高考英语动词的时态和语态

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高考英语动词的时态和语态

专题九 动词的时态和语态 ‎ 考点知识清单 ‎ 一、动词的时态 ‎ 高中英语教学大纲中要求掌握的只有八种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,过去将来时。另外现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。‎ ‎ 十六种动词时态的构成如下表所示:‎ 时态 构成公式 种类 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般时态 第三人称除单数要加-s外,其他均用动词原形(be和have例外)‎ 动词的过去式 shall will+动词原形 should would+动词原形 进行 时态 am is are+现在分词 ‎+现在分词 was were shall will +be+现在分词 should would +be+现在分词 完成 时态 have has+过去分词 had+过去分词 shall will+have+过去分词 should would+have+过去分词 完成进 行时态 have has+been+现在分词 had+been+现在分词 shall will+have+been+现在分词 should ‎ would+have+been+现在分词 ‎ 二、动词的语态 ‎ (一)语态的基本概念 ‎ 语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。‎ ‎ 主动语态:表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者。‎ ‎ 被动语态:表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。如:‎ ‎ We respect our teachers.我们尊敬老师。(主动语态)‎ ‎ Our teachers are respected by us.老师受到我们的尊敬。(被动语态)‎ ‎ (二)被动语态的构成 ‎ 被动语态的构成是:助动词be+过去分词。‎ 时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am,is are written am,is are being written has have been written 过去 was were written was were being written had been written 将来 shall will be written ‎—‎ ‎—‎ 过去 将来 should would be written ‎—‎ ‎—‎ ‎ 知识梳理 ‎ 考点一 一般现在时 ‎ 1.表示经常发生的习惯性的、现在反复出现的动作或状态,这类句子常用的时间状语有:always(总是),usually(通常),seldom(很少),often(经常),sometimes(有时),every day(每天),now and then(时常),once a week(一周一次)等。如:‎ ‎ I usually go to bed at nine.我通常9点钟睡觉。‎ ‎ He writes to his parents once a month.他每月给父母写一封信。‎ ‎ 2.表示眼下或目前等现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,这种状态带有一定的持续性。如:‎ ‎ They are very busy.他们很忙。‎ ‎ What’s the matter with you?你怎么了?‎ ‎ 3.表示客观事实或普遍真理。如:‎ ‎ China is in the east of Asia.中国位于亚洲东部。‎ ‎ Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传得快。‎ ‎ 4.书报的标题,故事的叙述,小说、戏剧、电影等情节介绍,图片的说明等。如:‎ ‎ The story takes place on an island during the second Revolution Civil War.‎ ‎ 这个故事发生在第二次国内革命战争时期的一个海岛上。(故事的叙述)‎ ‎ 5.时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。如:‎ ‎ School begins on February 5.学校于‎2月5日开学。‎ ‎ The plane takes off at 15:05.飞机15:05起飞。‎ ‎ 6.在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,表示将来的动作。如:‎ ‎ When you meet him,tell him to come to my place.‎ ‎ 当你碰见他的时候。叫他到我这儿来。‎ ‎ Call me as soon as he arrives.‎ ‎ 他一到,你就给我打电话。‎ ‎ 注意 一般现在时有时也可用于定语从句或宾语从句中表示将来。‎ ‎ I’ ll give you anything you ask for.你要什么我就会给你什么。‎ ‎ Please make sure that all the windows are closed before you leave.‎ ‎ 离开时请确保关好所有的窗户。‎ ‎ 7.用在某些表达中,表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。如:‎ ‎ Here comes the bus!‎ ‎ 汽车来了!‎ ‎ How it rains!‎ ‎ 雨下得多大啊!‎ ‎ 考点二 一般过去时 ‎ 1.表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态,与现在没有关系。经常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,last night,at that time等。如:‎ ‎ He arrived in Hangzhou an hour ago.‎ ‎ 他一小时前到达了杭州。‎ ‎ Where were you just now?你刚才在哪里?‎ ‎ 2.表示在过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态,与现在没有关系。如:‎ ‎ Their children often went hungry in the old days.在旧社会,他们的孩子经常挨饿。‎ ‎ During his middle school years,he played football nearly every day.‎ ‎ 他在中学时代几乎天天踢足球。‎ ‎ 3.用“used to+动词原形”或“would+动词原形”,也可以表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。如:‎ ‎ I used to leave for school at 7:30.我过去总是7:30离家去上学。‎ ‎ What time did you use to get up last year?去年你通常什么时候起床?‎ ‎ 4.有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明,但实际上是“刚才,刚刚”发生的,属于过去时间,应使用过去时态。常见于I didn’t know...或I forgot...等,表示事先不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情。如:‎ ‎ I didn’t know you were so busy.没想到你这么忙。‎ ‎ I didn’t expect to meet you here.我没想到在这儿碰到你。‎ ‎ 5.一般过去时可与today,this week,this month等时间状语连用。如:‎ ‎ I saw him today.我今天见过他。‎ ‎ He came late three times this week.这星期他迟到了三次。‎ ‎ 上两句话中的时问是today和this week,但saw和came是发生在说话之前,故用一般过去时。‎ ‎ 6.一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气,这样的词有think,wonder,hope等。如:‎ ‎ I wondered if you could do me a favor.‎ ‎ 我不知你能否帮我一个忙。‎ ‎ 考点三 一般将来时 ‎ 1.will(第一人称可用shall)+动词原形 ‎ (1)表示将来会出现的动作或状态。常常伴有表示将来的时间状语,如:this evening,tomorrow,next Monday(week,month),at the end of this term,in a few minutes等等。如:‎ ‎ They will fly to Beijing in three days.‎ ‎ 他们3天以后乘飞机去北京。‎ ‎ l’ ll expect to hear from you this afternoon.‎ ‎ 我今天下午等你回信。‎ ‎ (2)表示将来经常发生的动作。如:‎ ‎ He will write me a letter every week.‎ ‎ 他准备每周给我写一封信。‎ ‎ We shall go boating on Sundays.‎ ‎ 我们将在每个周日去划船。‎ ‎ (3)用“will+动词原形”表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势、倾向。如:‎ ‎ Fish will die without water.没有水鱼就会死。‎ ‎ (4)表示说话过程中做出某种决定时,通常也用will表示。如:‎ ‎ —The phone is ringing.电话响了。‎ ‎ —I’ ll answer it.我去接。‎ ‎ 注意 条件状语从句中的will表示“决心,意愿”,此时will不是助动词,而是情态动词表意愿。如:‎ ‎ If you won’t listen to us,just do as you please.‎ ‎ 如果你不愿意听我们的,就请便吧。‎ ‎ 2.be going to+动词原形 ‎ (1)表示已经决定或安排要做的事。如:‎ ‎ They are going to hold a meeting to discuss it.‎ ‎ 他们打算开个会来讨论那件事。‎ ‎ Are you going to visit the Science‎ ‎Museum this afternoon?‎ ‎ 你今天下午打算参观科学博物馆吗?‎ ‎ (2)表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来将要发生的事。如:‎ ‎ It looks as if it is going to rain.‎ ‎ 天看上去像要下雨了。‎ ‎ The moon is going to rise In a minute.‎ ‎ 月亮一会儿就会升起来。‎ ‎ 3.be to+动词原形 ‎ (1)表示约定、计划或按职责、义务要求即将发生的动作。如:‎ ‎ I am to meet Mr.Brown at eleven o’ clock this morning.‎ ‎ 我要在今天上午11点钟见布朗先生。‎ ‎ (2)表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令。如:‎ ‎ All the questions are to be answered at once.所有的问题都必须立即回答。‎ ‎ The door is not to be opened.‎ ‎ 不准打开这扇门。‎ ‎ (3)表示注定要发生的事情。如:‎ ‎ Her plan is to be a failure.她的计划是注定要失败的。‎ ‎ 4.be about to+动词原形 ‎ (1)表示即将发生的动作,意为“正要,即将”。如:‎ ‎ The meeting is about to begin.会议就要开始。‎ ‎ He is about to start on a journey.他快要去旅行了。‎ ‎ (2)不可与表示具体的将来时间的副词或副词性短语连用,但可以同由as或when引导的时间状语从句连用。如:‎ ‎ They are about to leave.他们即将动身。‎ ‎ She was about to go to the cinema when I came.‎ ‎ 当我来的时候,她正要去看电影。‎ ‎ 5.某些动词的现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。如:‎ ‎ He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.他明天启程去上海。‎ ‎ They are coming to see us this coming Sunday.这个星期天他们来看我们。‎ ‎ 考点四 过去将来时 ‎ 1.would/should+动词原形表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。通常用于其主句的谓语为过去时态的宾语从句中。如:‎ ‎ He said he would go to the north for the holiday.他曾说他将去北方度假。‎ ‎ I told her I should(或would)return the book in a few days.‎ ‎ 我告诉过她,我将在几天后还书。‎ ‎ 2.过去将来时的表达方法与一般将来时一样,只是有关动词要用过去时形式。如:‎ ‎ He told me he was going to learn another foreign language.‎ ‎ 他告诉我说,他打算学另一门外语。‎ ‎ I was about to go out when the telephone rang.‎ ‎ 我正要出去的时候电话铃响了。‎ ‎ 3.were/was十不定式表示过去将来时间的安排,如果这个安排后来被取消,没有实现,则用were/was+to+have done表示。如:‎ ‎ She told me that she was to plant some trees in the yard.‎ ‎ 她告诉过我说她要在院子里种些树。‎ ‎ We were to have left at six last night.昨晚六点我们本应离开。‎ ‎ 考点五 现在进行时 ‎ 1.表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。如:‎ ‎ We are having an English lesson now.我们正在上英语课。‎ ‎ The children are singing a fine song.‎ ‎ 孩子们正在唱一支动听的歌曲。‎ ‎ 2.表示现阶段一直在进行的动作,但说话时不一定正在进行。如:‎ ‎ The workers are building a new factory.‎ ‎ 工人们正在新建一个工厂。‎ ‎ He is translating a book.他正在翻译一本书。‎ ‎ 3.有时可表示即将发生的动作(只限于go,come,stay,leave,start,begin,arrive,return,fly,drive等动词),这时常有一个表示将来时间的状语。如:‎ ‎ The train is arriving soon.‎ ‎ 火车就要到了。‎ ‎ My sister is returning at two this afternoon.‎ ‎ 我姐姐今天下午2点回来。‎ ‎ 4.常与always,forever,constantly,continually,all the time等时间副词连用,表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作,常表示不满、抱怨或赞赏等情感。如:‎ ‎ She is always finding fault with others.‎ ‎ 她总是挑别人的毛病。‎ ‎ Mary is always laughing at him.‎ ‎ 玛丽总是嘲笑他。‎ ‎ 5.有些表示感觉、情感的动词不能用进行时,它们是:know,understand,love,like,hate,feel,desire,wish,want,refuse,remember,hear,see,have等,这些动词一般不用进行时,通常用一般现在时态,表示说话时发生的动作。如:‎ ‎ I don’t understand this sentence.‎ ‎ 我不懂这个句子。‎ ‎ It surprises me to see the repair work going so fast.‎ ‎ 看到修复工作进展这么快使我感到惊讶。‎ ‎ 注意 这些动词中有一些有时也用进行时态,但这时动词已不是原来的含义,而另有别的意思。如:‎ ‎ We are having a talk now.我们现在正在谈话。‎ ‎ I’m seeing a friend off.我正在给一个朋友送行。‎ ‎ 考点六 过去进行时 ‎ 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间通常要有时间状语(从句)或由上下文来表示。如:‎ ‎ They were taking physical exercise at seven this morning.‎ ‎ 今天早上七点钟的时候他们正在锻炼。‎ ‎ She was telephoning a friend when I came in.‎ ‎ 当我进来时,她正在给—个朋友打电话。‎ ‎ 2.表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。但说话时不一定正在进行。如:‎ ‎ They were digging a railway tunnel last week.‎ ‎ 他们上星期在挖铁路隧道。‎ ‎ 3.表示从过去某一时间的角度看将要发生的动作,用于某些动词。(见现在进行时3)如:‎ ‎ They were leaving a few days later.‎ ‎ 几天后他们要离开。‎ ‎ 4.与always,frequently等副词连用,表示感情色彩。如:‎ ‎ My brother was always losing his key.‎ ‎ 我的弟弟总是把钥匙弄丢。‎ ‎ He was always asking her questions.‎ ‎ 他总是问她问题。‎ ‎ 注意 come,go,plan,expect,look forward to等动词(词组)的过去进行时,有时表示本来打算做而实际没有做成的事情。如:‎ ‎ He was coming to see me,but unfortunately he was ill.‎ ‎ 他本打算来看我,但糟糕的是,他病了。‎ ‎ I was going to play tennis with you tomorrow.我本打算明天跟你打网球的。‎ ‎ 过去进行时表示过去某时未完成的动作,而一般过去时指过去做了某件事(已完成)。‎ ‎ [例] —Why didn’t Ann see me wave to her?‎ ‎ —She ____ in the other direction.‎ ‎ A.looked B.was looking C.has looked D.is looking ‎ [解析] 上句用过去时,表示动作发生在过去,下句“她正在看另—个方向”,因为正在进行另一个动作,所以没有看见,故选择过去进行时。‎ ‎ [答案] B ‎ 考点七 现在完成时 ‎ 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的状语有already,yet,just等。如:‎ ‎ China has already made great progress in science and technology.‎ ‎ 中国在科技方面已经取得巨大进步。‎ ‎ My father has just come back from work.‎ ‎ 我爸爸刚下班回来。(所以他现在在家)‎ ‎ 2.表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还可能继续下去的动作状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用,它们是today,this week,lately,recently,in the past few days,since,for a long time等。如:‎ ‎ He has lived in America since 1960.‎ ‎ 从1960年开始他就一直住在美国。(直到现在他仍住在美国)‎ ‎ We have studied English for six years.我们学习英语已经6年了。‎ ‎ 注意 ①非延续性动词(如:marry,die,leave等)在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。但可以改成相应的延续性动词或It is/has ‎ been+时间+since+一般过去时的句子结构。如:‎ ‎ 我收到他的信已经两天了。‎ ‎ 【误】I have received his letter for two days.‎ ‎ 【正】I received his letter two days ago.‎ ‎ 【正】I have had his letter for two days.‎ ‎ 【正】It is two days since I received his letter.‎ ‎ ②此类动词在否定句中则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如:‎ ‎ I haven’t received his letter for a long time.我很久没收到他的来信了。‎ ‎ 附:巧记10个瞬间性动词:‎ ‎ 开始离去,借来还,出生入死,买到家。‎ ‎ 注意 “开始离去,借来还”为begin,leave,go,borrow,come,return;“出生入死,买到家”为born,die,buy,arrive。各词改为相应的延续性动词为:begin→be on,leave→be away from,go→be away,borrow→keep,come→be here,return→be back,born→be in,die→be dead,buy→have,arrive→be here等。‎ ‎ 3.在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时代替将来完成时,表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。如:‎ ‎ He will come as soon as he has finished the homework.他一完成家庭作业就来。‎ ‎ If you have read the book before I leave,please lend it to me.‎ ‎ 如果你在我离开之前读完了这本书,请把它借给我。‎ ‎ 4.现在完成时利一般过去时的区别 ‎ 现在完成时表示某一已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系。它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:‎ ‎ He has lived in Beijing since liberation.‎ ‎ 解放以来他一直住在北京。(说明他现在仍在北京)‎ ‎ He lived in Beijing before liberation.‎ ‎ 解放前他住在北京。(现在是否住在北京不知道)‎ ‎ 考点八 现在完成进行时 ‎ 1.表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作,可能刚刚停止,也可能还在继续进行。如:‎ ‎ We have been looking for you for an hour.‎ ‎ 我们找了你一个小时。(动作刚停止)‎ ‎ She has been teaching English since she graduated.‎ ‎ 她毕业后一直在教英语。(动作还在继续进行)‎ ‎ 2.重复的动作表示感情色彩。有时候,现在完成进行时不是指某动作一直在不停地进行,而是表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作,常带有感情色彩。如:‎ ‎ She’s been saying that twenty times.这话她已经说了20遍了。‎ ‎ He has been calling on her several times this week.‎ ‎ 他这个星期几次打电话给她。‎ ‎ 3.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ‎ 现在完成进行时和现在完成时均可表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”的动作,有时两者可换用,但前者多用于口语中。这两种时态的主要差别有两个:‎ ‎ (1)现在完成时表示动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时表示动作的进行,强调动作的持续性。如:‎ ‎ I have watered the flowers.‎ ‎ 我已经给花浇过水了。(已完成,你不必浇了)‎ ‎ I have been watering the flowers.‎ ‎ 我一直在给花浇水。(未完成:一直在浇)‎ ‎ (2)状态动词、知觉动词或情感动词如:see,feel,know,love等,不可用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如:‎ ‎ I have known her for a long time.(正)我认识她已很久了。‎ ‎ I have been knowing her for a long time.(误)‎ ‎ 考点九 过去完成时 ‎ 1.表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可以通过上下文表示。‎ ‎ 可图示为:‎ ‎ 如:‎ ‎ She had learnt 2,000 English words by the end of last month.‎ ‎ 到上个月末,她已经学了2000个英语单词。‎ ‎ He had already had his breakfast before seven o’ clock this morning.‎ ‎ 今天早晨7点钟之前他已经吃完了早饭。‎ ‎ 注意 在含有时间状语从句的复合句中,若两个动作紧接着发生,则常不需用过去完成时,尤其是在含有before和after的复合句中,常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。‎ ‎ Just before I left the classroom,I closed all the windows.‎ ‎ 在离开教室前,我关上了所有的窗户。‎ ‎ 2.表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/in-tended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式表示即:hoped/planned...+to do。如:‎ ‎ I had meant to come,hut it rained.我本想来,但是下雨了。(没能如愿)‎ ‎ I had hoped to see her again.我本希望再见她一面的。(没能如愿)‎ ‎ 3.过去完成时也用于hardly...when(刚一……就),no sooner...than(刚一……就)等一些固定句型中。如:‎ ‎ He had hardly arrived when it began to snow.‎ ‎ 他刚一到,天就开始下雪。‎ ‎ No sooner had he gone to sleep than the telephone rang once more.‎ ‎ 他刚一入睡电话又一次响起。‎ ‎ 4.过去完成时与现在完成时的比较 ‎ 过去完成时与现在完成时都常同表示一段时间的状语连用,如for a week,for two years,for a long time等,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。如:‎ ‎ She had been ill for a week before she came back.‎ ‎ 她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。(到过去某时间)。‎ ‎ She has been ill for a week。她生病一个星期了。(到现在仍生病)‎ ‎ 考点十 将来完成时 ‎ 1.将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,它常与表将来的时间状语连用。如:‎ ‎ I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.‎ ‎ 我将在本周末之前读完这本书。‎ ‎ Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.‎ ‎ 不久以后,他很快就会把这件事全忘了。‎ ‎ 2.将来完成时往往可和时间或条件状语从句连用。如:‎ ‎ When I have done that,I shall have done all I was supposed to do.‎ ‎ 我做完这件事,就做了我全部应该做的事了。‎ ‎ If you come at seven o’ clcok,I shall not yet have finished dinner.‎ ‎ 如果你7点钟来,我还没有吃完晚饭。‎ ‎ 考点十一 时态的呼应 ‎ 英语中,在一些主从复合句中,应特别注意从句的时态与主句谓语动词的时态一致。‎ ‎ 1.名词性从句的时态呼应 ‎ (1)如果主句的动词是一般现在时,则从句的动词可以是表达过去、现在或将来活动的时态。如:‎ ‎ I know that he arrived this morning.我知道他今天早上到的。‎ ‎ (2)如果主句谓语用一般过去时,从句时态要用相应的过去时态。如:‎ ‎ I didn’t know you were also here.我不知道你也在这儿。‎ ‎ I thought you were having a break now.我还以为你们现在休息。‎ ‎ (3)如果名词性从句为客观事实、普遍真理或是一个人或物经常性的特点,则从句谓语可保持原来时态,即一般现在时态。如:‎ ‎ The teacher told us that the Yellow River is the second longest river in China.‎ ‎ 老师告诉我们,黄河是中国第二长河。‎ ‎ She said that the plane takes off at 12:00,didn’t she?‎ ‎ 她说飞机12点起飞,对吧?‎ ‎ 2.状语从句的时态呼应 ‎ 状语从句的时态可根据需要来选定。如:‎ ‎ The secretary always leaves as soon as her boss goes home.‎ ‎ 这位秘书通常是老板前脚走,她后脚就离开。‎ ‎ She’ ll tell you when you are having lunch.她将在你吃午饭时告诉你。‎ ‎ 考点十二 被动语态的用法 ‎ 1.不知道谁是动作的执行者,或由于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。如:‎ ‎ Paper was first invented in China.‎ ‎ 纸是中国首先发明的。‎ ‎ They really have been poorly paid.‎ ‎ 他们的工资确实太低了。‎ ‎ 2.需要更突出或强调动作的执行者。如:‎ ‎ Theory must be combined with practice.‎ ‎ 理论必须联系实际。‎ ‎ 3.由于某种理由(如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组合句法关系)而需要用被动语态。如:‎ ‎ We are supposed to be here at eight.‎ ‎ 我们应该8点钟达这里。‎ ‎ Lessons are finished and the holidays have started.‎ ‎ 课程已结束,假期开始了。‎ ‎ 考点十三 语态转换的几种类型 ‎ 1.带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。如:‎ ‎ They are repairing the bike.‎ ‎ The bike is being repaired.‎ ‎ 2.如果宾语是一从句时,在有些情况下可用引导词it作形式主语,原宾语从句作为主语从句,仍放在谓语动词后面。如:‎ ‎ People believe that he is ill.‎ ‎ →It is believed that he is ill.‎ ‎ 表示“据说”“相信”的句型:‎ ‎ It is said that...据说……‎ ‎ It is reported that...据报道……‎ ‎ It is believed that...大家相信……‎ ‎ It is hoped that...大家希望……‎ ‎ It is thought that...大家认为……‎ ‎ It is suggested that...据建议……‎ ‎ 3.有两个宾语的动词,如give,send,teach,show,tell,pay,offer,pass,promise等,变为被动语态时,可将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语保留不动,一般都是把代表人的宾语(间接宾语)变为主语。如:‎ ‎ We gave him some books.‎ ‎ →He was given some books.‎ ‎ →Some book were given to him.‎ ‎ 4.有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的动词变为被动语态时.只能将宾语变为主语,原来的宾语补足语仍然留在原处,改称主语补足语。如:‎ ‎ We saw him sitting there without doing anything.‎ ‎ →He was seen sitting there without doing anything.‎ ‎ 注意 主动句中的宾语如果是不带to的不定式,在变成被动句中的主语补足语时,to不能省去。‎ ‎ She heard him sing a song just now.→He was heard to sing a song just now.‎ ‎ 5.短语动词变为被动语态时,要注意短语动词的完整性。动词后面原有的介词或副词不可遗漏。‎ ‎ They sent for the doctor immediately.‎ ‎ →The doctor was sent for immediately.‎ ‎ 考点十四 不能用被动语态的情况 ‎ 1.there be结构及所有的不及物动词或词组充当谓语时,无被动语态。如:‎ ‎ There are twelve months in a year.‎ ‎ 一年有12个月。‎ ‎ 常见的不及物动词或动词短语有:appear,die,happen,fast,lie,remain,break out,keep silent,take place,come true等。‎ ‎ 2.系动词无被动语态。‎ ‎ 3.一些表示状态的及物动词。如cost,have,own,possess等不能用被动语态。如:‎ ‎ We have three meals a day.我们一天吃三餐。‎ ‎ 4.表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等不能变被动语态。如:‎ ‎ I wish to go there myself.我希望亲自到那儿去。‎ ‎ 5.当及物动词leave,enter,reach等的宾语是表示地点和处所(包括组织、团体、军队、国家等)的名词时。不可变为被动语态。如:‎ ‎ He left his hometown ten years ago.他10年前离开了家乡。‎ ‎ 考点十五 主动形式表被动意义 ‎ 1.某些动词形式上主动。但含有被动意思,往往表示主语本身的性质,而且主语应该是事物。如:‎ ‎ This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。‎ ‎ Food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。‎ ‎ Your pen writes smoothly.你的笔好写。‎ ‎ The plan worked out wonderfully.这个计划制定得很好。‎ ‎ The engine won’t start.引擎发动不起来。‎ ‎ 2.在“have+宾语+to do”结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时,不定式用主动语态,否则用被动语态。如:‎ ‎ “Do you have any homework to do?” asked Mother.‎ ‎ 妈妈问:“你有作业要做吗?”‎ ‎ “Do you have clothes to be washed?” asked the servant.‎ ‎ 仆人问:“你有衣服要洗吗?”‎ ‎ 3.在“be+形容词+to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动表被动。‎ ‎ This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.这种水不宜喝。‎ ‎ The girl isn’t easy to get along with.这个女孩不易相处。‎ ‎ 另外,be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动含义。‎ ‎ 4.在某些词组中,用动词的主动形式表被动。‎ ‎ (1)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。如:‎ ‎ The book is well worth buying.这本书很值得买。‎ ‎ (2)want,require,need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。如:‎ ‎ Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。‎ ‎ The room needs cleaning.这房间需要打扫。‎ ‎ (3)with复合结构。如:‎ ‎ With a lot of problems to settle,she looks a little anxious.‎ ‎ 有许多问题要解决,她看起来有点着急。‎ ‎ 考点十六 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况 ‎ 1.be seated坐着 ‎ He is seated on a bench.(=He seats himself on a bench.)他坐在凳子上。‎ ‎ 2.be hidden躲藏 ‎ He was hidden behind the door.(=He hid himself behind the door.)‎ ‎ 他藏在门后。‎ ‎ 3.be lost迷路 ‎ 4.be drunk喝醉 ‎ 5.be dressed穿着 ‎ The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.这个女孩穿着一件红色的短裙。‎ ‎ 方法技巧清单 ‎ 方法技巧 ‎ 方法一 时间状语提示法 ‎ (1)一些特定的时间状语往往标志着一些特定的时态。如:now,at present标志着一般现在时或现在进行时;yesterday,last week,a few years ago标志着一般过去时;at that time,at the time,at this time yesterday,then标志着过去进行时;tomorrow,next week,in an hour标志着一般将来时;at this time tomorrow,at five tomorrow afternoon往往标志着一般将来时或将来进行时。‎ ‎ (2)除了上述时间状语提示时态,某些副词也有这种作用。如:often,always,usually,never,seldom表示经常性、习惯性动作,应用一般现在/过去时。‎ ‎ [例1] My brother is an actor.He ____ in several films so far.‎ ‎ A.appears B.appeared C.has appeared D.is appearing ‎ [解析] 寻找题中标志时态的时间状语so far。‎ ‎ [答案] C ‎ [例2] — ____ Mr.Brown ____ this week?‎ ‎ —No.He is on holiday.‎ ‎ A.Has;worked B.Does;work C.Did;work D.Is;working ‎ [解析] 根据答句He is on holiday.说明动作处于正在进行状态,而不是完成性的、过去发生的或经常性的动作,故排除选项A、B、C,选用现在进行时。‎ ‎ [答案] D ‎ [例3] You’d better not call the manager between 7 and 8 this evening,for he ____ an important meeting then.‎ ‎ A.will have B.would have C.will be having D.will have had ‎ [解析] 根据题干中的时间状语between 7 and 8 this evening可知,选项动作是在将来某个时刻正在进行的,故应选用将来进行时。口语中常用这种时态表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作或发生的事。‎ ‎ [答案] C ‎ [例4] —Joan was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.‎ ‎ —Oh,really? I ____ .I ____ visit her.‎ ‎ A.didn’t know;will go to ‎ B.don’t know;will go to ‎ C.didn’t know;am going to ‎ D.haven’t known;am going to ‎ [解析] 分析语境及讲话人意图可知,第一空强调过去的动作,并不表示现在发生的事,故应用一般过去时;第二空应选will,表示即时决定将要做的事,而be going to表示按计划、安排要做的事。‎ ‎ [答案] A ‎ [例5] Judy is going to marry the sailor she ____ in Rome last year.‎ ‎ A.meets B.met C.has met D.would meet ‎ [解析] 题中的时间状语last year提示Judy遇到那位水手的时间是在过去,所以用一般过去时。‎ ‎ [答案] B ‎ [例6] —Are you still smoking?‎ ‎ —No,by next Monday I ____ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.‎ ‎ A.will be B.will have gone ‎ C.will have been D.has been going ‎ [解析] 题中的时间状语by next Monday是重要时态标志。by通常是完成时的标志,next ‎ Monday是将来,所以应用将来完成时。‎ ‎ [答案] B ‎ 方法二 固定句型中的时态要求 ‎ 在一些句型中,往往对谓语动词使用何种时态有清楚的限定,所以我们在时态学习中,不妨把这作为判断时态的一个依据。‎ ‎ 1.主句(现在完成时)+since+从句(一般过去时)这一句型的另一种引申形式为:‎ ‎ It has been+一段时间+since+从句(一般过去时)或者继续可以变化为:‎ ‎ It is/was+一段时间+since+从句(一般过去时)如:‎ ‎ It is five years since I moved here.我搬到这已经5年了。‎ ‎ 2.This/it is the first/second...time+that...‎ ‎ 在这个句型中对时态的要求是:‎ ‎ It is+次数+that(现在完成时)‎ ‎ It was+次数+that(过去完成时)如:‎ ‎ This is the first time I have done it.这是我第一次做。‎ ‎ 3.It be+一段时间+before...‎ ‎ 这个句型对时态要求如下:‎ ‎ It will be+一段时间+before(一般现在时)‎ ‎ It was+一段时间+before(一般过去时)‎ ‎ It would be+一段时间+before(一般过去时)如:‎ ‎ It won’t be long before he comes back.‎ ‎ 不久他就会回来。‎ ‎ It was three days before he came back.‎ ‎ 三天后他才回来。‎ ‎ 4.Hardly had...done...when...(一般过去时)‎ ‎ No sooner had...done...than...(一般过去时)‎ ‎ be doing...when(一般时)‎ ‎ Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.‎ ‎ 我刚到家,电话就响了。‎ ‎ 5.while引导的时间状语从句中,动词多为延续性动词,时态多为现在时或过去进行时。如:‎ ‎ While I was having my breakfast,the morning post came.‎ ‎ 当我吃早饭的时候,邮件来了。‎ ‎ [例] I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____ .‎ ‎ A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred ‎ C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred ‎ [解析] 句意:我沿着街道找停车位,这时发生了事故。occur是瞬间动词,此处不用进行体,可排除A项;且沿街行车与车祸几乎是同时发生,可排除D项;车祸发生时,车是在行进中,因此C项最佳。‎ ‎ [答案] C ‎ 方法三 语境判断法 ‎ 题中没有明确的时间标志,抽象而空泛。‎ ‎ 以特定的语言环境暗示出动作发生的时间背景,我们就必须从句子前后的意思推测和判断出“时间点”。一般说来,这些试题常以对话的形式出现,我们必须要在理解句子意思的基础上去完成。‎ ‎ 还有一类试题,把几种时态结合在一起。它的命题特点是:语言所表达的内容丰富,语言环境灵活。‎ ‎ [例1] —Will you please repeat your idea?‎ ‎ —Certainly.But I think it certain you ____ your attention.‎ ‎ A.don’t pay B.didn’t pay ‎ C.weren’t paying D.aren’t paying ‎ [解析] 从问话人请求对方重复已讲内容,答话人认为对方在刚才他讲话时没有注意他所讲内容可知,该选项动作强调在过去某个时刻正在进行,表示说话的当时,故应选用过去进行时。‎ ‎ [答案] C ‎ [例2] —I’m sorry,but the boss isn’t here yet.Shall I have her call you when she comes back?‎ ‎ —No,I’ ll call her back.If I call again in half an hour,do you think she ____ ?‎ ‎ A.arrives B.has arrived C.will arrive D.will have arrived ‎ [解析] 解答该题的关键是根据语境注意区别一般将来时与将来完成时的用法。一般将来时表示将来某一时刻将要发生的动作,而将来完成时则表示将来某个时间之前已经发生或完成的动作。根据该句语境及其句意可知,该句选项动作表示将来完成的动作。‎ ‎ [答案] D ‎ [例3] —How can you borrow my computer without my permission?‎ ‎ —Oh,I ____ to tell you.I hope you don’t mind.‎ ‎ A.forget B.forgot C.had forgotten D.am forgetting.‎ ‎ [解析] 该句题干中没有提供任何时间状语,但从语境及句子的含义判断,选项动作表示在过去某个时间发生。所以首先排除选项A、D。由于题干中没有表示过去时间的对照点,故排除选项C。‎ ‎ [答案] B ‎ [例4] —Got your driving license?‎ ‎ —No,I ____ too busy to have enough practice,so I didn’t take the driving test last week.‎ ‎ A.was B.am C.have been D.had been ‎ [解析] 问句中Got your driving license? 为Have you got your driving license?的省略表达,该句对选项无影响。决定选项动词时态的是答句的so I didn’t take the driving test last week.分析句意可知,动作发生在后一动作之前,表示过去的过去,故应用过去完成时。‎ ‎ [答案] D ‎ [例5] —Why is the librarian looking so hard at me?‎ ‎ —You ____ to read aloud in the reading room.‎ ‎ A.don’t suppose B.haven’t supposed ‎ C.are not supposed D.were not supposed ‎ [解析] 根据句子意思,应选用be supposed to“应该做……;被要求做……”,故排除A、B;分析上文情景,句中动词使用现在时形式,强调现在的状态,所以排除选项D。‎ ‎ [答案] C ‎ 互动训练 ‎ 1.1 —Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?‎ ‎ —Terry? Never! She ____ tents and fresh air!‎ ‎ A.has hated B.hated ‎ C.will hate D.hates ‎ 1.2 —Your baby is too thin.‎ ‎ —It could gain weight,but it ____ much.‎ ‎ A.doesn’t eat B.didn’t eat ‎ C.hadn’t eaten D.couldn’t eat ‎ 1.3 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea,which ____ the Pacific,and we met no storms.‎ ‎ A.was called ‎ B.is called ‎ C.had been called ‎ D.has been called ‎ 1.4 He thinks he will be an astronaut ____ thirty.‎ ‎ A.by time of ‎ B.by he is ‎ C.by the time when he will be ‎ D.by the time he is ‎ 1.5 Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 ____ off at 18:20.‎ ‎ A.takes B.took ‎ C.will be taken D.has taken ‎ 1.6 It won’t be long before such a thing ____ again.‎ ‎ A.will happen B.happens ‎ C.is happened D.happened ‎ 2.1 —Look! Someone has spilt coffee on the carpet.‎ ‎ —Well,it ____ me.‎ ‎ A.isn’t B.wasn’t ‎ C.hasn’t been D.hadn’t been ‎ 2.2 What we used to think ____ impossible now does seem possible.‎ ‎ A.is B.was ‎ C.has been D.will be ‎ 2.3 —You look very tired. ____ at all last night?‎ ‎ —No,not really.I’m tired out now.‎ ‎ A.Do you sleep ‎ B.Were you sleeping ‎ C.Did you sleep ‎ D.Had you slept ‎ 2.4 My mind wasn’t on what he was saying,so I’m afraid I ____ half of it.‎ ‎ A.was missing B.had missed ‎ C.will miss D.missed ‎ 2.5 —Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time?‎ ‎ —Yes,since she ____ the Chinese Society.‎ ‎ A.has joined B.joins ‎ C.had joined D.joined ‎ 3.1 —Why bother? There’s too much rubbish here.You’ ll never pick it all up.‎ ‎ —Maybe not.But at least this part of the park ____ cleaner.‎ ‎ A.will be B.was ‎ C.has been D.is ‎ 3.2 —Your job ____ open for your return.‎ ‎ —Thanks.‎ ‎ A.will be kept B.will keep ‎ C.had kept D.had been kept ‎ 3.3 — ____ leave at the end of this month.‎ ‎ —I don’t think you should do that until ____ another job.‎ ‎ A.I’m going to;you’d found ‎ B.I’m going to;you’ ve found ‎ C.I’ ll;you’ ll find ‎ D.I’ ll;you’d find ‎ 3.4 —What are you going to do this afternoon?‎ ‎ —I am going to the cinema with some friends.The film ____ quite early,so we ____ to the bookstore after that.‎ ‎ A.finished;are going ‎ B.finished;go ‎ C.finishes;are going ‎ D.finishes;go ‎ 3.5 No one ____ this building without the permission of the police.‎ ‎ A.is leaving B.is to leave ‎ C.has left D.will be leaving ‎ 3.6 —When do you know the concert is supposed to start?‎ ‎ —It ____ .‎ ‎ A.will be started soon ‎ B.is about to start ‎ C.will be about to start soon ‎ D.set about starting ‎ 3.7 —Are you still busy?‎ ‎ —Yes,I ____ my work,and it won’t take long.‎ ‎ A.just finish ‎ B.am just finishing ‎ C.have just finished ‎ D.am just going to finish ‎ 3.8 —Don’t go there alone in such late hours.‎ ‎ —Don’t worry.I ____ ‎ ‎ A.don’t B.won’t ‎ C.didn’t D.haven’t ‎ 4.1 —Why didn’t you put your cellphone in your overcoat pocket?‎ ‎ —I was afraid it ____ .‎ ‎ A.would be stolen B.was stolen ‎ C.will be stolen D.is stolen ‎ 4.‎2 In a room above the store,where a party ____ ,some workers were busily setting the table.‎ ‎ A.was to be held B.has been held ‎ C.will be held D.is being held ‎ 4.3 —Tom.you didn’t come to the party last night?‎ ‎ —I ____ ,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.‎ ‎ A.had to B.didn’t ‎ C.was going to D.wouldn’t ‎ 5.1 —I don’t suppose the police know who did it.‎ ‎ —Well,surprisingly they do.A man has been arrested and ____ now.‎ ‎ A.has been questioned ‎ B.is being questioned ‎ C.is questioning ‎ D.has questioned ‎ 5.2 I don’t really work here,I ____ until the new secretary arrives.‎ ‎ A.just help out ‎ B.have just helped out ‎ C.am just helping out ‎ D.will just help out ‎ 5.3 Since I won the big prize,my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing.People ____ to ask how I am going to spend the money.‎ ‎ A.phone B.will phone ‎ C.were phoning D.are phoning ‎ 5.4 Ladies and gentlemen,please fasten your seat belts.The plane ____ .‎ ‎ A.takes off B.is taking off ‎ C.has taken off D.took off ‎ 5.5 You ____ television.Why not do something more active?‎ ‎ A.always watching ‎ B.are always watching ‎ C.have always watched ‎ D.have always been watching ‎ 6.1 —What's wrong with your coat?‎ ‎ —Just now when I wanted to get off the bus,the man next to me ____ on it.‎ ‎ A.sat B.had sat ‎ C.had been sitting D.was sitting ‎ 6.2 Goodness! You’ re here now.Where have you been? We ____ you back home much earlier.‎ ‎ A.were expecting B.are expecting ‎ C.have expected D.expect ‎ 6.3 —Sorry to have interrupted you.Please go on.‎ ‎ —Where was I?‎ ‎ —You ____ you didn’t like your father’s job.‎ ‎ A.had said B.said ‎ C.were saying D.had been saying ‎ 6.4 —What were you doing when Tom came to see you?‎ ‎ —I ____ on my overcoat and ____ to visit a friend of mine.‎ ‎ A.have just put;leaving ‎ B.was put;was left ‎ C.had just put;was leaving ‎ D.was putting;left ‎ 6.5 —Hey,look,where you are going?‎ ‎ —Oh,I’m terribly sorry ____ .‎ ‎ A.I'm not noticing ‎ B.I don’t noticing ‎ C.I haven’t noticed ‎ D.I wash’t noticing ‎ 7.1 My friend,who ____ on the Inter-national Olympic Committee all his life.is retiring next month.‎ ‎ A.served B.is serving ‎ C.had served D.has served ‎ 7.2 The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945,and their power ____ in-creased enormously ever since.‎ ‎ A.is B.was ‎ C.has been D.had been ‎ 7.3 —Don’t you know I make the decision here?‎ ‎ — ____ ,not until you ____ me.‎ ‎ A.Yes;have told B.No;have told ‎ C.Yes;tell D.No;are telling ‎ 7.4 I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. ____ ?‎ ‎ A.Has it all been finished ‎ B.Was it all finished ‎ C.Has it all finished ‎ D.Did it all finish ‎ 7.5 Years ago we didn’t know this,but re- cent science ____ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.‎ ‎ A.showed B.has shown ‎ C.will show D.is showing ‎ 7.6 — ____ John this week?‎ ‎ —Yes.‎ ‎ —Where ____ him?‎ ‎ —In the library.‎ ‎ A.Did you see;did you see ‎ B.Have you seen;did you see ‎ C.Do you see;have you seen ‎ D.Have you seen;have you seen ‎ 8.1 —Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday?‎ ‎ —No,but we ____ to get in touch with them ever since.‎ ‎ A.have tried B.have been trying ‎ C.had tried D.had been trying ‎ 8.2 I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____ on it for more than an hour.‎ ‎ A.has been working ‎ B.will have worked ‎ C.will have been working ‎ D.had worked ‎ 8.3 Now that she is out of a job,Lucy ____ going back to school,but she hasn’t decided yet.‎ ‎ A.had considered ‎ B.has been considering ‎ C.considered ‎ D.is going consider ‎ 9.1 John,a friend of mine,who got married only last week,spent $3,000 more than he ____ for the wed-ding.‎ ‎ A.will plan B.has planned ‎ C.would plan D.had planned ‎ 9.2 I was giving a talk to a large group of people,the same talk I ____ to half a dozen other groups.‎ ‎ A.was giving B.am giving ‎ C.had given D.have given ‎ 9.3 The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous.She ____ before.‎ ‎ A.hasn’t flown ‎ B.didn’t fly ‎ C.hadn’t flown ‎ D.wasn’t flying ‎ 9.4 Helen ____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____ home.‎ ‎ A.has left;comes ‎ B.left;had come ‎ C.had left;come ‎ D.had left;would come ‎ 9.5 I ____ to meet Mr.Thompson this morning,but I found nobody ____ in the room when I came.‎ ‎ A.hoped;left ‎ B.had hoped;left ‎ C.hoped;leaving ‎ D.had hoped;leaving ‎ 10.1 We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July,and by then we ____ for six weeks.‎ ‎ A.are walking ‎ B.have been walking ‎ C.will be walking ‎ D.will have walked ‎ 10.2 By the time you arrive in New York, you will ____ for two weeks.‎ ‎ A.be away B.have been away ‎ C.go away D.have gone away ‎ 11.1 Our manager left for London this morning.I thought he ____ back until next week.‎ ‎ A.isn’t going B.won’t be going ‎ C.wasn’t going D.hadn’t been going ‎ 11.2 —Did you tell your brother where she ____ ?‎ ‎ —Yes,but I did tell him she ____ until next week.‎ ‎ A.has gone;won’t come home ‎ B.went;don’t come home ‎ C.had been;wouldn’t come home ‎ D.had gone;wouldn’t come home ‎ 11.3 —Do you know when she ____ ?‎ ‎ —No,but I’ ll call.you as soon as she ‎ A.will come;comes ‎ B.comes;will come ‎ C.will come;will come ‎ D.comes;comes ‎ 12.1 —The window is dirty.‎ ‎ —I know.It ____ for weeks.‎ ‎ A.hasn’t cleaned ‎ B.didn’t clean ‎ C.wasn’t cleaned ‎ D.hasn’t been cleaned ‎ 12.2 The boy whom you lent the bike to ____ by a car.‎ ‎ A.hit B.be hit ‎ C.having been hit D.was hit ‎ 12.3 More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.‎ ‎ A.sent B.were sent ‎ C.had sent D.had been sent ‎ 13.I Lincoln ____ as a friend of freedom.‎ ‎ A.is thought B.is thought of ‎ C.think of D.is thinking of ‎ 13.2 The teacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies ____ gravity(重力).‎ ‎ A.is called B.called ‎ C.was called D.are called ‎ 13.3 The book was received so eagerly that it ____ on the first day.‎ ‎ A.sold up B.was sold up ‎ C.was sold out D.sold out ‎ 13.4 According to the art dealer,the painting ____ to go for at least a million dollars.‎ ‎ A.is expected B.expects ‎ C.expected D.is expecting ‎ 13.5 Though we don’t know what was discussed,yet we can feel the topic ____ .‎ ‎ A.had changed ‎ B.will change ‎ C.was changed ‎ D.has been changed ‎ 14.1 I have no idea what ____ while I was asleep.‎ ‎ A.happened B.had happened ‎ C.was happened D.has happened ‎ 1 4.2 The surface of the table ____ smooth enough.‎ ‎ A.hasn’t felt B.dosen’t feel ‎ C.isn’t feeling D.isn’t felt ‎ 14.3 Such plants never ____ in this part of the world.‎ ‎ A.have grown B.are growing ‎ C,grow D.are grown ‎ 15.1 ____ good.the roast turkeys ____ well.‎ ‎ A.Tasting;sell ‎ B.Tasted;are sold ‎ C.They are tasting;sell ‎ D.They are tasted;sell ‎ 15.2 The windows ____ .Better have them repaired.‎ ‎ A.aren’t shut ‎ B.haven’t been shut ‎ C.aren’t been shut ‎ D.won’t shut ‎ 15.3 The machine has been used for many years,and it needs ____ .‎ ‎ A.repaired B.being repaired ‎ C.repairing D.being repairing ‎ 15.4 —What do you think of the book?‎ ‎ —Oh.excellent.It’s worth ____ a second time.‎ ‎ A.to read B.to be read ‎ C.reading D.being read ‎ 15.5 The homework is easy ____ .‎ ‎ A.to be done B.doing ‎ C.to do D.do ‎ 16.1 When I arrived,I found the boy ____ there.‎ ‎ A.seating B.seated ‎ C.is seating D.satted ‎ 16.2 Shortly after we ____ ,a waiter came over to our table with a smile.‎ ‎ A.seated B.were seated ‎ C.sat ourselves D.took places ‎ 成功体验 ‎ 1.1 So far this year we ____ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.‎ ‎ A.saw B.see ‎ C.had seen D.have seen ‎ 1.2 —Do you think we should accept that offer?‎ ‎ —Yes,we should,for we ____ such bad luck up till now,and time ____ out.‎ ‎ A.have had;is running ‎ B.had;is running ‎ C.have;has been run ‎ D.have had;has been run ‎ 1.3 —What else did you do this morning besides doing the shopping?‎ ‎ —Two hours ____ washing the windows and floor.‎ ‎ A.were taken B.was spent ‎ C.has taken D.will be spent ‎ 1.4 Did you tell me that there ____ an English test the next week?‎ ‎ A.would be B.will be ‎ C.is D.were ‎ 1.5 I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ____ there several years ago.‎ ‎ A.are going B.had been ‎ C.went D.have been ‎ 1.6 —I thought I asked you to fix the radio.‎ ‎ —Oh,I'm sorry.Mother,I ____ it right now.‎ ‎ A.am to do B.will do ‎ C.was about to do D.am going to do ‎ 1.7 Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.‎ ‎ A.has written B.wrote ‎ C.had written D.was writing ‎ 2.1 It is a long time ____ Frank ____ back from abroad.‎ ‎ A.before;comes B.since;came ‎ C.when;will come D.after;came ‎ 2.2 —How long has this bookshop been in business?‎ ‎ — ____ 1982.‎ ‎ A.Before B.Since ‎ C.When D.In ‎ 2.3 That was the last time I ____ there.‎ ‎ A.have been B.came ‎ C.had been D.was ‎ 2.4 Perhaps ____ several years ____ back from abroad.‎ ‎ A.Tom is;that he comes ‎ B.it is;before Tom will come ‎ C.he will be;when Tom comes ‎ D.it will be;before Tom comes ‎ 2.5 Hardly ____ to write the composition when the bell ____ .‎ ‎ A.had I begun;rang ‎ B.I was beginning;rang ‎ C.had I begun;was ringing ‎ D.I will begin;rings ‎ 2.6 Mr.Smith,I should tell you this is the fifth time you ____ me for my twin sister.‎ ‎ A.have mistaken ‎ B.are mistaking ‎ C.had mistaken ‎ D.are mistaken ‎ 2.7 When you arrive,I ____ in reception for you.‎ ‎ A.wait B.am waiting ‎ C.am going to wait D.will be waiting ‎ 3.1 —What were you doing when Tony phoned you? —I had just finished my work and ____ to take a shower.‎ ‎ A.had started B.started ‎ C.have started D.was starting ‎ 3.2 Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she ____ .‎ ‎ A.has done B.had done ‎ C.was doing D.is doing ‎ 3.3 I arrived late;I ____ the road to be so icy.‎ ‎ A.wouldn’t expect ‎ B.haven’t expected ‎ C.hadn’t expected ‎ D.wasn’t expecting ‎ 3.4 —You haven’t said a word about my new coat,Brenda.Do you like it?‎ ‎ —I’m sorry,I ____ anything about it sooner.I certainly think it’s pretty on you.‎ ‎ A.wasn’t saying B.don’t say ‎ C.won’t say D.didn’t say ‎ 3.5 —Hurry,Mary! You ____ on the phone.‎ ‎ —Oh,I ____ .Thank you,Mom.‎ ‎ A.have wanted;have come ‎ B.will be wanted:will come ‎ C.are being wanted;come ‎ D.are wanted;am coming ‎ 3.6 —You must be surprised and excited to see the film star here.‎ ‎ —You’ re right. ____ .‎ ‎ A.I don’t expect to see her here ‎ B.I didn’t expect to see her here ‎ C.I am expecting to see her here ‎ D.I expected to see her here 专题九 动词的时态和语态 考点知识清单 互动训练 ‎ 1.1 D 根据句意,说话者在陈述Terry的嗜好,应该用一般现在时。‎ ‎ 1. ‎2 A 此题易受could的干扰而误选B。根据语境“孩子(现在)太瘦了”,可知,这是“近来(习惯性动作、反复发生的动作)吃得少”所致。故应用一般现在时。‎ ‎ 1.3 B 现在“this open sea”仍然被称作“the Pacific”,属客观事实,故用一般现在时。‎ ‎ 1.4 D by the time“到……时候”后接句子时一般不再加连接词,A项by后少冠词the。‎ ‎ 1.‎5 A 句意:看看时间表,快点!4026次航班18∶20起飞。根据题干中的timetable和hurry up,可以知道应该用将来时,但是在列车时间表,航班、公交车的班次中,常用现在时表将来。‎ ‎ 1.6 B before引导的时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来。‎ ‎ 2.1 B 由上文可推断出“泼咖啡”的行为肯定发生在过去。‎ ‎ 2.2 B 句意:我们过去认为不可能的事现在看起来可能了。used to句式用来表示今昔对比,提供过去的情况,与后面的now引出的现在情况形成对比,故用一般过去时。‎ ‎ 2.‎3 C 句意:——你看起来很累。昨天晚上你究竟睡觉了吗?——没有。我现在累坏了。根据句子中的last night 可以看出是对过去情况的一种询问,故应该用一般过去时。‎ ‎ 2.4 D 句意:(当时)我并没有注意他说的话,所以(现在)我觉得他讲的话的一半我没有听到。题干句中透露出时间信息的三个地力:wasn,was saying和I’m afraid是做出选择的重要依据。‎ ‎ 2.5 D since“自从……以来”,引导时间状语从句,强调过去认 识时的时间,第一句话所用的现在完成时是判断该句子时 态的重要依据。‎ ‎ 3.‎1 A 句意:——为什么自找麻烦?这里的垃圾太多了。你永远不会捡尽的——也许是吧。不过,至少公园的这一部分将会会干净些。‎ ‎ 3.‎2 A 句意:——你的工作将被保留到你回来。——谢谢。keep+宾语+adj/adv./prep./doing使……保持(某种状态)。如:①This coat will keep you Warm.②The illness kept her in hospital.③I’m sorry to keep you waiting.由此可首先排除B和C,此两项未使用被动。过去完成时的动作发生在过去的过去,当上下文中没有过去时间提示时,是不能单独使用的,故排除D项。‎ ‎ 3.3 B 句意:——我打算这个月底就离开。——我认为你没找到另一份工作之前不应该这么做。根据第一句话给出的时间提示at the end of this month可知说话双方谈论的并非是发生过的事情,由此排除A和D。until引导时间状语从句时,应使用一般现在时表将来,故排除C。‎ ‎ 3.‎4 C 对话中两个人谈论下午打算做的事,答语中已经出现了be going to…结构,“打算和几个朋友去看电影”。第二个空在谈看电影之后打算去书店,仍用be going to…结构,故排除B、D两项,而电影的放映时间是确定的,所以用一般现在时。‎ ‎ 3.5 B 句意:未经警察许可,没人能离开这座楼。这表示说话人的命令意图。‎ ‎ 3.6 B A项语态不对;C项用两个将来时表达法,重复;D项中的set about意为“开始”,和start重复。故B项正确,意为“即将开始”。‎ ‎ 3.7 B 根据it won’t take long可知,工作还没做完,故排除C项现在完成时。B项使用现在进行时表将来,故选B。‎ ‎ 3.8 B 根据句意和祈使句的结构要求,应选用一般将来时,will表示说话人的意志或决心,“我会的”;will not表示“决不;不会的”。‎ ‎ 4.‎1 A 考查过去将来时态。‎ ‎ 4.‎2 A 句意:在商店上面的房间里要举办一个聚会,一些工人正忙着摆放桌子。从句子中的were busily setting the table可暗示出一个过去的时间,所以排除C、D项;根据句意这次聚会还没有举办,应该用过去将来时,应排除B项。英语中be to do结构可用来表示“安排”好的将来动作,符合题意。‎ ‎ 4.‎3 C 根据句意,我本打算要来的,但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。题中but起关键作用。‎ ‎ 5.1 B 句意:——我认为警察不知道谁做了这事。——噢,令人惊奇的是他们知道了。那个人已被捕,现正在被讯问。根据句中now提示用现在进行时。‎ ‎ 5.‎2 C 根据句意,我不是在这工作,我是在这帮忙的,强调动作正在进行。‎ ‎ 5.3 D 从上文中的hasn’t stopped可知谈论的是近期发生的事情,人们给我打电话是目前这段时间正在进行的动作。‎ ‎ 5.4 B 根据句意,飞机即将起飞,因此要选用能表将来意义的答案。‎ ‎ 5.5 B 表示说话人责备的感情色彩。‎ ‎ 6.1 D 注意题干的时间状语。just ‎ now“刚才”是一大概时间,后面的when从句指出具体时间“当我想下车时。”这时正在发生的事情是,“我旁边的一个人正坐在我的衣服上。”when时间状语从句中的谓语动词和主句中的谓语动词,哪一个是延续性动词,就把该动词处理成进行时态。‎ ‎ 6.‎2 A 时间状语now表示说话时是现在,were expecting表示见到你之前一直持续的动作,故用过去进行时。‎ ‎ 6.‎3 C 语境中暗含着一个时间信息:当我打断你说话的时候。‎ ‎ 6.‎4 C 前一个动作在“汤姆来看”时已完成,后一个正要去做。‎ ‎ 6.5 D 题干所没语境是对话中后者为所做之事表示道歉,选项应该用强调过去时间的过去进行时态,表示刚才没有注意到。‎ ‎ 7.1 D 根据主句中谓语部分is retiring next month可判断本句要表达的是现在的情况,因此定为现在时,排除A、C两项,而表进行时的B项表未完性、暂时性,不合本句要求,故D项正确。‎ ‎ 7.‎2 C 根据ever since“从那时,一直到现在”,所以应该用现在完成时,排除A、B、D项。‎ ‎ 7.3 B 答语的含义是:“No,I don’t know it until you have told me.”till/untill从句中常用一般的或现在完成时。如:Go away until I have finished speaking to your father.‎ ‎ 7.4 B 答语的含义是:“No,I don’t know it until you have told nle.”till/until从句中常用一般时或现在完成时。如:Go away until I have finished speaking to your father.Don’t promise to Harry till we have had time to think about it.‎ ‎ 7.‎4 A 句子的语言环境为现在时,句意:我看不到碗柜里有咖啡,它全(被)喝光了吗?it指coffee,应用被动。‎ ‎ 7.5 B 句意:几年前,我们不知道这一点,但最近的科学(研究)已经表明,睡眠不好的人很容易得病。根据句意要用现在完成时态,故选B。‎ ‎ 7.6 B 第一句表达过去发生的事情对现在有影响,第二句表达过去某一时间干的事情。‎ ‎ 8. 1 B 本句表达的意思是从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,并且现在动作还在进行,要用现在完成进行时态,故选B。‎ ‎ 8.‎2 A 句意:直到这位学生计算此数学题超过一小时我才会告诉他答案。主句为一般将来时,时间/条件/让步状语从句的谓语动词用现在时表将来,因此A正确。‎ ‎ 8.3 B 句意:因为Lucy失业了,所以她在考虑重返校园,但她现在还没决定。根据题意说话者在说现在的情况,因此排除A、C、D项,B属现在完成进行时,表示现在的事,进行时强调“考虑”这个动作的“未完性”,所以是最佳答案。‎ ‎ 8.5 D 此题主要辨析现在完成进行时与现在进行时的区别。现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直持续的动作。题干中for ten years暗示选项D为最佳答案。‎ ‎ 9.1 D 由于“结婚”已经是“过去”,所以“原计划”就应该是“过去的过去”——“过去完成时”。‎ ‎ 9.‎2 C 句意:我正在给一群人做报告,这个报告我已经给另外的六个组做过了。根据句子中的was giving表示过去的时间,而句后的give又发生在“过去的过去”,故应用过去完成时,正确答案是C。‎ ‎ 9.‎3 C 句意:在飞机上坐在我旁边的女孩很紧张。以前她一定没坐过飞机。根据关键词before可知,要用过去完成时态。‎ ‎ 9.‎4 C 题干中由于so引导的从句用了过去时,故其前发生的动作应该用过去完成时。‎ ‎ 9.5 B had hoped意为“原希望……”,动作发生在found之前;left“剩下”,过去分词作宾补。‎ ‎ 10.1 D by mid-July是到将来某一时间为止,将要完成……,故句子应用将来完成时。‎ ‎ 10.2 B 表示持续时间的状况不能与瞬间动词连用,故C、D两项不可填;因为全句的时间状况以by the time为限。主句应用完成时。‎ ‎ 11.‎1 C 题干叙述的是过去的事情,所以I thought后宾语从句应使用过去时的某种形式。‎ ‎ 11. 2 D had gone表示“去了”(此时不在),not…until在本句是表示过去将来时的主从句。‎ ‎ 11.‎3 A 问句中will come是宾语从句中的谓语动词,答句为将来时,时间状语从句应用现在时表示将来。‎ ‎ 12.1 D 根据题意,窗户应被擦,应该用被动语态。‎ ‎ 12.2 D 题意为被车撞倒,是发生过的事。‎ ‎ 12. 3 B 由last year可知,应用一般过去时,学生应被送到国外。‎ ‎ 13.1 B think of…as…意为“认为某人是……”,故选B。‎ ‎ 13.‎2 A 句意:地球对身体的吸引力被称作重力。叙述的是客观真理,故用一般现在时态的被动语态,故选A。‎ ‎ 13.‎3 C 根据题意“第一天就被卖光了”可知用被动语态。‎ ‎ 13.‎4 A 此句中the painting和谓语expect为被动关系。‎ ‎ 13.5 D 题中the topic和动词change应为被动关系。‎ ‎ 14.‎1 A happen是不及物动词,没有被动语态。‎ ‎ 14.2 B feel是系动词,无被动语态。‎ ‎ 14.‎3 C grow在此题中是不及物动词“生长”,无被动。‎ ‎ 15.‎1 A taste和roast turkeys是主动关系,即:The roast turkeys taste good。所以排除B、D。taste,smell这类词作系动词用时一般不用进行时态,而且因为中间没有连词,前面不能是句子,所以选A。‎ ‎ 15.2 D shut可作及物或不及物动词,本句中的shut应为不及物动词,不用被动语态,表示主语(物)具有某种倾向性或丧失某种能力。‎ ‎ 15.‎3 C need,require,want后接动词的-ing形式,主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎ 15.‎4 C be(well)worth doing是惯用法,其中doing是主动形式表示被动意思。‎ ‎ 15.‎5 C 句中的表语为easy,而且不定式的逻辑宾语是句子主语,所以不定式用主动形式。‎ ‎ 16.1 B seat应被这样使用:sb.be seated,所以seat和boy是被动关系,宾补和宾语是被动关系,宾补应用过去分词。‎ ‎ 16.2 B seat的用法:seat oneself,sb.be seated,故B项正确。‎ 方法技巧清单 成功体验 ‎ 1.1 D 题中一个重要的时间状语So far this year,告诉我们应用现在完成时。‎ ‎ 1.‎2 A up till now是现在完成时的标志,笫二空根据意思用将来时,但应用进行时表示将来。‎ ‎ 1.3 B 问句问的是过去的事,答语也应用过去时。‎ ‎ 1.‎4 A 主从句的时态通常应保持一致,the next week提示用将来时的某个形式。‎ ‎ 1.‎5 C 题中的several years ago提示应用一般过去时。‎ ‎ 1.6 B 此处will do表示临时决定要做的事,right now是提示。‎ ‎ 1. 7 D 后半部分but I don’t know whether she has finished it已明确表明“不知道目前是否完成”。A、C与时间状语last year不符,很容易排除;B项为一般过去时,一般表示过去发生而现在已经结束的动作、事件或情况,与whether she has finished it不协调,也可排除。‎ ‎ 2.1 B 此题考查的是“现在完成时(表时间也可用一般现在时)+since+一般过去时”句型。‎ ‎ 2.2 B 根据题意,此题考查“现在完成时+since+一般过去时”句型。‎ ‎ 2.‎3 C 前面用了was,所以后面也要变成过去完成时和前面呼应,故选C。‎ ‎ 2.4 D 此题考查的是It+be+一段时间+before…,意为“几年之后他才会从国外回来。”‎ ‎ 2.‎5 A 否定词hardly提前,所以要倒装,而且在Hardly…when…句式中,when后面的句子常用一般过去时,故A项正确。‎ ‎ 2.‎6 A It is+次数+that后用现在完成时。‎ ‎ 2.7 D 句意:当你来时,我将正在等你。“等待”用进行时。‎ ‎ 3.1 D 根据句意:我刚把工作做完正要去洗澡,动词start用过去进来时表过去将要做的事。‎ ‎ 3.‎2 C 整个句子是基于过去时态,A和D两项为现在时态显然不对。再由句意“Susan决定不在家里……,因为她不想让父母知道她正在做什么”可知还没有做完,故C项正确,进行时有未完性、暂时性的特点。‎ ‎ 3.‎3 C arrived是关键信息。句意:(我在出发前)没有预料到路会这么滑。‎ ‎ 3.4 D 第一个人说:“你对我的新外衣还没发表看法Brenda。你喜欢吗?”前一句用的是现在完成时,强调过去发生的事对现在的影响。第二个人回答说:“对不起,我没早点发表看法。”句中用了sooner这一词,但显然是指过去,答案是D。‎ ‎ 3.5 D You are wanted on the phone.为固定表达;I am coming.意思是:(我)来啦!符合上下文语意。‎ ‎ 3.6 B 根据句意“我没有想到”应为在说话前的情况,而不是现在的状态。I didn’t expect to…表示“我原没有料到……”。‎
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