高考英语语法专题复习动词时态和语态

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高考英语语法专题复习动词时态和语态

‎ 高考英语语法复习专题:动词时态和语态 ‎ 一、考点聚焦 ‎ 1、动词时态考查要点简述 ‎ (1)一般现在时考点分析 ‎ ①表示客观事实或普通真理(不受时态限制)‎ The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.‎ Water boils at 100oC.‎ ‎②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。‎ Ice feels cold.‎ We always care for each other and help each other.‎ ‎③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如:‎ I know what you mean.‎ Smith owns a car and a house.‎ All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.‎ ‎④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。‎ If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。‎ ‎⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。‎ The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.‎ Tomorrow is Wednesday.‎ ‎(2)一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)。‎ ‎①一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如:‎ I met her in the street yesterday.‎ I once saw the famous star here.‎ They never drank wine.‎ I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.‎ ‎②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如:‎ He told me he read an interesting novel last night. ‎ ‎③表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。‎ The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.‎ He bought a watch but lost it.‎ ‎④常用一般过去时的句型:‎ Why didn’t you / I think of that?‎ I didn’t notice it.‎ I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.‎ I didn’t recognize him.‎ ‎(3)一般将来时考点分析。‎ ‎①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等)。‎ ‎②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。‎ We’ll die without air or water.‎ ‎③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。‎ ‎④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别:‎ be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。‎ be going to 表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如:‎ If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)‎ If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)‎ be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等。‎ A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.‎ be about to do sth.表示“即可,就要”,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。‎ Autumn harvest is about to start.‎ ‎(4)现在进行时考点分析。‎ ‎①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如:‎ It is raining now.‎ He is teaching English and learning Chinese.‎ I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.‎ We are leaving on Friday.‎ At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)‎ The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)‎ ‎②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(B)表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。(C)表示一时性动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(D)表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。‎ ‎(5)过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。‎ ‎①常用过去完成时的几种情况:(A)在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如:By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/‎ though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即:hoped / planned … + to have done。(C)“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式。如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.(D)表示“一……就”的几个句型:‎ Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如:We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.‎ ‎②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。‎ After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.‎ We arrived home before it snowed.‎ ‎(6)过去将来时考点分析。‎ 参照一般将来时对比:用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来;come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时;was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。‎ ‎(7)过去进行时考点分析。‎ ‎①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。‎ ‎②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。‎ ‎(8)现在完成时考点分析。‎ ‎①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。‎ ‎②下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句 This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时 This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时 This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时 ‎③在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如:‎ I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.‎ If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.‎ Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.‎ ‎(9)注意几组时态的区别:‎ ‎①一般过去时与现在完成时:时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。‎ 结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。‎ ‎②过去完成时与一般过去时:过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”;如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。‎ ‎2、被动语态考查要点简述 被动语态的构成方式:be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。‎ ‎(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。‎ ‎①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。‎ My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.‎ An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.‎ I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.‎ ‎②主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。‎ The boss made him work all day long.‎ He was made to work all day long(by the boss)‎ ‎③短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。‎ The children were taken good care of (by her).‎ Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.‎ ‎④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。‎ ‎⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:‎ People say he is a smart boy.‎ It is said that he is a smart boy.‎ He is said to be a smart boy.‎ People know paper was made in China first.‎ It is known that paper was made in China first.‎ Paper was known to be made in China first.‎ 类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …‎ ‎(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。‎ ‎①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎②表示状态的谓语动词,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。‎ ‎③表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等。‎ ‎④表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。‎ ‎⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。‎ ‎⑥宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。‎ ‎⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。‎ ‎(3)主动形式表被动意义。‎ ‎①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。‎ This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。‎ These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。‎ My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。‎ The door won’t lock.门锁不上。‎ The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。‎ ‎②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。‎ The plan worked out successfully.‎ The lamps on the wall turn off.‎ ‎③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。‎ ‎④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。‎ This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.‎ The girl isn’t easy to get along with.‎ 另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。‎ ‎(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。‎ ‎①be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。‎ ‎②be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。‎ ‎③be lost迷路 ‎④be drunk喝醉 ‎⑤be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.‎ ‎(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如:‎ The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)‎ The book is well sold.(系表结构)‎ Z二、精典名题导解 选择填空 ‎1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)‎ A.will request B.are requested ‎ C.are requesting D.request 解析:答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的,因为说的是一条规定,所以用一般现在时,而visitor与request之间是动宾关系,即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢?不清楚,也不必知道,因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。‎ ‎2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)‎ A.is changing B.has changed ‎ C.will have changed D.will change 解析:答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事,因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况,而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态,不是在过去,也不是在将来,因此只能用现在进行时表达。‎ ‎3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.(2000年春季高考)‎ A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed 解析:答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知,一切准备工作已经就绪,可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词,与句子的主语是被动关系,所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关系;②结合语境选择正确时态。‎ ‎4.My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I half of it.‎ A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed 解析:答案为D。本句考时态和语境。全句意思是;我的心没在他说的话上,所以恐怕他说的话我有一半没听到。整个事情是过去的事,且是做过的事,所以选一般过去时D。‎ ‎5.The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in. ‎ A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came 解析:答案为D。come alive“变得活跃”。照顾时间状语从句时态一致时。‎ ‎6.—I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.‎ ‎—Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ?‎ A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left 解析:答案为D。考查动词时态,由现完成时的用法,可知动作发生在过去,故选D。‎ ‎ ‎
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