2012年中考英语语法考点知识复习5

2012年中考英语语法考点知识复习5

‎2012年中考英语考点5连词 ‎ (一) 知识概要 连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise… 再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句，常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：if, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where… 它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。 连词用法一览表 ‎ 种类 功用 例句 ‎ 并列连词 连接具有并列关系的 词 He knows neither English nor French. ‎ 短语 Are you going by bus or on foot? ‎ 分句 Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming. ‎ 从属连词 引导： 状语从句 I'll do it as you told me.‎ You will be late unless you hurry. ‎ 连接代词和连接副词 主语从句 What he said proved true.‎ When we'll start has not been decided yet. ‎ 表语从句 This is why he didn't come yesterday.‎ That is where he lives. ‎ 宾语从句 The man asked me which I liked best. I can't understand why she is so late. ‎ 关系代词和关系副词 定语从句 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking. He came last night when I was out. ‎ 9‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(二) 正误辨析 ‎［误］ Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now. ‎［正］ Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert just now. ‎［析］ 在英语中both一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同于汉语，如：Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。 ‎［误］ He or his parents has some tickets for the film. ‎［正］ He or his parents have some tickets for the film. ‎［析］ 由or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。 ‎［误］ You should study hard, and you won't pass the exam. ‎［正］ You should study hard, or you won't pass the exam. ‎［析］ or作为连词，这里的意思为"否则"。又如：Hurry up, or you'll be late for school.‎ ‎［误］ Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others. ‎［正］ Though he is poor, he is ready to help others. ‎［正］ He is poor, but he is ready to help others. ‎［析］ "虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是"，用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然"，二者只可用其一。 ‎［误］ Either you or I are on duty. ‎ ‎［正］ Either you or I am on duty. ‎［析］ either…or 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither… nor, not only…but also等。 ‎［误］ Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now. ‎［正］ Tom is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now. ‎［析］ 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。 ‎［误］ My father likes swimming and to collect stamps. ‎［正］ My father likes swimming and collecting stamps. ‎［析］‎ 9‎ ‎ 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。 ‎［误］ My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework. ‎［正］ My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework. ‎［析］ 两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。 ‎［误］ My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive. ‎［正］ My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive. ‎［析］ 宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。 ‎［误］ We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai. ‎［正］ We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai. ‎［析］ 用both…and…作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。 ‎［误］ Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance. ‎［正］ Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance. ‎［析］ 由not only… but also…连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。 ‎［误］ The teacher as well as his students are coming. ‎［正］ The teacher as well as his students is coming. ‎［析］ 由as well as 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与as well as 后面的名词无关，而与前面的名词相一致。 ‎［误］ Tom does not swim nor play football. ‎［正］ Tom does not swim or play football. ‎［析］ nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or, 但要注意句子的含意，如：This animal does not like a cow or a horse. 这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This animal does not like a cow but a horse. 这个动物不像牛而像马。 ‎［误］ For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home. ‎ ‎［正］ The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom.‎ ‎［析］ 由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because, as, since与for 4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系，是最强的一个，而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词 ‎［误］ My brother will pass the English exam is no question. 9‎ ‎［正］ That my brother will pass the English exam is no question. ‎［析］ 主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。‎ ‎［误］ This map will show you how will you get to the hotel. ‎［正］ This map will show you how you will get to the hotel. ‎［析］ 名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：tell, ask, show… ‎［误］ While the clock struch ten, all the lights went out. ‎［正］ When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. ‎［析］ while是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：While I am doing myhomework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的when是"正当某某时刻"，"就在这一时间点上"，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。 ‎［误］ While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. ‎［正］ When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. ‎［析］ 这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。 ‎［误］ While I heard the bad news I felt sad. ‎［正］ When I heard the bad news, I felt sad. ‎［析］ while不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。 ‎［误］ After school some students play football, or others go to the library.‎ ‎［正］ After school some students play football, while others go to the library.‎ ‎［析］ while在此处意为"而，然而"。 ‎［误］ She sang when she walked along the dark street. ‎［正］ She sang as she walked along the dark street. ‎［析］ as用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。 ‎［误］ I finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ‎［正］ I didn't finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ‎［正］ I did my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ‎［析］‎ 9‎ ‎ until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。 ‎［误］ I have studied English when I was twelve. ‎［正］ I have studied English since I was twelve. ‎［析］ since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。 ‎［误］ Because he didn't study hard, so he didn't pass the exam.  ‎［正］ He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard. ‎［析］ because 与 so在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。 ‎［误］ He was such excited that he could not speak. ‎［正］ He was so excited that he could not speak. ‎［析］ so与such的用法可以分为四种情况，①用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it. 也可以用so, 其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词，如：It was so beautiful a book that every child likes it. ②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such, 如：It is such good weather that we want to swim. 又如：They are such good students that they can pass the exam easily. ③在few, little， much, many 这4个字前只能用so而不能用such, 如：I have so much money that I can buy everything I want. ④当that前只有形容词或副词时，这时只能用so, 如：She is so beautiful that every one likes her. He ran so fast that I couldn't keep up with him. ‎［误］ He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus. ‎ ‎［正］ He got up earlier this morning so as to catch the first bus. ‎［正］ He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus. ‎［析］ so…that与so that的用法有相同之处，那就是其后接从句，而so as to 其后要接不定式，即动词原形。这样的词组还有：in order to。 ‎［误］ I want to buy same stamp that you have. ‎［正］ I want to buy the same stamp as you have. ‎［析］ the same…as (that)这是个固定用法，在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而the same…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而the same…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。‎ ‎［误］ Before I do not give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions. ‎［正］ Before I give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions. 9‎ ‎［析］ 这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。 ‎(三) 例题解析 ‎1 We bought Granny a present, ＿＿＿ she didn't like it. A. but B. and ‎ C. or D. so  ‎［答案］ A.  ‎［析］ 由于句意的原因，应选择转折连词。 ‎2 Run quickly, ＿＿＿ we'll miss the early train. A. and B. but ‎ C. so D. or  ‎［答案］ D.  ‎［析］ or这里应译为：否则。 ‎3 I'll give the book to him ＿＿＿ he comes back. A. since B. as soon as ‎ C. before D. until  ‎［答案］ B.  ‎［析］ as soon as 引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。 ‎4 Don't cross the road ＿＿＿ the light turns green. A. when B. while ‎ C. until D. as  ‎［答案］ C.  ‎［析］ until应译为"直到……才"，因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如：She did not go to bed until her mother came back. 应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。 ‎5 Miss Gao has been a teacher ＿＿＿ 1990. A. before B. after ‎ C. since D. in  ‎［答案］ C.  ‎［析］ 因为主句为完成时，所以应用 since表示该动作的启始点。 ‎6 - Which would you like better, tea ＿＿＿ milk? 9‎ ‎- Tea, please. A. but B. and ‎ C. or D. with  ‎［答案］ C.  ‎［析］ 在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。 ‎7 We love spring ＿＿＿ there's beautiful flowers every where. A. though B. but ‎ C. or D. because  ‎［答案］ D.  ‎［析］ 因为这里表示的是因果关系。 ‎8 Please leave ＿＿＿ 7∶００, then you'll be able to get ＿＿＿ there earlier. A. till, in B. from, / ‎ C. before, / D. behind, to  ‎［答案］ C.  ‎［析］ before为在７∶００之前离开。 ‎9 The teacher didn't begin the lesson ＿＿＿ all the students stopped talking. A. until B. after ‎ C. if D. because  ‎［答案］ A.  ‎［析］ 这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词，所以应用否定句。 ‎10 Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ＿＿＿ she was ill. A. but B. until ‎ C. if D. because  ‎［答案］ D.  ‎［析］ 这里是表示因果关系，所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。 ‎11 You must start right now, ＿＿＿ you'll miss the train. A. for B. and ‎ C. so D. or  ‎［答案］ D.  9‎ ‎［析］ or译为"否则"。本句句意为：你必须马上走了，否则要赶不上火车了。 ‎12 ＿＿＿ he is a child of six, he can read and write. A. Whose B. If ‎ C. Though D. Because  ‎［答案］ C.  ‎［析］ 这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句，应译为：虽然他才是个6岁的孩子，他却可以读书和写字。 ‎13 I like fish, ＿＿＿ chicken, ＿＿＿ eggs. A. and, and B. and, with ‎ C. /, and D. and, /  ‎［答案］ C.  ‎［析］ 在有若干个名词或动词出现时，每一个词之间只用逗号连接，只在最后两个词之间加and。如：The old man passed the street, went into a shop and bought some food。‎ ‎14 Take this dictionary with you ＿＿＿ you may use it in class. A. when B. in order to ‎ C. but D. so that  ‎［答案］ D.  ‎［析］ so that应译为"为的是"。本句句义为：带上字典，为的是在上课时可能有用。而in order to 其后应接动词不定式，如：Take this dictionary with you in order to use it in class。 ‎15 I hope ＿＿＿ will be fine tomorrow. A. it B. what ‎ C. whether D. when  ‎［答案］ A.  ‎［析］ hope后接的是宾语从句，而且宾语从句中少主语，应用it来代替天气。 ‎16 ＿＿＿ she was not well, I decided to go without her. A. Though B. As ‎ C. When D. Because of  ‎［答案］ B.  ‎［析］ as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为：由于她不舒服，我决定不带她去了。而because of 其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如： Because of the heavy rain, we decided not to go。‎ 9‎ ‎17 My aunt bought me ＿＿＿ many story books that I spent a lot of time them. A. such…on B. such…in ‎ C. too…in D so…on  ‎［答案］ D.  ‎［析］ 因many前只能用so来修饰，所以只能选择D选项。而spend…on something 为在某事上花费时间或钱。如：She spent a lot of money on her clothes。 ‎18 Mother was cooking ＿＿＿ she ＿＿＿ a knock at the door. A. when, listen to B. while, listened to C. while, heard D. when, heard  ‎［答案］ D.  ‎［析］ when在这里应译为：就在那时，那一刻，那一瞬间。 ‎19 Speak slowly, ＿＿＿ we can understand you. A. and B. or ‎ C. if D. because  ‎［答案］ A.  ‎［析］ and这里是并列连词，应译为：请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。 ‎20 You'll learn English well ＿＿＿ you put your heart into it. A. if B. so ‎ C. until D. or  ‎［答案］ A.  ‎［析］ 本句译为：如果你将心放在学习上，你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 ‎21 I won't let you in ＿＿＿ you show me your pass. A. until B. for ‎ C. since D. because  ‎［答案］ A.  ‎22 She didn't go to school ＿＿＿ she was ill. A. why B. because ‎ C. where D. but  ‎［答案］ B.  ‎ 9‎