2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十七)说明文之现象类——确定说明对象，查找说明顺序和方法

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十七)说明文之现象类——确定说明对象，查找说明顺序和方法

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十七) 说明文之现象类——确定说明对象，查找说明顺序和方法 破解现象类说明文的关键：首先确定主题句，它常常位于篇首，通过主题句确定文章的说明对象。其次，要在略读全文时确定说明的顺序和方法，这是文章的核心部分，是命题的切入点，也是解题的关键。然后迅速浏览题干，结合题干要求到文中寻找关键对应点，从而确定答案。‎ ‎[确定说明对象，查找说明顺序和方法]‎ ‎[高考典例]　2018•全国卷Ⅰ•C篇 ‎[读文解题技法]‎ ‎　说明对象 时间1‎ 数字1‎ 时间2‎ 数字2‎ 时间3‎ 数字3‎ 时间4‎ 数字4‎ 数字5‎ 数字6‎ 数字7‎ ‎[1]Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ ‎[2]Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries，trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ ‎[3]At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.‎ ‎[4]Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with ‎ ‎1.速读首段查找主题句，确定说明对象 本文的主题句在首段but后，说明语言正在消失这一现象。‎ ‎2.略读全文查找说明顺序和说明方法 本文以时间顺序采用各种数字来说明语言消失的规律。‎ ‎3.结合题干要求比对原文定答案 结合题干中的关键词，比对各种数字背后暗含的意义，得出正确答案。‎ a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.‎ ‎[利用说明顺序和方法巧解题]‎ ‎28.What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times？‎ A.They developed very fast. ‎ B.They were large in number.‎ C.They had similar patterns. ‎ D.They were closely connected.‎ 采猎时期――→定位第一段中的“时间1”和“数字1”，即可推出答案。‎ ‎30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？‎ A.About 6，800. ‎ B.About 3，400.‎ C.About 2，400. ‎ D.About 1，200.‎ 由关键词――→定位　第三段中的“时间4”、“数字4”、“数字5”和“数字6”，分析得出答案。‎ ‎31．What is the main idea of the text？‎ ‎―→文章主旨题：由说明对象及数字变化得出答案。‎ A．New languages will be created. ‎ B．People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.‎ C．Human development results in fewer languages. ‎ D．Geography determines language evolution.‎ ‎[答案]　28.B　30.B　31.C ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Real literary travelers often travel to the birthplace or residence of a writer, or to the setting of a famous scene. We’ve prepared a small list of literary travel destinations.‎ London, England In London, literary landmarks are so common that “blue plaques” are often found on the homes or schools of famous writers. They have been introduced to show wellknown literary sites. One can be found at 221B Baker Street — the apartment of famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. But watch out for false plaques, such as the Jacob Von Hogflume’s, where the inventor of time travel would live in 2189.‎ To truly experience literature in person, you can also visit StratforduponAvon, the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and watch nightly performances of his plays.‎ Rome, Italy ‎“Go to Rome — at once the Paradise, ‎ The grave, the city, and the wilderness ...” ‎ This is from an elegy (挽歌) to John Keats, who traveled to Rome in the hope that the air would cure his illness but died within three months. Despite the fact that Keats’ visit was a quick one, Rome has a reminder of it — the KeatsShelley House.‎ Just across the street is the Antico Caffè Greco, a cafe frequented by famous authors like Dickens, Byron, Shelley ...，but you probably get the idea that this is somewhere any literary ‎ traveler has to go.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇旅游指南，主要向文学旅行者介绍了伦敦和罗马的几个文学旅游景点。‎ ‎1．According to the passage, true literary travelers are less likely to visit ________.‎ A．221B Baker Street B．the Jacob Von Hogflume’s C．StratforduponAvon D．the KeatsShelley House 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据London, England部分中的“But watch out for false plaques, such as the Jacob Von Hogflume’s”中的关键词“watch out for ”(留意)和false(假的)可知，B项正确。‎ ‎2．What’s the function of “blue plaques” in London?‎ A．To confuse literary travelers.‎ B．To introduce famous English writers.‎ C．To show nightly performances.‎ D．To represent famous literary landmarks.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据London, England部分中的“They have been introduced to show wellknown literary sites.”可知，蓝牌代表著名的文学地标，故D项正确。‎ ‎3．Why is the Antico Caffè Greco favored by literary travelers?‎ A．It is famous for offering coffee of high quality.‎ B．It was regularly visited by many famous writers.‎ C．It is located opposite the KeatsShelley House.‎ D．It is regarded as a reminder of Rome.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据Rome, Italy部分中的“a cafe frequented by famous authors”可知，B项正确。‎ B ‎(2019•南昌市重点中学高三段考)Following Mo Yan’s Nobel Prize, the usually silent Chinese literary circle got warmed up again. A Shanghai writer named Jin Yucheng surprised nearly everyone by making his new novel full of the Shanghai dialect (方言)．‎ Published in 2012, the 350,000word Blossoms is a novel about the changes in Shanghai over 30 years, drawing clear images of the city through the stories of many common people. There is no main story like most novels, but every story in it could run independently. While Putonghua is the standard choice for Chinese literature today, Jin’s use of the Shanghai dialect appears both different and bold.‎ ‎“I have seen too many novels that look similar to each other. Chinese literature is getting monotonous both in language and form. I want to be special with my own language, ” Jin told the Global Times.‎ In the novel, Jin makes a breakthrough by mainly using dialogues to unfold various plots and represent typical characters on a daily basis. He also abandons the use of some punctuation like quotation marks (引号), showing a return to the traditional Chinese huaben (话本) genre.‎ Since its publication, the book has been widely recommended on Sina Weibo with many netizens rating the novel high for its unique use of the dialect and vivid description of life using plain speech.‎ Jin said that he got the idea of writing the novel while chatting in an online forum where people use the Shanghai dialect. The praise he received from the netizens encouraged him to continue ‎ writing the random stories.‎ ‎“I’d like to see more writers to follow my lead. It will enrich our literature and make it diverse，” he said.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了上海作家金宇澄的小说《繁花》。‎ ‎4．What can we know from the first two paragraphs?‎ A．The Chinese literary circle is always silent.‎ B．Mo Yan was surprised at Jin Yucheng’s new novel.‎ C．The novel represents a modern lifestyle in Shanghai.‎ D．The stories in the novel aren’t linked to each other.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“There is no main story like most novels, but every story in it could run independently.”可知，《繁花》没有像大多数小说那样有一个主要故事，但它的每一个故事都可以独立成篇。据此可知，这部小说中的故事并没有互相联系，故D项正确。‎ ‎5．What does the underlined word “monotonous” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A．Lacking in variety.‎ B．Short of expectations.‎ C．Wanting further improvement.‎ D．Requiring more consideration.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知，金宇澄认为中国的很多小说看上去彼此相似；再结合该段第三句中的“I want to be special with my own language”可知，他想要用自己的语言让自己的小说有特色。据此可推知画线词与A项含义相近。‎ ‎6．How does Jin Yucheng make a breakthrough in his new novel?‎ A．By inventing lots of typical characters.‎ B．By creating a vivid background.‎ C．By employing dialogues to develop plots and characters.‎ D．By playing with beautiful words in Shanghai dialect.‎ 解析：选C　 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“In the novel, Jin makes a breakthrough by mainly using dialogues to unfold various plots and represent typical characters on a daily basis.”可知，金宇澄在小说中主要是使用对话来展开各种情节并描写日常生活中的典型人物来取得突破的，故C项正确。‎ ‎7．What encouraged Jin Yucheng to continue writing in dialect?‎ A．The netizens’ posts.‎ B．The netizens’ praise.‎ C．The citizens’ comments.‎ D．Other writers’ encouragement.‎ 解析：选B　 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句“The praise he received from the netizens encouraged him to continue writing the random stories.”可知，网民们的赞扬鼓励他继续用方言写作，故B项正确。‎ C Snow White is the story of an Evil (邪恶的) Queen who is jealous (妒忌的) of her beautiful stepdaughter and asks a huntsman (猎人) to kill her. After the huntsman is unable to complete the task, Snow White runs throughout the forest and finds a small house of seven dwarfs (小矮人). Hearing that the huntsman didn’t kill the Snow White from her magic mirror, the Evil Queen takes matters into her own hands and decides to find and kill Snow White herself. Pretending to ‎ be an old beggar, the Evil Queen gives Snow White a dangerous apple. Snow White falls into a deep sleep after eating the apple and is later woken up by a handsome Prince. They live happily ever after.‎ In the original Brothers Grimm tale, the above isn’t the end of the story as the Evil Queen unknowingly is invited to the wedding of Snow White and Prince. Once she arrives at Snow White’s big day, hot iron shoes are placed in front of her and she is forced to step into the burning shoes and dance until she drops dead. This ending is much darker than that seen in the Disney film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The Disney film adds a childlike wonder to the tale with the dwarfs each being named and therefore they all have their own personalities：Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy and Dopey. Also in_variation_to the original tale, the Prince and Snow White have met before her eating the apple and Snow White wakes up immediately after the Prince kissed her. They live happily ever after.‎ The film Snow White and the Huntsman added something new to the tale. The Huntsman is told to return Snow White to the Evil Queen. If he does that, the Evil Queen will bring his wife back from the dead. Upon realizing that this was an empty promise, the Huntsman decides to teach Snow White how to fight against the Evil Queen.‎ The moral (寓意) of the story hasn’t changed over time: good will win in the end over evil.‎ 语篇解读：《白雪公主》这个故事家喻户晓，但是这个故事不是只有一个版本。‎ ‎8．What’s the purpose of the author’s writing Paragraph 1?‎ A．To tell what happens to Snow White in the end.‎ B．To tell what story Snow White tells about.‎ C．To tell the original story of Snow White.‎ D．To tell about a jealous stepmother.‎ 解析：选B　作者意图题。根据第一段的内容可知，本段主要介绍了《白雪公主》这个故事的梗概。‎ ‎9．What’s the ending of the original Brothers Grimm Snow White?‎ A．The Evil Queen is directly killed by Snow White.‎ B．Snow White is killed by the Evil Queen.‎ C．Snow White becomes evil in the end.‎ D．The Evil Queen dies in great pain.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段的“Once she arrives at Snow White’s big day, hot iron shoes are placed in front of her and she is forced to step into the burning shoes and dance until she drops dead.”可知，这个版本的结局是：恶毒王后在痛苦中死去了。‎ ‎10．What does the underlined part “in variation to” in Paragraph 2 mean?‎ A．Similar to.　　　　　　 　B．Better than.‎ C．Important to. D．Different from.‎ 解析：选D　词义猜测题。这里是在介绍迪士尼的版本跟原版的不同之处，故画线部分意为“与……不同”。‎ ‎11．Which of the following hasn’t changed in the different versions of Snow White?‎ A．The huntsman’s ending. B．The theme of the story.‎ C．The scene in the story. D．Snow White’s kindness.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据末段的“The moral (寓意) of the story hasn’t changed over time: good will win in the end over evil.”可知，尽管故事的版本有很多个，但不变的是故事的主题：邪不胜正。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•贵阳监测)Reading is an interesting and useful thing. You can read a novel or a poem. But do you know how to read? Here’s some advice for you.‎ Define your purpose of reading. Before you start reading, ask yourself why you are reading this book. __1__. Being specific and clear about your reading purpose not only helps you to eliminate books that you don’t need to read, it also reminds you why reading the book is important to you as you are reading it. __2__.‎ ‎__3__. Whether you are reading fiction or nonfiction, it’s important to enjoy what you read. Your friends may recommend books that they love, but those books might not necessarily be the ones you enjoy.‎ Give up books that you don’t enjoy. You may have selected books that are aligned (使一致) with your purpose. __4__. But as you are reading them, there may still be some books that you won’t enjoy reading. Whenever you realize that you aren’t enjoying the book you are reading, give it up. Remember reading shouldn’t be a chore (令人厌烦的工作)．‎ Give yourself a deadline to complete each book. Before you read each book, ask yourself when you need to complete this book. When you don’t set a deadline to complete your book, there isn’t a sense of urgency. __5__， you tend to procrastinate (拖延)．‎ A．When something is urgent B．When something isn’t urgent C．Because reading is very important D．Read only what you are attracted to E．You may have selected books that you are attracted to F．Most people read for two main reasons — pleasure or knowledge G．This motivates you to keep reading and complete the book faster 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章就如何阅读提供了几条建议。‎ ‎1．选F　上文提到要明确你阅读的目的，在你开始阅读之前，问问自己为什么要读这本书，而F项指出，大多数人阅读的原因有两个，一个是快乐，一个是知识，前后语义衔接，故选F项。F项中的“two main reasons — pleasure or knowledge”与文中的purpose相呼应。‎ ‎2．选G　上文说明确你的阅读目的不仅可以帮助你排除你不需要阅读的书，这也提醒你读(正在读的)这本书的重要性，这会激励你不断地阅读并更快地完成这本书，故G项与此处匹配。‎ ‎3．选D　根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为段落主题句。下文说无论你读的是小说还是非小说类纪实作品，享受你所读的东西是很重要的。D项“仅阅读能够引起你的兴趣的东西”，概括准确，故选D。其中“what you are attracted to”与“enjoy what you read”相呼应。‎ ‎4．选E　上文提到你可能选了与你的阅读目标相一致的书，E项提到你可能选了一些能够引起你的兴趣的书，前后语义衔接，故选E。‎ ‎5．选B　下文说你倾向于拖延，且空处后为逗号；结合空前一句可知，空处所在句表示当事情并不紧急时，你有拖延的倾向，前后语义一致，故选B。‎