2020-2021学年中考英语语法专项讲解训练:名词

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2020-2021学年中考英语语法专项讲解训练:名词

2020-2021 学年中考英语语法专项讲解训练:名词 一、名词的含义及分类 : 名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇,它主要用来指人或各种事物具体的名称,也可以指抽象的概念。 名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。如: Jay Chou lives in Taiwan.周杰伦住在台湾。(和是名词) A dog is eating a bone.一只狗正在啃骨头。(和是名词) 名 词 类 别 意 义 例 词 专有名词 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、 地名、机构、团体等的专有名 称 Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall 普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 个 体 名词 表示单个人的人或事物 girl, student, desk, cat , country 集 合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总 称 people, police, team, clothes, group 不 可 数 名 词 物 质 名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water, ice, pork, cheese, air 抽 象 名词 表示抽象概念的词 fun, healthy, happiness, love, care 1. 名词变复数的规则变化: 名 词 特 点 词 尾 加 法 词 尾 读 音 方 法 例 词 一般情况下 加-s 1. -s 在清辅音后读[s] 2. -s 在浊辅音后读[z] 3. -s 在元音后读[z] 4. 以音素[ s , z , dʒ ]结尾的, 读[iz] desks apples trees oranges 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的 加-es -es 读[iz] boxes watches 以 f 或 fe 结尾的 改 f 或 fe 为 v 再加 -es -ves 读[vz] knives wives 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的 变 y 为 i 加-es -ies 读[iz] dictionaries families 以元音字母加 y 结尾的 加-s -s 读[z] boys keys 以 o 结尾的 有生命的事物加-es -es 读[z] tomatoes potatoes 无生命的事物加-s -s 读[z] radios photos 字母、数字要复数,其后加’s Eg: There are two f’s in the word “office”. Many VIP’s are coming to our city. [特别注意] fish 表示“鱼肉”时,为不可数名词,表示“条数”时,其复数形式与单数形式相同,但表示不同 种类的鱼时,其复数形式为 fishes。 少数名词复数形式变化是不规律的: eg:man-men ;woman-women ;tooth-teeth ;child-children ;foot--feet; goose-geese;sheep-sheep;deer-deer ;mouse-mice 二、不可数名词: 1. 不可数名词: 1). 不能直接用数字表数量; 2). 不能直接加 a 或 an; 3). 没有复数形式; 4). 可用 some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰; 5). 可用“量词短语”表示; 2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法: a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词: a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 不可数名词:water;milk;oil;juice;cheese;butter;gas;air;salt;sugar;mutton;beef;chicken 鸡肉; weather 天气;rubbish 垃圾;luggage/baggage 行李;information 信息;advice 建议;furniture 家具; equipment 设备;luck 运气;work 工作;music 音乐;traffic 交通;room 空间;word 消息等。 既可当可数名词又可当不可数名词的名词(只是意义不同): paper 论文;报纸(可数名词)/ 纸(不可数名词); experience 经历(可数名词)/经验(不可数名词); fish 鱼(可数名词)/鱼肉(不可数名词); work 作品(可数名词)/工作(不可数名词); beauty 美人(可数名词)/美丽(不可数名词); room 房间(可数名词)/空间(不可数名词); word 话;单词(可数名词)/消息(不可数名词); strength 优势;强项(可数名词)/力量(不可数名词); change 改变;变化(可数名词)/零钱(不可数名词); study 研究(可数名词)/学习(不可数名词); success 成功的人/事(可数名词)/成功(不可数名词)等。 名词的数量修饰语 (1) 只修饰可数名词 many few several dozens of a couple of a number of quite a few many a (后跟可数名词单数) (2) 只修饰不可数名词 a little much a bit of a great deal of a large amount of (3) 修饰可数名词与不可数名词均可 some any enough plenty of a lot of a mass of quantities of most all 名词的所有格: 名词的格(表所属关系,作定语,限定修饰名词) 1. 有生命的名词所有格:“名词加’s”(作前置定语)。 Mary’s dictionary 玛丽的字典 kids’ toys 孩子们的玩具 Children’s Day 儿童节 Teachers’ Day 教师节 2. 无生命的名词所有格: “of+名词”(作后置定语)。 the theme of the passage 文章的主旨; the title of the song 歌名 3. 双重所有格:“of + 名词所有格”或“of + 名词性物主代词”(作后置定语)。 a brother of my father’s 我父亲的一个兄弟; a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 注: 1. 两人或多人共同拥有某件东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s。若表示各自拥有时,则需要在每个名字 后加’s。如: Mrs. Green is Lily and Lucy’s mother. 格林夫人是莉莉和露西的母亲。 I have invited Andy’s mother and Jane’s mother to my home. 我已邀请安迪的母亲和简的母亲到我家里作客。 2. 用于表示时间、距离、国家、地点、自然现象等无生命事物的名词,可以加’s 构成所有格,且有些已成 为固定用法。如: a week’s time 一周的时间; ten minutes’ journey 十分钟的路程 China’s entry to the World Trade Organization 中国加入 WTO 4. 由 some、any、no、every 与 one、body 结合的复合不定代词 something、anythiny 等和 else 连用时,所 有格应加在 else 的后面。 名词的句法作用 1. 作主语: China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 2. 作表语: Pride and Prejudice is a world-famous novel. 《傲慢与偏见》是一部世界著名的小说。 3. 作宾语(动宾或介宾): My grandpa grows vegetables in the backyard. 我爷爷在后院种蔬菜。(作动词 grow 的宾语) He is from Russia. 他来自俄国。(Russia 在句中作介词 from 的宾语) 4. 作定语,修饰名词,说明另一个名词的性质或特性: paper cup 纸杯子; orange juice 橙汁; soap opera 肥皂剧; silver necklace 银项链; summer vocation 暑假; Chinese lesson 语文课; 5. 作同位语: Li Hua, Chairman of the Students Union, has been invited to attend the activity. He didn’t tell the truth to Jane, his wife. 6. 作补足语(主补或宾补): We call him Tom. 我们都叫他汤姆。 (Tom 在句中作宾补) He is called Tom by us. 他被我们叫做汤姆。(Tom 在句中作主补) They made Mary chairman of the Students Union. 他们选玛丽为学生会主席。 (作宾补) Mary is made chairman of the Students Union by them. 玛丽被他们选为学生会主席。(作主补) 五、名词的构词法 主要分为合成法,转化法,缩略法和派生法四种。 合成法:adj. + n. 如:Bluetooth 蓝牙, blackboard 黑板, superhero 超级英雄, supermarket 超市 n. + n. 如:basketball 篮球, self-service 自助, play-list 播放单, footprint 脚印, hairstyle 发型 bookstore 书店 brainstorm 头脑风暴, snowman 雪人, fisherman 渔夫 v.-ing +n. 如:parking lot 停车场 prep. +n. 如:overcoat 大衣 n. + v.-ing 如:human being 人类 n. + prep. 如:passer-by 路人 转化法: v.→n. 如:surprise (vt.) 使惊讶→surprise (n.) 惊讶 缩略法:examination →exam 考试, advertisement →ad 广告 laboratory →lab 实验室 gymnasium →gym 体育馆 identity →ID 身份 number →No. 数字 the People’s Republic of China →PRC 中华人民共和国 the Communist Party of China →CPC 中国共产党 the People’s Liberation Army →PLA 中国人民解放军 the United States of America →the USA 美国 练习题: 1. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She_____in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? - Y es, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2 . ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D.news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3 . ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 4 I would like to have___ A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me ____? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 7 John bought___for himself yesterday A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4 . ( ) 1 -How many ____ have you got on your farm? -I've got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 2 Some ___ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 3 In the picture there are many____ and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs ( ) 4 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 5 . ( ) 1 This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass ( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( ) 3 Children should make____ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 6 . ( ) 1 Tables are made of___. A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods ( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films. A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples ( ) 3I have read____ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 7 . ( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___? A. the People's Park B. the Peoples' Park C. the People Park D. People's Park ) 2 ___ Chinese people are ___ hard working people. A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a ( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples 参考答案: 1. 1-7 C C B B B B C 2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B C D A D D A 4. 1-4 B A A C 5. 1-3 D A A 6. 1-3 A A D 7.1-3 A D C
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