妙之处在于可以吃到新鲜的瓜果蔬菜，而我一旦回到纽约的家中，连续几个月都无法品尝到这些瓜果蔬菜。‎ Passage 5‎ ‎ 芝加哥早期城市规划不合理，一遇洪灾路面就会十分泥泞，后来在工程师Ellis Chesbrough和George Pullman的努力下，成功将城市路面以及建筑物提高，避免路面受洪灾影响，但这又导致了另外一个问题的出现。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。从文章第一段的内容可知，作者讲这个笑话是为了证明芝加哥的路面十分泥泞。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。从文章第三段第一句"An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt"可得出答案。‎ ‎3.B 词义猜测题。根据文章第四段画线词后面的"Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily"可知，hoist与lift同义。‎ ‎4.A 推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句"Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening"可推断出Tremont Hotel的移动工程进行得很顺利。‎ ‎5.C 主旨大意题。根据整篇文章可知，本文主要讲的是芝加哥早期（关于城市规划）的工程问题以及解决方案。‎ Passage 6‎ ‎ 文章主要说明了在阳光充足的环境中生长的咖啡豆对周围环境的影响。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"...leads to air pollution and global warming"可知,在阳光充足的环境中生长的咖啡豆会导致空气污染和全球变暖。‎ ‎2.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的"But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible... The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee"可知,消费者是有选择的,要尽可能购买树荫下生长出来的咖啡豆,因为这对于地球的未来来说是很值得的。由此可以推断出,作者写作本文的目的是"劝说"。故答案为D。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。文章主要说明的是在阳光充足的环境中生长的咖啡豆对周围环境的影响,文章主题是有关农业的,由此可判断出本篇文章来自一本农业杂志。故答案为A。‎ ‎4.A 文章结构题。首先文章第一段提出在阳光充足的环境中生长的咖啡豆会带来一些危害；第二、三、四段通过具体的事例来说明第一段的观点；第五段中，作者总结上文内容并给出了自己的观点。故答案为A。‎ ‎【长难句解读】It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology.分析：根据句子结构来分析,此句中It是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的从句；much coffee is grown是一个定语从句,修饰先行词the way。译文：很显然，许多咖啡的种植方式影响着生活的许多方面,从当地环境到全球生态。‎ Passage 7‎ ‎ 本文介绍了在非洲骑着马近距离观赏野生动物的奇妙之处。‎ ‎1.C 代词指代题。上两句中谈到了"Several safari camps"给游客提供的服务以及它们的特点，本句又说明它们因为给游客提供美妙的骑马的经历而闻名，因此They指的是上文提到的"Several safari camps"。‎ ‎2.D 细节理解题。依据第三段的第四、五、六句可知，作者认为坐在马背上近距离接触那些野生动物最让人激动。‎ ‎3.B 词义猜测题。依据上一句中的"a more relaxed and unhurried pace"可知，傍晚的旅程是缓慢的、平静的， 故选B项。‎ ‎4.B 写作手法题。作者在第三段中先说了早上的旅程，第四段涉及晚上的旅程，尾段谈到回到营地，由此可知作者是按时间顺序写的。‎ Passage8‎ ‎ 保护古建筑与城市的发展是对矛盾，如何解决这个矛盾？作者就此谈了自己的看法。‎ ‎1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句"Not all historical buildings are attractive"可知并非所有的历史建筑都有吸引力，也即部分没有吸引力。故选A。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段首句"It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破坏) the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too"可知，作者认可有些古建筑破坏了其所在的地区。故选C。‎ ‎3.C 短语猜测题。根据画线部分后的"If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice"可知选C。‎ ‎4.D 写作意图题。本文为议论文，作者就热门话题——古建筑保护与新建筑的建设是否矛盾的问题发表了自己的看法。作者在第二段提出自己的观点：In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. 接下来就此进行了论证。故选D。‎ Passage 9‎ ‎ 虽然很多动物比如蜥蜴可以在水上行走，但是在水上行走一直是人类难以实现的梦想，本文介绍一种可行的原理，不过目前仍然处于理论研究层面。‎ ‎1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知答案，人类不能在水上行走主要是因为受到其生理上的局限。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段第四句中的"20 steps per second"可知，一种蜥蜴能够在水上行走，速度是非常关键的。B项干扰性很强，但是蜥蜴并不是待在水面上，需要用脚快速击打水面。‎ ‎3.A 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，玉米粉的作用是使水变稠。"thickening"与A项中的"thick"一致。‎ ‎4.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的陈述可知，该设想理论上可行但是目前尚不能实现。‎ Passage 10‎ ‎ 本文主要介绍了探戈舞的起源和发展过程等。‎ ‎1.D 细节理解题。文章第一、二段介绍的是探戈舞的起源，belly dancing是当时在欧洲流行的舞蹈之一，与探戈舞的起源无关，因此A项可排除；一战归来的美国士兵将探戈舞带到了美国，这属于探戈舞的发展史，而不是起源，B项也可排除；C项和D项为两个地名，通读第一段可知，探戈舞起源于阿根廷的首都Buenos Aires，故选D。‎ ‎2.C 细节理解题。A项的内容文中没有提及，故排除A项；根据第二段的首句"At the beginning the tango was a dance of the lower classes."和最后一句"Gradually, the dance spread into the upper classes of Argentinean society and became more respectable."可排除B项；D项与最后一段最后一句中的"and in 2003 the Argentinean embassy in Seoul hired a local tango dancer to act as a kind of dance ambassador, and promote tango dancing throughout South Korea"不符；根据第二段的第三句"At that time there were many fewer women than men, so if a man didn't want to be left out, his only choice was to dance with another man so that he could attract the attention of the few available women."可知C项正确。‎ ‎3.C ‎ ‎ 细节理解题。通读全文后可知，探戈舞传到美国是在第一次世界大战之后，传到日本是在1926年，在韩国流传开来是在2003年，显然A、B、D三项均可排除。根据第三段的内容可知，探戈舞在其诞生后不久就传到了法国，其诞生大约是在1870年，因此传到法国应该是在一战前。故选C。‎ ‎4.B 标题归纳题。本文介绍的是探戈舞的起源及其发展史，故选B。‎ ‎【长难句解读】At that time there were many fewer women than men, so if a man didn't want to be left out, his only choice was to dance with another man so that he could attract the attention of the few available women.‎ 分析：这是个so连接的前后为因果关系的并列句。At that time there were many fewer women than men为第一分句，so后的句子为第二分句，第二分句中又包含一个条件状语从句：if a man didn't want to be left out，his only choice was to dance with another man为这个条件状语从句的主句，so that he could attract the attention of the few available women为目的状语从句。‎ 译文：当时，（跳探戈舞的）女性比男性少得多，所以，如果某个男子不想被冷落的话，他唯一的选择就是和另一个男子跳舞，以便能够吸引为数不多的女性的注意。‎ Passage 11‎ ‎ 本文讲述了西红柿被西方人逐步接受的过程。‎ ‎1.D 推理判断题。 根据文章第一段描述的"那些基督教徒认为苹果是一种邪恶的水果"以及第一段的最后一句可推知，西红柿被拒绝的原因与宗教有关，故选D项。‎ ‎2.C 推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句中的"Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato"可知，谨慎的西方人长期忽视西红柿。故选C项。‎ ‎3.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Robert Johnson说的话"I'll show you ... things are good to eat!"可知，他想推广西红柿，让人们接受西红柿。故选B项。‎ ‎4.C 写作意图题。本文讲述了西红柿被西方人逐步接受的过程。故选C项。‎