高考英语作文写作基础过渡词的运用

高考英语作文写作基础过渡词的运用

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。高考英语作文写作基础——过渡词的运用一.教学内容：英语写作专题训练——过渡词众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（TransitionalWords）是连接这些部分的纽带。    过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。一、过渡词的分类1.根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类： （1）表并列关系的过渡词:and,also，aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly…butalso,both…and,either…or,neither…nor （2）表递进关系的过渡词:besides,inaddition（加之，除……之外）,moreover(此外，而且),what’smore，what’sworse （3）表转折对比的过渡词：but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inpiteof,whereas,unlike,nevertheless,notonly…butalso,here…there,yearsago…today,this…that,theformer…thelatter,then…now,thefirst…whereasthesecond,once…now,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand,some…others （4）表原因的过渡词: because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto（由于） （5）表结果的过渡词:so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,thereby,hence,so…that,such…that    （6）表条件的过渡词:if,unless,onconditionthat,as/solongas （7）表时间的过渡词:when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon, eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment （8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterward(s)（后来）,meanwhile（几乎同时）,thereafter（在那以后）,last,finally,eventually（终于） （9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词: inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway （10）表进行举例说明的过渡词:forinstance,forexample,like,suchas （11）表陈述事实的过渡词: infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth （12）表强调的过渡词:certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously （13）表比较的过渡词：like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto （14表目的的过渡词forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soas6 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。to （15）表总结的过渡词: inaword(总之，简言之),ingeneral,inshort(总之),aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary 2.文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头,“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。 （1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头： first,firstofall,atfirst,inthefirstplace,firstly,tobeingwith,tostartwith,recently,now,atpresent,inrecentyears,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,atpresent,lately,currently,Itisoftensaidthat…,Astheproverbsays…, Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…,Itisclear/obviousthat…,Manypeopleoftenask… （2）用于“承”的过渡词语 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中： second,similarly,inaddition,besides,then,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,whatisworse,forexample,forinstance,certainly,surely,obviously,inotherwords,especially,particularly,inparticular,indeed,still,third,truly,infact,atthesametime,nodoubt，Itistruethat…,Everybodyknowsthat…, Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…,Noonecandenythat…Thereasonwhy…isthat…, Thereisnodoubtthat…,Totake…foranexample(instance)…,Weknowthat…, Whatismoreseriousisthat… （3）用于“转”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中： but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inanycase,atanyrate(无论如何),nevertheless(虽然如此),otherwise,or,orelse,while,whereas,but,despite,inspiteof...,yet,instead,Idonotbelievethat…, Perhapsyou’llaskwhy…That’swhyIfeelthat… Thismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…, Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…,yetdifferenceswillbefound, （4）用于“合”的过渡词语   用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中： inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking，tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary,therefore,asaresult,aboveall,thus，afterall(毕竟),eventually,hence,inshort,inconclusion,inaword,insum(总之),onthewhole(就整体而言),tosumup Fromthispointofview…Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat… Theresultisdependenton…Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…二、过渡词的应用 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如： 1.学生习作 TVandwebsite  TVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.6 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。Websitesalsohavedifferentsections.Youmaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.  Theyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.  Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofitissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.  Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter. 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。 修改后的文章： TVandwebsiteBothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitesalsohavedifferentsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.  However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.Aboveall,movingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation,whichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschangeeverydayandprofessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.  Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段 第一段第一句为：BothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon. 第二段第一句为：However,theyaredifferentinmanyways. 第三段第一句为：Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures…这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both…and,However,Inaword使全文有序地衔接起来。 如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。（见上文）我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。  Asanewwayofshopping,onlineshoppingisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinourdailylife.  Onlineshoppinghasmanydisadvantages.First,onlineshoppingmakesiteasierforustobuythings.Insteadofsearchingacrowdedstore,wejustneedtowatchthecomputerscreenandchoosethethingswelike.Second,itismuchfasterforustodoshopping.Wedon’thavetospendalotoftimegoingtoshops.Third,wecanseeagreatdealofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenatthesametime. However,onlineshoppingisnotsoperfect.Thepicturesofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenarenotalwayswhattheyare.Asaresult,wecanbecheatedeasily.What’sworse,wecannotseethethingsindetail.  Despitethedisadvantagesofonlineshopping,Ithinkitisanadvancedwaytodoshopping.Soweshoulddevelopit.6 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。2.高考作文题    1）假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。 注意： 1.词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。 2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3.参考词汇：牛津——Oxford   费用——fee DearSir/Madame, ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Yours, LiHuaPossibleversion:DearSir/Madame, I’mwritingformoreinformationaboutthedaytourtoLondon. AsastudentatOxfordUniversity,I’dliketoknowifyouhaveanyspecialpriceforstudents.Asforthemoneyyoucharge,doesitcovertheentrancefeesforvisitingtheplaceslisted?Whataboutlunch?Isitincluded?OrdoIneedtobringalongmyownfood?  Howlongwillthetourlast?SinceIneedtopreparemylessonsforthenextday,I’dliketoknowthetimetoreturn.Besides,isthereanytimeforshopping?IreallywanttohavealookatthebigstoresinLondon. Yours,  LiHua2）第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）第一节 情景作文（20分） 美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。 注意： 1.信的开头已为你写好。 2.词数不少于60。 DearJeff, I’mLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.I’mveryhappytolearnthatyou’regoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyou’reinBeijing.                                                                                                                                        Bestwishes,                                                         LiHua Possible6 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。version: DearJeff, I’mLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.I’mveryhappytolearnthatyou’regoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyou’reinBeijing. Whileyouarehere,we’llprovideyouwitharoomofyourownwithabed,adesk,acoupleofchairsandaTV.You’llalsohaveyourownbathroom.Ourschoolisquiteclosetoourhome,sowecouldgotoschooltogetherbybike.Atnoonwe’lleatattheschooldininghall.I’msureyou’lllikethedeliciousChinesefoodthere,andenjoytalkingwithfriendsoverlunch.Classesinourschoolusuallyfinishat4:00intheafternoon.Youcanthenjoinotherstudentsinplayingballgamesorswimming.It’llbealotoffun. Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorrequests,pleaseletmeknow.We’lltryourbesttomakeyourstayhereinBeijingapleasantexperience.                                                          Bestwishes,                                                         LiHua 第二节 开放作文（15分） 请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。 InyourEnglishclass,theteachershowsthispictureofalittleboylookingintoamirror,andaskstheclasstodiscussit.Yourclassmateshavedifferentunderstandings. Lookatthepicturecarefullyandtelltheclasshowyouunderstandthepicture.Writewhatyouwouldsayonthenextpage.    请将开放作文写在右侧横线内Onepossibleversion: Wecanseeinthepicturealittleboystandinginfrontofamirror.He’slettinghisimaginationfly.Whatheseesinthemirrorisnothisphysicalselfbutwhathewillbelikeintwentyyears.Althoughheissmallandshortnow,hebelieveshewillgrowuptobeatallandstrongyoungmanlikeYaoMing,whoheadmires.Ithinkthispicturetriestotellusthatweshouldalwayslookintothefuturewithhopeandconfidence.3） 假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。 赞成迁出： 反对迁出： 1.游客多，交通堵塞 2.郊区环境好 1.建于1906年，中外闻名 2.搬迁易造成动物死亡注意： 1.词数100字左右，信的开头已为你写好。 2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3.6 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。参考词汇：郊区—suburb June3,2005 DearEditor,  Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________                                                                       June3,2005 DearEditor,  Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.Someofmyclassmatesareinfavorofthemove.Theysaylargecrowdsoftouriststothezoowillresultintrafficjams.Theyalsosaythatoncemovedanimalswillhavemorespaceandbetterlivingconditionsinthesuburbs.However,otherstudentsareagainsttheidea,sayingthattheBeijingZoo,builtin1906,hasahistoryof100years,andiswell–knownathomeandabroad.Soitshouldremainwhereitis.What’smore,movingmaycausethedeathofsomeanimals.Tomoveornot,thisisabigdecisionwhichhastobemadebypeopleinBeijing. Yourstruly, LiHua6