专题03形容词和副词（教学案）-2019年高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍

专题03形容词和副词（教学案）-2019年高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍

往年考查的重点是形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法。近三年来考点开始涉及多个形容词作前置定语的排列顺序、形容词及形容词短语作状语，形容词和副词的词义比较和具体运用。要复习好这一块的知识，考生不仅要弄清其词形、词义、功能等基础知识，还要掌握同义词辨析和一词多义等重点知识。‎ 热点题型一 形容词、副词的比较等级 例1、 —How was your recent trip to Sichuan?‎ ‎—I’ve never had ________one before.‎ A. a pleasant　　　　　　 B. a more pleasant C. a most pleasant D. the most pleasant ‎ 【答案】B ‎【提分秘籍】‎ ‎1．形容词或副词的as...as结构 两者相比，当A＝B时，用“as＋adj./adv.原级＋as”来表示。如：‎ Jack runs as fast as Tom.杰克和汤姆跑得一样快。‎ 双方相比，当A≠B，或指A的程度较低时，用“not as/so＋ adj./adv.原级＋as”表示。如：‎ He does not work as/so hard as his sister.‎ 他不如他妹妹学习努力。‎ ‎2．形容词或副词的比较级＋than 当双方比较，A>B时，用“比较级＋than”结构。当A不及B的程度时，用“less＋adj./adv.原级＋than”的结构。如：‎ I don’t think maths is more important than physics.＝I think maths is less important than physics.‎ 我认为数学没有物理重要。‎ ‎【特别提醒】 ‎ ‎(1)quite只可用于quite better结构中，表示“病已经好多了”。‎ ‎(2)by far与far的区别：far只用于“far＋比较级”结构中，其他情况下都用by far来加强语气。如：‎ ‎①He is far better today.‎ ‎②He is better by far today.‎ ‎③He is by far the best student in our class.‎ ‎(3)many与much的区别：‎ 修饰可数名词复数时，用many，其他情况下都用much。如：‎ ‎①The hens have laid many more eggs than before.‎ 这些鸡产的蛋比以前多多了。‎ ‎②There is much more water in this river.‎ 这条河里有更多的水。‎ ‎③He is much cleverer.‎ 他更加聪明了。‎ ‎4．“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构表示“越……越……”‎ The more tickets you sell ，the more money you will get.‎ 你票卖得越多，你得到的钱就会越多。‎ ‎5．当三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用最高级 这种句式中一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语；最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like等词语修饰。如：‎ The building being built now is by far the highest in the city.‎ 目前在建的那座大楼是本市最高的大楼。‎ ‎6．比较级表示最高级含义 ‎(1)比较级＋than any other＋可数名词单数。如：‎ The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China.‎ 在中国，长江比其他任何一条河流都长。‎ ‎(2)比较级＋than all(the)other＋可数名词复数。如：‎ China is larger than all the other Asian countries.‎ 中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。‎ ‎(3)no/never/nothing...＋比较级。如：‎ Nothing is more valuable than time.‎ 时间比任何东西都珍贵。‎ ‎(4)“否定词＋不定冠词＋形容词的比较级＋名词”或“否定词＋副词的比较级”表示“从未……；未曾……”。如：‎ This film is very moving. I have never seen a better one.‎ 这部电影很感人，我从没有看到过比它更好的了。‎ ‎【举一反三】 ‎ The staterun company is required to make its accounts as________as possible for its staff to monitor the use of money.‎ A. transparent B. reasonable C. secure D. formal ‎【答案】A 热点题型二 形容词修饰名词 ‎ 例2、 She has bought herself ____ ____ dress.‎ A. a cotton purple expensive ‎ B. an expensive purple cotton C. a purple expensive cotton ‎ D. a cotton expensive purple ‎【解析】根据多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序的顺口溜：限数描、大长高，形状年龄和新老。颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。限定词an，描绘性形容词expensive，颜色purple，材料cotton，所以答案是B。‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【提分秘籍】 ‎ ‎1．多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序 如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词，与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词，如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多，则音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后。它们的顺序是：限定词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词)＋数词(序数词＋基数词)＋描绘性形容词(nice，good，interesting，beautiful...)＋特征形容词(大小、长短、高低＋形状＋年龄、新旧)＋颜色形容词＋国籍、出处＋物质、材料＋用途、类别＋中心名词。我们可以用下面的一段顺口溜帮助记忆：‎ 限数描、大长高，形状年龄和新老。‎ 颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。‎ 在实际运用中，很少会同时出现这么多修饰词，但我们必须记住以上规则。此外，还应当多阅读，多体会，以增强语感。如：‎ another three English books另外三本英语书；all these last few days最近的这些日子；a beautiful white Chinese military jeep一辆漂亮的白色中国军用吉普车 形容词作定语时，我们尤其要记住下列两种特殊结构：‎ ‎(1)so/how/as/too/that＋adj.＋a(n)＋单数名词 ‎(2)rather/quite/what/such＋a(n)＋adj.＋单数名词 ‎2．形容词作定语后置的几种情况 ‎(1)当形容词修饰由some，any，no，every构成的复合词，如something，anything，nothing等时形容词须后置。如：‎ Is there anything new in today’s newspaper?‎ 今天的报纸上有什么新的东西吗？‎ ‎(2)当“形容词＋介词/不定式”构成的短语作定语时。如：‎ There is a bag full of rice on his table.‎ 他的桌上有满满一袋米。‎ ‎(3)当两个意义相反的形容词用both...and...，and，or或so连接在一起作定语时。如：‎ People in the village, young and old, men and women are fond of singing and dancing.‎ 村里的男女老幼都喜爱唱歌跳舞。‎ ‎(4)当old，long，high，wide，deep等词附有数量词短语作定语时。如：‎ The peasants dug a well about fifty metres deep.‎ 农民们挖了一口约五十米深的井。‎ ‎(5)有些表语形容词作定语。如afraid，alone，awake，asleep，alive，ashamed，worth等。如：‎ Tom was the only boy awake at that time.‎ 汤姆是那时唯一醒着的男孩。‎ 热点题型三 形容词、副词的辨析 例3．[2017·江苏卷] Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________PCs in sales.‎ A．controversial B．contradictory ‎ C．confidential D．conventional ‎ ‎【答案】D 【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据题意“智能手机击败个人电脑”可知，conventional传统的，符合句意。controversial有争议的；contradictory矛盾的；confidential机密的。句意：仅仅在史蒂夫乔布斯去世五年后，在销售中击败了传统的个人电脑。‎ ‎【提分秘籍】‎ ‎1．形容词主要用来修饰名词，也可修饰something，nothing等不定代词，在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。作状语时表示伴随、原因等，或是对主语进行解释，可以看作是“being＋形容词”，位于句首、句中或句尾，表示伴随时通常用逗号与其他成分隔开 ‎①He lay in bed，wide awake.‎ 他躺在床上，完全清醒着。‎ ‎②He went to bed, cold and hungry.‎ 他上床睡觉，又冷又饿。‎ ‎2．副词主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、从句或整个句子。修饰整个句子时，可置于句首、句中或句尾 Fortunately，he escaped from the fire.‎ 他幸运地从大火中逃了出来。‎ ‎3．有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词形式相同，另一种是在形容词后加ly。这两种形式的副词在意义上有所不同 不带ly的副词往往表示的是具体概念(也就是词的本义)；加ly的往往表示的是抽象概念(也就是词的引申义)。close接近(指距离)→closely仔细地，密切地；free免费→freely自由地，自如地；deep深地→deeply深刻地，深入地；hard努力地→hardly几乎不；wide充分(张开)地，宽阔地→widely广泛地；high高地→highly高度地，‎ 非常；late迟，晚→lately最近，近来；near邻近地→nearly几乎；most最→mostly主要地。如：‎ He jumped that high in the sports meeting in our school and is highly thought of by his classmates.‎ 他在我们学校运动会上跳得那么高，赢得了他的同学们的高度赞扬。‎ 一般说来，形容词＋ly构成的是副词，如：deeply，highly，widely等；名词＋ly构成的是形容词或名词，如：‎ friendly，brotherly，lovely，weekly，monthly等。‎ ‎4．rather，very，quite，fairly的区别 ‎(1)rather常用于不愉快的场合，用来修饰贬义的形容词或副词，如bad，poor，badly等；fairly常用于较愉快的场合，用来修饰表示赞美的褒义形容词或副词，如nice，well，clever等。如：‎ She is fairly clever, but does rather badly in her lessons.‎ 她很聪明，但功课相当差。‎ ‎(2)如果修饰中性的形容词或副词，如easy，fast，thin等，fairly表示肯定概念，即说话人的态度是赞美的、满意的；而rather表示否定概念，即说话人是不满意的。如：‎ ‎①The soup is fairly hot.‎ 这汤还算热。(表示喜欢热汤)‎ ‎②The soup is rather hot.‎ 这汤太烫了。(表示讨厌太烫的汤)‎ rather可用在similar，different，too以及介词like，形容词、副词的比较级之前，也可修饰动词，而fairly，quite则不能，但可以说quite better。如：‎ 今天比昨天暖和得多。‎ ‎[误]It is fairly warmer today than yesterday.‎ ‎[正]It is rather warmer today than yesterday.‎ ‎(3)quite表示的程度比fairly深，表示主观看法，可理解为“十分”。如：‎ The news is quite amazing.‎ 这消息十分惊人。‎ ‎(4)fairly只能用在不定冠词之后；而quite和rather位于不定冠词前、后皆可。如：‎ This is a fairly heavy/rather a heavy/a rather heavy/a quite heavy/quite a heavy job for us.‎ 对我们来说，这真是一项相当繁重的工作。‎ 另外，rather有时跟褒义词尤其是表示“好”的词连用时，强调被修饰词的程度，可与fairly，quite互换。如：‎ Your English is rather/fairly/quite good.‎ 你的英语相当好。‎ 在高考试题中，经常会考查形容词同义词和副词同义词的辨析，所以我们在学习中要注意它们在不同语句中的用法差异。以下是常见的几组同义词：alone，lonely；calm, quiet, silent, still; older, elder; farther, further; fast，quick, soon, rapid; living, alive, live, lively; real, true; high，tall; ill, sick; likely, possible, probable; no more than, not more than; no less than, not less than;‎ ‎ too much, much too；yet, still; no longer, no more; almost, nearly；just, very。‎ ‎【举一反三】 ‎ Be ________—you can’t expect me to finish all this work in so little time. ‎ A．reasonable B．confident ‎ C．creative D．grateful ‎ ‎【解析】　选A。考查形容词辨析。A项reasonable表示“合理的；公平的”；B项confident表示“自信的”；C项creative表示“有创造力的；创造(性)的”;D项grateful表示“感激的”。由破折号后面的关键信息可知说话者对“finish all this work in so little time”很不满,要求讲道理。be reasonable为祈使语气，意为“要讲道理”。句意：要讲道理——你不能期望我在如此短的时间里完成所有这些工作呀。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．[2017·江苏卷] Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________PCs in sales.‎ A．controversial B．contradictory ‎ C．confidential D．conventional ‎ ‎2．[2017·江苏卷] The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But ________explanations are hard to find.‎ A．alternative B．aggressive ‎ C．ambiguous D．apparent ‎ ‎【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。alternative供选择的，符合句意。aggressive好斗的，有进取心的；ambiguous模糊不清的；apparent显然的。句意：恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起的。但是很难找到可供选择的解释。‎ ‎3．[2017·天津卷] —I want to see Mr White. We have an appointment.‎ ‎—I'm sorry, but he is not ________ at the moment, for the meeting hasn't ended.‎ A．busy B．active ‎ C．concerned D．available ‎【答案】D　【解析】考查形容词。根据回答“…for the meeting hasn't ended.”可知怀特先生现在没空，故选D项。available可表示“(人)有空的”。busy忙碌的；active活跃的；concerned担忧的。句意：“我想见怀特先生。我们有一个约定。”“很抱歉，此刻他没空，因为会议还没有结束。”‎ ‎【2016·江苏】31.His comprehensive surveys have provided the most__________statements of how, and on whatbasis, data are collected.‎ A. explicit B. ambiguous C. original D. arbitrary ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。形容词explicit明晰的，清楚的；ambiguous模棱两可的，含糊不清的；original原始的，最初的；arbitrary任意的，专制的；句意：对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据，他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明。故A正确。‎ ‎【考点】考查形容词词义辨析 ‎.【2016·浙江】13. A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience , ______ if you are travelling at high speed.‎ A. eventually B. strangely C. merely D. especially ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：突然停止可能是一个可怕的经历，尤其是如果你以高速运行的时候。A.最终；B.奇怪地；C.仅仅地；D.尤其地。故选D。‎ ‎【考点】考查副词辨析。‎ ‎【2015·浙江】14. Listening is thus an active, not a , behavior consisting of hearing, understanding and remembering.‎ A. considerate B. sensitive C. reliable D. passive ‎【答案】D ‎【2015·四川】9.Little Tom sat watching the monkey dancing in front of him.‎ A. amaze B. amazing C. amazed D. to amaze ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本句考查形容词作状语。本句考查形容词作伴随状语，意为：小Tom坐在那儿看着小猴子在他面前跳舞，很吃惊。主要考查B、C之间的区别，选项B意为：令人吃惊的，常修饰物；而选项C意为：感到吃惊的，常修饰人。根据句意，本题选择C。‎ ‎【2015·四川】7.Andy is content with the toy. It is he has ever got.‎ A. a better B. the better C. a best D. the best ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查最高级和比较级。根据上一句话可知，Andy对这个玩具很满意，故选择D，意为：这是他曾得到的最好的玩具。‎ ‎【2015·福建】23.It was________of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.‎ A. careless B. considerate C. patient D. generous ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查形容词辨析A.careless不小心的；B.considerate体贴的；C.Patient有耐心的；D.generous慷慨的。该句意思为：麦克真是体贴，他通知我们他会迟点来以防我们着急。故选B ‎【2015·江苏】31.The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and _______ review of the case.‎ A. comprehensive B. complicated C. conscious D. crucial ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：警官决定对这起案件进行一次彻底全面的审查。A项“综合的，全面的，有理解力的”；B项“复杂的”；C项“有意识的”；D项“至关重要的”。故选A项。‎ ‎【2015·安徽】26.I’m so ______ to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.‎ ‎ A. special B. superior C. grateful D. attractive ‎【答案】C ‎【2015·安徽】31.They gave money to the old people's home either ______ or through their companies. ‎ A. legally B. sincerely C. personally D. deliberately ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：他们给那位老人的家里送钱，有的是一个人的名义，有的则是通过他们的公司。A合法地；B真诚地；C亲自，当面地，个人而言；D故意地。故选C。‎ ‎【2015·湖北】27.Even though the conference hall is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little if he wants to be_____.‎ A. accurate B. punctual C. efficient D. reasonable ‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：尽管会议大厅靠近他的公寓，如果他想要准时的话，还是必须快点。A项“精确的”；B项“守时的，准时的”；C项“有效率的”；D项“合理的”。故选D项。‎ ‎【2015·湖北】28.I don’t think what he said is _____ to the topic we are discussing . He has missed the point.‎ A. faithful B. parallel C. relevant D. similar ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：我认为他所说的和我们今天讨论的话题无关。他没有抓住要点。A项“忠实的，忠诚的”；B项“与……平行”；C项“和……相关”；D项“和……相似”。be relevant to“和……相关”。故选C项。‎ ‎1．(2014·江苏卷)I can't meet you on Sunday.I'll be________occupied.(also, just, nevertheless, otherwise)‎ ‎【答案】otherwise　‎ ‎2．(2014·浙江卷)Joe is proud and________，never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.(strict, sympathetic, stubborn, sensitive)‎ ‎【答案】stubborn　‎ ‎【解析】本题结合形容词词义辨析考查语境选词。句意：乔既骄傲又________，从不承认他错了，而且总是找别人来承担责任。strict严格的；sympathetic有同情心的；stubborn固执的；sensitive敏感的。由后面的关键词never admitting he is wrong可知，乔很固执(stubborn)。‎ ‎3．(2014·浙江卷)The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others________.(blindly, unwillingly, closely, carefully)‎ ‎【答案】blindly　‎ ‎【解析】本题结合副词词义辨析考查语境选词。句意：教育的目的是教会年轻人自己思考，而不要________仿效别人。blindly盲目地；unwillingly不愿意地，不情愿地；closely密切地；carefully认真地，仔细地。由前面的关键信息think for themselves可知，空格处表示“不要盲目地(blindly)仿效别人”。‎ ‎4．(2014·福建卷)With online shopping increasingly popular，the Internet is seen as a(n)________way of reaching target customers.(temporary, complex, accurate, efficient)‎ ‎【答案】efficient　‎ ‎【解析】本题考查语境选词。句意：随着网上购物变得越来越流行，网络被看作是一种吸引目标顾客的________的方法。temporary暂时的；complex复杂的；accurate准确的，精确的；efficient有效率的，效率高的。根据句中的关键词increasingly popular(越来越受欢迎)可知，网络是一种吸引目标顾客的有效的(efficient)方法。‎ ‎5．(2014·安徽卷)My good performance in the job interview left me________about my future and about what I can do here.(puzzled, sensitive, optimistic, embarrassed)‎ ‎【答案】optimistic　‎ ‎6．(2014·江西卷)Thanks for your directions to the house；we wouldn't have found it ________.(nowhere, however, otherwise, instead)‎ ‎【答案】otherwise　‎ ‎【解析】考查副词辨析。句意：谢谢你给我们指明方向，否则我们不可能找到这栋房子。otherwise表示“否则”，符合语境。而nowhere“无处”，however“然而”，instead“取代”，均不符合句意。‎ ‎7．(2014·大纲全国卷)Raymond's parents wanted him to have________(good) possible education.‎ ‎【答案】the best　‎ ‎【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意：Raymond的父母想让他拥有可能的最好的教育。根据句意可知，此处应用“the＋形容词最高级”来表示三者或三者以上程度最高。‎ ‎8．(2014·湖北卷)What was so ________(impress) about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she ‎ came first in the marathon barefooted.‎ ‎【答案】impressive　‎ ‎【解析】本题考查形容词。句意：关于Jasmine Westland的胜利让人印象如此深刻(impressive)的是她光着脚丫在马拉松比赛中夺得了第一名。‎ ‎9．(2014·湖北卷)Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase，she gave him a ________(tolerate) smile and let him go.‎ ‎【答案】tolerant　‎ ‎【解析】本题考查形容词。句意：她没有责备那个打碎了花瓶的孩子，而是给他一个宽容的(tolerant)微笑，并让他走了。‎ ‎10．(2014·湖北卷)Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ________(sharp)，“Don't be so mean，” pointing a finger of warning at her.‎ ‎【答案】sharply　‎ ‎【解析】本题考查副词。句意：萨布丽娜的话音刚落，艾伯特就很尖刻地(sharply)说：“别那么小气。”并冲她伸出一根手指表示警告。‎