【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题被动语态（20页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题被动语态（20页word版）

2019 届二轮复习语法专题 被动语态 一、概述及构成 1、语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语 态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 2、被动语态常由助动词 be 加及物动词的过去分词构成，也可由系动词 get 加及物动词过去分词构成 （被动语态构成的核心：及物动词或及物动词短语才可以构成被动语态）。 ①被动语态可以用于各种时态，但常用于下列十种时态中。 a、一般现在时 Patience is needed whatever we do. You are wanted on the telephone. b、一般过去时 He was killed in World War Ⅱ. Our school was founded in 1897. c、一般将来时 A meeting will be held here tomorrow. The case will be looked into as soon as possible. d、一般过去将来时 He said that the building would be torn down next year. They were told that the result of the game would be announced the next week. e、现在完成时 The house has been painted. The thief has been caught by the police. f、过去完成时 He said that the fire had been controlled. All the tickets had been sold out before they arrived. g、将来完成时 The supper will have cooked by your mother before you go back. The film will have been played ten times by next spring. h、过去将来完成时 He said that the book would have been finished by eight o’clock. The leader said that the project would have been completed before May. i、现在进行时 The meeting is being held. I’m afraid I am being followed. f、过去进行时 When I arrived, the lecture was being given. The bridge was being built. 注：完成进行时态一般不用被动语态，它的被动意义可用完成时来表示。将来进行时与过去将来进行 时一般也不用被动语态，其被动意义可用一般时态表示。 ②“get+过去分词”型被动语态 get+过去分词也可构成被动语态，get 常同 dress、marry、break、damage、hurt、catch、repair、invite 等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。get 加过去分词被动语态一般指动作的结果而非动作本身。 如： She gets caught in the storm. He got hurt in the head. Tom and Jane got married finally. The little girl can get dressed by herself. We got lost in the forest. ③get 型被动语态和 be 型被动语态的比较 a、get 型被动语态一般都能用 be 型被动语态替代，但有些 be 型被动语态可用 get 型被动语态代替， 而有些则不行。如： He was born in a rich family. The building is been constructed. b、get+过去分词构成的被动语态后不用 by 短语表示动作执行者，而 be+过去分词构成的被动语态句， 后常用 by 短语表明动作执行者，但通常省略。如： The boy was beaten (by his father).（正） The boy got beaten by his father.（误） c、get+过去分词有时表示刚开始进入某种状态，而 be+过去分词则只表示存在的状态。如： He got tired. He was tired. d、get+过去分词不能用于间接宾语作主语的被动句中，而 be+过去分词则可以。如： The little girl was given a nice birthday present.（正） The little girl got given a nice birthday present.（误） e、get+过去分词有时具有感情色彩或言外之意。如： The bad boy got taught a lesson.（有“活该”之意） How did the boy get dressed? （有“本不能自己穿衣服”之意） ④含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时结构为： 一般式：情态动词（can、could、may、might、must、should、would、need 等）+be+过去分词 完成式：情态动词（can、could、may、might、must、should、would、need 等）+have been+过去分词 如： The window should be closed. The grass can be eaten. The room needn’t be repainted. That mustn’t be neglected. They must have been told about the secret. The project should have been completed earlier. ⑤have to 等不定式被动语态 这类不定式结构的被动形式为：have to（ought to、be going to、had to、be to、be about to、be due to、 has to、be certain to、be sure to、be bound to）+be+过去分词 如： The matter has to be taken into consideration. The law is going to be put into use. Food ought to be kept well. Such people are able to be fined. The criminal was certain to be caught. 二、被动语态的使用场合 英语中多用主动语态，但用被动语态的场合也不少，英语的被动语态常用于下列几种场合。 1、不知道确切的动作执行者时。 The cup is broken. Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 2、不必指出动作执行者时。 I was born in 1988. The mistake should be avoided. 3、强调动作的承受者时。 The man was seriously injured in the accident. She is respected by all of us. 4、处于礼貌、婉转等避免说出动作执行者。 You’ll be contacted. Visitors are required not to pink flowers. 5、避免更换主语，以求行文流畅。 The professor came in and was warmly welcomed.（连贯） The professor came in and we welcomed him warmly.（不连贯） 6、下列几个习惯结构中常用被动语态。 ①It + be +过去分词（said、believed、supposed、reported、proved、excepted）+ that 从句。如： It is said that he was gone abroad. It is expected that it will get cooler. ② be +过去分词+不定式。如： He is thought to be a manager. He was said to have broken the record. ③there + be +过去分词。如： There is said to be a famous tower in that place. There are thought to be wild animals in the forest. 三、被动语态的用法 1、语态制约 用主动语态还是被动语态或主动语态与被动语态的互换都受到某些客观的制约，总体来说，语态制约 可分为语义制约和句法制约两种。 1、语义制约 a、并不是所有的主动句都能改成被动句：不及物动词和表示状态的及物动词都不能构成被动语态， 如不及物动词 die、appear、rise、happen、occur、break out、take place、lie、depart 等。下列表示状 态的动词都不能构成被动语态，这类状态动词多表示“拥有、容纳、适合、明白、缺少”等，如：have hold 、 contain 、 fit 、 lack 、 mean 、 become 、 possess 、 fail 、 equal 、 resemble 、 suit 、 cost 、 last 、 comprise、benefit、own、want、befall 等。如： In recent years, great changes have taken place in China.（正） In recent years, great changes have been taken place in China.（误） The coat fits you very well. The lecture hall can hold 500 people. He possesses a great fortune.（正） A great fortune is possessed by him.（误） 不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态。如： The plan should be looked into. Our teacher was much looked up to. 带有名词的短语动词如 pay attention to、make full use of、take care of 可以有两种被动形式。如： The problem must be paid attention to. Attention must be paid to the problem. Time should be made full use of to study and work. Full use should be made of tie to study and work. Her mother was taken good care of. Good care was taken of her mother. b、并不是所有的被动语态都能改成主动语态：有些句子只能用被动句，不用主动句。下列是天生的 被动动词，不能用主动态。如：be born、be engaged in、be calculated、be composed（of）、be said to do 等。如： The great writer was born in a small village. He was engaged in his work deeply. 2、句法制约 如果主动句中是以反身代词、相互代词、物主代词修饰的身体部分名词、同源宾语、非限定词、宾格 状语、抽象名词、客体 it 等作宾语时，不能构成被动语态。 ⑴宾语是反身代词时不能改成被动句，因为反身代词没有主格形式。如： She blamed herself.（正） Herself was blamed.（误） I absented myself from the meeting.（正） Myself was absented from the meeting.（误） ⑵宾语是相互代词时，不能改成被动句。如： They love each other.（正） Each other is loved by them.（误） We should help one another.（正） One other should be helped by us.（误） ⑶宾语是主语身体的一部分并含有物主代词时不能构成被动句。如： He lowed his head.（正） His head was lowed by him.（误） Tom raised his hand.（正） Tom’s hand was raised by him.（误） ⑷宾语是同源宾语时，一般不能构成被动语态，因为同源宾语实际上是宾格状语。如： He lived a happy life. =He lived happily.（正） A happy life was lived by him.（误） She dreamt a sweet dream.（正） A sweet dream was dreamt by her.（误） 但是带准同源宾语的句子则可以改成被动句。如： We once fought a great battle here. A great battle was once fought here. ⑸当句子中有表示地点、方向、数量、长度、程度、价格等意义的宾语时，这种宾语实质上是宾格状 语，不能改为被动句。如： I have done my best.（正） My best has been done by me.（误） He left home for school.（正） Home was left for school by him.（误） The elephant weighs one ton.（正） One ton is weighed by the elephant.（误） She runs 500 miles every morning.（正） 500 miles is run by her every morning.（误） The walkman costs 100 Yuan.（正） 100 Yuan is cost by the walkman.（误） ⑹当宾语是动词不定式时，不能构成被动句。如： I like to have a trip tomorrow.（正） To have a trip is liked by me tomorrow.（误） ⑺当宾语是动名词或抽象名词时，有时不能改成被动句。如： He enjoys talking with others.（正） Talking with others is enjoyed by him.（误） The book can serve your will.（正） Your will can be served by the book.（误） 但少数已名词化的动名词则可用于被动语态。如： Swimming is liked by most of people. ⑻如果 reach、leave、enter 等的宾语表示处所、地点（国家、组织、团体、军队等），不能变为被动 语态。如： He entered the room just now.（正） The room was entered by him just now.（误） He left the army in 2000.（正） The army was left by him in 2000.（误） ⑼虚指 it 作宾语时，不可变为被动语态。如： We will battle it out.（正） It will be battled out by us.（误） ⑽含有 had rather、would rather 或情态动词 dare 的句子不可变为被动语态。如： I would rather do it again.（正） It would rather be done again by me.（误） 但可以说，It had better be done again She dare not do it.（正） It dare not be done.（误） ⑾have 作为行为动词表示“吃、接收、经历、度过”解时，一般不可变为被动语态。如： We have had breakfast.（正） Breakfast has been had by us.（误） 但当 have 作“得到、获得、欺骗”解时，可用于被动语态。如： The fool was had by a child. The ticket can be had for the asking. ⑿如果谓语时态是将来进行时或完成进行时，不能变为被动语态。如： He will be attending the exam this time tomorrow. She has been making up all the morning. ⒀某些动词和宾语构成一个固定词组，不能变为被动语态。如：make bed、take notes、lose heart、lose patience、change color、take fight、change trains、accept battle、take effect、take office、keep silence、 take up arms、take one’s leave、take one’s time、keep sb. company、speak one’s mind、lose one’s heart、 do one’s best、make a face、keep watch、take one’s place、make up one’s mind、make room、make a scene、keep company with、set food on、set eyes on、join hands with、give ear to、bear witness to 等。 如： We should make room for the old people on the bus. I will keep company with you forever. The boy lost his heart to the girl. We should give ear to the lately events in our country. 2、主动语态变为被动语态 关于如何将主动语态变为被动语态，可以从以下几种情况进行考虑。 ①“主语+谓语+宾语”句型变为被动语态：这一基本句型变为被动语态时，先将主动结构中的宾语变 为被动结构中的主语（宾语若为人称代词，须将宾格变为主格），然后将主语结构中谓语动词的主动 语态变为被动语态，最后在谓语动词的被动语态之后加 by，再将主动结构中的主语置于介词 by 之后 （如为人称代词，须将主格变为宾格）。如： He invented the telephone in 1876. The telephone was invented by him in 1876. She refused him directly. He was refused directly by her. 如果宾语是 that 从句，变为被动结构时可用 it 作被动句的形式主语或把主句中宾语从句的主语变为被 动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语。如： People say that he is a great scientist. It is said that he is a great scientist. He is said to be a great scientist. ②“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”句型变为被动语态：这种句型中有两个宾语变为被动结构时，只 将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一个宾语不变，这一保留不变的宾语称为保留宾 语。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加上介词 to（可省去） 或 for（一般不可省）。如： I told her the secret. She was told the secret. The secret was told to her. Father bought me a new bike. I was bought a new bike. A new bike was bought for me. The man gives me a lot of useful advice. I am given a lot of useful advice. A lot of useful advice is given (to) me. 当被动句强调间接宾语时，其前的介词 to 不可省去。如：This order is given to you, not to me. ③“主语+谓语+符合宾语”句型变为被动结构：这种结构含有一个宾语加宾语补足语构成符合宾语。 变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。如： We elect her monitor of our class. She is elected monitor of our class. Workers painted the house white. The house was painted white. Everyone regrets him as a hero. He is regarded as a hero. The boss forced him to finish the task within two hours. He was forced to finish the task within two hours. I see the lost boy playing on the river. The lost boy is seen playing on the river. He found the room broken into. The room was found broken into. 注意：在主动语态中，如果使级动词或感官动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前面往往不带 to， 但在被动语态中要带 to。如： My mother makes me go to school alone today. I am made to go to school alone today. I saw the thief escape from the room. The thief was seen to escape from the room. ④祈使句的被动语态 肯定祈使句的被动语态为：let+宾语+be+过去分词；否定祈使句的被动结构为：don’t let+宾语+be+过 去分词=let+宾语+not + be+过去分词。如： Let us take a rest. Let a rest be taken. Correct the mistakes in your composition. Let the mistakes in your composition corrected. Don’t believe him. Don’t let him be believed. Don’t forget to lock the door. Don’t let the door be forgotten to be locked. Let it not be forgotten to lock the door. 另外，疑问代词作主语时，改为被动语态要用“by +特殊疑问句”结构；反义疑问句改为被动语态时， 把宾语变为主语。如： Who broke the glass? By whom was the glass broken? Which team won the game? By which team was the game won? He does it, doesn’t he? It is done by him, isn’t it? They are holding a meeting, aren’t they? A meeting is being held by them, isn’t it? 3、被动语态的转移问题 V +sb. + to do sth 是一种复合宾语结构，表示“请求、禁止”等。这种结构可以转换为多种被动句，可 以把逻辑主语 sb.变为句子主语，也可以把宾语 sth.变为句子主语，还可以把 sth.变为句子的宾语，后 用不定式被动式，构成双重被动结构。如： He asked us to finish the paper at once. We were asked to finish the paper at once. The paper was asked to be finished at once.（双重被动） He asked the paper to be finished at once. I don’t intend my daughter to do that job. My daughter isn’t intended to do that job. That job isn’t intended for my daughter to do. That job isn’t intended to be done by my daughter.（双重被动） 有时候，双重被动结构中的第二个被动式不是不定式，而是过去分词。如： The house was forced torn down. He was found surrounded by a crowd of people. 4、双重被动句 双重被动句指的是：句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构。句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者， 又是不定式动作的承受者。下面三种句型可以变为双重被动句：①主语+谓语动词+不定式+宾语②主 语+谓语动词+that 从句③主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式的被动式。如： He asked to send a present to me. A present was asked to be sent to me.（正） A present was asked to send to me.（误） I expect that he has finished his work. He is expected by me to have finished his work.（正） His work is expected by me to be finished by him.（误） His work is expected by me to finish by him.（误） His work is expected by me to have been finished by him.（正） She wants her baby to be looked after tomorrow. Her baby is wanted to be looked after tomorrow.（正） Her baby is wanted to look after tomorrow.（误） 5、含有被动意义的主动语态 英语中有时候主动语态却含有被动的含义。有的语法家和语法书认为此种语言现象为“假主动语态”， 英语中有些不及物动词可以表示被动意义，这种不及物动词主要有下列几种。 ①某些感官动词和连系动词，如：smell、taste、sound、prove、feel、look 等。如： The song sounds very beautiful. Flowers smell sweet. The man looks strong. The man proved practical. ②某些 can’t、won’t 等连用的不及物动词，如：open、close、lock、shut、move 等。如： The door won’t open. The table can’t move. ③某些行为动词后加副词 well、easily 等的不及物动词，如：read、write、wash、clean、burn、look、 sell、open、cut、photograph、keep、shut、play、pack、lock 等。如： The pen writes smoothly. The coat washes well. The novel sells well. The room doesn’t clean easily. It eats well. Water heats rapidly. The girl photographs well. ④want、require、need、deserve、stand、won’t bear 和 worth 等词的后面用动名词的主动形式表示被 动含义。这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系，若动名词是不及物动词，应加适当介词。如： The bike needs repairing. The book is worth reading. That won’t bear thinking of. The hero deserves praising and respecting. ⑤某些行为动词的进行时也可表示被动意义，常见的这类动词有 cook、bake、brew、print、build、 sell、fire、finish、owe 等。如： The meat is cooking. The bread is baking. The book is printing. The soup is brewing. The money is still owing. The guns are firing. The task is finishing. 四、被动语态结构和系表结构的比较 所谓系表结构在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构，它同被动语态的形式完全一样，那么如 何区分它们呢？可以从以下几个方面考虑。 1、被动语态的过去分词更多具有动词性质，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词表示主语 的特点、状态或性质。前者可用 by 短语表示动作执行者；后者则一般不用 by 短语（这是被动语态与 系表结构的最根本最本质的区别）。 The book is written by a famous expert.（被动语态） The book is well written.（系表结构） The problem is settled quickly.（被动语态） The problem is settled.（系表结构） 2、系表结构一般只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，且一般说来，一般现在时的“be +过去分词”为系 表结构，因为被动语态不常用在一般现在时中（除非表示经常性、习惯性或多次重复的动作或表示客 观真理时，才用一般现在时的被动语态）。被动语态则除可用上述两种时态外，还可用于其它时态。 如： He was been fired.（被动语态） More trees will be planted next year.（被动语态） The cave was broken.（被动语态） The cave is broken.（系表结构） 3、如果过去分词前有 very、too、so 等程度副词修饰，该结构常为系表结构。如： She is very pleased. He was so frightened. She is surprised at the good news. 4、如果过去分词前有 much、very much、too much、so much 修饰时，该结构为被动语态。如： He was much agitated. He was beaten so much that he couldn’t stand up. 5、过去分词是反身动词或表示心理、感情等时，为系表结构（因为系表结构有主动意义，被动结构 只有被动意义）。如： He is resolved to become an expert in English field. The hill is bathed in sunlight.（bathed itself） The path was lost in the forest.（lost itself） She was seated in the first row.（seated itself） I’m puzzled about it. The girl was scared out of wits. 6、被动语态中可使用 fast、quickly、slowly、rapidly、soon 等表示速度、时间的副词修饰（因为被动 语态中的过去分词相当于动词表示动作），而系表结构不可以。如： The problem was soon settled. The baby is quickly dressed by his mother. 7、系表结构可同形容词并列使用，而被动语态结构则不可。如： They were married in April.（被动语态） They were married and happy.（系表结构） 8、过去分词表示“必然性、命中注定、趋向性、意向、决心”等意义的动词为系表结构。如： People are doomed to death. The train is destined for Beijing. He is determined to go to college. 9、be +不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构 有些不及物动词的过去分词说明动作的状态或后果，同 be 动词连用为系表结构，表示主动意义。这 类动词有：rise、go、arrive、set、fall、grow、flee、mistake、retire、fade、change、advance 等。如： The sun is set. The moon is risen. The man has been retired. The leaves are fallen. Time is gone. All the guests are arrived. 10、be +表示占据、充满意义的过去分词+ with 为系表结构 表示“占据、充满、遍及”等意义的动词，其过去分词常同 with 连用。以地点作主语，构成“地点主语 + be +过去分词+ with +名词宾语”的结构，这种结构表示状态或结果，因此是系表结构而不是被动语 态，常见的这类过去分词有：covered、filled、crowded、dotted、laden、piled、coated、marked、 splashed 、 crowned 、 invested 、 sprinkled 、 spotted 、 ornamented 、 decorated 、 crammed 、 packed 、 overcrowded、overgrown、heaped、littered、stained 等。如： The mountains are covered with snow. The basket is filled with apples. The pill is coated with sugar. The theatre is crowded with people. The suitcase is packed with living things. The table was piled with books. The room is decorated with flowers.