初中英语语法第5集 名师讲解+配套练习题 - 简单句

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初中英语语法第5集 名师讲解+配套练习题 - 简单句

初中英语语法English Grammar 简单句 (陈述句 疑问句 反义疑问句 感叹句 祈使句 倒装句 并列连词)‎ ‎******************************************************‎ 第十三章 简单句(The simple sentences)‎ 名师导航 ‎1.陈述句的概念及其肯定形式和否定形式。‎ ‎2.一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的结构及 ‎ 答语、祈使句、倒装句的用法。‎ ‎3.what和how引导的感叹句 ‎4. 并列句及并列连词 考点梳理 考点一 陈述句 陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表示说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。‎ ‎1.肯定形式 I have a new friend. 我有一个新朋友。‎ ‎2.否定形式 ‎(1)谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not。如:‎ He is not watching TV now. 他现在没有看电视。‎ He can't find his new pen. 他找不到他的新钢笔。‎ ‎(2)谓语动词是实义动词,则需在前面加don't, doesn't 或 didn't,同时把该实义动词变为原形。如:‎ He draws well. 他画画好。(肯定)‎ He doesn't draw well.他画画不好。(否定)‎ ‎(3)使用含有否定意义的形容词、副词、代词。如 no, hardly, never, little, nothing, nobody, neither 等,也可构成陈述句的否定式。如:‎ He can hardly speak Chinese.他几乎不会说中文。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 翻译下列句子 ‎1.他从不玩电脑游戏。 ‎ ‎2.我认为这不是一个好主意。 ‎ ‎3.在我遇到麻烦时他从不帮我(give me a hand)。‎ ‎3.He when I’m in trouble.‎ ‎4.那个人一定是你的老师。 ‎ 考点二 疑问句 ‎1.一般疑问句 能用yes/no(或相当于yes/no的词)来回答的问句叫作一般疑问句。‎ ‎(1)各种时态的一般疑问句(略)。‎ ‎(2)一般疑问句的回答用yes或no。如:‎ ‎—Does she go to school at 7:30 every day?‎ 她每天七点半去上学吗? ‎ ‎—________________________________.‎ 是的,她是。/不,不是。‎ ‎(3)否定疑问句的答语 否定疑问句通常是以“be/情态动词/助动词+not”的缩写形式开头的,表示请求、看法或者惊讶等。其答语和汉语习惯不一样。如:‎ ‎—Aren't you a student? 你不是一名学生吗?‎ ‎—____________________________.‎ 不,我是。/是的,我不是。‎ ‎2.特殊疑问句 用疑问词引导的疑问句叫作特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句一般用降调读,其回答不用yes 或 no。‎ 特殊疑问句的疑问词包括疑问代词和疑问副词。常见的疑问代词有what, which, who, whom, whose;常见的疑问副词有when, where, why, how等。如:‎ ‎—Where are you going? 你要去哪儿?‎ ‎—To the supermarket to buy some fruit. ‎ 去超市买点水果。‎ ‎—How much coffee do you want? 你要多少咖啡?‎ ‎—Two cups. 两杯。‎ ‎3.选择疑问句 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“一般疑问句+选项”或“特殊疑问句+选项”。选择部分由or连接,or 前面的部分读升调, or 后面的部分读降调。‎ 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须选择其中之一作答。如:‎ ‎—Is your bag yellow or black?‎ 你的书包是黄色的还是黑色的?‎ ‎—It's black. 它是黑色的。 ‎ Which do you like better, pork or beef?‎ 猪肉和牛肉,你更喜欢哪一种?‎ ‎—I like beef better. 我更喜欢牛肉。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎1.______ does your mother do? She is a worker.‎ A. Who B. Where C. how D. What ‎2.--____ is her daughter?--The girl on the right wearing blue jeans.‎ A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where ‎3.--___ do I take the medicine, Mr. Wang?--Twice a day after meals.‎ A. How often B. How many C. How long D. How soon ‎4.----Excuse me._____ do you say “autumn” in American English?‎ ‎----It’s “fall”.‎ A. How B. When C. Where D. why ‎5.--I’m sorry I can’t lend you the e-dictionary.‎ ‎--_____?Didn’t you promise me?‎ A. What B. How C. When D. which 考点三 反意疑问句 A. 反意疑问句的构成: 陈述句+附加疑问句?附加疑问句的否定式必须缩写。‎ B. ‎1.陈述句部分与附加疑问句部分意思相反: 即前肯后否、前否后肯。如:‎ C. Mary is a teacher, __________?‎ D. He didn't tell you the story,__________? ‎ E. ‎2.反意疑问句的基本对应形式如下:‎ F. ‎(1)be动词对应be动词。如:‎ G. She is a policewoman, __________?‎ H. ‎(2)情态动词对应情态动词。如:‎ I. He can drive the car, __________? ‎ J. ‎(3)行为动词对应助动词的相应形式。这种助动词主要指帮助构成疑问句或否定句的do/does/did 以及它们的否定形式。如:‎ K. He slept for 9 hours yesterday, __________? [来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ L. He didn't go to the park, __________?‎ M. ‎3.特殊形式 N. ‎(1)当陈述句中含有表示否定的代词或形容词,如nothing, none, no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,或含有表示否定的副词never, hardly, seldom时,则附加疑问部分只能用肯定式。如:‎ O. Linda has never been to Beijing, __________?‎ A. You can hardly see the blackboard clearly, __________?‎ B. ‎(2)祈使句的反意疑问句的附加疑问句部分用will you/won't you。如:‎ C. Open the window, ? ‎ ‎[注意] Let's go and have a look, shall we?‎ ‎(us表示包括听话人在内)‎ Let us clean the classroom, will you? ‎ ‎(us表示不包括听话人在内)‎ 结论:以let's开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分用shall we; 以let us(him, me, her…)开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分用will you。‎ ‎(3)主语后有“'s”的。如:‎ He's in the room, isn't he?(He's=He is)‎ He's gone to the park, hasn't he?(He's=He has)‎ ‎(4)陈述部分的谓语是used to时,附加疑问部分用“didn't+主语”或“usedn't+主语”。如:‎ He used to go to bed late, didn't he/usedn't he?‎ ‎(5)含有need的反意疑问句:‎ ‎①need 是实义动词时。如:‎ We need to come earlier, don't we?‎ ‎②need 是情态动词时。如:‎ We needn't come so early, need we?‎ ‎4.当陈述部分是否定句时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。‎ ‎ 英语回答时,若表示与事实一致,就用“Yes+肯定结构”;若表示与事实相反,就用“No+否定结构”。如:‎ ‎—You didn't play football yesterday, did you?‎ ‎— ___________ _ _ ‎ ‎“昨天你没有踢足球,是吗?”‎ ‎“不,我去踢了。”/“是的,我没踢。”‎ ‎[提醒] ①当主语是nobody, somebody, everybody 等不定代词时,附加疑问部分的主语既可用he,也可用they。如:‎ Nobody wants to be old, does he/do they?‎ 没有人想变老,是吗?‎ ‎②当主语是nothing, something, anything, everything 等不定代词时,附加疑问部分的主语用it。如:‎ Nothing is left, is it? 没有东西丢下,对吗?‎ ‎③在there be 结构中,附加疑问部分用be there。如:‎ There is nothing wrong with me, is there?‎ 我没有什么问题,对吗?‎ ‎5.主从复合句的反意疑问句 ‎(1)陈述部分是“I/We think/believe/suppose/consider/+ that从句” (主语是第一人称)或有I'm sure that; I'm afraid that; We are sure that; We are afraid that; I feel sure that; I hope that; We feel sure that; It seems that时,附加疑问部分的主语应和从句相一致,但要注意否定前移的现象。如: ‎ I don't think he is right, is he? ‎ 我认为他是不对的,是吗?‎ I'm sure that you know him well, don't you?‎ 你肯定非常了解他,是吧?‎ ‎(2)如果主语是其他人称,附加疑问部分的主语和主句一致。如:‎ He believed you could succeed, didn't he?‎ 他相信你能成功,是吗?‎ She doesn't know if Jim is a good student, does she? ‎ 她不知道吉姆是否是一个好学生,是吗?‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 改为反义疑问句。‎ ‎1.We don’t believe tortoises(乌龟) can live up to 150 years.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.He has few friends at school.‎ ‎ _________________________________________‎ ‎3.Pass me the salt. ‎ ‎4.There is a book on the desk. ‎ ‎5.Let’s go shopping. ‎ ‎6.She said he would come come tomorrow. ‎ 考点四 感叹句 感叹句一般用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用“what”或“how”引导,句末用感叹号。‎ ‎1.what引导的感叹句 ‎(1)What+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如:‎ What a beautiful picture (it is)! 多漂亮的一幅画啊!‎ ‎__________ important meeting (it is)!‎ 多重要的一次会议啊![来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ ‎(2)What+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如:‎ What interesting stories (they are)! 多有趣的故事啊!‎ ‎________________________!多糟糕的天气啊!‎ ‎2.how引导的感叹句 ‎(1)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!如:‎ How tall the tree is! 这棵树真高啊!‎ ‎______________the horse is running! ‎ 这匹马跑得真快啊!‎ ‎(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)!如:‎ How she loves her daughter!她多么爱自己的女儿啊!‎ ‎(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如:‎ How beautiful a girl (she is)! 她是个多漂亮的女孩啊!‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 改为感叹句 ‎1.Jim is a brave boy. ‎ ‎2.The fish tastes delicious. ‎ ‎3.The boy is very naughty. ‎ ‎4.He is a quick runner. ‎ ‎5.The stories are interesting. ‎ 考点五 祈使句 表示请求、警告、建议或命令的句子叫作祈使句。祈使句的主语一般是you(听话人),通常省略,其谓语动词一律用动词原形。句末用感叹号或句号,语调读降调。‎ ‎1.祈使句的肯定形式 ‎(1)句中只有不及物动词。如: ‎ Come here! 过来!‎ Look! 看!‎ Come in! 进来!‎ ‎(2)及物动词+宾语。如:‎ Close the door! 关门!‎ Open your books! 翻开课本![来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ ‎(3)系动词+表语。如:‎ Be quiet, please! 请安静!‎ ‎______________!小心!‎ ‎2.祈使句的否定形式 祈使句否定形式的构成是直接在动词原形前加don't。为了表示礼貌,也可以加上please。如:‎ ‎_____________________. 不要在课堂上讲话。‎ Don't close the window, please. 请不要关窗户。‎ ‎3.let祈使句型表示“建议”‎ 这种祈使句的否定结构是在let's后加not。如:‎ Let's go. 咱们走吧!‎ Let's not go now. 咱们现在先别走。‎ ‎4.回答祈使句用将来时 ‎—Remember to close the window when you leave.‎ 记住离开时关窗。‎ ‎—______________. 好的,我会的。‎ ‎—Don't talk in class. 课堂上不要讲话。‎ ‎—______________. 对不起,我不会了。‎ ‎5.“祈使句+and/or+结果状语”句型 此句型可以转换成由if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句。如:‎ Hurry up, or you will be late.‎ 快点,否则就迟到了。‎ ‎=If you don't hurry up, you__________late.‎ 如果你不抓紧时间,就要迟到了。‎ ‎=If you hurry up, you__________late.‎ 如果你快点,就不会迟到。‎ ‎6.祈使句的反意疑问句需特别注意(见考点三)‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ 翻译下列句子 ‎1.请不要在教室里听音乐。‎ ‎ ________ ________ to music in the classroom, please.‎ ‎2.在图书馆要保持安静。‎ ‎ Please ________ ________ in the library.‎ 祝你好运。 ‎ ‎4.请让我看一看(have a look) ‎ ‎5.让我们共同保护环境(protect environment) ‎ 考点六 倒装句 ‎1.there be句型 there be 句型是一个典型的倒装句。它表示“某处有某物”,主语是be动词后面的名词。如:‎ ‎__________ a river near our school.‎ 我们学校附近有一条河。‎ ‎2.以so/neither/nor开头的句子 当前面的内容也适用于后者时,用倒装句“so/neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”。如:‎ He has been to Dalian, and ________________.‎ 他去过大连,我也去过。‎ John can't speak Japanese, ________________.‎ 约翰不会讲日语,海伦也不会。‎ ‎3.副词位于句首时 当here, there, now, then等副词位于句首时,谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run 等。如:‎ Here is your letter.这是你的信。‎ ‎[注意] 这种倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词;如果主语是人称代词,则用部分倒装。如:‎ Here he comes.他来了。‎ Here you are.给你。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎1.--My mother and I will go to Shanghai this summer.   ‎ ‎---______. Shall we go together?‎ A. So do I    B. So can I   C. So am I  D. So will I ‎2.He swam in the river this summer. ________‎ A. So did he. B. So she did. C. So did she ‎3.— My mother hardly watches any sports shows. ‎ ‎—______.‎ A. So do I B. So does mine ‎ C. Neither does I D. Neither does mine ‎4.----Would you like to go to the amusement park?‎ ‎----If Jack does, __________. ‎ A. I go, too B. so will I ‎ C. neither will I D. so do I ‎ ‎5.Attention, please! There _________a basketball game between our class and Class 5.‎ A. has B. is going to be C. will have D. is going to have 考点七 并列连词 ‎1.表示并列关系的: and(和;同;与),both…and…(……和……都), not only…but also…(不仅……而且……), as well as(而且;还;又), neither…nor…(既不……也不……)。如:‎ He likes drawing and I like dancing. ‎ 他喜欢画画,我喜欢跳舞。‎ ‎2.表示选择关系的: or(或;或者;还是;否则;不然),either…or…(或者……或者……; 不是……就是……)。如:‎ After supper, I often watch TV ______ take a walk. ‎ 晚饭后,我经常看电视或散步。‎ Work hard, ______ you will fall behind. ‎ 努力学习,否则你就会落后。‎ Either you or he is going to do some shopping this afternoon. 今天下午或者你或者他去购物。‎ ‎3.表示转折关系的: but(但;但是;可是), while(然而)。如:‎ She was very tired,______ she kept working till midnight. 她虽然很累了,但还是一直工作到深夜。‎ He's a worker______his wife is a doctor.他是一名工人而他妻子是一名医生。‎ ‎4.表示因果关系的: so(所以), for(因为)。如:‎ He got up late, ______ he didn't catch the early bus.他起床晚了,所以没赶上早班车。‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎ 1.Hurry up, ____ you will miss the plane.‎ ‎  A. and B. but C. so D. or ‎2.Tony is a quiet student, he is active in class.‎ ‎  A. so B. and C. but D. or ‎3. The rain is very heavy________ we have to stay at home.‎ ‎  A. but B. because C. so ‎4. Hurry up, _________ you will be late for class.‎ ‎  A. and B. or C. but D. so ‎5.You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking,________ you’ll get better soon.‎ ‎  A. but B. after C. or D. and 考点过关 Ⅰ.按要求写句子 ‎1.Her sister is very shy, ______ __?‎ ‎ 2.Peter stayed up last night, _____ ___?[来源:Zxxk.Com]‎ ‎3.Alice has never been to the village, ________?‎ ‎4.My brother can't swim, ________?‎ ‎5.Don't arrive late for class, _____ ___?‎ Ⅱ.同义句转换 ‎1.What a tall boy he is! [来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ ‎ ________ ________ the boy is!‎ ‎2.How delicious the food is!‎ ‎ ________ delicious food it is!‎ ‎3.If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. ‎ ‎ Hurry up, ________ you'll be late.‎ III.单选题 ‎1.Look! _____the kites in the sky are!‎ A. What a beautiful B.What beautiful C.How a beautiful D.How beautiful ‎2.--These students didn’t pass the exam. --They felt unhappy, ____?‎ A.didn’t they B did they C.don’t they D.do they ‎3.Be sure to go there on time , ____?‎ A.mustn’t you B.aren’t you C.don’t you D.will you ‎4.______ weather it is!Let’s go out for a picnic.‎ A.What good B.What bad C.How good D.How bad ‎5.Don’t forget to put the book back on the shelf,____?‎ A.do you B.don’t you C.will you D.won’t you 参考答案 考点一 ‎ ‎1.He never plays computer games. 2.I don’t think it is a good idea.‎ always gives me a hand 4. That man must be your teacher.‎ 考点二 1-5DAAAA 考点三 1.can he 2.does he 3.will you 4.is there 5.shall we ‎ ‎ 6.didn’t she 考点四 1. What a brave boy Jim is! 2. How delicious the fish tastes! 3. How naughty the boy is! 4. What a quick runner he is! 5. How interesting are the stories!‎ 考点五 1. Don’t listen 2.keep quiet 3. May you good luck. 4. Let me have a look. 5. Let’s protect environment 考点六1-5 DCDBB 考点七 1-5DCCBD 考点过关 I .1.isn’t she 2.didn’t 3.has he 4.can he 5.will you ‎ II.1. How tall 2. What delicious 3.or ‎ III.1-5DADBC
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