2012年中考英语语法考点知识复习10

2012年中考英语语法考点知识复习10

‎2012年中考英语考点10定语从句 ‎（一） 知识概要  定语从句并不属于中考范围，但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到，这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生，想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平，但总是碰到一些问题，百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平，无法提高，但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的，所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难，也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路，特用这一节讲述定语从句，不是从语法上讲述，而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。 对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容词 good 用来修饰书 book。 ‎ 我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词，这种句子叫做形容词性从句，它起修饰名词的作用，又被叫做定语从句(The attributive clause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前，而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 这句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科学家吗?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是：你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里 scientist 叫作先行词，而 who 叫作定语从句的引导词。 who 在定语从句中起主语的作用， who 的数与它的先行词相同。又如： You must do everything that I do 这里先行词是 everything， 而 that I do 是定语从句，此句应译为：你必须作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定语从句的引导词，在句中作 do 的宾语。引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词： that， which， who， whom， whose 和关系副词 when， where， why， how。不论关系代词还是关系副词，都应放于先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用，充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语，而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。‎ ‎①　that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly 这里先行词是 machine 而 that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。这句译为：飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday 这里先行词是 book，‎ 6‎ ‎ 关系代词用 that， 它在定语从句中作 lend (借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterday ‎②　which 关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 这里 shop 是先行词， which 在从句中作主语。‎ 又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 这里主句是 The book was wonderful 而定语从句是修饰主句的主语 book， 即我昨晚读的那本书，which 在定语从句中作 read 的宾语，可以省略。 ‎③　who， whom， whose who 在定语从句中作主语， whom 是 who 的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，而 whose 则是形容词性物主代词，在从句中作定语，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。 Who 在定语从句中作主语。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而 whom 作定语从句中介词 to 的宾语，可以省略，而在现代英语中，句首的 whom 也常常可用 who代替。 This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school 这是我们的同学玛丽，她的家离我们学校不远。为了便于理解，我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。 ‎１．　 I saw the man. He closed the door I saw the man who (that) closed the door ‎2．　 The girl is happy She won the race The girl who won the race is happy ‎3．　 The students are from China They sit in the front row The students who sit in the front row are from China ‎(要注意的是先行词是 students 则 who 的数也应看作复数。) ‎4．　 We are studying sentences They contain adjective dause We are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause  ‎5．　 The taxi driver was friendly He took me to the airport The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly  ‎6．　 The book was good I read it The book that I read was good The book I read was good  6‎ ‎7．　 The people were very nice We visited them yesterday The people we visited yesterday were very nice ‎8．　 The man called the police His wallet was stolen The man whose wallet was stolen called the police ‎9．　 I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of years I come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years ‎10．　 I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meeting I have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：‎ That was the room in which we had lived for ten years 或可以写作：‎ That was the room which we had lived in for ten years He was the man whom(who) you were looking for 要注意的是此句的关系代词 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短语动词也不可将 for 放于定语从句之前。that 作关系代词作介词宾语时，不能紧跟介词，而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school 这时不可用 about that … 请看下面例句： ‎1．　 The meeting was interesting I went to it The meeting that I went to was interesting  ‎2．　 The man was very kind I talked to him yesterday The man who I talked to yesterday was very kind ‎3．　 I must thank the people I got a present from him I must thank the people who I got a present from ‎4．　 The picture was beautiful She was looking at it The picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful ‎5．　 The man is standing over there I told you about him The man who I told you about is standing over there  除关系代词外，还有关系副词， when， where， why， 其中 when用来指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而 where 6‎ ‎ 则指地点，如： This is the house where the old man lives 请看下面例句：‎ ‎1．　 The city was beautiful We spent our vacation there The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful  ‎2．　 That is the restaurant I will meet you there That is the restaurant where I will meet you  ‎3．　 The town is small I grew up there The town where I grew up is small  ‎4．　 That is the drawer I keep my newpapers there That is the drawer where I keep my newspapers  ‎5．　 Monday is the day We will come then Monday is the day When we will came  ‎6．　 ７∶０５ is the time My plane arrives then ‎７∶０５ is the time when my plane arrives  ‎7．　 １９６０ is the year The revolution took place then ‎１９６０ is the year when the revolution took place  ‎8．　 July is the month The weather is usually the hottest then July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest  在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 ‎①　限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉的话，主句的意思就不完整，意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词，如：I was the only person in my office who was invited 6‎ ‎②　非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对其附加说明，也就是讲即便去掉定语从句，句意也不受影响，仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制性定语从句，如： Abraham Lincoln， who led the United States through these years， was shot on April １４，　１８６５ at a theatre in washington Ｄ．　Ｃ．　又如：Galileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high ‎（二） 正误辨析  ‎［误］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English  ‎［正］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English  ‎［析］ 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，从它本身看不出其数的形式，这时要由它的先行词决定。这里who 应由 the person 单数决定，应该用单数谓语动词。又如：I who am a student want to find a spare time job这里的 who 应与 I 是一致的，所以其谓语动词应该用am。 ‎［误］ We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War  ‎［正］ We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War  ‎［析］ 这里的关系代词不要用 who， 因为其先行词有两个一个是 things (物)，而另一个是people (人)，这时既不可用 who， 又不可用 which， 因前者只能用于先行词是人的情况下，而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下，所以只能用 that， 因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。 ‎［误］ The book， that I bought yesterday， was very good ‎［正］ The book， which I bought yesterday， was very good  ‎［析］ 先行词与定语从句被逗号分割开来时，即作为非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中 which， when， who， whom， where， when， whose 等都可以和限制性定语从句中的作用一样，而独有 that 不易用于非限制性定语从句。 ‎［误］ The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool  ‎［正］ The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool  ‎［析］ 关系代词在定语从句中是要起语法作用的，它不是作主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾语。 ‎［误］ The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America ‎［正］ The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America ‎ ‎［析］ the one， anyone， those 作代词并且是指某人、物时，其关系代词不能用 which 6‎ ‎ 应用 who。 ‎［误］ This is the room in that the old man lives  ‎［正］ This is the room in which the old man lives  ‎［正］ This is the room which the old man lives in  ‎［正］ This is the room that the old man lives in  ‎［析］ that 不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语，但如果介词不前置仍放于句尾，则可用 that 作引导词，而且可以省略。如： This is the room the old man lives in ‎［误］ I can do everything which is good for you  ‎［正］ I can do everything that is good for you  ‎［析］ 在先行词是 all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one 等不定代词时，虽然它们指的是物体，但不要用 which 而用 that 作定语从句的引导词。 ‎［误］ The only thing which the students can do is studying hard  ‎［正］ The only thing that the students can do is studying hard  ‎［析］ 在先行词前有 only， any， few， little， no， all， one of 等词修饰时，虽然先行词指的是物，也不要用 which 作关系代词，而要用 that。 ‎［误］ This is the first American film which I've ever seen  ‎［正］ This is the first American film that I've ever seen  ‎［析］ 在先行词是序数词，或由序数词修饰时，其关系代词不可用 which 这样的用法还有在形容词最高级修饰的先行词之后，如： This is the best book that I have ever seen ‎［误］ He is from Africa, that we can see from the colour of the skin  ‎［正］ He is from Africa, as we can see from the colour of the skin  ‎［析］ 当 as 或 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，它可能没有明确的先行词，它们所指代的是前面整个句子。如例题应译为他是从非洲来这个事情是可以从其肤色上看出的。 ‎ 6‎