2015中考人教版英语复习资料

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2015中考人教版英语复习资料

最新2015中考英语语法总复习讲义 专题一 名 词 名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为:‎ Ⅰ.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。 ‎ 专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写,人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。 ‎ 如:Yao Ming 姚明; China 中国;Christmas 圣诞节等。 ‎ Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词 普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 ‎ ‎1.可数名词 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如:an apple; two apples 。 ‎ ‎ ★ 注意: a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前; ‎ ‎ an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。 ‎ ‎ 如:a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ,an apple/’aepl/ ,a red apple , an hour/’aua/ ‎ ‎2.不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,没有复数形式。‎ ‎(1)物质名词。如: water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁);sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。 这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如:a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。‎ ‎(2)抽象名词。如: news; music; time(时间); information等。‎ ‎(3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。‎ ‎(4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。‎ 如:fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。‎ Ⅲ. 名词的数 ‎1. 可数名词复数形式的规则变化:‎ 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/‎ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/‎ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/‎ bus-buses/ watch-watches Wish-wishes/ box-boxes 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/‎ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/‎ baby---babies 以f或fe结尾的名词,‎ 变f或fe为v,再加es 读 /vz/‎ shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.‎ ‎2. 可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化 ‎ (1)元音或词尾发生变化 ‎ 如:man→men; woman→women; Frenchman→Frenchmen; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; child→children ‎ (2)单复数形式相同 ‎ 如:sheep→sheep; fish→fish; Chinese→Chinese; Japanese→Japanese; yuan→yuan  ‎ ‎ (3)形式为单数意思为复数 如:people,police(集合名词)‎ ‎ (4)形式为复数意思为单数如:news, maths, physics, the United States等。‎ ‎ (5)只用复数形式如:pants, shorts, clothes,glasses(眼镜)等。‎ ‎3. 不可数名词的量的表示:(不能直接用数字;不能直接加a。an;无复数形式)‎ ‎ (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。‎ ‎ (2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。‎ ‎ 如:a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water ‎ Ⅳ.名词的所有格:‎ ‎1. 有生命的名词所有格 ‎ ‎ (1) 单数名词后加’s 。如:my brother’s book ‎ (2) 不以s 结尾的复数名词后加’s 。如:the children’s football ‎ (3) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’ 。如:the boys’ game ‎ (4) 以s 结尾的专有名词后直接加’ 。如:Dickens’ novels ‎ (5) 某物为两个名词共有时,在第二个名词后加’s : 如:Tom and David’s room.‎ ‎ (6) 表示两个名词各自拥有的东西,在两个名词后都加’s: 如:Tom’s and David’s rooms.‎ ‎2. 无生命的事物的名词所有格(of 所有格)‎ ‎ (1)of+名词。如:a photo of my family, the door of the classroom ‎ 注意:“of+名词’s/名词性物主代词” 构成双重所有格 如:a friend of mine, a friend of Jim’s。‎ ‎ (2) 表示时间或距离,国家,城市的方法。也可用’s来构成所有格 ‎▲如:ten minutes’ drive十分钟车程;a month’s holiday一个月的假期。China’s capital ‎ (3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。所有格后面的名词一般被省去。‎ ‎ 如:at his brother’s; at the doctor’s; at the barker’s; at Mr Read’s ‎ (4)用所有格表示节日的方法: 如:Teachers’ Day; Children’s Day ‎. (除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。)如:Mother’s Day; Father’s Day.‎ ‎▲(5).由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时,所有格应加在else的后面。This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil .‎ 四、名词作句子成分:‎ ‎★1.名词作主语 ‎1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 Two hours _______(be) enough for us to get there .‎ ‎2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +…”作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致。‎ ‎ A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk .‎ ‎3).名词+介词(with、except 、along with ….)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。‎ ‎ The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill .‎ ‎4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、not only…but also …”连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则。‎ ‎ Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman .‎ ‎★2.名词作定语 ‎1).名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。变复数时,名词中的中心词变为复数形式。‎ 如:a banana tree→banana trees; a shoe factory→shoe factories There is a shoe factory near the school .‎ ‎2).名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。(sport )‎ The sports meeting will be held next week .‎ ‎3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时,man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。‎ one man teacher two women teachers 专题二 冠 词 中考对冠词的考查主要为:‎ 不定冠词a和an的用法,定冠词the的用法,零冠词的用法,习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。‎ Ⅰ.冠词的定义 ‎ 冠词是虚词。通常放在名词之前,用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词分为不定冠词(a和an)和定冠词(the)两类。 ‎ Ⅱ.冠词的用法 ‎1.不定冠词a, an的用法 ‎(1)泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you.‎ ‎(2) 不定冠词a 用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前;a useful book; a desk;不定冠词an 用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如: an old man; an actor; an “m” 。 ‎ ‎(3) 第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如:There is a book on the desk, but the book isn’t mine.‎ ‎(4) 表示人或事物的某一类。如:An elephant is bigger than a tiger.‎ ‎(5) 用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“ 每一” 的意思,相当every 如: three times a week.‎ ‎(6) 表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。I have a computer.‎ ‎(7)用在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.‎ ‎(8)可视为一个整体的两个名词前 eg: a knife and fork 一副刀叉 ‎(9)用在某些固定词组中:如:have a good time; have a swim ,have a cold , half an hour ,a lot(of), after a while , in a hurry , for a long time, a few ,a little ,at a time ,‎ ‎2.定冠词the的用法 ‎(1)用来特指某人或某物,双方都知道的人或物的名词前如:Open the door, please.‎ ‎(2) 用于上文提到的某人或某物。There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new.‎ ‎(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如:the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky ‎(4) 用在序数词或形容词最高级前,如:March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class.‎ ‎(5) 用在某些形容词前, 表示一类人。如:the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。‎ ‎(6) 用在西洋乐器名词前。如:play the violin ‎(7) 用在表示方位的名词前。如:in the east/north/west/south ‎(8) 用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前或用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等 ‎(9) 用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。eg:The Greens are watchingTV now ‎(10)用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the...the... ”的句式中,表示“越…越…”。如:The more, the better.‎ ‎(11)用于固定搭配中。all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上in the open air 在户外,在野外 ‎3.零冠词的用法 ‎(1)棋类活动,球类运动,一日三餐,学科名词前不用任何冠词 play chess play football have supper ‎ We all like English.‎ 特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)‎ ‎(2)称呼语前不用冠词, 表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。 ‎ 如:I don’t feel well today, Mum./ This is Professor Li/ /Hello, Lily.‎ ‎(3)在节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前,用零冠词.‎ 如:Teachers’ Day; Mother’s Day; on Monday; in May; in summer ‎▲但若指某年的某月份或某年的某季节,需在月份或季节前加the, eg:The winter in 2008 was very cold.‎ ‎(4)名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any 等)及名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词 my book(正);my the book(误)‎ ‎(5)有些专有名词, 如人名,地名,国家名,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。‎ 如: China; Japanese; milk; love等。Jim lives in China.‎ ‎(6)不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前用零冠词 We can’t live without water./ Horses are good animals.‎ ‎(7)用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名,路名,山名等名词前 Hainan Island / Nanjing Road ‎ ‎(8) by与火车等交通工具连用,用零冠词 ‎ eg:by bus/ by train/by car/ by bike 注意:take a bus/ on the bike/ in a boat ‎(9)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词. ‎ 如:on foot; at home; at night; from morning till night, on time, in time, at first, at last等。‎ ‎(10)用与不用冠词的差异 ‎ ‎①in hospital住院 / in the hospital在医院里 ②in front of在(外部的)前面 / in the front of在(内部的)前面 ‎ ‎③at table进餐 / at the table在桌子旁 ④by sea乘船 / by the sea在海边 ‎ ‎⑤go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…) /go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去 ‎ ‎⑥two of us我们当中的两人 / the two of us我们两人(共计两人)‎ ‎⑦a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)‎ 专题三:代词 中考对代词的考查主要为:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,疑问代词,不定代词,‎ 一. 人称代词:‎ ‎ ‎ 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 it/she/he it/her/him they them ‎1.主格作主语,宾格作表语或动词或介词的宾语.‎ He teaches _____(we) Chinese . / I’m waiting for you.(介词的宾语) / It’s me.(宾格做表语)‎ ‎2.三种人称代词并列充当主语时时,顺序为: ‎ 单数:(二,三,一)——(You, she and I ) 复数:(一,二,三)——(we , you and they )‎ 注::若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)‎ eg: She and I have been to Beijing .(一般情况) Who broke the window ? I and Mike .(承担责任)‎ 注:it 还有一些特别的用法。‎ ‎1) 用在句型: “It seems that …”中.“看起来像。….”‎ ‎2)用作形式主语,常用于 “It’s +adj +to do sth”句型中.“做什么事情怎么样” . ‎ ‎3) 用在句型: “It’s one’s turn to do sth”中.“轮到某人做sth” ‎ ‎4) 用在句型: “It’s time to do sth / for sth”中.“到了该做sth的时候”5) 用在句型: “It’s +adj +that 从句”中.‎ ‎6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. ‎ 主语+make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth . I find it difficult to remember these wors.‎ 二.物主代词:物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 物主代词 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 形容词性 my our your your its/his/her their 名词性 mine ours yours yours its/his/hers theirs 1、 形容词性物主代词作定语修饰名词,一般不单独使用. eg: My name is Tom.( 形容词性物主代词)‎ ‎2、名词性物主代词,后面不能加名词,名词性物主代词常与of 连用 He is a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) eg:Our classroom is as big as ______(they) . / This is a friend of ______(my).‎ 注: 1) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+ 名词(上题中mine=my friends)‎ ‎2)形容词性物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词. My own house = a house of my own ‎ 三. 反身代词:“某某自己;亲自”‎ 单数 复数 第一人称 myself ‎ ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself/herself/itself themselves 记忆小窍门: 反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f 替.‎ 反身代词的常用搭配: ‎ enjoy oneself过得愉快 hurt oneself受伤 teach oneself = learn..by oneslf自学 ‎ help oneself to …随便吃/用 look after oneself leave sb by oneself 让某人独自留下 ‎ dress oneself某人自己穿衣服 improve oneself提高某人自己 ‎ 四.指示代词 单数 this that 复数 these those ‎ 1、指示代词的用法:‎ ‎(1)this /these ‎ ‎①指较近的事和人: This is my pen. / These are my books.‎ ‎②指下文提到的事eg:Please remember this:No pains,no gains.‎ ‎(2) that /those①指较远的事和人: That is her sister. / Those are her sisters.‎ ‎②指上面刚提到的事情eg:He was ill.That’s why he didn’t go to school.‎ ‎2. 注意 that / those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _____ in Qinghai .‎ The books in that shop are cheaper than ___in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those ‎ ‎3.在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方. ‎ eg:This is Tom speaking . 我是汤姆 Who is that ?你是谁?‎ 五、疑问代词:(P93考点五)用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词,通常位于句首,引出特殊疑问句。‎ 如:who 作主语,表语,宾语但不能放介词后Who wants to go with me?‎ ‎ whom who的宾格形式,作宾语To whom are you talking?‎ ‎ whose who的所有格形式,作定语Whose wallet is this? 这是谁的钱包?‎ ‎ what 可询问职业What’s your father? He is a teacher.‎ ‎ who 可询问身份和姓名Who is the boy in red? He is Jim.‎ ‎ what 指不定数目中的那一个。“什么,哪一些,”无范围What would you like?‎ ‎ which “ 哪一个”指在一定范围内特指的人或物Which bike is yours? 哪辆自行车是你的 六.不定代词的区别.‎ ‎1.one与it 的区别: One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ?‎ ‎2.some与any 的区别①一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句, ‎ He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t have any .‎ ‎②但在疑问句中,若要表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答或表示请求、建议时应用some。此类句型常以could, would开头或what about /how about 的句中。May I have some water ?( 希望得到肯定的回答)‎ ‎3.many与much的区别 ‎ Many+可数名词的复数 ;Much+不可数名词,都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词 ‎ 注:a lot of 常不用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much .‎ ‎4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别 表否定(几乎没有)‎ 表肯定(有一点)‎ 修饰可数名词 few a few 修饰不可数名词 little a little 例题:His story is easy to read,there are _____ new words in it . Hurry up ! There is _____ time left .‎ ‎5.each / every 的区别 ‎★each 强调个体,表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.‎ every 强调整体,表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个. ‎ There are trees and frowers on _____ side of the street . / ____ student has read a story .‎ ‎★:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.‎ 而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us _______(study )hard .‎ ‎6. no one 与none 的区别 ‎ no one 指人,表示没有人, 不能与of 连用, 谓语常用单数。‎ none of +复数名词/ 代词,作主语时,既指人又可指物,谓语常用单数。.‎ ‎ The boys were all tired , but _____ of them stopped to have a rest . . ‎ ‎7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别 都 都不 任何一个 两者之间 both neither either 三者或三者以上 all none any There are many trees on ____ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all ‎ 注意: 1). both 的否定词是neither , all的否定词是none.‎ ‎2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数; neither of作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.‎ ‎ Neither of the answers ______(be) right . Both of my parents _______(be) workers.‎ ‎3).词组 A) both …and …连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:‎ not only …but also … 反义词组: neither … nor … ‎ Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= ____ you _____ she like watching TV .‎ B) either …or … 或者……或者…… , neither…nor… 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则. Neither you nor he ______ (be ) right .‎ One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _____ Lily _____Lucy _____ going to the park.‎ C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也” He doesn’t like the book,either.‎ ‎4) how many /how much 的回答:用none回答. ‎ Who 的回答:用no one 回答. ; What 的回答: 用nothing 回答.‎ How many students are there in the classroom ? __________.‎ Who can answer the question ? _______. A. None B.No one C.Nothing ‎8.other /the other /others /the others 的区别 ‎ ‎ 单数 复数 泛指 another三者或三者上的另一个 others=other+名词复数 ‎(别的人或物,但不是全部)‎ 特指 one...the other 一个……另一个 the others=the other+名词复数 ‎(其余所有的人或物)‎ 注释: 1) one …the other …表示两者之间的一个…另一个……‎ ‎2) some… others… 表示一些…… 另一些……‎ ‎3) another 表示三者及三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个.‎ ‎ 只能修饰可数名词的单数.‎ ‎★ another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词 ‎ 表示 “ 另外几个……”another ten teachers=ten more teachers I have two brothers , one is a teacher , ______ is a worker .‎ Some are cleaning the classroom , ______ are sweeping the window ‎ ‎9.复合不定代词.‎ some any ‎ no every thing something anything nothing everything one someone anyone no one everyone body somebody anybody nobody everybody ‎ ‎ 注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. eg;Everything is ready.‎ ‎ 2.形容词或else修饰复合不定代词时,形容词或else须放在复合不定代词后。:‎ I want to give you something different to eat.. / something else(其它的东西)‎ ‎3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后. Would you like something to eat?‎ ‎4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中, ‎ ‎1)指人的不定代词, everybody,nobody,anyone, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they . Everybody is here,aren’t they?‎ ‎2)指物的不定代词, everything ,something,nothing等 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it . ‎ Everything ______(begin ) to grow in spring , _______ _______ ?‎ ‎5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何……/任何物/任何人”‎ everyone ‎ 指每个,人人,大家 不与of 连用 every one 指每个人、物 可与of 连用 ‎6、‎ Every one of us has seen the film . Everyone should do their best .‎ 专题四 数词 数词是中考必考的一个语法点,基数词,序数词,分数 一、 数词的分类 数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。‎ ‎1. 基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下: A.从1——10: one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten. B. 从11-19: eleven,twelve,thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen. 这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C.从 21——99:整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-” ‎ ‎①21 twenty-one ② 76 seventy-six D.百位数:1-9基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and. 101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight E.千位数以上:从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加 million,第三个“,”前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。①2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight。②16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four。③5,237,166,234 five ‎ billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-four ‎★★F.基数词在表示确切的数字时,要用百、千、百万、十亿的单数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,则以复数形式出现。‎ four hundred boys There are hundreds of people in the hall. They went to the theatre in twos and threes.‎ 注:several+ hundred/thousand/million /billion+复数名词eg:There are several hundred students. G.表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。‎ 1) 表年龄: in one’s + 整十的复数,表示在某人几十岁时 ‎ ‎①He became a professor in his thirties.他三十多岁时成为了教授②在他四十岁时: ___ ‎ 2) 表示年代: in the + 年份的复数,在几世纪几十年代. It was in the 1960s.那是在二十世纪六十年代。 ‎ H.基数词的句法功能 基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。 The two happily opened the box.(作主语) I need three altogether.(作宾语) Four students are playing volleyball outside.(作定语) We are sixteen.(作表语) They three tried to finish the task before sunset.(作同位语) 2. 序数词:表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式: A.从第一至第十九:其中,one— first, two— second, three— third, five— fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth,twelve— twelfth为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如: six— sixth、nineteen— nineteenth. B.从第二十至第九十九: 整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。 twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth 第四十 第五十 表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“-”和个位序数词形式一起表示。 thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六 seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九 C.第一百以上的多位序数词:由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一;one thousand,three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十 D.序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。 first——lst second——2nd third——3rd fourth——4th ‎ sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd 注:lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 E.序数词的句法功能:序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 The second is what I really need.(作主语) He choose the second.(作宾语) We are to carry out the first plan.(作定语) She is the second in our class.(作表语) ★序数词前常要加定冠词 the;但若序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再一”“又一”。 We’ve tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了还必须试一次(第四次)吗?‎ ‎▲表编号 结构:名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词 = the +序数词 +名词 Lesson One = the first lesson the fifth page=Page 5(five) the twenty-first room=Room 21(twenty-one) ★二、时刻表示法 1. 表示几点钟用基数词可以加o`clock,也可省略:5:00 读作 five o`clock 或 five 2. 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时 ‎ ‎ eg: five past seven 七点过五分 half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻 ‎ ‎3. 表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时 ‎ ten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分) a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分)‎ 差二十分六点 ‎ ‎4.在日常生活中, 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字:‎ ‎ 读作 ten twenty-six 14:03 读作 fourteen o three 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 23:55 读作 ‎ 注:时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法,这样就不需要用a.m.表上午,p.m.表下午了。 三、年月表示法 1.世纪=定冠词+序数词+century表示,也可以用定冠词+百位进数+`s表示 the sixth/6th century=the 500’s 公元六世纪 the 1900`s 二十世纪 the 1600`s 十七世纪 2. 年代用定冠词+基数词+十位整数的所有格或复数形式构成 in the 1930`s/in the 1930s(in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties) 在二十世纪三十年代;在十九世纪六十年代 3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加 early,mid-,late in the early 1920`s 在二十世纪二十年代早期 in the mid-1950`s 在二十世纪五十年代中期 4. 年月日表示法 A.年份用基数词表示,一般为阿拉伯数字:‎ ‎1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine 1800 读作 eighteen hundred 1902 读作 nineteen hundred and two或 nineteen o two ★表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,eg: in 2012 在2012年 使用year时,year放在数词之前in the year two hundred fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年 B. 月份,在哪个月,用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词:例如:in May在五月;‎ 月份常用缩写形式表示:缩写形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示,但September除外。January—Jan. February—Feb. March—Mar. April—Apr. August—Aug. September—Sept. October—Oct. November—Nov. December—Dec.‎ 注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略 C.日期 在具体哪一天要添加介词on。 National Day is on Oct. 1.(October first也可以表示为 National Day is on the 1st of October.) May 5(th) 五月五日(读作May fifth) 也可以表示为the fifth(5th)of May Mar. 1(st) (读作March first或 the first of March)‎ ‎★★注:通常情况下morning,afternoon,evening等词前用介词in。但是,当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语,把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时,介词应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等。 On a cold morning,the old man died lonely in his house.‎ The accident happened on the afternoon of July 7./ We are to have a small test on Monday morning.‎ ‎★四、分数表示法.‎ ‎1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词 .b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数. ‎ ‎3/4 three fourths或 three quarters 1/3 one third或a third ‎ ‎1/2 a half = one second 1 1/2 one and a half ‎2).注意:‎ a).当分数后面接可数名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;<1,名词用单数。 1 1/2 hours 一个半小时(读作 one and a half hours) 4/5 meter 五分之四米 2 3/4 mete rs 二又四分之三米(读作two and three-fourths meters)‎ ‎★b).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.‎ ‎ Two fifths of the milk ______(be ) drunk by Tom . One third of the students _______(be )girls .‎ 五 、小数表示法 1. 小数用基数词来表示,小数点读作 point,o读作 zero或o[ou],整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。 0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四 10.23 ten point two three 十点二三 25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七 l.03 one point o three 一点零三 2. 当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数。 1.03 meters 一点零三米 0.49 ton 零点四九吨 l.5 tons 一点五吨 六、百分数表示法 : 百分数=基数+percent表示 这里的percent不用复数形式。 50% fifty percent 3% three percent 0.12% zero point one two percent 七、数量表示法 ‎1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等: 用基数词+单位词(meter,foot,inch,kilogram等)+ 形容词(long,wide,high等)表示,或者用基数词+单位词 + in + 名词(length, width, height, weight等)表示。 two meters long或 two meters in length 2米长 three feet high或 three feet in height 3英尺高 ‎2. 表示温度时,用below zero表示零下温度,温度=基数词+degree(s)+单位词(centigrade摄氏)表示。thirty-six degrees centigrade或 36℃ four degrees below zero centigrade或 -4℃ 摄氏零下4度 这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时,可以省略。It’s seven degrees below zero. 今天是零下七度。(摄氏)‎ ‎★3. 表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。 five minutes` walk 步行五分钟(的距离) one kilometer’s distance 一公里远。‎ ‎★4. 数词加名词单数构成的短语,短语中间要用连字符“-”来连接,作定语修饰名词 It’s a five-minute walk from the library to the playground. She’s a sixteen-year-old girl.‎ 八、特殊用法 ★1.数词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如: Two months is quite a long time.‎ Four and two is six.What’s two and three? 2.一个半小时(一年半,一个半月可类推)one/an hour and a half =one and a half hours 专题五 形容词与副词 中考试题对形容词的考查涉及形容词原级、比较级和最高级的各种句型,形容词作定语的位置,易混淆的形容词用法辨析等。从考查形式看,一般有单项选择、完形填空、词语运用等。 ‎ 一. 形容词:形容词主要用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。形容词在句中可用作表语、定语、补语等。‎ ‎1.作定语,放在名词前, something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词之后;形容词修饰疑问代词时,也须放在其后。 如:It’s a cold and windy day. Would you like something hot to drink? ‎ ‎ What else can you see? 你还能看见其它什么东西?‎ ‎2.作表语,放在系动词之后。常见的系动词有be, become, get(变), turn(变), feel, look(看起来), seem, smell, sound, taste。如: He looks happy today. Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。 Milk is able to turn bad easily in summer.‎ ‎3.作宾补,放在宾语之后 ‎ ★ keep/find/make/think+宾语+形容词(作宾补) We are making our country strong.‎ ‎4. 形容词的排列顺序:‎ 如:a big yellow Chinese wooden ship(一个黄色的大型中国木船)‎ ‎ ★前置形容词(作定语)的顺序为:‎ ‎ 限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠; ‎ ‎ ①“限定词”包括:冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词等。‎ ‎②表观点的 “描绘”性形容词如:beautiful、bad、interesting、great等。‎ ‎③“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词big,small, ,short, tall ‎④表示“形状”的词如:round, square等。‎ ‎⑤年龄,新旧,颜色的形容词young,old,new,white,red等 ‎⑥ “国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。Chinese,rural(乡村的)‎ ‎⑦ “材料”的词如:wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。‎ ‎ ⑧“作用类别”的词如:medical, college,writing desk,police car等。‎ 两个圆形的蓝色日本塑料盘 ‎ ‎5、有关形容词的用法辨析:‎ ‎⑴ whole与all:记住两个词序:‎ ① the whole + 名词;如:He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) ‎ ② all (of) the + 名词。 He can remember all the words he learns.‎ ‎⑵ tall与high, short与low: ‎ ‎①指人的个子(树、楼)时用tall与short;如:He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮)‎ ‎ Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.‎ ‎②指其他事物(含价格price时)一般用high与low。 A few people live on high mountains.‎ ‎⑶ real与true:‎ ① real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的” This is a real diamond and it’s very expensive.‎ ‎②true指事情或消息的可靠性“真实的”--Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.‎ ‎⑷ interested与interesting的区别:‎ ① interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语, 如:The man is very interesting and all the children like him. / This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.‎ ② interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语 I am interested in science. (excited/exciting; bored/boring等类似)‎ ‎(5)nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;‎ 如:Let’s go and share the nice cake./ She is a nice girl.(漂亮的)‎ ‎【good/well区别见资料】fine一般指身体或天气好 What a fine day!(多好的天气!)/ I am fine.我身体很好 ‎(6)too much与much too:‎ ‎①too much表示“太多的”,修饰不可数名词,表数量;如:I am full because I have had too much rice.‎ ‎②much too表示“太”,修饰形容词或副词,表程度。 That coat is much too dear.‎ ‎(7) quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义①quick常指反应速度快After a quick lunch, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.②fast往往指运动速度快, A train is much faster than a bus.‎ ‎③soon则表示时间上很快即将发生(将来时)。His father will be back to China very soon. ‎ ‎(8)lonely与alone:‎ ‎①lonely 有感情色彩的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的;荒凉的”,作定语或表语 ‎②alone adj.“独自的,单独的”,客观情况,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。‎ 如:He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)He is a lonely person.‎ ‎(9)sick与ill区别:①sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语,如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now. Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.‎ ‎②ill做定语意为“坏的”ill words坏话 二.副词 中考试题对副词的考查涉及常用副词的用法、副词等级的各种句型、易混淆的副词用法辨析等。 ‎ ‎1. 副词的分类 ‎ 副词按词汇意义可分为:‎ 方式副词:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly 程度副词:very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite ‎ 地点副词:here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home ‎ 时间副词:today,early,soon,now,then,recently ‎ 频度副词:always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never ‎ 否定副词:no,not,neither,nor 疑问副词:where,how,why 其他:also,too,only ‎2. 副词的基本用法: ‎ 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句话,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如:We should listen to our teachers carefully. (修饰动词) He is very happy today. (表时间) ‎ ‎“What happened?”I asked, rather angrily. (修饰adv./In spring,I can see flowers everywhere. (表地点)‎ ‎3.副词的位置 ‎① 时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。I will do it omorrow. ②疑问副词:how , when, where, why放在句子的开头。如Where did he go yesterday? ‎ ‎③关系副词,连接副词放在所连接从句的开头I should like to know when the new term will begin? ‎ ‎④频度副词通常都放在动词前面,但若句子里面有情态动词,助动词或动词be,就放在这类动词的后面。例如: He often does this. / You must always bear this in mind. ‎ ‎⑤副词排列顺序 a)时间,地点副词,小单位在前,大单位在后 b)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully. ‎ c)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。He worked very well here last week. 注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能直接修饰动词。改错: I very like English.     ‎ ‎★4. 常见副词用法辨析 ‎(1)already,yet与still的区别 ‎ ① already用于现在完成时态的肯定句句中,表示“已经”; He had already left when I called.‎ ‎②yet用于现在完成时态的否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经”。‎ ‎ Have you found your ruler yet?/ I haven’t finished my homework yet.‎ ‎③still表事情还在进行He still works until late every night.‎ ‎(2)so与such的区别 ‎ ①so修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词。如:‎ ‎ My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. / He is such a boy. 他是一个这样的孩子。‎ ‎②a)so修饰的结构是“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”。‎ b)such修饰的结构是“such +a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”,‎ c)“such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词”。如 He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.‎ ‎ (改错) It is so cold weather. They are so good students. ③如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有much,little修饰,用so不用such。如:‎ ‎ so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以加可数名词复数。‎ ‎ so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以加不可数名词。‎ ‎ So time so people A so many B so few C so much D such little ‎(3)also, too, as well与either 的区别 also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。如:‎ My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher. =My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.‎ ‎=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher,too. I can’t speak French, Jenny can’t speak French,either.‎ ‎(4)sometime, sometimes, some time与some times的区别 ‎ sometime 某一时间,某一时刻(可指将来时,也可指过去时) / sometimes 有时,不时的 ‎ some time 一段时间 / some times 几次,几倍 ‎ 如:We’ll have a test sometime next month. 下个月的某一时间,我们要进行一次测试。‎ ‎ Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not. ( )‎ ‎ He stayed in Beijing for some time last year. ( )/ I have been to Beijing some times.( ) ‎ ‎(5)ago与before的区别 ‎ ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用。‎ ‎ before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。如:‎ ‎ I saw him ten minutes ago. / He told me that he had seen the film before. ‎ ‎(6)how 的几个短语:‎ ‎①how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问;‎ ‎②how soon“多久以后”,常用于将来时态,对in引导的一段时间提问; ‎ ‎③how long“多久”用于过去时、完成时或其他时态,常对于for或since引导的时间状语提问; ‎ ‎④how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问; ‎ ‎⑤how much“多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。‎ ‎⑥how many”多少”对可数名词数量进行提问。⑦how far “多远”对距离进行提问 如: have you been like this?-For 2 days. / - does he wash his face? –Once a day.‎ ‎ Will be come back?-In five minutes. / - is it from your home to your school?‎ ‎(7) hard与hardly的用法: ①hard作为副词意思是“努力地,猛烈地”, They study English very hard.‎ ‎②hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。‎ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.‎ ‎(8) now,just与just now的区别 ‎①now:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”‎ ‎②just:与现在完成时连用,表示“刚……” ③just now:和过去时连用,表示“刚才”‎ Where does he live______? / We have _______ seen the film.. / He was here______. ‎ 三.形容词,副词的比较级、最高级 ‎ 1. 规则变化 ‎2. 不规则变化(1)(资料P98)不规则变化表更多资料QQ378459309制作:‎ ‎(2)下列单、双音节词只能加more和most 原级 比较级 最高级 like(相似的,同样的)‎ more like most like real(真的)‎ more real most real tired(疲乏的)‎ more tired most tired pleased(高兴的)‎ more pleased most pleased often(经常)‎ more often most often ‎★四. 形容词,副词等级的用法 ‎ 1. 原级的用法 ‎ (1)有very,quite,so,too, enough等修饰的词,用原级 如:He is too tired to walk on.‎ ‎ (2) 肯定句中A…+ as+(adj./adv.的原级)+as +B A和B一样 ‎ ‎ 否定句中 A…+not as(so) +(adj./adv.的原级)+as+B A 和B不一样 ‎ eg:Tom is as old as Kate./ Tom is twice as old as Kate.‎ ‎ This room is not as/so (big) as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。‎ ‎2. 比较级的用法 ‎ (1) A...+比较级+ than+ B A比B…(用比较级) Tom is taller than Kate. 汤姆比凯特高。‎ ‎ (2) 可以修饰比较级的词:much, a lot, far; a little,a bit; even; still,表程度It is much colder today than yesterday.‎ ‎ (3)选择疑问句中,二选一时 Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?‎ ‎ (4)用比较级表示最高级的意思 ‎ The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.在中国长江比其它任何一条河都长。‎ ‎(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”‎ ‎ 如:He is getting taller and taller./ The flowers are more and more beautiful.‎ ‎ (6)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,就越……”‎ ‎ 如:The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.‎ ‎ (7)在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。‎ ‎ 如:The weather here is warmer than that in Shanghai.‎ ‎ (8)表示倍数的比较:A...+倍数+than+B A是B的几倍。如:This room is three times bigger than that one.‎ ‎3. 最高级的用法(用于三者及三者以上人或事物相比较)‎ ‎(1)形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。‎ ‎(2)有范围(in, of, among或从句等)修饰的常用最高级。 ‎ ‎ This is the best film that I have ever seen. /Winter is the coldest season of the year.‎ ‎(3) one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+(in/of短语)”表“…是…最…之一”。‎ ‎ 如:Beijing is one of the largest cities in China 北京是中国最大城市之一。‎ ‎(4)选择疑问句中用于三者或三者以上的比较。 如:Which country is the largest,China,Brazil or Canada? Which season do you like(the) best,spring,summer or autumn?‎ ‎(5)表示“第几个最……”时,用“the+序数词+最高级+名词单数”的结构。‎ ‎ 如:The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.‎ ‎(6)形容词最高级前有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格修饰时不能用定冠词。This is our best lesson today.‎ 注意:注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词.‎ ‎ He is taller than _____ boy in his class. He is taller than _____boy in our class . A.any B.any other ‎ 专题六 介 词 一.表示时间的介词(部分见资料)‎ ‎ 1. in, on, at在……(之时)‎ ‎ ①in与年、季节、月、年代、世纪及一般(泛指)的早、中、晚等较长时间的词连用eg: in summer在夏天; in January在1月;in 2012 在2012年; in the morning在早上 in the 21st century ‎ ②on用于具体的某日或某特定日期的早、中、晚。‎ ‎ 如:on August 8th在‎8月8日; on Monday在星期一; on New Year’s Day;‎ on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早晨;on Sunday afternoon在星期天下午。‎ ‎ ③at表示某一时刻。‎ ‎ 如:at 5∶10pm 在下午5∶10; at the beginning of在开始时;‎ ‎ at the end of...在……的末尾;at the age of...在……岁时; at noon在中午;at the same time在同时。at night在晚上;‎ ‎2. in, after 在……之后 ‎ “in +时间段”用于将来时之中;“after+时间段”用于过去时态之中;“after+时间点”既可用于将来时也可用于过去时。如: Jim will go to Beijing in five days. 吉姆五天后会去北京。Jim went to Beijing after five days. 五天后,吉姆去了北京。Jim will go to Beijing after five o’clock. 吉姆会在五点钟后去北京。‎ ‎ 3. for, since ‎ for可以指过去、现在或将来,着重说明“多久”, 后面接时间段。since意为“自从……起”,多与完成时连用,后面接时间点或从句。since引导的从句通常为一般过去时。如:‎ He has lived here for 2 weeks. / He has lived here since 2 weeks ago. It’s five years since he left school. ‎ ‎ 4. after, behind 在……之后 ‎ after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置。如:You should take a walk after dinner. /The picture is behind the door. ‎ 二.表示地理位置的介词 ‎1. in, on, to ‎1).in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) 2).on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系) ‎ ‎3).to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) ‎ Hubei‎ is ___ the north of Hunan /Tanwan is ___ the southeast of China . /Japan is ___ the east of China .‎ ‎2.at/in/on ‎1)at 接小地点或较具体的位置”。at home/ at the station 如:He arrived at school at 8 o’clock. 他8点钟到学校 ‎2)in 接在大地点 in China; in the world ; He arrived in Wenzhou yesterday. (较大地点)‎ ‎3)on 表在一个平面上 on the farm ‎3. above, over, on 在……上 ‎①above 指在……上方,表相对高度,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;‎ The bird is flying above my head. 鸟在我的头上飞。‎ ‎②over指在……正上方,表垂直的高度,与under相对;There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。‎ ‎③on表示某物体上面并与之接触。如:There is a book on the desk. ‎ ‎4. below, under 在……下面 ; under表示“在……正下方”; below表示“在……下,不一定在正下方”。如:There is a dog under the desk./ Please write your name below the line. ‎ ‎5.in front of / in the front of ‎ ‎(1).in the front of 表示在…….内部的前面 ;(2).in front of 表示在……外面的前面 ‎ There is a desk in ____ front of our classroom . There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.‎ Ⅲ.表运动方向和位置的介词 ‎ 1. across / through / over / by 经过 ‎①across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.②through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.‎ ‎③over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. ④by/past 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过. Can you swim ______ the river ? / The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .‎ ‎ I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence. / I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .‎ ‎2. between, among ‎ ① between指在两个人或两个事物之间;There is a bank between the post office and the police station.‎ ‎② among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间eg:The teacher is standing among the students. ‎ ‎3 . in, into, out of ‎ ①in:在……里面,用于表示静止的位置。Her mother works in the hospital.‎ ‎ ②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,经常与表示动作的动词连用如,come, go, run, rush等。‎ The child ran into his mother’s arms. 这小孩跑进了它妈妈的怀里 ‎ ③out of:从……里出来,与into一样,也表示有一定的运动方向。如: ‎ ‎ All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang. ‎ 四.表示方式的介词 with / in / by 表示 “用……”‎ ‎1.with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.‎ ‎ He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”‎ He came in _____ a big smile on his face .‎ ‎2.in a)表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料..‎ Can you say it _____English ? / He wrote a letter ____ blue ink . ‎ b)以…方式in this way 用这种方法 behave in a polite way c)也可表交通方式travel in a car d)“穿着” in red穿红色的衣服 ‎3.by a)表示乘坐交通工具, travel by bus b)以……方式、方法或手段 I study for a test _____ working with a group . ‎ ‎4. on a)通过 study on the air/radio通过广播学习 b)乘坐on a bus/ on a bike 注意: 1).by phone = on the phone 2).by car = in a car 3).in pen = with a pen = with pens ‎ 五.范围介词 In 在。。。。里边 in our class between 在两者之间 between us among 在三者或三者以上的中间 among students besides 除了。。。之外还有(包括后面的宾语)Tom,Jim besides Lily.‎ ‎ except 除了。。。之外(不包括后面的宾语)Tom,Jim except Lily.‎ including包括 All the students including me.‎ 六.介词词组辨析 ‎1. on the tree /in the tree ‎ ‎①on the tree 表示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.②in the tree 表示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.‎ ‎ There are some apples _____ the tree ./ There is a boy ____ the tree.‎ ‎2.in the wall /on the wall ‎ ‎①in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” ②on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上” ‎ a picture the wall the window the wall ‎ ‎3. .except / besides / except for ‎1).except 除了…之外, 都… 不包括在范围之内,排除同类的. We all went swimming except Lucy . ‎ 注: nothing but …除了…之外,什么也没有. There is nothing but a letter in the box .‎ ‎2).besides除了…之外,还有… 包括在范围之内. We study Japanese and French besides English ‎3) except for 句中的主语与except for后的宾语不同类:‎ Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper. 史密斯除了脾气不好外,是个好人 ‎4. .with / without ‎ ‎1).with具有,带有 反义词:without没有 词组: with the help of = with one’s help 反义词:without one’s help ‎ ‎2).without 的用法: A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物 ‎ B).without + doing sth . He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句. If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ____ ____ .‎ ‎5. be made +介词的区别:(见九上笔记)‎ ‎ be made of 由…制成 (看得见原材料);be made from由…制成 (看不见原材料)‎ be made in +地点 由哪儿生产 ; be made by sb. 由某人制造 ‎6. since / for 注: since / for 常用于现在完成时.‎ ‎1).since : a).since +时间点;b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时;c).since +一段时间+ ago.‎ ‎2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 七.其他固定搭配 be full of充满; be filled with装满……; be born in出生于; be sure of确信; ‎ be used to 习惯于…; be late for迟到;be strict with sb对某人要求严格; be excited about对…感到激动。‎ 介词与动词的固定搭配:‎ arrive in/at 到达大/小地方; agree with同意,赞同; ask for要求,请求。‎ catch up with 赶上,追上; come from 来自; do well in在……做得好;‎ decide on决定; fall behind 落后; get to 到达; go to school去上学;‎ get on with与某人相处; go on with sth.继续做某事; go to bed(sleep)去睡觉;‎ go to the cinema 去看电影; have nothing with 与……无关; hear of 听说;‎ hear from收到…来信; help...with...在(某方面)帮助; hand in 交上来。‎ 九.不用介词的情况:‎ ‎1.当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词. What are you going to do tonight ?‎ ‎2.含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语. He went to Wuhan last week .‎ ‎3.以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day .‎ ‎4.以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词. ‎ ‎ He met a bad man one cold morning .= He met a bad man a cold morning .‎ 专题七 连词 ‎1、连词的含义:连词是一种虚词,不承担句子的任何成分,是一种连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词。‎ ‎2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。‎ ‎①、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as well as(也), both...and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。‎ 补充:(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。‎ ‎(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。(3)表转折关系的but, while等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。‎ ‎②、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的有:‎ when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如…一样;由于), as …as…(和…一样), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(为了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(现在既然), by the time…(到…时候), every time…(每当), as if…(好像),no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。‎ 补充:(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。‎ ‎(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。 (3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。‎ ‎(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。 (5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。‎ ‎(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。 (7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。‎ ‎(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。‎ ‎[辨析] : ‎ ‎(1)Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. (快点,否则你会错过火车) Hurry up, and you’ll catch the train. (快点,你会赶上火车的)‎ ‎(2) not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…),这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例:‎ Either you or he is wrong. /Neither he nor his children like fish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。‎ Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。‎ ‎(3) because、as、since、for的用法:‎ ‎①because(因为),引导原因状语从句。表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句常放主句后面;回答why的问句只能用because. eg:He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.‎ ‎②as(因为),引导原因状语从句。表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句放在句首,句尾都可以。As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.‎ ‎③since(既然),引导原因状语从句表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。‎ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy. ‎ ‎④for(因为)是并列连词, 引导并列句。语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释,只能放在主句后面。‎ We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00. ‎ ‎★(4)if、whether的区别:‎ 相同点:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句, I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.‎ 不同点:①whether提出两种选择时要用whether,不用if. 如Let me know whether he can come or not.‎ ‎ ②在不定式前或介词后只用whether. eg: Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.‎ I have not settled the question of whether I will go home.‎ ‎ ③whether与or not连用时, if不可以 ‎④whether引导主语从句或表语从句,‎ Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question. / The question is whether he will go.‎ ‎⑤If “是否”意思不能放句首,whether可以. eg: Whether she is at home, I can not say.‎ ‎⑥而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。 ‎ ‎ I will ring you up if he arrives on time. ‎ ‎ (5)while、when、as的用法区别:‎ ‎①while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的;‎ ‎②when可表较短的动作也可表较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可同时发生也可先后发生;‎ ‎③as与上两词同义,可替换while和when,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边…一边……”,主句从句均为短动作时也常用as。‎ Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework. / I’ll go home when I have finished my job. They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.‎ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.‎ ‎(6)till/until与not…till/until的区别:‎ till/until (肯定)主句常是一个延续性的动作, not…till/until(否定)主句常是一个短暂性动作。(都是引导时间状语从句,符合主将从现的原则)‎ 如:①I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作是一个延续性动作,一直进行到你return) ‎ ‎②I won’t go to bed until my father comes back.‎ ‎(直到我父亲回来我才会去睡觉,go是一个短动作)‎ ‎ ③ I didn’t go to bed until my father came back.(直到我父亲回来我才去睡觉,‎ 从句动作应该在主句动作前发生,也就是先父亲先回来,我才去睡觉)‎ ‎ ④ He didn’t tell me anything_______ he left. (青岛试题)‎ ‎ A. until B. before C. after D. Since ‎ 另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. ‎ 如:Until the last minute of the match we kept playing. ‎ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)‎ ‎(7)though与although的区别:‎ ‎①两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。‎ He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.‎ ‎②although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可换为though;‎ ‎③though“虽然、尽管、即使”,可与even连用(even though= ),表示“即使、纵然”,‎ ‎ She won’t leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.‎ ‎④though还可作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。‎ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心)‎ ‎ (8)prefer to…rather than…与prefer…to…的区别:‎ ‎①prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿做某事,而不愿做某事情 ‎ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese.‎ ‎②prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。‎ I prefer English to Japanese. / I prefer staying at home to going swimming. ‎ ‎ 9) so…that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such...that中的such是个形容词,后接名词或名词短语。例如:I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.我很累,因此不想再走了。‎ ‎ It was such a hot day that he went swimming.如此热的天气,以至于他去游泳。‎ ‎2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时,用so,不用such。例如:‎ He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.他受到得教育很少以致于他找不到工作。‎ 专题八 动词的种类 动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。‎ ‎(一) 实义动词 实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词。‎ ‎1.及物动词:及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。‎ ‎(1) 动词 + 宾语 I like this book very much. 我非常喜欢这本书。‎ ‎(2) 动词 + 宾语 + 宾补 如:We call the bird Polly. 我们叫那只鸟Polly。‎ I saw the children play in the park yesterday. 昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。‎ 注意:带省略to的不定式或现在分词做宾补的动词有:make,let,have,see,watch,notice,hear等。 ‎ ‎(3) 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 如: Please pass me the salt. 请把盐递给我。‎ 常见带双宾语的动词有:give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,teach,tell,write,read,return等。‎ ‎2.不及物动词: 不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。 如: Horses run fast. 马跑得快。‎ ‎(1) 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。‎ We study English. 我们学习英语。(及物动词) We study hard.我们努力学习(不及物动词)‎ Birds can fly. 鸟会飞。 (不及物动词)‎ ‎(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词,要注意积累。‎ ①动词 + 介词 如: Listen to the teacher carefully. 仔细听老师讲。‎ ‎※此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间。‎ ②动词 + 副词 如:He turned off the light when he left. 当他离开时,他把灯关了。‎ He picked it up and gave it to me. 他把它捡起来,并给了我。‎ 注意:代词作宾语时必须放在动词后,副词前,当宾语是名词时,放在副词的前后均可。‎ ③ 动词 + 副词 + 介词 如:Let’s go on with our work. 让我们继续我们的工作吧!‎ He gets along well with his classmates. 他与同学们相处得很好!‎ 注意:其后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。‎ ④动词 + 名词 + 介词 Please pay attention to the phrases in the article. 请注意文章中的短语。‎ We can make good use of air. 我们可以充分利用空气。‎ ⑤be + 形容词 + 介词 如:We are good at swimming. 我们擅长游泳。‎ She is satisfied with what I did. 她对我所做的感到满意。‎ ‎3. 延续性和非延续性动词 ‎(1) 延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:live, study, work, keep, teach 等。 如:We have lived in Suzhou since 2001. 自2001年以来,我们一直住在苏州。‎ ‎ You can keep this book for two weeks. 这本书你可以借两周。‎ ‎(2) 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一经发生立即结束,如:buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive,join, go, come, catch等,非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他的词代替。‎ The old man has been dead for two years. 那个老人去世已经两年了。(这里不能用has died)‎ The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已经开始十分钟了。(这里不能用has begun)‎ ‎[题组训练] 根据句意完成句子 ‎ 1.Would you please open the door?请把门打开好吗?‎ ‎ 2.Jack always keeps the room clean and tidy. Jack总是把房间保持地干净、整洁。‎ ‎ 3.May I ask you a question ?我可以问你个问题吗? 4.They work on a farm. 他们在一家农场工作。‎ ‎ 5.The children fly kites. 孩子们放风筝(及物动词) 6.Look at the blackboard 看黑板。‎ ‎(二)系动词:系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份.常见的系动词有:go, be, become(变得), get(变得), look(看上去), seem(似乎,好像), turn(变得), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(摸起来), keep(保持)等。这些词没有被动语态的形式,也不用于进行时态。‎ 如:He is strong. / He is a strong man.‎ ‎[题组训练] 根据中文意思,完成句子。‎ ‎1.Mr Wang seems very angry(似乎) 2.This kind of cloth feels very soft. (摸起来)‎ ‎3.The flower smells sweet.(闻起来) 4.Now my dream becomes true. (实现了)‎ ‎5.You must keep healthy. (保持) 6.Her face turns red. (变得)/ ‎ ‎(三)助动词:助动词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独做谓语。它必须和别的动词连用,帮助构成时态、语态否定和疑问等结构.常用的助动词有be, have, has, do, does, did, will 和shall等。‎ ‎1.助动词be(am, is, are, was, were)‎ ‎(1) 助动词be + 现在分词,构成进行时。 如:They asked me what I was doing all afternoon. ‎ ‎(2) 助动词be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。‎ Many trees was planted in the park last Sunday. 上星期天在公园种了很多树。‎ ‎2.助动词have (has, had) (1)助动词have(has, had)+动词-ed形式,构成完成时。‎ ‎ (2) 助动词have(has, had) + been + 动词ing形式,构成完成进行时。‎ ‎3. 助动词do用于构成疑问句和否定式,用于倒装句,加强说话的语气及代替前面刚出现的动词等。‎ ‎— Do you live in China? 你住在中国吗?— Yes, I do. 是的,我住在中国。‎ He didn’t play basketball yesterday. / Only then did realize I was wrong.到那时我才意识到我错了。‎ ‎4. 助动词will和shall用于构成将来时。(shall仅用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称)‎ I shall be sixteen years old next birthday. 到下个生日,我将16岁了。‎ He asked me when we would leave. 他问我我们何时动身。‎ ‎(四)情态动词:有一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表达说话人的态度。它在句中需和主要动词一起构成谓语。(请见专题九情态动词)‎ ‎(五)易混动词 ‎1. used to do sth和be used to doing sth be used to doing sth表示习惯做某事,to后的动词用-ing形式;used to do sth表示过去常常做某事。‎ I’m used to getting up early.(习惯)/I used to get up at five in the morning. 我过去经常在早上五点起床。‎ 注意:be used to do sth指被用来做某事 如:Pens are used to write.钢笔被用来写字。‎ ‎2. arrive, get和reach表示“到达”时的区别 arrive in + 大地方,arrive at + 小地方,get to +地点名词,reach是及物动词后面可直接跟地点名词。‎ ‎3. borrow, lend和keep borrow“借”为短暂性动词,表示主语“借入”,常用短语borrow sth from sb.;‎ lend“借”为短暂性动词,表示主语“借出”,常用短语lend sth to sb.;‎ keep“保存;借”,为延续性动词,表“长时间地借”How long can I keep this book? 这本书我能借多久?‎ I borrowed a book from the school library. / Could you lend your bike to me? 你能把自行车借给我吗?‎ ‎4. dress, put on和wear: dress sb. 给某人穿衣服;dress sb. up打扮某人;put on 穿上,戴上,表示动作;wear穿着,戴着,表示状态。The boy dressed himself quickly. 那个男孩快速地给自己穿上衣服。‎ Mother dresses her baby every day. 母亲每天给她的孩子穿衣服。/Tom put on his coat and went out.‎ The lady dressed herself up and went to a party.(穿上盛装)那位女士打扮一番,然后去参加聚会了。‎ Lily is wearing a red skirt today. 莉莉今天穿着一条红裙子。‎ ‎5. bring, take, carry 和fetch bring“带来,拿来”,表示“拿到靠近说话人的地方”;take“拿去,带走”表示“拿到远离说话人的地方”;carry “扛,搬”用力移动,没有方向;fetch“去取,去拿”,表示“往返拿物”。‎ ‎6. die, dead, death, dying die意为“死”,是不及物动词,终止性动词;dead意为“死的”,形容词,表示状态;death意为“死”,名词;dying意为“垂死的,要死的”,形容词。如:His grandfather died yesterday. 他的祖父昨天死了。‎ His grandfather has been dead for ten years. 他的祖父已经死了十年了。‎ His death made us feel very sad. / The poor old man was dying.那个可怜的老人快死了。‎ ‎7. spend, cost ,take 和pay: spend 花费时间或金钱,后接on sth.或 (in) doing; cost 物作主语,意义为“值多少钱,花费”;take可用固定句型表示花费金钱、时间,其结构为:形式主语 It + takes +时间+ to do sth; pay人做主语,与介词for连用。‎ ‎8. wear, be in, put on, have on 和dress oneself wear强调穿着的状态,与“be in”同义;put on 强调穿的动作;have on ‎ 意为“穿着”,同样强调状态;dress oneself意为“某人自己穿衣服”。‎ ‎9. look for 和find: 两者都有“找”的意思。look for强调寻找的过程,而find强调找的结果。‎ ‎10. hung和hanged: 两个词同为hang的过去分词,hung意为“悬挂”,而hanged意为“吊死、绞死”。‎ ‎12. listen to和hear: listen to和hear都有“听”的意思。listen 为不及物动词,与to组成固定搭配,强调听的动作;hear强调听的结果。‎ ‎13. lose, forget和leave: lose意为“丢失”,“失去”;forget意为“忘记”,忘记去做某事为forget to do sth/ forget doing sth为忘记做过某事,; leave sth. + 地点,意为“把某事落在某处”。‎ ‎14. turn, get, grow和become: turn一般用于颜色的变化,如: turn red / turn yellow; 天变黑要用get或 grow;天气变暖或变冷,用become或get;天变长或变短一般用get。‎ ‎15. join, take part in 和attend: 三个词都有“参加”的意思。join一般指加入“党派”或“组织”,如参军、入党等,join in 加入某项活动, join sb加入某人;take part in 指参加聚会或活动;attend一般指出席会议 ‎16. think of, think about, think over和 talk about think of意为“想到……”;think about意为“考虑”, 宾语it或 them置后;think over 意为“仔细考虑”,宾语it或them放在中间,一般指考虑问题;talk about意为“谈论”。‎ ‎17. lose, fail, beat和win lose意为“输给某人”,固定搭配为lose to sb.; fail是“失败”或“未做成某事”;beat意为“打败”,后接sb.或某支队伍;win意为“赢得”,如,赢得荣誉、地位、比赛等。‎ 专题九 情态动词 一、情态动词的类型和特征(一) 情态动词的类型 ‎1. 只作情态动词的有:must; can (could); may (might); 2. 可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need;‎ ‎3.可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will (would); shall (should); ‎ ‎4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有:have to; ought to ‎(二)情态动词的特征:1.有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词或系动词连用,构成谓语。‎ ‎2. 无人称和数的变化 (have to例外,用于第三人称单数时用has to)。‎ We must stay here. /He must stay here. 他必须呆在这儿。‎ We have to walk home. /He has to walk home. 他不得不步行回家。‎ ‎3. 后接动词原形: She may lose her way. 她可能迷路了。‎ ‎4. 具有助动词的作用,可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。‎ ‎— Can you sing an English song? 你会唱英语歌吗?— Yes, I can. 是的,我会。‎ 二、情态动词的用法 (一) can, could的用法 ‎1. 表示能力,译为:能,会。如: Can you play basketball? 你会打篮球吗?‎ ‎2. 表怀疑、猜测,常用于否定句和疑问句中。如:He can’t be in the room.他不可能在房间里。‎ ‎3. 表请求或允许,多用于口语中,意为“可以”,相当于may。 如:You can (may) go now. 你现在可以走了。‎ ‎4. could是can的过去式,可以表示过去的能力.如: I could swim when I was seven years old. ‎ ‎5. 以can开头的一般疑问句,其肯定回答和否定回答分别用can和can’t。‎ ‎(二) may的用法 1.表推测,意为“可能;也许”,用于肯定句中.如: He may come tomorrow.他明天可能会来。‎ ‎2. 表请求、许可,意为“可以” 如: May I borrow your book? 我可以借用你的书吗?‎ ‎※may表请求,用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句时,其否定回答用mustn’t,不用may not,意为“不可以,不许,禁止”。如: — May I go now? — No, you mustn’t. 不可以。/Yes, you may(can). 是,可以。‎ ‎3. (1) 表祝愿。 如: May you succeed. 祝你成功。‎ ‎ (2) can和may 均可用来表示征求意见或允许,意为“可以”,一般可互换使用。‎ ‎(三) must的用法:1. 表示“必须、应该”。‎ ‎2.‎ ‎ 表示推测,意为“一定”,一般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句一般应用can,否定句中也用may,但may not表示“可能不”,而can’t 表示“不可能”。‎ ‎— There’s someone knocking on the door. 有人敲门。 — It must be Jim. 肯定是吉姆。‎ ‎※3. 在否定句中,mustn’t表示禁止,意为“不允许”。以must开头的疑问句,肯定回答应用must,而否定回答则常用needn’t,意为“不需要、不必”,相当于don’t have to, 而不能用mustn’t。。‎ ‎— Must I finish the work today? 我今天必须完成这项工作吗?‎ ‎— No, you needn’t/You don’t have to. 不,你不必/ Yes, you must.‎ ‎(四) 对need词性的判断: need后加to do说明need为实义动词,用助动词提问或否定;need后加doing表被动;若need后加动词原形, 则need为情态动词,用need提问或否定,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t。 如:You needn’t come to school so early. 你不必这么早来学校。‎ ‎(五) had better的用法: had better+动词原形,表示最好做某事,否定式用had better not do sth.。‎ You’d better stay at home. 你最好呆在家里/You’d better not watch TV every day.你最好不要每天看电视。‎ ‎(六) shall (should), will (would)的用法 ‎1. Shall用于第一人称,表示征求意见、询问。 如:Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?‎ Shall we have lunch here? 我们在这儿吃饭好吗?‎ ‎2. Should常用来表示义务、责任。如: We should obey traffic laws. 我们应该遵守交通规则。‎ ‎3. will 用于第二人称表示询问,请求,也可以表达现在的“意愿” ‎ 如:Will you pass me the book? 你能把这本书递给我吗?/ We will do anything for you. ‎ ‎4. would 用来表示过去的意愿或委婉的询问。‎ Would you tell me the way to the station? 你能告诉我去车站的路吗?‎ 易混点清单 一.can和be able to : can 和be able to表示能力时用法相同,can只用于现在时和过去式(could),但 be able to表示经过努力后, 能够做到有现在时,过去时和将来时。‎ 如:We will be able to come back next week. 我们下周能回来。‎ The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. (表示经过努力后, 能够做到)‎ Jim couldn’t speak Chinese last year, but now he can. 吉姆去年不会说汉语,但现在他会了。‎ 二、can 和may 表可能性的区别 ‎1.在肯定句中,用may表可能You had better ask the policeman. He may know.你最好问警察,他可能知道。‎ ‎2. 在否定句中,若语气肯定,表示“不可能”时用can not;若语气不肯定,表示“可能不”时用may not。‎ Mr Li can’t be in the room. He has gone to Beijing for a visit.李老师不可能在,他去北京度假了。‎ 三、could, should, would, might表示委婉语气 could, should, would, might等过去式有时不表示过去,而是表示更委婉客气的语气。‎ Would you tell me the way to the park? 你能告诉我去公园的路吗?‎ 四、must和have (has) to: must和have (has) to 意思均为“必须”,常可以互换使用。但have (has) to用于强调客观需要,意为“必须,不得不”;must用于表示主观看法,意为“必须,应该”。‎ We’ll have to ask Zhang Hong instead. /We must work hard at school. ‎ 五、maybe和may be may为情态动词,后加动词原形be,用在句中;maybe为副词,“大概,也许”,相当于perhaps,用于句首。 ‎ 六、can’t和mustn’t: 表否定推测时应用can’t, mustn’t表达“禁止、不允许”的含义,不是用来表推测的,在肯定句中must表推测,译为“一定”。 ‎ 七.(补充)should have done 本应该做的事情但未做含有责备之意 如:I told Lily how to get here, but perhaps I should have written it out. needn’t have done 本没必要做但却做了sth 专题十 非谓语动词 非谓语动词 ‎【非谓语动词】 ‎ ‎ 构成:(to)+动词原形 ‎ 动词不定式 非 在句中的作用(除谓语动词外的任何成分)‎ 谓 构成:V.-ing ‎ 语 动名词 动 用法(主、宾、表、定)‎ 词 ‎ ‎ 构成:V. -ing / V.-ed(规则变化)‎ ‎ 分词 ‎ 用法(表、补、定、状)‎ ‎(一)动词不定式 不定时的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to 是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。‎ 动词不定式的句法功能 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。‎ 作主语用的不定式,常常用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面。‎ 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。‎ 多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换作为主语。‎ 宾语 ‎—What sports does he like to play?他喜欢做什么运动?—He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。‎ 只能做某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语。‎ 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. ‎ 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。‎ 在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役、感官动词后,不定式省略to。‎ 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗?‎ 不定式作定语,要放在所修饰词的后面。‎ 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.(表原因)很抱歉,给你添麻烦了。I went to the library to study English.(表目的)‎ 不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。‎ ‎1.不定式作主语 ‎ 动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末 ‎ 其结构为:It+be+adj.(+ for/ of sb.)+动词不定式 ‎ 如:To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well.‎ ‎ It’s important for us to protect the environment.‎ ‎ 注意:在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of。如:‎ It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。It's very clever of you to do like that. ‎ ‎2. 不定式作宾语 ‎ 有些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的,如: ‎ ‎ would like, like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。如:‎ ‎ Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗?‎ ‎ ②在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面。如:‎ ‎ I find it easy to read English every day. ‎ ‎ ③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式Why not do..., Why don't you do..., had better(not)do..., would rather do,could/would/will you please(not)do...‎ I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。‎ ‎3.不定式作宾语补足语 ‎ 不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如:Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. ‎ ‎ tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:‎ ‎ My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. 我妈妈鼓励我学日语。‎ ‎ 注意:还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补,这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有:‎ 一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三让(let, make, have)、四看(look at, see, watch, notice)。但变被动语态时,必须加上to。如: My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。‎ ‎4.不定式作定语 ‎ ①不定式作定语时,应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。‎ ‎ ②如果是不及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词。‎ ‎ There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。‎ ‎5.不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用,相当于一个宾语从句。如:‎ ‎ The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。‎ ‎ He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。‎ 一、动名词的构成:动名词一般由“动词原形+ing”构成 二V-ing做主语、谓语动词用单数形式Eating too much is bad for your health.‎ 三、动名词的句法功能 功能 例句 说明 ‎ 动词宾语宾语 ‎ 介词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。‎ Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄的。‎ 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。‎ ‎ 表语 His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is his hobby.‎ 多数情况下,动名词作表语可转化成作主语。‎ ‎ 定语 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。‎ We should improve our teaching methods.‎ 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等置于所修饰词前。‎ 注意:英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有:finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem(in), spend...(in), feel like, be used to(习惯于), give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。‎ 完成实践值得忙(finish, practice, be worth, be busy) 继续习惯别放弃(keep on, be used to, give up)‎ ‎ 考虑建议不禁想(consider, suggest, can't help, feel like) 喜欢思念要介意(enjoy, miss, mind)‎ 三.分词包括现在分词和过去分词 ‎1.现在分词做定语、其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词;Do you know the girl standing there?‎ ‎ 过去分词做定语、其逻辑宾语就是它所修饰的词Please hand in the written exercises ‎ 2.现在分词做表语表示主语的性质特征。The situation is encouraging.‎ ‎ 过去分词做表语表示某种状态。The boy is too frightened to move.‎ ‎ 3.现在分词做宾语补足语表示主动关系。Don’t keep us waiting for a long time.‎ 过去分词做宾语补足语表示被动关系。He will have his hair cut after school. ‎ ‎ 4.分词做状语、逻辑主语是句子的主语。The students went out of the room, talking and laughing.‎ Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.‎ ‎ 作状语:分词或分词短语可以作时间、原因、方式、结果、伴随等状语。如:‎ Being a student, I must study hard.作为一名学生,我必须努力学习。(原因状语)‎ He ran out of the room, shouting loudly.他大喊着从房间分阶段跑出来。(伴随状语)‎ ‎5现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示完成的动作。‎ 如:fallen leaves 落叶(已落下)falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶 ‎ ‎ developing country 发展中国家developed country 发达国家 ‎6.现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质,意为“令人……的”;过去分词表达由外界引起人的内心活 动,意为“感到……的”。如:the exciting news 令人兴奋的消息 the excited look 激动的表情 常用的还有:interesting/interested, tiring/tired, boring/bored.‎ 补充:当他们走进公园时,他们看见一些男孩在踢足球。(正在做)‎ Do you often see then play football?你常看他们踢足球吗?(全过程)‎ He speaks loudly to make himself heard clearly. 他大声说以便让别人听清他的话。(他的话被听)‎ 易错点:1) stop doing/to do stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。‎ ‎ stop doing 停止做某事。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。‎ ‎2) forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事(未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事(已做)‎ The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着它忘记关了(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了.( 已做过关灯的动作) ‎ ‎3) remember doing/to do ‎ ‎ remember to do 记得去做某事  (未做)  remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)‎ ‎4)regret doing/to do ‎ ‎ regret to do  对要做的事遗憾。(未做 I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。‎ ‎ regret doing  对做过的事遗憾、后悔。  (已做)‎ ‎ I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。‎ ‎5) try doing/to do ‎ ‎ try to do努力,企图做某事。 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。‎ ‎ try doing试验,试着做某事。 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。‎ ‎6) go on doing/to do ‎ ‎ go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。‎ ‎ go on doing  继续做原来做的事。‎ ‎ After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。‎ ‎8) be afraid doing/to do ‎ be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕";‎ be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为“生怕,恐怕”。‎ She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。‎ She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫 ‎9) mean to doing/to do ‎ mean to do打算、想I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。‎ ‎ mean doing 意味着To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.‎ 感官动词 + doing/do ‎ 感官动词 (see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel) + do  表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)‎ I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)‎ 一些省略to的句型(1)Why not +动词原形 ‎(2)Why don’t you+动词原形 (3)You’d better +动词原形 ‎(4)You’d better not +动词原形 (5 ) Will you please +动词原形 ‎(6)Will you please not +动词原形 (7)sb do nothing but(只是,只不过)‎ 例: They didn nothing but complain 常见固定搭配:‎ ‎1.too … to do The desk is too heavy to carry ‎2.be + adj + enough to do The room is big enough for 10 people to live in .‎ ‎3.It’s time to do sth 或It’s time for sb to do sth . It’s time to have a rest.‎ It takes sb some time to do sth . It takes me three days to finish the job.‎ be + adj(glad . sorry .sure . happy .afraid等表情感的形容词后)+ to do sth .‎ ‎(1) I’m sorry to trouble you .很抱歉打扰你。‎ 介词+doing 1. look forward to doing sth (盼望) 2. pay attention to doing sth.(注意)‎ ‎ 3.be used to doing sth. 习惯于) 4.prefer doing sth to doing sth.(更喜欢)‎ ‎ 5.devote to doing sth (致力于 6. make a contribution to doing (做贡献) ‎ 专题十二 被 动 语 态的构成及用法 一、被动语态 被动语态的基本结构为:be+动词的过去分词 各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表(以动词do为例):‎ 时态 主动语态 被动语态 例句 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done We clean the classroom..‎ The classroom is cleaned by us.‎ 一般过去时 did was/were+done He made the kite.‎ The kite was made by him.‎ 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing am/is/are+being done She is watering flowers.‎ Flower are being watered by her .‎ 现在完成时 have/has+done have/has+been done Jim has finished the work.‎ The work has been finished by Jim.‎ 一般将来时 will/shall/be will/shall/be going They will plant Trees will be planted ‎ going to+do ‎ to+be done ‎ trees tomorrow.‎ ‎ by them tomorrow.‎ 过去进行时 was/were+doing was/were+being done She was writing a letter this time yesterday.‎ A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.‎ 过去完成时 had+done had+been done Jim had finished the work.‎ The work had been finished.‎ 过去将来时 would/should/be going to+do ‎ would/should/be going to+be done He said he would make a kite.‎ He said a kite would be made by him.‎ 含有情态动词 can/may/must+do can/may/must+be done I can find him.‎ He can be found by me.‎ 一.被动语态的用法:在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:‎ ‎(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。如:This watch is made in China.‎ ‎(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如:More trees must be planted every year.。‎ ‎(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.‎ ‎(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。如:Many houses were washed away by the food.‎ 二、主动语态和被动语态的转换 ‎1.主动语态变为被动语态 ‎(1)要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾语变成主格。‎ ‎(2)把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变成宾格,并用by引导。‎ ‎(3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。‎ 主动语态: 动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者 被动语态: 动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者 如:We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态) →He was asked to sing an English song by us.‎ ‎2.带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态 谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。若将间接宾语转化为主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如:She gave me a book.(变为被动语态) →I was given a book by her.(间接宾语me改为了主语)‎ A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book 改为了主语)‎ ‎3.动词短语变为被动语态 许多由动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。如:We should speak to old men politely.(变为被动语态)‎ Old men should be spoken to politely.(to不可省略)‎ ‎4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态 宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。如:I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态) →Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.‎ ‎5.变被动语态后动词形式的选择 主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等,及使役动词let,make,have等后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。如:He makes the girl stay at home.(变为被动语态)→The girl is made to stay at home by him.‎ 专题十三 主谓一致(语法,就近,意义一致三原则)‎ 一.就近原则 ‎1. 由并列结构或连词(either…or, neither…nor,not…but, not only…but also, or等)连接的并列主语,谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 Neither his parents nor Tom_____(be) at home. ‎ ‎2. 在倒装句和there be句型中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。‎ There _____(be) a book and some pens on the desk. /There ______(come) the bus. ‎ ‎3. 在定语从句中,关系代词作主语,其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。‎ I know the man who_____(be) talking to my father.‎ ‎4. 在强调句中,连接代词又在句中作主语,这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。‎ ‎ It is Mary’s brother who_____(be) injured in the car accident yesterday.  ‎ 二.意义一致原则 ‎1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with,with,as well as,together with, besides,except, but, including等短语时 ,谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。‎ I along with my sister_____(be) going to Shanghai next month. ‎ ‎2. 由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。‎ What I want to say _____(be) just “ Take care!”.‎ ‎3. “…+ (of) +名词”作主语时,若“of”后的名词为单数(不可数名词),则谓语动词用单数,如果名词为复数,则谓语动词用复数。Most of the water here ______(be) clean.‎ ‎80% cotton ______have) been sent to America.80%/ Half of the apples ______(be) red.‎ ‎6. 词组“a number of”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数;“the number of”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。A number of ancient buildings _____ (be) destroyed in the war./The number of the visitors_____ (have) decreased this year. ‎ ‎7. 英语的集体名词(family, public, group, team, class等词),指代“整体”时为单数;指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。My family ____(be) very poor when I was a little girl /‎ My family ______(be) all looking forward for your coming. ‎ 三.整体原则 ‎1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。‎ When to leave _____(be) not been decided./Watching TV too much _____(be) bad for your eyes.  ‎ 注:如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句,谓语动词常用复数。‎ What he said and what he did _____(be) always different last night .‎ ‎2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时,谓语动词须用单数。‎ The novelist and poet _____going to Europe next year./The novelist and the poet_____(be) going to Europe next year.‎ ‎3. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时,通常被视作整体,谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎10 minutes is enough.‎ ‎4.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。2 and 3 ______5. ‎ ‎5.“the +姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、….夫妇”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。‎ The Blacks ______(enjoy) working in China.‎ 四.个体原则 ‎1. every +….and every +…..或each+…and each +…作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。‎ Every man and every woman _____(be) busy at working.‎ ‎2. 英语句中的each, either, neither等词,作代词充当主语,修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。‎ Neither of us _____(have) been abroad. Neither answer _____(be) wrong .‎ ‎3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词(somebody,nobody,everything,anything等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Somebody ______(be)waiting for you at the school gate.‎ ‎4. 成双成对出现的复数名词(glasses,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,但前面有a /the pair of;a /the suit of等词语时,则谓语动词要与量词(pair, suit, piece )在单复数上保持一致。A pair of scissors_______(be) useful tool for a dressmaker.‎ Two pieces of paper ______(be ) on the desk .‎ ‎5. 以复数形式出现,却表示单数意义(maths, physics, news …)谓语用单数。‎ ‎ Maths_____(be) my favorite subject.‎ ‎6.“the +形容词(old /young /rich /poor )”表示“一类人”,作主语时,谓语用复数。‎ The young ______(like) listening to popular songs .‎ ‎7.“the +姓氏的复数” 表示“某某夫妇,某某一家人”,作主语时,谓语用复数。‎ ‎ The Greens _______(be)having lunch now.‎ 专题十四 倒装句 ‎1. 当句首为副词here ,there 且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。‎ Here comes the bus !. /There goes the bell. !‎ ‎2. only 修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时,应用部分倒装。‎ Only in this way can we solve the problem./Only when you told me did I know her name.‎ 注意:如果 only 修饰的不是状语,则句子不倒装。Only Uncle Li knows how it happened.‎ ‎3. 表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时,肯定倒装用“ so + 助动词/情态动词 + 后者”,前句事否定,而后面的人也不怎么样时用“ neither / nor + 助动词 / 情态动词 + sb”。‎ He can speak English,so can I./If she doesn’t go there tomorrow,neither / nor will I.‎ 注意:(1)“ so + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语” 表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样,所谈到的是两个人,意为“……也是这样”; (2)“ so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时,说话者表示同意前者的观点,意为“的确如此”。— Li Lei likes sports. — So he does and so do I. ‎ ‎4. 由 not only …… but also …… 引起的并列句,若将 not only 置于句首时,该分句应部分倒装, but also 引导的分句不倒装。Not only did he give me some advice,but also he lent me some money.‎ ‎5.“ no matter +疑问词+从句” 或 “疑问词+ever+从句” 注:从句应用陈述句语序,时态用一般现在时。‎ However hard the problem is,I must work it out.‎ 专题十五 感叹句 一、what引导的感叹句:‎ ‎1.what + a / an +adj + 单数名词 (+主语+ 谓语)!_______ a clever boy he is !‎ ‎2.what + adj + 复数名词 (+主语+ 谓语)!_______ heavy boxes they are !‎ ‎3.what + adj + 不可数名词(+主语+ 谓语)!_______ bad weather !‎ 二、how引导的感叹句:‎ ‎1.How + adj / adv + 主语+ 谓语!_________ hard they are working !‎ ‎2.How + adj + a / an + 单数名词(+主语+ 谓语)!How tall a boy he is !‎ ‎3. How + adj / adv + the + 名词+ 谓语!________ heavily the rain is falling!‎ ‎4.How+句子!‎ 三、what 与how引导的感叹句之间的转换:1.What a beautiful girl she is != ______ beautiful the girl is !‎ 四、几个常见的感叹句:1._______ great fun it is ! 2._______ important information ! 3.______ good news !‎ 五、感叹句中常见的不可数名词:food , work , weather , fun , music , information , news , advice , ‎ 专题十六 反意疑问句 一、结构:陈述句 + 附加疑问句?It’s hot today ,isn’t it ?‎ 二、原则:1.前肯后否,前否后肯 2.前名后代 3.时态一致 三、变法: 一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。‎ 四、特殊的附加疑问句:‎ ‎1.I’m …… , aren’t I ? /I’m right , ______ ______ ?/ 2.There be …… , ______ there ?‎ There will be fewer buses in the future ,____ ______?‎ ‎3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句,仍把它作为肯定形式。He is unhappy , _____ ______ ?‎ ‎4.Let’s 的反意疑问句为 shall we ? Let us的反意疑问句为will you ? ‎ Let us go to the movie together ,_____ _____ ?/ Let’s go to the movie together ,_____ _____ ?‎ ‎5.祈使句的反意疑问句为 will you ? Don’t miss it ,_____ _____ ?‎ ‎6.若陈述句部分含有never , few , little , hardly ,no ,seldom ,nobody ,nothing …否定词、半否定词时,附加疑问句用肯定形式。 He can hardly understand it , _____ ______ ?‎ ‎7.陈述句的主语为不定代词时:‎ ‎1).主语为指人的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he / they . No one was hurt , ______ _______ ?‎ ‎2).主语为指物的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用 it. Nothing is serious , _______ _______ ?‎ ‎8.表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句,其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致。He must be at school , _____ ______ ?‎ ‎9.陈述句的主语是this , that , these , those 时,附加疑问句的主语分别为 it , they .‎ This is a new computer , ______ ______ ?/Those aren’t banana tees , ______ _______ ?‎ ‎10.当陈述句是主从复合句时, 其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致。若主句为I think / believe /suppose /imagine /expect 时,其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致。He said that he would leave here tomorrow , __ __ ?‎ ‎/I don’t think you can do these exercises alone , ___ _______ ? ‎ ‎11.陈述句中有has / have / had 时,一定要注意。‎ ‎1).若句中是 has to / have to / had to ,表 “不得不” 附加疑问句的谓语用doesn’t / don’t / didn’t 进行反问.‎ They had to leave early , ______ ______ ?‎ ‎2).若句中是has / have / had 表“有 ”, 其附加疑问句的谓语用do/ does / did 进行反问。‎ He has few friends in the new school , ______ ______? ‎ ‎3).若句中是has/ have / had +过去分词时,其反义疑问句的谓语用has/have/had进行反问。‎ He has never been to Beijing , _____ _____? She had studied a few English songs by the end of last month. ,______ ______?‎ 五、反义疑问句的回答:反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答,若事实是肯定的,就用yes , +肯定形式。若事实是否定的,就用No, +否定形式。‎ 注意:在前否后肯的句子中回答仍然用:yes , +肯定形式/No, +否定形式。但yes表“不”而No表“是的”。‎ She didn’t come to school yesterday, did she ? _________, though she was not feeling well.‎ A.No, she didn’t B.No , she did C.Yes , she didn’t D.Yes , she did ‎ 专题十七 宾语从句 一、直接引语变间接引语 ‎1.人称的变化:一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。‎ ‎1). “一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时,变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致.‎ She said “I like playing basketball”. She said that _____ _____ playing basketball .‎ ‎2). “二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时,变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致.‎ She asked Tom “Can I have a look at your picture”. She asked Tom if ___ could have a look at ___ picture .‎ ‎3). “第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时,变间接宾语时人称保持不变.‎ She said to me “They want to help me”. She told me that _____ _____ to help me .‎ ‎2.指示代词,时间、地点状语的变化 直接引语 间接引语 指示代词 this that that those 时间状语 now then today that day this morning that morning ‎ three days ago three days before Last week ‎ the week before tomorrow the next /following day next year the next year 地点状语 here there 动词 come go 二. 宾语从句的考查 宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。‎ ‎1.考查宾语从句的语序: 宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序。即 “主语+谓语+……‎ Do you know when __________? A.does the next train leave B.the next train leaves ‎ 注:若从句是疑问句,但语序不变的有:‎ ‎1).who在从句中作主语。Can you tell me _________?(谁将来这儿)‎ ‎2).what’s wrong / the matter ? He asked what was the matter with me .‎ ‎3).what happened I don’t know what happened yesterday .‎ ‎4).which is the way to ….? Can you tell me which is the way to the park ?‎ ‎2.考查宾语从句的引导词 ‎1).若宾语从句时陈述句时,引导词用that 且that 可省掉。‎ She said “I’m gald to see you” = She said _____ _____ ______ gald to see me .‎ ‎2).宾语从句时一般疑问句时,引导词用if 或whether . 一般情况下if /whether 可互换,但后有or not / or 、动词不定式或介词的后面时,只能用whether . I’m thinking about ______ to go there . A.if B.whether C.that ‎ ‎3).宾语从句时特殊疑问句时,引导词用特殊疑问词。‎ Do you know ________? I’m not sure ,Maybe he is a businessman .‎ A.who he is B.who is he C.what he does D.what does he do ‎ ‎4).若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时,改为ask /tell sb to do sth .若为否定祈使句,改为ask /tell sb not to sth .‎ ‎“Don’t open the door” The teacher said . = The teacher told me _____ ____ ___ the door .‎ ‎3.宾语从句的时态 ‎1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。‎ Can you tell me _______? He is a doctor . A.what is he B.what he was C.what he is D.what was he ‎ ‎2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态 He asked ____________.A.what time it is B.what time is it C.what time it was D.what time was it ‎ He told me that he ____ for the sports meet. A.is preparing B.was preparing C.will prepare D.has prepared ‎ 注:1) 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。‎ Our teacher said that January_____ the first month of the year. /Our teacher said that the earth ____(go) around the sun.‎ ‎ 2).若主句为could you …..?表示请求客气的语气,从句的时态仍然不变。‎ Could you tell me ____?A.what he was doing B.what was he doing C.what he is doing D.what is he doing ‎ ‎5.宾语从句的简化:‎ ‎1).宾语从句是陈述句时,且主、从句的主语一致,可简化为“动词+ to do sth”.‎ I hope I can meet you again ./I hope _____ _____ you again .‎ ‎2).宾语从句是疑问句时,且主、从句的主语一致,或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑问词+ to do sth”. I don’t know what I should do next ./ I don’t know ____ ____ _____ next .‎ 专题十八:定语从句 一、定语从句:更多资料QQ378459309制作:‎ ‎1.定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。‎ ‎2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。‎ ‎3.关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。‎ ‎4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。‎ 关系词 指代 在定语从句中的作用 that 既指人也指物 作主语、宾语 which 指物 作主语、宾语 who 指人 作主语 whom 指人 作宾语 whose 既指人也指物 作定语 二、定语从句:1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that,which均可.但下列情况,只用that不用which。‎ ‎1).当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时,只能用that。There is nothing ______ I can do for you .‎ ‎2).先行词被the only,the very,the last,all,no,little等词修饰,只用that。This is the very book _ I’m looking for .‎ ‎3).先行词被序数词修饰时,只用that . This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school .‎ ‎4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。‎ This is the most beautiful mountain ___ I have ever seen .=I have ____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .‎ ‎5).先行词既有人也有物时,只能that 。 He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .‎ ‎2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况,只能用which不用that。‎ ‎1).关系代词前有介词时,关系词只能用which 。This is the building in ______ he lives .‎ ‎2).先行词本身是that时,关系词只能用which 。The clock is that _____ tells the time .‎ ‎3).引导非限定性的定语从句(先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开),关系词用which。‎ His book , ______ was lost last week , has been found now.‎ ‎3.先行词是人时,一般情况下既可用who 也可用that 。但以下情况下,只能用who。‎ ‎1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who .Those _ are singing are all my classmates .‎ ‎2).在there be 句型中,先行词指人时,只能用who。指物时用that。There is a girl _____ expects to see you .‎ ‎3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时,只能用who 。He ______ plays with fire gets burned .‎ 三、定语从句 由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。‎ where = in / at +which when = in / on / at +which why = for + which ‎ ‎1.由where引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语 Is this the house ___ you lived ?= Is this the house ___ __ you lived ?= Is this the house __ you lived in ?‎ ‎2.由when引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语 I will never forget the days ______ I met him .= I will never forget the days ____ ____ I met him.‎ 注:先行词是the last time 时,when 可省略。When was the last time you saw the parrot ?‎ ‎3.由why引导的定语从句。先行词为reason 时,一般用why 。 why在句中作原因状语。‎ We don’t know the reason ______ they didn’t come .‎ 四、注意事项:‎ ‎1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,常可省略。The story _____ he told was very popular .‎ A.who B.whom C.whose D. / ‎ ‎2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。‎ I loves singers who _______(write) their own songs ./She is one of the girls who ______(study) hard .‎ ‎3.定语从句中whose 的确定:无论先行词是人或物,在定语从句中做定语用whose。‎ 判断:看定语从句的主语前有无限定词(my、your、Jim’s等),若没有,则用whose 。‎ The girl _____ parents work in Beijing is Kate .A. who B. whose C. which D. that ‎ 专题十九 [简单句和并列句] ‎ 引言:※句子的分类。根据语气可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。根据结构可分为:简单句、并列句和复合句。 ※简单句是只包括一个主谓结构的句子。‎ 主语: 定语:( )‎ 谓语: 状语:[ ]‎ 宾语: 宾补:〈 〉‎ 表语: ‎ ‎※并列句是包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子,句子之间常用并列连词连接。常见的连词有and, but, or, so等。‎ 一、常见的五种基本句型。‎ ‎1. S+V,主谓,谓语动词一般为不及物动词;‎ ‎ ①The bus stopped. ② Tom has arrived ‎ S Vi .‎ ‎2.S+V+P,主谓(系)表,谓语动词一般为连系动词;‎ ‎(表语可以是名词,形容词,动词不定式、动名词短语、介词短语或句子等)。‎ 连系动词主要有:be(am, is, are), look(看起来), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(感到,摸起来);stay/keep(保持);seem(好像,似乎). turn/get/become/grow(变得); appear(呈现):appear red ‎ ①The skirt looks beautiful. ② she is a student. ③ My dream is to be a teacher.‎ ‎ S V P ‎ ‎3.S+V+O,主谓宾,谓语动词一般为及物动词,如果是不及物动词,后面要跟介词再接宾语;‎ ‎ ①I like English. ②She likes watching TV. ③She wants to go shopping. ‎ ‎ S V O ‎4.S+V+O+OC,主谓宾补,宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、动词不定式等.‎ ‎ ①I find English [easy]. ②They keep their eyes [closed].‎ ‎ S V O OC ‎ ③She asked me [to go shopping]. ④She makes me [laugh].‎ ‎5. S+V+IO+DO,主谓双宾,接双宾语的动词有buy, give, show, tell, teach, offer, provide 一般物为直接宾语(DO),人为间接宾语(IO)。 (give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. )‎ ‎ ①She gave me a pen. ②She buy me a pen.‎ ‎ S V IO DO 二、常见的并列句:‎ ‎(1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…,as well as等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示平行关系、顺接关系、对照关系、先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。  ‎ ‎(2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or, otherwise, either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。‎ ‎ ①Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.(or译为:或者)‎ ‎ ②Hurry up, or you will miss the early bus. (or译为:否则)‎ ‎(3) 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有but, yet, still ,however, while(而)等,前后分句时态一致。 ①It has no mouth, but it can talk. (前后彼此矛盾,表示转折)‎ ‎②School is over, yet all the teachers are still working. (前后彼此矛盾,表示转折) ③He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. (前后不矛盾,只是表示转折)‎ ‎(4) 说明原因或理由, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。‎ ‎(5) 表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.‎ 三、选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句 ‎1) 构成:(1)一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项? ‎ ‎(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?‎ ‎2) 选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:‎ ‎①Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl.②Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please.‎ 四、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。‎ ‎▲祈使句的肯定式: 动词(原形) + 其他 如:①Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) ②Shut up! (住嘴!) ‎ ▲ 祈使句的否定式:Don’t +动词原形 + 其他 ‎ 如:①Please don’t talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。)② Don’t look back! (不要掉头看。)‎ 以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面③Let’s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)‎ 肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:④Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)(do起强调作用)‎ ‎ ▲注意祈使句在复合句和其它一些情况下看作将来时:‎ ‎ ⑤ Please call me when she comes back. (主将从现)⑥ -----Don’t bring it here tomorrow. ---OK, I won’t.‎ 五、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”‎
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