高考全攻略之备战2018年高考英语考点一遍过-专题48+七选五

高考全攻略之备战2018年高考英语考点一遍过-专题48+七选五

考点48 阅读理解七选五 高考频度：★★★★★‎ 阅读理解七选五要求从短文后的七个选项中（均为完整的句子）选出五个能填入文章空处的最佳选项，主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。其命题形式深受英语四六级和考研阅读多项选择题的影响，体现了《新课标》＂用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力；逐步获取用英语思维的能力。＂的阅读学习和教学理念。该题型命题形式仍然具有客观题的特点，又与完形填空具有异曲同工之妙，只是选项少，以句子形式出现，考查目的和侧重点不完全相同而已。 ‎ 从《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述＂主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。＂可以得出以下判断：该题备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。‎ 文章体裁以说明文为主，语篇模式较为固定：提出问题——提供解决方案。文章题材较为固定：与学生的日常生活学习紧密相关。‎ ‎【题型分析】‎ ‎ 分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键，英语的语篇（discourse）通常是由句子和语段（sentence group）构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意，所谓的＂积句而成章，积章而成篇。＂就是这个道理。‎ ‎ 分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。‎ ‎ 语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词，逻辑性插入语来连接，‎ 在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。‎ ‎【解题步骤】‎ 解题步骤1‎ 在高考的现场如果考生用大量的时间来彻底读懂文章的意思其实是不现实的，也是没有必要的，我们可以尝试以下四步走。‎ 1. 先读文章的开始部分，明确文章的基本话题，然后仔细阅读五个空各自的前后句寻找并画出关键词。‎ ‎【巧学妙记】‎ ‎（一名(名词)袋（代词）鼠（数次）很特殊（特殊疑问词），连（连词）蹦（动词）带跳很彪（标点/标题）悍。）‎ ‎2.要对文章中出现的衔接手段保持敏感度。衔接手段分为三种：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。可按这几个原则判断原文的空与选项是否匹配。‎ ‎3.一旦确定一个选项，就要在该选项上做出标记（例如可以删掉），以避免干扰和分散注意力。‎ ‎4.将选项代入到文章中重读，依据行文逻辑，再次确定选项。‎ 答题技巧 细节类题型解题技巧(词汇的衔接或逻辑的衔接)‎ ‎1.词汇的衔接包括：‎ ‎（1)词汇复现 复现，是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述。‎ 复现关系，主要是指原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。‎ ‎（2)同范畴词出现 同范畴词是指跟此词汇相关或同一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。你可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。‎ ‎(3)代词线索 英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，‎ 巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例如it可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子;these 或those指代前句的复数名词。‎ ‎2.逻辑关系的衔接 ‎ 过渡性句子可以从细节逻辑上判断可分为：‎ A, 并列关系：First(ly),Second(ly),...；First, then/next,...；In the first place， in the second place...;for one thing,for another thing ,...；then /next ,finally/last 等。‎ B, 递进关系：too ,also, besides, further ,furthermore ,moreover ,what’s more , in addition ,as well , to make matters worse ,not ...but... ,not only ...but also等。‎ C, 解释例证关系：for example ,for instance ,in fact/as a matter of fact ,actually ,in other words /that is to say 等 D, 因果关系： so /therefore ,thus ,consequently(结果） ,as a result (of), so/ such ...that ...,so that ...等 E, 转折对比关系：but, however , yet ,while /though ,or /otherwise ,on the contrary ,instead, nevertheless（然而）, still ,yet, on the contrary ,in contrast / comparison 等 F, 概况归纳关系：in short , in brief , in summary ,generally speaking ,in general , to conclude ,in conclusion, in a word ,on the whole , to sum up 等。‎ ‎3.篇章结构类题解题技巧 根据试题所在位置确定不同的解题策略 ‎ ‎{1)如果问题在段首 ‎ ‎ 通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。关注每段首尾句，了解大意知主题。‎ ‎ （2)如果问题在段尾 ‎ ‎ 通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。‎ 备考策略：‎ • 注重实效。阅读时不仅要注意文章的细节，更应该注意文章的布局。‎ • 注意命题陷阱。切忌当同样的词，同样的名字或同样的日期都在语文或节选段落中出现，就认为它们是正确的选项，一定要符合逻辑，确保文章内容严谨。‎ • 注重速度。进行限时训练，培养实战观念，不可拖沓。‎ • 将近几年高考题进行分析，重点分析结构清晰分明的说明文和议论文。‎ ‎【解题步骤2】‎ （1） 在阅读过程中，重要要关注文章的首段与末段。尤其是文章的这两段的末尾句，因为＂开门见山＂与 ‎＂末尾点题＂的写作方式是最为常见的，首段的末句一般是全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为＂结尾总结＂式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意首段与末段的提示作用。‎ ‎（2）做题的时候边读边做。各个问题附近的句子都需要重点阅读，圈画一些线索粗，再从选项中寻找相关的特征词用来判断正确答案。带入排除法也是一种很好的方法。另外，如果发现有一题拿不准的，先跳过，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应该基本就能清楚了。然后再回过去做之前不确定的题目。‎ ‎（3）做完后，通读全文。将所选项放入空白处，通读一遍，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。若代入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其它选项。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。‎ ‎（4）切勿随意改答案。要特别注意的是，不要仓促的改自己的之前选定的答案。做这类的题目时，第一印象的可信度还是很高的，除非你已经常有充分的理由否定向前的选择。‎ ‎【解题策略】‎ ‎（1）从意思上判断 在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，正确理解了这些句子后，根据意思的连贯性、逻辑性或者线索词从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。‎ ‎（2）从词汇上锁定线索 做保持对一些线索词的敏感是非常重要的，要好好关注空白前后的名词和动词，然后在选项中查找它们的近义词、反义词、同义词、同类词等。其次是一些专有名词，比如说数词、代词、时间、年代、地点/名称等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。（3）从关联词作为切入点 通常，英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示过渡和衔接，让文章的思路与更清楚、逻辑更连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性;而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立;而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。以下四类为常用的关联词，请大家一定要背熟：‎ ‎　　（i）并列与递进：and, or, also，neither„nor„,either„or„,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same „as, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to ,what is more ‎　　（ii）因果：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so„that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course ‎　　（iii）转折让步：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course,although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of ‎        （ii）时间顺序：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具体的时间。‎ ‎5. 试题的位置不同，解题策略也不同 ‎（1）若问题在段首 （i）通常是段落主题句。认真阅读该段落，根据段落一致性原则，查找相关词或者同义词，从而推测出主题句，找到答案。 （ii）与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找 相关特征词。一般来说正确答案与它后面的一句话的在意思上是衔接的，所以通常情况下，这两句话中会 有某种的衔接手段。 （iii）段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部 分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。‎ ‎（2）若问题在段尾 （i）空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。 （ii）通常是结论、概括性语句。要注意表示总结的信号词，如therefore, as a result, hence, thus, to sum up, to conclude, in short, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。 （iii）与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所 讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。 （vi）与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此 根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系 的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一 句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。（i）所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头 是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。（iv）如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主 题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。‎ ‎（3）若问题是一整个自然段 （i）承上启下是这个段落的主要任务，且自成一体，所以会有一个该段落主旨。考生可以从选项中较长的选项开始阅读，以此类推直至找到正确答案。 （ii）着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句查找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头， 因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。 （iii）分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段。将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，就能得出正确答案。‎ 简单来说，最主要的两个步骤就是1.理清文章的逻辑和结构，2.在所给的原文中找出关键词或者说是线索词。文章的整体思路能帮助你在答案中筛选出符合逻辑的选项，关键词则能帮助你确定更多的细节，排除相近的选项。‎ ‎【总结】‎ 主旨大意把握好，读懂选项更重要 关键信息相匹配，核查排除不可少 经验一：前瞻后顾，寻找＂信号词＂，回到选择项中筛选。复现 经验二：浓缩句意，意义匹配，整体把握。同意 经验三：以段落为单位梳理文章脉络,留意文章的起承转合,逻辑及结构 经验四：＂7选5＂句子选择题正确选择项排列有一条不成文规律：选择项呈＂锯齿＂顺序排列，按照人们习惯，看了A就接着看B，接着看C，依此到G，而我们一般做题的正确答案都是＂参差不齐，错落有致＂的,‎ 看了D之后不看E却看A，看E，看了E之后不看 F而看C。这可能是出题者为了干扰我们常规思维而设置的障碍，因此如果考试时间允许，我们可以拿这个来初步检验我们最后的答案是否＂正确＂。‎ 这些技巧多练练就能孰能生巧。同学们学会了吗? 最后祝大家都能在今年的高考中取得好成绩!‎ 题组一（2017年高考真题）‎ Passage1(2017·新课标全国卷I)‎ If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36 ‎ The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of ‎ sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.‎ I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life. ‎ ‎ 39 We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains. ‎ ‎ 40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.‎ A. This time there was no tent.‎ B. Things are going to be improved.‎ C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.‎ D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.‎ E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping. ‎ F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.‎ G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall. ‎ Passage2(2017·新课标全国卷II )‎ Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now.‎ ‎ 37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.‎ When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.‎ When you need to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 . If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter. Excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) than when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.‎ A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work ‎ C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes D. If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area E. It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available F. It might seem unkind to cut people shirt when they interrupt you G. Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not Passage3(2017·新课标全国卷III )‎ Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resting your body clock. 36 Here’s how to make one.‎ ‎● ‎37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.‎ ‎● Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.‎ ‎● Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found. 39 ‎ ‎● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write ‎ down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.‎ A. Get a sleep specialist.‎ B. Find the right motivation.‎ C. A better plan for sleep can help.‎ D. And consider setting a second alarm.‎ E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.‎ F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.‎ G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.‎ Passage4(2017·浙江卷)‎ How to Do Man-on-the-Street Interviews The man-on-the-street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to interview people on the spot. 31 But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy.‎ ‎●When your boss or professor sends you out to do man-on-the-street interviews for a story, think about the topic and develop a list of about ten general questions relating to it. For example, if your topic is about environmental problems in America, you might ask, ＂Why do you think environmental protection is important in America?＂ 32 ‎ ‎●Hit the streets with confidence. 33 Say, ＂Excuse me, I work for XYZ News, and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.＂ This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.‎ ‎●Move on to the next person if someone tells you she is not interested in talking on camera. Don’t get discouraged.‎ ‎● 34 Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes. As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person. Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a variety of answers. If everyone is giving you the same answer, you won’t be able to use it. A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten. 35 ‎ ‎●If your news station or school requires interviewees to sign release forms to appear on the air, don’t leave work without them.‎ A. Limit your time.‎ B. As you approach people, be polite.‎ C. If you don’t own a camera, you can buy one.‎ D. For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.‎ E. To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.‎ F. That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.‎ G. With a question like this, you will get more than a ＂Yes＂ or ＂No＂ reply.‎ 题组二（2016年高考真题）‎ Passage1(2016·新课标全国卷I)‎ Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.‎ People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 　 36 　Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.‎ There are three main types of cryptography. 　 37 　For example, the first letters of ＂My elephant eats too many eels＂ spell out the hidden message ＂Meet me.＂‎ ‎　 38 　You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message ＂Meet me＂ would read ＂13 5 5 20 13 5.＂‎ A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 　 39 　For example, ＂bridge＂ might stand for ＂meet＂ and ＂out＂ might stand for ‎ ‎＂me.＂ The message ＂Bridge out＂ would actually mean ＂Meet me.＂ 　 40 　However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.‎ A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.‎ B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.‎ C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.‎ D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.‎ E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.‎ F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.‎ G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.‎ Passage2(2016·新课标全国卷II)‎ A garden that’s just right for you Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(总和) of its parts? 　 36 　. But it doesn’t happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.‎ ‎● 　 37 　 ‎ Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料). 　 38 　.However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years. ‎ ‎●Recall(回忆)your childhood memories Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not ‎ what’s important. 　39　 — how being in those gardens made us feel. If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 　40　. Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.‎ A. Know why you garden B. Find a good place for your own garden C. It’s our experience of the garden that matters D. It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too G. For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have Passage3(2016·新课标全国卷III)‎ Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 　 36 　But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult. 　 37 　This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.‎ ‎　 38 　Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh. 　 39 　When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.‎ There are many common methods used to cook fish. 　 40 　First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve.‎ A. Do not buy it.‎ B. The easiest is to steam it.‎ C. This is how you can do it.‎ D. It just requires a little knowledge.‎ E. The fish will go bad within hours.‎ F. When buying fish, you should first smell it.‎ G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.‎ Passage4(2016·北京卷)‎ The Science of Risk-Seeking Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 　71　 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.‎ The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 　72　 As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.‎ So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 　 73 　 ‎ No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 　 74 　 To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.‎ ‎　 75 　 For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.‎ As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.‎ A. It all depends on your character.‎ B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.‎ C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.‎ D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.‎ E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.‎ F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.‎ G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.‎ 题组三（2017年名校模拟题）‎ Passage 1(2017届 2017届河北省衡水中学高三下学期第三次摸底考试)‎ ‎ Controlling Anger Becoming angry is something beyond the control of people 　 1 　Becoming angry can do a lot of damages, both mental and physical. However, there are methods for discovering how to control anger and not suffer later.‎ ‎● 　 2 　The moment you feel there are chances of you becoming angry, get away from those circumstances. In fact, there can be no better a judge than you, for discovering what it is or who it is that makes you become angry, and then at that moment choose to think about something else that can lighten your feelings.‎ ‎●Keep a check on your breathing. 　 3 　By controlling the process of breathing, you can actually slow down your anger greatly. You can count till the number three as you breathe in, hold it for 3 seconds and again count till three while breathing out. You have to concentrate on the count as you do this and repeat for as many times as is required.‎ ‎● 　 4 　For example, if you're experiencing road anger while driving, ‎ you can choose to tell yourself that the person who overtook you by a vehicle was in a hurry as a result of some emergency and appreciate the fact that nothing major had happened to your car. Repeat this form of self-talk to yourself every time you are in the middle of such an angry situation.‎ ‎●Look for a support in other people. 　 5 　It needs to be clear right at the beginning as to why you are discussing your concerns with that individual. Let the other individual know what you want from the other person. After you're done with your part of discussing about the circumstances, chances are that you'll feel much better than before.‎ A. Talk to yourself positively.‎ B. Come to a stop as soon as you are angry.‎ C. Try to see the situation in a different light.‎ D. You can also ask for help from the one you rely on.‎ E. What you can do when you become angry is to breathe deeply.‎ F. In fact, almost all people at one point of time or the other become angry.‎ G. You can imagine going to a place you consider to be calming as well as relaxing.‎ Passage 2(2017届安徽省淮北市第一中学高三最后一卷)‎ As your high school graduation rapidly approaches, you probably have more activities and events scheduled than you can keep up with. If you have a teacher who has influenced your high school career in a major way, don't let the school year end without thanking him or her for a job well done. 　 1 　.‎ Design a word puzzle that will amuse your favorite teacher. Does your teacher seem like the type who might enjoy word puzzles? 　 2 　.Discovery Education, Armored Penguin and Helper are among the best sites for giving fresh word puzzles for your teacher.‎ Give your favorite teacher an autograph(亲笔签名)book with thank you notes from you and your classmates. Do you have a teacher that is so popular that the majority of students in your senior class like him or her? 　 3 　. Although there are plenty of websites from which you can order an autograph book, a blank ‎ journal can serve the same purpose and can be purchased at your local bookstore.‎ Give your favorite teacher a customized(定制的)newspaper. If you are extremely creative student who is good with words, consider ordering a custom-designed newspaper for your teacher. 　 4 　It is sure to provide encouragement on those different days when nothing seems to be going well.‎ ‎　 5 　Many teachers are used to giving award certificates to their students, but how many are used to receiving them from their students? Dare to be different by being the student who rewards teaching excellence with an award certificate in an official way that will be cherished by your favorite forever. For a quick, free, user-friendly certificate making experience that will result in eye-catching results, an excellent site to visit is 123 Certificates.com.‎ A. An autograph book with personal, handwritten thank you notes may be the perfect gift.‎ B. If so, why not surprise him or her with a special crossword or word search puzzle?‎ C. Do something nice for your favorite teacher every day during Teacher Appreciation Week.‎ D. Award your favorite teacher with a certificate of appreciation.‎ E. There are several ＂fab＂ ways to thank your favorite teacher for making such a huge difference in your life.‎ F. The PTA has numerous suggestions for recognizing Teacher Appreciation Week.‎ G. This is a unique gift that can be hung on your teacher's office wall for display.‎ Passage 3(2017届 江西师范大学附属中学高三第三次模拟考试)‎ Four simple ways to stay positive Trying to stay positive, both in good times and bad, is a great way to improve your quality of life. Try these four methods on a daily basis.‎ Don’t think a lot about negativity.‎ Of course, staying positive 24 hours a day, seven days a week is a bit ‎ difficult. Letting things get to you is normal, and it’s actually healthy to cry or express frustrations once in a while.‎ It’s when those negative moments control your life that your emotional balance is at risk.  　 1 　 However, don’t give that sadness another second in your day.‎ ‎　 2 　 ‎ What you put into your body directly affects how you feel on the outside. Fill yourself with good, healthy foods like fruits and vegetables and limit snacking. Exercise is equally of great importance. Take a few days out of your week for at least a half an hour of activity, and try to stick to a routine. 　 3 　‎ Be kind to others.‎ ‎　 4 　 Making someone’s day a bit brighter not only puts a smile on his or her face, but also yours as well. Remember to smile and treat each person with pity and respect. Good deeds are contagious (传染的), and your positive attitude may spread among others.‎ Take it one day at a time.‎ Being positive isn’t an instant thing. It’s a steady effort that we follow every hour of every day. 　 5 　 Instead, focus on living in the moment and doing what you can to make each moment better.‎ A. Eat healthy and stay fit.‎ B. Take your lunch breaks outside.‎ C. Don’t worry about what the future may bring.‎ D. Gratefulness helps you appreciate life in bad times.‎ E. Good feelings come from acts of kindness and selflessness.‎ F. Take a few minutes to feel sad and accept what happened.‎ G. Even going outside for a walk and enjoying the sunshine improves your mood.‎ Passage 4(2017届北京市西城区高三二模)‎ Social Phobia It’s natural to feel nervous, or shy in front of others at times. Most ‎ people manage to get through these moments when they need to. 　 1 　It’s probably more than shyness. It may build up into a powerful fear. As a result, people feel uncomfortable participating in everyday social activities. This is called social phobia (also called social anxiety).‎ ‎　 2 　It prevents them from chatting with friends in the lunchroom, joining an after-school club, or going to a party. Sometimes, they even feel too nervous to ask a question in class or go to a teacher for help. Social phobia not only prevents people from trying new things. It also prevents them from making the normal, everyday mistakes that help people improve their skills still further.‎ It is really sad, isn’t it? But the good news is that people with social phobia can learn to manage fear, develop confidence and communicating skills and stop avoiding things that make them nervous. Of course it’s not always easy. Dealing with social phobia takes patience, courage to face fears and the willingness to practice. 　 3 　‎ Therapists (治疗师) can help people create a plan for facing social fears and build the skills and confidence to overcome it. And family or friends are especially important for them. 　4　Friends and family can encourage them to pick a small goal to aim for, remind them to go for it, and be there when they might feel discouraged. Good friends and family are there to celebrate each small success along the way.‎ Little by little, someone who decides to deal with extreme shyness can learn to be more comfortable. 　 5 　As shyness and fears begin to melt, confidence and positive feelings build. Pretty soon, the person is thinking less about what might feel uncomfortable and more about what might be fun.‎ A. Friends can overcome their fears.‎ B. But for some, the anxiety can be extreme.‎ C. They are not able to make eye contact with classmates.‎ D. Social phobia makes people lonely or disappointed over missed opportunities.‎ E. It also takes a commitment to go forward rather than back away when feeling shy.‎ F. Each small step forward helps build enough confidence to take the next small step.‎ G. The support from those key people helps them gather the courage to try something new.‎ 题组一 ‎ Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】三年前，作者对露营一无所知，也不认为自己会喜欢露营。然而后来有过几次露营的经历，作者和他的家人开始爱上了露营，甚至为露营购买了设备齐全的房车。作者认为露营是回归大自然的一个方式，也建议读者找到适合自己的回归自然的方式。‎ ‎36.D 【解析】根据前文可知三年前作者认为露营和自己无关，而后文中表明作者热爱露营，暗示此处作者对待露营的情感态度应该出现转变。D选项中的however表示转折。且If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping暗示作者态度的转变就在三年前，D选项中的since then＂自从那时候起＂和前文时间吻合。故选D。‎ ‎37.C 【解析】根据后文We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom可知作者第一次露营的条件很艰苦，C选项The trip they took me on was a rough one.中的rough暗示了这一点，符合语境。故选C。‎ ‎39.F 【解析】根据后文we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.可知作者一家为了露营买了房车，里面设备齐全，说明作者一家人是喜欢露营的。F选项After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping(那次露营之后，我的家人开始对露营感兴趣)符合语境，故选F。‎ ‎40. E 【解析】根据后文It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.可知作者希望每个人能找到适合自己的回归自然的方法，而根据前文可知作者回归自然的方式就是露营。E选项I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.(我必须得承认我真的开始享受露营)既是对文章第一段中作者态度转变的一个总结，也很好地衔接了后文。故选E。‎ Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。为避免工作被打断是一件令人感觉很糟糕的事，文章提出了几点建议，防止此类事件的发生。 ‎ ‎36.B 【解析】根据there are several ways to handle things，可知下文是关于几种防止在工作中被别人打断的方法，此句与前半句构成一个完整的句子，根据语境分析。故选B。‎ ‎37.A 【解析】根据后文＂Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the of you can talk at a different time＂可知，学会在自己很忙的时候去拒绝别人。故选A。‎ ‎38.E 【解析】根据横线前＂have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then＂安排好时间，让他们知道你在什么时候回来，或者告诉他们，你会去找他们，再结合后文＂It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions＂可知选E。‎ ‎40.G 【解析】根据＂If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.＂可 知，此段主要是讲述关于如何利用自己办公室的门来防止被打扰。故选G。‎ Passage3‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了如何帮助人们制订一个计划去调节生物钟，确保起床不再是一件令人头疼的事。‎ ‎36.C 【解析】根据后句中的关键词one可以判断出，根据空前及空后的内容可知，空处应为解决方法，再结合所给选项可知只有C选项符合语境。‎ ‎37.B 【解析】本段内容是建议人们要先确定为什么要早起，弄清早起的目的是什么，也就是早起的动机是什么。因此B项可以概括本段的中心。‎ ‎38.G 【解析】根据下句内容可知，作者建议人们买一个可以定时的咖啡机，这样可以节约15分钟的喝咖啡时间，能够多睡15分钟，文中的a quarter-hour 和选项中的15 minutes相呼应，是信息提示词。故选G。‎ ‎39.F 【解析】根据段落的中心句可知，本段是建议人们在周末也要坚持自己的作息时间，由此推断出Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day符合语境。故选F。‎ ‎40.E 【解析】后句建议人们如果这样做没作用就尝试新办法，由此推断出该空与If not对应，即如果有效果的话如何去做。故选E。‎ Passage4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文主要讲了进行街道随机采访的若干技巧。‎ ‎31. D 【解析】根据空格后一句中的＂your first man-on-street interview experience can be easy＂可知这是对于记者新人所提出的建议，而选项D中的＂new reporters＂正好与其相承接，故选D。‎ ‎32. G 【解析】空格前一句是个远非yes或no就可以回答的提问，而选项G中＂With a question like this…＂正好与其相承接，故选G。‎ ‎33. B 【解析】根据空格后一句所说的很有礼貌的提问，可知这里的建议应该是提问时要注意礼貌，而选项B中的polite正好与其相呼应，故选B。‎ ‎34. A 【解析】根据空格后一句＂Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes.＂可知这一段的建议是要限制采访的时间，故选A。‎ ‎35. F 【解析】空格前一句是＂A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten＂, 而选项F中＂That number of interviews…＂正好与其相呼应，故选F。‎ 题组二 ‎ Passage1‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了密码的设置和破解的方法。比如利用该字母在字母表中排序的数字来代表该字母，或者利用一些单词的首字母来组成一个密码等。‎ ‎36.D 【解析】根据后面一句＂Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making＂可知，此空该选D(只要有密码的存在，人们就会试图去破解它们)。‎ ‎ 39.F 【解析】由前一句的＂a code book＂和空后的＂’bridge’might stand for...’me.’＂可知，此空该选F(有了密码书，你就可以写下代表其他单词的单词)。 ‎ ‎40.A 【解析】本段介绍的是密码书，根据空后的转折可知，此处该选A(没有密码书是很难破解密码的)。‎ ‎【归纳总结】‎ 七选五阅读填空考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。解题技巧如下：1.注重句式的对接，比如排比句，祈使句等。2. 注重词汇的衔接：也就是利用上下文所重复的关键词，即词的复现原则进行判断，其中包括同义词，原词和反义词的复现。3.注重举例或解释等。如37题和39题只需要利用for example来进行解题。‎ Passage2‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文属于说明文，美丽的花园能给我们带来美好的视觉享受，文章中给出了两个自己建设花园的具体建议。‎ ‎36.F 【解析】考查上下文的衔接。根据文章首句及下文的＂But it doesn’t happen by accident＂可知，这里是在讲＂你是否曾去过一个花园……但是它不是偶然发生的＂。故F项＂You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too＂符合语境。‎ ‎39.C 【解析】考查上下文的衔接。根据上文的＂...but that’s not what’s important＂和下文中的＂how being in those gardens made us feel＂可知此处讲的应是什么是重要的，故C项符合语境。‎ ‎40.G 【解析】考查上下文的衔接。上文的＂the gardens of your youth＂以及下文的＂your childhood memories＂与G项中的＂those gardens＂和＂the strongest memory you have＂相呼应，故选G项。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 第小题37属于七选五阅读中最常见的设空在段首的方法，通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。本题我们根据倒数第二句＂However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.＂可知我们首先要知道为什么要搞园艺。故A项为本段的主题句。‎ ‎ 当七选五阅读设空在句首时，还可能存在以下两种情况：‎ ‎ 1. 属于段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。‎ ‎ 2. 与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。比如，如果选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。‎ Passage3‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文向大家介绍了如何用简单的方法购买和烹制鱼。‎ ‎36.G 【解析】考查与首句语意的一致性。由空后的句意表示转折可知，转折前的句子在语意上应该保持一致，即说明吃鱼对健康的益处。故选G。‎ ‎39.A 【解析】考查段落中句子间语意的连贯性和代词的正确使用。空前提到，浓烈的气味说明鱼已不新鲜，故不能买这种鱼。据此可知A项正确。‎ ‎40.B 【解析】考查段落中句子间语意的连贯性。本段的主题为如何烹制鱼，下文讲到了烹制鱼的步骤：首先，洗净鱼；其次，添加调料；最后，将装有鱼的盘子放入蒸锅中，蒸8至10分钟即可食用(以重约为一磅的鱼为例)。故选B项＂最简单的方法是蒸＂。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 高考七选五解题方法：‎ ‎1.通读全文，了解文章大意。这是一个泛读的过程，目的是了解文章大意，为以后的理解做铺垫。‎ ‎2.分析句型，了解语法构成 ‎3.当我们了解了文章大意后，要明确每一个空是填一个整句子还是半个句子。这一点十分重要，它能够帮助我们迅速确定某些空的选项范围，比如，有一个空的结尾处没有标点符号，后文紧跟着一个句子的后半部分，很显然这时我们需要填的是半个句子，这时便可以在七个选项中找到是半个句子的选项，从而缩小选择范围。‎ ‎4.明确关联关系。任何句子都是要么和上文有联系，要么和下文有联系，要么和上下文都有联系。例如第36空，第39空和第40空都与它们的前一句有联系。‎ ‎5.带入通读，复查 做完题目切忌直接离开，这是我们很有必要将自己修正好的文章通读一遍，将其看做一片行文通顺语意连贯的文章来读，这是如果感到有含义不连贯的地方，很有可能是我们填错了空，就要复查了，注意：七选五的特点在于，错一道，往往还会错另外的一道或几道，我们叫做＂连错＂，所以当你发现自己有一处填的有问题时，一定要同时检查其它空。‎ Passage4‎ ‎【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，作者讲的是有关冒险的科学的探索方面的内容。‎ ‎71.F 【解析】选项F中的＂weigh risks and rewards＂与上文的＂weigh the risk and the reward＂相呼应，故F项符合语境。‎ ‎72.C 【解析】选项C中的＂Being better at those things＂与上文的＂were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring＂相呼应，因此选C。‎ ‎ 73.A 【解析】前文说人们有各种不同的性格，因此你可能喜欢赛车，或者讨厌赛车，故A项＂这完全是由你的性格决定的＂符合语境。‎ ‎ 74.E 【解析】根据上文的＂your willingness...teenage years＂及下文的＂hunger for new experiences...＂可知E项符合语境。‎ ‎ 75.G 【解析】根据空后的＂For the risk-seekers...becomes active＂可知，此处讲的是面对紧张的局面时我们的大脑会有不同的反应，故G项符合语境。‎ 题组三 Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】生气伤身，但是每个人不可避免地会生气。如何控制生气呢？本文给出了四项有效措施：生气时停一停；生气时深呼吸；生气时自嘲；寻求别人的帮助等。‎ ‎1.F 【解析】根据下文Becoming angry can do a lot of damages, both mental and physical.可知，生气对精神和身体都有很大坏处，接着讲述了控制生气的方法，因此推断F项＂实际上，几乎所有的人都有可能在某一时刻会生气＂符合语境。故选F。‎ ‎4.A 【解析】空格处为段落标题。本段通过一个例子，当你开车路怒的时候，你可以告诉自己超过你的那个人可能有紧急事情感激你的车没有发生什么大事，生气的情况下多重复几遍这个过程。因此推断本段建议生气时积极的自言自语。故选A。‎ ‎5.D 【解析】根据段落标题Look for a support in other people.可知，本段建议生气时寻求别人的支持，support与D项中提到的＂help＂一样相近，因此推断D项＂你可以 尝试向你信赖的人寻求帮助＂符合语境。故选D。‎ Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】随着高中毕业很快临近，你是否考虑了该怎么感谢一下对你的高中生涯的老师，作者给出了几条建议。‎ ‎1.E 【解析】考查上下文理解以及逻辑推理。前面说＂不要让高中就这样结束了而不感谢老师所做的杰出工作＂，而后面又提出了几条建议，所以E项内容起到承上启下的作用。故选E。‎ ‎2. B 【解析】考查上下文理解以及逻辑推理。本段提出的建议是＂Design a word puzzle that will amuse your favorite teacher.＂所以，B项内容符合本段的叙述。故选B。‎ ‎4.G 【解析】考查上下文理解以及逻辑推理。根据前面的＂If you are extremely creative student who is good with words, consider ordering a custom-designed newspaper for your teacher.＂可知，有创意的学生送出的礼物应该是很独特的。故选G。‎ ‎5.D 【解析】考查上下文理解以及逻辑推理。根据后面的＂Many teachers are used to giving award certificates to their students, but how many are used to receiving them from their students?＂可知，老师经常给学生颁奖，学生也可以给老师＂颁奖＂作为礼物。故选D。 ‎ Passage3‎ ‎【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述的是每天保持积极乐观的四种方法。‎ ‎1.F 【解析】根据下文However, don’t give that sadness another second in your day.可知此处表示你可以花几分钟感觉难过，然后接受发生的事情，但是在你的一天里不能再难过了，故选F。‎ ‎2.A 【解析】根据本段内容可知本段表示的是要吃得健康并保持健康，故选A。‎ ‎3.G 【解析】根据上文＂一周中花几天时间每天至少活动半个小时，并坚持下去。＂可知此处表示＂甚至到外面散散步享受一下阳光也能改善你的情绪。＂，故选G。‎ ‎4.E 【解析】本段讲述的是要对别人和善，要尊重和同情每一个人，你做的好事也会影响 别人效仿你，由此可知此处表示＂好的感觉来自于善意和无私的行为＂，故选E。‎ ‎5.C 【解析】根据下文Instead, focus on living in the moment and doing what you can to make each moment better.（集中注意力活在当下，尽你所能地使每一个都变得更好）可知此处表示＂不要担心未来可能会带来什么＂，故选C。‎ Passage4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述的是社交恐惧症的危害和解决办法。‎ ‎1.B 【解析】根据上文可知此处表示＂对于某些人来说，这种焦虑可能是极端的。＂，故选B。‎ ‎2.D 【解析】根据本段的内容可知，本段表示的是社交恐惧症的不良影响，与D项（社交恐惧症使人孤独或对错过的机会感到失望）一致，故选D。‎ ‎3.E 【解析】根据上句话 ＂解决社交恐惧症需要耐心、面对恐惧的勇气和愿意实践＂可知此处表示＂解决社交恐惧症还需要勇于向前的承诺而不是感到害羞时退缩＂，故选E。‎ ‎4.G 【解析】根据上文可知此处表示家人和朋友的支持在帮助克服社交恐惧症时的重要性，与G项一致，故选G。‎ ‎5.F 【解析】根据上下句可知此处表示＂每一步的成功帮助建立足够的信心进行下一步＂，故选F。‎ ‎ ‎