高考英语概要写作

高考英语概要写作

上海高考英语题型训练：概要写作 概要写作是在正确理解文章的基础上，在不改变原文的中心思想，体裁和结构的前提下，省去细节，用简明、精炼的语句高度浓缩地概况文章的主要内容和观点。注意只需要用不同语言复述原文主旨，不能加入自己的观点。‎ I helped an old man in rags who lost his way,‎ Main point: I helped an old man. Details: in rags, who lost his way.‎ 概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁，考查的是学生在实现自由的思维表达之前，对他人的信息在理解的基础上进行概括表达的能力。选材上，提供一篇350词以内的短文，题材不限，一般以议论文说明文或者记叙文为主，要求考生写出一篇60词以内的内容概要。完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤。‎ ‎1，读懂原文，找出段落主题句，概况全文中心思想。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章的内部逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。‎ ‎2，组织语言，对主题句和中心思想同义替换表达。在转换改写中，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，不照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。‎ 3， 找出恰当的关联词，连贯全文。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，关注文章内部逻辑，关注一切有转承关系的连接词，尤其是一些副词，比如，however, besides, in addition, therefore, instead等。‎ 为写好概要写作，在平时的阅读中，应注意：‎ 1， 培养抓中心句、概况中心思想的习惯。‎ 2， 掌握句型转换方法，学会用不同的语法结构表达同一个主题。‎ 3， 积累同义替换词和连接词。‎ Summary Writing Direction: Read the following passage. Sammarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.‎ Unit 1,‎ A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more. Insects can be found almost everywhere -- on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colors and various shapes. ‎ There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range, of natural and artificial foods—paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton，other insects, plants and animals Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces.‎ ‎ Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day.‎ Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective color. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised(伪装) like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen (青苔),a seed or some other natural object Some insects use bright, bold colors to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them.‎ 参考答案： Insects are expert at surviving than all other animal species for following reasons. First, their amazing adaptable ability allows them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments / situation. Moreover, insects have a great reproductive ability. The third reason is that they can use protective colors to protect them from their enemies. ‎ Unit 2,‎ Have you ever been involved in animal rescue? This is what happened to the Winter the dolphin. Winter was found off the coast of Florida in December of 2005. She was just a few months old, alone, and caught in a crab trap. The ropes from the trap were wrapped tightly around her body. ‎ The fisherman who found her called for help, and the rescue team soon arrived. The ropes had cut off the blood circulation to her tail. She was badly hurt. Her rescuers didn't think she would survive. Hoping for a miracle and racing against time to save her, the rescuers transferred her to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium in Florida. ‎ The doctors managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her tail. Her tail flukes were too damaged and had to be removed so Winter could live.‎ The little dolphin Winter survived against all odds, but she would never be able to swim normally without a tail. Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was able to swim, but not very well. Because she didn't have a tail. She moved her body in a side-to-side motion like a shark. But doctors at the aquarium were worried that unconventional moment would hurt her spine.‎ Kevin Carroll heard Winter’s story and thought he could help. He is a specialist who designs and provides prostheses for people. If he could help people, why not help a dolphin? He started working with Winter and came up with a solution for the new fluke and tail section Kevin designed a stretchy sleeve to fit winter’s body and protect her skin. Then a tail made of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit over the sleeve. Now winter can swim like other dolphins. And she is a great inspiration to people who struggle with their own injuries. ‎ 参考答案： A dolphin Winter was found trapped in ropes by a fisherman. Badly injured, she had to be transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her but her damaged tail was removed. Luckily, a specialist Kevin designed an artificial tail for her. She swims normally again, which inspires people fighting with injuries. (51words) ‎ Unit 3,‎ Take Care of Your Spine (脊柱) The spine stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also contains your spinal cord, a massive collection of nerves that sends electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain. Therefore, it’s important to take care of it.‎ Maintaining your good posture is one of the most important things you can do ‎ to keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, except for its natural curves. Posture comes into play even when you’re asleep. Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions. Having a comfortable bed is also very important as sleeping in a position that isn’t comfortable can leave your back feeling sore the next day. ‎ Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine. Staying still for too long—even if your posture is good—can be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a desk most of the day, it’s important to get up and stretch periodically. Stretches can help the muscles around your spine relax and allow bones to shift into better positions. Strength exercises with light weights or bodyweight exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around your spine. However, don’t overdo the exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles around your spine.‎ Your diet also affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In particular, B vitamins help keep nerves healthy, so you may want to consider taking a supplement (补充物). Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones, but it’s also absorbed from sunlight, so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.‎ Many of the actions necessary to keep your spine healthy are identical to those need to preserve your health in other ways. So protect our back, and the rest of body will benefit.‎ 参考答案1： How can you keep your spine healthy to enjoy a better life? First, avoid poor posture and long-time motionlessness when standing, sitting or sleeping. Second, do some stretching and strengthening exercises but avoid overtraining. Finally, have a multi-vitamin diet for healthy bones and nerves with vitamin supplements if necessary and expose to the sun.‎ 参考答案2： Central to health, your spine needs your good care. First, keep a good posture, including standing or sitting straight and sleeping on your side in a comfortable bed. Second, avoid keeping a same posture for long and take proper exercise to relax and strengthen spine muscles. Third, have a diet with enough vitamins for healthy bones and nerves. (58 words)‎ Unit 4,‎ As is known to all, many things can be measured in terms of data. Sometimes data can indeed tell the truth. With the help of data we can easily know the price of a can of Coke in the supermarket or the result of a football match or the temperature of a certain day. Obviously, data can make our life easier and more omfortable. What is more important, data seem to be fairer than words or statements. If the data are true, we don’t have to worry about being cheated. Nowadays, as lies exist in the world, data are expected to tell the truth. Therefore, many of us would rather believe data. On the other hand, if we judge things only by data from the so-called specific research, aren’t we a little too narrow-minded? Many people often treat the so-called specific data unwisely just to make sure that they are making the right decisions. But sometimes we may find that data aren’t everything.  For example, how can you tell that somebody isn’t a good student just because he or she doesn’t get high marks in the final examination?‎ ‎　 There are many things in our life which cannot be measured by data. For example, the degree of your feeling happy in your life, the depth of love between you and ‎ your friends, and the faith you have in your country. We can only feel them in our hearts but can never express them in data.‎ ‎ There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event. But data should be dealt with wisely. We often get wrong data which mislead us. We should try our best to be wise thinkers. Remember, data have no feeling but we humans have. Data do not mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false. ‎ ‎ Data are data after all. Life is much more colorful than the pale data. So give the cold data a warm heart and we’ll find that the world is far more wonderful than the pale data can describe. ‎ 参考答案： People believe data because it make our life easier and comfortable and because data seems to be fair. However, it’s unwise to rely too much on data. Firstly, sometimes data only tells half the truth. Secondly, not everything can be valued by data. Lastly, wrong data may prevent us from making a good judgment. ‎ Unit 5,‎ All Must Have Degrees In a classroom in Seoul a group of teenagers sit over their desks in total silence. Study begins at eight in the morning and ends at half past four in the afternoon. And some even go back home at midnight. Like thousands of South Koreans, they are preparing for the important exam, which will largely determine whether they go to a good university or not. Degrees have become useful. Seventy percent of students who graduate from the country’s secondary schools now go straight to universities.‎ Many more countries have seen a big rise in the share of young people with degrees, but South Korea is an extreme case. As technological reforms require workers to do many difficult and demanding jobs that they would not have done before, there seems to be reasonable to insist that more workers receive a good education than before. And a degree is an obvious way for bright youngsters from poor families to prove their abilities. People tend to earn more if they have degrees.‎ Employers do not have to pay for higher education and they are increasingly able to demand degrees to screen out the least motivated or capable. A recent study by Joseph Fuller and Manjari Romaan of Harvard Business School shows that companies routinely require applicants to have degrees, even though only a minority of those already working in the role have them.‎ The Economist’s analysis found that between 1970 and 2015, the proportion of 256 workers aged 25-64 with at least a bachelor’s degree increased. Some of them are highly intellectually demanding jobs, such as aviation engineers. Others are non-graduate jobs such as waiting tables. Sixteen percent of waiters now have degrees, because probably in most cases they could not find jobs and live poorly. Today, having a degree is usually an entry requirement.‎ 参考答案： In South Korea, the young study hard to get degrees for three reasons. Firstly, the rapidly changing technology is challenging, so employers care more about the education of workers. Having a degree is a must. Secondly, with degrees, the youngsters from poor families can demonstrate their abilities. Lastly, people can earn more money. Without degrees, their life will be difficult. ‎ Unit 6,‎ To Friend or Unfriend Social networking makes it very easy to have friends – lots ‎ and lots friends. Hundreds or millions of people have joined QQ, Wechat, and other sites so that they can communicate with friends online. However, the meaning of the word “friend” seems changed. In the past, a friend was someone you had a close personal relationship with. Now, anyone in the world can be your friend online! Some people have thousands of cyber friends, but what do you do if you don’t want to have so many friends?‎ Easy! You can dump an unwanted friend with just one click of your mouse. in recent years, it has become so common to get rid of friends in this way that there is a new word to describe it – to “unfriend”. The new Oxford American Dictionary named it word of the Year in 2009 and defined it like this: “to remove someone as a ‘friend’ from social networking site”. But why would you want to do such a thing as unfriending someone?‎ The most common reason for unfriending someone is to eliminate annoying people from your social life. For example, some friends post messages much too frequently, especially those messages found to be extremely boring. They endlessly post status updates which say something like “I’m cooking dinner” or “I’m doing homework”. Another reason for unfriending someone is disagreement about world issues. A third reason is to get rid of people who write dirty things on social websites.‎ Although dumping friends is not just an Internet phenomenon, far more online friendships end suddenly than off-line ones. Even in this computer age, it remains true that many people prefer spending time together face-to face. After all, that’s what friends are for!‎ 参考答案：“Unfriend”, defined as removing someone as a friend, becomes a common practice and there are several reasons for it. First, those people who always post uninteresting staffs are likely to be unfriended. Besides, writing dirty things or opinions on world issues may cause others to get rid of you. So it is true that people prefer off-lines friends to online ones. ‎ Unit 7,‎ What started as a race to space between the United States and Russia has turned out to be a technological revolution that has greatly improved the quality of daily life throughout the world. Scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have invented new technology to make space flights doable. The same technology, when applied on Earth, has produced thousands of products in the areas of health and sports that have significant impacts on our lives.‎ Many of these improvements are in the fields of health and medicine. NASA-inspired technology fueled the great advances in the early detection of deadly diseases. For instance, computer chips designed for the Hubble telescope are used in digital imaging devices that help medical professionals detect cancer at very early stages. Eye doctors can now diagnose vision problems in very young children by using ocular screening. Ultrasound scanners, portable x-ray devices, and bone analyzers are among the medical devices developed with the help of space technology.‎ Fogless ski goggles and special sportswear are among the hundreds of items of sports equipment inspired by NASA technology. Space technology has been applied to sports too. The running shoes that athletes use today have midsoles that act like shock absorbers and keep the runners steady while in motion. These shoes utilize the technology NASA used to design the moon boot. In golf, athletes use a new ball ‎ that employs NASA research on how to make the flight of the ball from the tee to the green faster and more accurate. In swimming, athletes can swim faster because of NASA-developed riblets in the fabric of their swimsuits.‎ Almost all aspects of daily life continue to improve because NASA scientists are still at work. Transportation, methods of preparing food, and work environments are other ways in which NASA technology has made significant changes.‎ 参考答案： The technologies innovated to meet the demand of space flights are also employed in people’s daily life. For instance, in health, some technology is adopted to detect early cancer, or diagnose eye diseases. In sports, some technology is applied to manufacture sports shoes to keep athletes running steadily, or to make swimsuits for athletes to swim faster. ‎ Unit 8,‎ The drug store was closing for the night and Alfred Higgins was about to go home when his new boss approached him. “Empty your pockets please, Alfred,” Sam Carr demanded in a firm voice. Alfred pretended to be shocked but he knew he’d been caught. From his coat he withdrew a make-up kit, a lipstick and two tubes of toothpaste.‎ ‎“I’m disappointed in you, Alfred!” said the little gray-haired man.“Sorry, Sir. Please forgive me. I’ve never done such a thing before.” Alfred lied, hoping to gain the old man’s sympathy. Mr Carr’s brow furrowed (皱眉) as he reached for the phone, “Do you take me for a fool? Let’s see what the police have to say. But first I’ll call your mother and let her know her son is heading to jail.”‎ ‎“Do whatever you want,” Alfred shot back, trying to sound big. But deep down he felt like a child. He imagined his mother rushing in, eyes burning with anger, maybe in tears. Yet he wanted her to come quickly before Mr. Carr called the police.‎ Mr. Carr was surprised when Mrs Higgins finally arrived. She was very calm, quiet and friendly. “Is Alfred in trouble?” she asked. “He’s been stealing from the store,” the old man coolly replied. Mrs. Higgins put out her hand and touched Mr. Carr’s arm with great gentleness as if she knew just how he felt. She spoke as if she did not want to cause him any more trouble. “What do you want to do, Mr. Carr?”‎ The woman’s calm and gentle manner disarmed the once-angry store-owner. “I was going to get a cop. But I don’t want to be cruel. Tell your son not to come back here again, and I’ll let it go.” Then he warmly shook Mrs. Higgins’s hand.‎ Mrs. Higgins thanked the old man for his kindness, then mother and son left. They walked along the street in silence. When they arrived home his mother simply said, “Go to bed, you fool.”‎ In his bedroom, Alfred heard his mother in the kitchen. He felt no shame, only pride in his mother’s actions. “She was smooth!” he thought. He went to the kitchen to tell her how great she was, but was shocked by what he saw. ‎ His mother’s face looked frightened, broken. Not the cool, bright face he saw earlier. Her lips moved nervously. She looked very old. There were tears in her eyes.‎ This picture of his mother made him want to cry. He felt his youth ending. He saw all the troubles he brought her and the deep lines of worry in her grey face. He seemed to have never really seen his mother like that.‎ 参考答案： The story is about a boy maturing overnight. A drug store owner found something stolen by Alfred and called his mother. Surprisingly, the mother took this calmly and the boss decided to let it go. At home, he was about to show his pride in ‎ the mother’s calmness when he saw a deeply-worried mother, which greatly shocked him. (58 words)‎