高考一轮复习英语语法专项九动词的语气虚拟语气

高考一轮复习英语语法专项九动词的语气虚拟语气

‎2012届高考一轮复习语法专项九：动词的语气-虚拟语气 一、语气的定义和种类 l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。‎ ‎2、语气的种类：‎ ‎(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!‎ ‎(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。‎ ‎(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！‎ 二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法 ‎ 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。‎ 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)‎ 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:‎ 从 句 主 句 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）‎ would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 ‎ would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 ‎ 动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。‎ l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。‎ ‎ 2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。‎ ‎ 3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。‎ ‎ 4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在) ‎ ‎5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: ‎ ‎(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。‎ ‎ (2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。‎ ‎ 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)‎ ‎6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。‎ ‎(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)‎ ‎(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)‎ 三、虚拟语气的其他用法 l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。‎ ‎2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：‎ ‎(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。‎ ‎ (2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。‎ ‎3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 ‎(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。‎ ‎ (2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌 生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。‎ ‎ 注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。‎ ‎(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。‎ ‎ 4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。‎ ‎5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法 ‎(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。‎ ‎(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。‎ 练1、 ‎(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。‎ ‎练习、虚拟语气 ‎1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.‎ ‎ A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent ‎ C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent ‎2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.‎ ‎ A. had started, would be B. started, might be ‎ C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been ‎3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.‎ ‎ A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up ‎ C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up ‎4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.‎ ‎ A. were not ill; wouldn' t be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been ‎ C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be ‎5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.‎ ‎ A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do ‎6. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.‎ ‎ A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it ‎ C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be ‎7. Without your help, we________ so much.‎ ‎ A. won ' t achieve B. didn ' t achieve ‎ C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved ‎8. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.‎ ‎ A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make ‎ C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made ‎9. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.‎ ‎ A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do ‎10. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.‎ ‎ A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going ‎11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.‎ ‎ A. could B. should C. would D. were able to ‎12. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.‎ ‎ A. could B. must C. should D. might ‎13. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.‎ A. is given B. must give C. should give D. be given ‎14. Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party?‎ ‎ A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite ‎15. I insisted that he ________ at once.‎ ‎ A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go ‎16. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.‎ A. hadn ' t stolen B. shouldn ' t steal C. doesn ' t steal D. steal ‎17. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.‎ ‎ A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make ‎18. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.‎ ‎ A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know ‎19. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.‎ ‎ A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard ‎20. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train.‎ ‎ A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch ‎21. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health.‎ ‎ A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be ‎22. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.‎ ‎ A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought ‎23. It is high time we ________ home.‎ ‎ A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went ‎24. I ' d rather that you ________ home.‎ ‎ A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone ‎25. If only I _________ to the lecture!‎ ‎ A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened ‎26. ---- If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.‎ ‎ A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken ‎ C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken ‎27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.‎ ‎ A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come ‎28. Without electricity, human life ________ quite different today.‎ ‎ A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be ‎29. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.‎ A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give ‎30. If city noises _______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.‎ ‎ A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to ‎ ‎ C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to ‎31. Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he ________ home.‎ ‎ A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay ‎32. Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all.‎ A. had done B. have done C. did D. so ‎33. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.‎ ‎ A. has she known B. had she known C'. if she know D. if she has known ‎34. If you had enough money, what ________ ?‎ ‎ A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought ‎35. If you ________ that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.‎ ‎ A. didn't see B. haven't seen C. wouldn’t have seen D. hadn’t seen ‎36. Our monitor requested that ________.‎ A. all the class studied more carefully the problem ‎ B. the problem was more carefully studied C. with great care the problem could be studied ‎ D. all the class study the problem more carefully ‎37. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible? ‎ ‎---- Yes, but I ________. busy doing my homework..‎ A. was B. were C. had been D. would be ‎38. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.‎ ‎ A. had been B. was C. be D. should be ‎39. It is important that we ________.‎ ‎ A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave ‎ C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave ‎40. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.‎ A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone ‎1~5 BADAB 6~10 CDABC 11~15 CCDDB 16~20 ADAAC 21~25 DCDAD ‎ ‎26~30 BDDAA 31~35 DABBD 36~40 DABDC