高考英语考点14 动词的被动语态

高考英语考点14 动词的被动语态

1 考点 14 动词的被动语态 高考频度：★★★★★ 【命题解读】 动词的语态是历年高考的重点，也是高考的必考点。高考主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式对被动语 态这一考点进行考查，动词的语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。 【命题预测】 预计 2019 年高考语态仍将是高考考查的重点和难点所在，考查形式仍以语法填空和短文改错题型为主， 很可能会与动词的时态及其他的语法点结合起来进行考查。 【复习建议】 1. 掌握被动语态的基本时态变化； 2. 掌握被动语态的特殊结构形式； 3. 掌握不能用被动语态的几种情况； 4. 掌握主动形式表示被动意义的情况。 知识网络 序号 常用被动语态 构成 序 号 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注意事项 被动语态的否定式是 在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介 副词。固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为 被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in sum mer. 夏天不应该种树。 The boy was made fun of by his classmates. 这个男孩被他的同学取笑。 Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 报纸过去常被小女孩送到这里。 2 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般 可用 被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that … It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 考向一 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由 be＋过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 时 体 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 is / am / are done was / were done will / shall be done would / should be done 进行 is / am / are being done was / were being done 完成 have / has been done had been done will / shall have been done would / should have been done 被动语态的特殊结构形式 （1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. （2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾 语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 时 3 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. （3）当＂动词+宾语+宾语补足语＂结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. （4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾 语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. （5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如＂动词＋介词＂，＂动词＋副词＂等，也可以用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 1. （2018·北京卷·单项填空）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________ in the mountains for two days. A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped 【答案】D 2. （2018·天津卷·单项填空）My washing machine ___________this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. A. was repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 【答案】C 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句 so I have to wash my clothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选 C。#网 3. （2017·北京卷·单项填空）In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless 4 phones _______ yet. A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented 【答案】D 4. （2017·天津卷·单项填空） Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ___________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards 【答案】B 【解析】句意：现在骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语 regard...as… (把……看做……)和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除 A 和 D；由介词短语 along with 连接的三个名词作主语， 谓语动词应该就前一致，即用单数，排除 C。故选 B。 5.（2017·新课标 I 卷·语法填空）When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. 【答案】are removed 【解析】考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉。分析可知 fat，salt 和 move 之间是被动关系， 脂肪和盐分是两种东西，且是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填 are removed。 考向二 不能用被动语态的几种情况： 1.（1）所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。 （2）表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit 等。 （3）表示归属的动词，如 have、own、belong to 等。 （4）表示＂希望、意图＂的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate 等。 （5）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 考向三 主动形式表被动意义的情况： （1）系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel，sound，taste，book，feel 等在主 系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 5 （2）当 cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep 等词带状语修饰语时； （3）当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out 等动词词组表示＂发生、关闭、制定＂等意 思时； （4）want，require，need 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 （5）be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。 （6）在＂be + 形容词 + to do＂中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。 As time went on, Einstein’s theory __________ to be correct. A. proved B. proves C. is proved D. was proved 【答案】 A 【巧学妙记】 主动语态变被动语态记忆口诀 一般现、过用 be done，be 有人称、时、数变。 完成时态 have done，被动将 been 加中间。 一般将来 shall (will) do，被动变 do 为 be done。 将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing。 现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。 现、过进行 be doing，被动 be 加 being done。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。 否定助后加 not，疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。 一般情助加 be done，双宾多将间宾变。 复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。 注释：①＂be 有人称、时、数变＂即 be 有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。 ②＂情助＂是指情态动词和助动词 must，may，can，shall，will 等一律随新主语(多是 6 主动句中的宾语)来变化。 ③＂疑问一助置主前＂是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一 助动词置于主语之前。 题组一 基础过关 用被动语态的形式完成下列句子 1. Don’t be nervous, and they will tell you where to sit. →Don’t be nervous, and you ____________ ____________ ____________ where to sit by them. 2. People refers to California as the Golden State. →California ____________ ____________ ____________ as the Golden State by people. 3. In order to stop the air pollution, the government have taken a lot of measures. →A lot of measures ____________ ____________ ____________ by the government in order to stop the air pollution. 4. We are discussing how to spend the summer holidays now. →How to spend the summer holidays ____________ ____________ ____________ now. 5. Miss Li can make her class lively and interesting, so her students respect her. →Miss Li can make her class lively and interesting, so she ____________ ____________ by her students. 6. Two whales have ____________ ____________ (wash) up on the beach. 7. Tom was caught smoking in school, and he ____________ ____________ (punish) for it. 8. If you leave the club, you ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ (not allow) back in. 题组二 能力提升 I．单项填空 1.I got caught in the rain on my way home and my new suit_________. A. has ruined B. had ruined C. had been ruined D. has been ruined 2.Now all the employees except the manager _________ to work online at home. A. encourages B. encourage C.is encouraged D. are encouraged 3.He __________ everywhere for materials and finally his efforts paid off. The medicine __________ to be very 7 effective. A. looked; was proved B. explored; was proved C. sought; has proved D. hunted; was proving 4.—What’s that noise? — Oh, I forget to tell you. The new machine________. A.is testing B. was being tested C.is being tested D. has been tested 5.The plan for Xiongan New Area ________ officially on April 1,2017. A. announced B. was announced C. announces D.is announced 6.Ann ______ a certificate at the end of the program to show she has learned computer skills. A. will give B. will be given C. gave D. was given 7.Martin Luther King demanded that people of all races ______. A. were equally treated B. should treat equally C.be equally treated D. are giving equal rights 8.Different types of teas ______ by skilled tea-tasters before appearing in the Tea Trade Centre. A. are tasted B. were tasted C. tasted D. have tasted 9.—Do you think he can win the prize for the race? —Impossible now. He ________ to do so, but he has just had his right leg hurt. A. has expected B.is expected C. would expect D. was expected 10.Today, the forests have almost gone. People must _________down too many trees. A. stop to cut B. stop from cutting C.be stopped to cut D.be stopped from cutting II．语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 China has once again proved its ___1___ (able) to change the world with the“new four great inventions”： high-speed railways，electronic payments，shared bicycles and online shopping． 8 They’re related to China’s high-tech innovation(创新)，___2___ has improved the quality of people’s lives， according to a survey ___3___ (make) by the Belt and Road Research Institute of Beijing Foreign Studies University． “My wallet is no longer in use．I can buy and eat whatever I want simply with a fingertip on my phone，”said ___4___ university student，adding that “even pancake sellers are using mobile payment”． The bikes ___5___ (them)are not new，but the operating model of bike-sharing ___6___(base) on satellite navigation system，mobile payment，big data and other high technologies． China has entered a new innovative era，thanks to the large amounts of capital China has invested in ___7___ (encourage)innovation，said Bernhard Schwartlander，WHO Representative in China． ___8___ is increasingly clear that China is innovating and no longer copying Western ideas．This is ___9___ (especial)true in mobile，where China is leading in many ways such as…social messaging app WeChat，she said．This is partly because China skipped over the PC era and went directly to mobile．China has the ____10____ (1arge)mobile use in the world． 题组三 体验真题 1.（2018·江苏卷﹒单项填空） I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _______ in the past two years. A. had been carried out B. would be carried out C. is being carried out D. has been carried out 2. （2017·新课标 II 卷·语法填空）Steam engines __65_(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been （fairly） (fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. 3. （2017·新课标 III 卷·语法填空）Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the next year. 4. （ 2016 · 北 京 卷 ﹒ 单 项 填 空 ） The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ____________ with success in the end. A. rewarded B. were rewarded C. will reward D. will be rewarded 5.（2016·江苏卷﹒单项填空）More efforts, as reported, ____________ in the years ahead to accelerate the 9 supply-side structural reform. A.are made B.will be made C.are being made D.have been made 6.（2016·全国新课标卷 I﹒语法填空）So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I 62 （allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. 7.（2016·上海卷﹒语法填空）In recent years, stress (33) ____________ (regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. 8.（2016·四川卷﹒语法填空）The giant panda 41 (love) by people throughout the world. 题组一 基础过关 用被动语态的形式完成下列句子 1.will be told 2.is referred to 3.have been taken 4.is being discussed 5.is respected 6.been washed 7.was punished 8.will not be allowed 题组二 能力提升 I．单项填空 1.D 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：我在回家的路上淋了雨，新衣服被毁了。my suit 与 ruin 的关系是被动关系， 要用被动语态；从题意可知，我的衣服是过去弄湿了，现在还是湿的，用现在完成时态；主语 my new suit 是第三人称单数。故选 D。 2.D 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：目前，除了经理外，所有的员工都被鼓励可以在家里在网上工作。主语 是 all the employees，谓语用复数；与 encourage 之间是被动关系。故选 D。#网 3.C 10 4.C 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：——这个噪音是什么？——我忘记告诉你了。新的洗衣机正在被检测。 根据问句“What’s that noise?”可知，新的机器正在被检测。所以，本句要用现在进行时的被动语态。故选 C。 5.B 【解析】考查时态和语态。主语是 The plan for Xiongan New Area，与谓语动词 announce 之间是被动关系， 时间状语是 2017 年 4 月 1 号，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。 6.B 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：在这个项目结束的时候，将会给 Ann 一个证书以表明她已经学会了计算 机技能。由句意可知，Ann 和 give 之间是被动关系，且“给她证书”是这个项目结束时才会发生的事，故要 用将来时态。故 B 选项正确。 7.C 【解析】考查虚拟语气和被动语态。句意：马丁路德金要求所有种族的人被平等对待。demand 后面的宾语 从句用虚拟语气，谓语用 should do，should 可以省略，而且 people of all races 和 treat 是被动关系，故选 C。 8.A 【解析】考查时态语态。句意：在出现在茶叶交易中心之前，不同类型的茶叶被品茶师品尝。teas 和 taste 是被动关系，而且这句话表示客观事实，用一般现在时。故选 A。 9.D 10.D 【解析】考查动词语态和动词的用法。stop sb. from doing sth.是固定用法，意为“阻止某人做某事”；又因主 语 People 和 stop 之间是动宾关系，所以此处应选 D。 II．语法填空 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了中国正用“新的四大发明”来改变世界。 1. ability 【解析】考查名词。作 proved 的宾语，用名词，所以填 ability。 2. which 11 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。___2___ has improved the quality of people’s lives，作定语，修饰 China’s high-tech innovation(创新)，且有逗号隔开，所以___2___ has improved the quality of people’s lives，是一个非 限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，所以用 which。 3. made 【解析】考查非谓语动词。make 与其逻辑主语 a survey 之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语，填 made。 4. a 【解析】考查冠词。泛指“一位大学生”，且 university 的首字母发音是辅音，所以填不定冠词 a。 5. themselves 【解析】考查反身代词。句意：自行车它们本身不是新的。表示“它们本身”，所以填 themselves。 6. is based 【解析】考查时态和语态。表示主语现在的状态，用一般现在时，且 the operating model of bike-sharing 与 base on 之间是被动关系，用被动语态，所以填 is based。 7. encouraging 【解析】考查固定用法。介词 in 之后用 v-ing 形式做宾语，所以填 encouraging。 8. It 【解析】考查形式主语。that China is innovating and no longer copying Western ideas．句子真正的主语，这里 需要一个形式主语，所以填 it。 9. especially 【解析】考查副词。修饰形容词 true 用副词，所以填 especially。 10. largest 【解析】考查最高级。中国在世界上拥有最大的手机使用量。表示“最大的”，用最高级，所以填 largest。 题组三 体验真题 1.A 【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中 时间状语 last month 和 in the past two years 可知用过去完成时。故选 A。 2. were used 【解析】考查被动语态，此处表示过去的被动，故填 were used。 3. was told / has been told 12 【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可判断出谓语动词应该用一般过去时或现在完成时的被动形式， 又因主语 Sarah 是第三人称单数，故填 was told / has been told。 4.D 5.B 【解析】考查时态语态。句意：正如报道的那样，在未来几年将做出的努力，以加速供给结构改革的速度。 本句的时间状语“in the years ahead 在未来的几年里”和将来时连用，且 efforts 与动词 make 构成被动关系， 所以使用被动语态。所以要使用一般将来时的被动语态形式，故 B 正确。 6.was allowed 【解析】考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，作者是被允许走近这些动物，be allowed to do sth＂被允许做某 事＂。 7.has been regarded 8.is loved 【解析】句意：大熊猫被全世界的人喜欢。根据句意可知用一般现在时态的被动语态，The giant panda 是单 数第三人称形式，故填 is loved。#网