2020-2021学年中考英语训练专题10 阅读理解之词义猜测

2020-2021学年中考英语训练专题10 阅读理解之词义猜测

‎2020-2021学年中考英语重难点题型讲解训练专题10 阅读理解之词义猜测 在中考英语阅读理解的考题中，有一类很常见的题，即词义猜测题，是对学生来说最困难的部分，也是失分最大的一个题型。其实，出题老师在出题的时候，绝不会随意出一个生词来刁难大家，一定是可以根据某个线索推断出来。因此，本课介绍的方法，就是给大家寻找线索的方法，帮助大家攻克这类题型。此外，即使不是考题，我们也可能在阅读中遇到生词，会给学生的心理上造成很大障碍。但是如果能够合理地猜测出词义，也会大大增加阅读的效率和准确性。‎ 在阅读的时候，常常会遇到一些生词，影响我们的阅读速度，其实大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来，下面就介绍一些猜词的技巧：‎ ‎1.通过因果关系猜词 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because, since, as, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等等）表示前因后果。‎ 例如：‎ You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault.‎ 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义，指责、责怪。‎ ‎2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 如：Tom is lazy but his brother is industrious.‎ 通过同义词猜词，要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如We live a happy and gay life，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是happy意思；‎ 通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but, while, however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即not handsome的意思。‎ ‎3.通过构词法猜词 在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用。此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。‎ 如：1) The colors of Hawaii in summer are unforgettable.‎ ‎2) We want this to be clear so customers are not misinterpreting the information and wasting a lot of food. A. paying attention to B. taking no notice of C. making guesses about D. having a wrong idea about ‎3) breathless shorten beautify generalize progressively continuous educationist adaptable ‎ 气喘吁吁的 使…缩短 使…美丽 概括 不断进步地 持续的 教育家 可适应的 ‎4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.‎ She is studying glaucoma, a kind of disease on the eyes.‎ 这种同义或释义关系常由is, or, that is, in other words, be called或破折号等来表示。‎ ‎5.通过句法功能来推测词义 ‎　　例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.‎ 假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属水果。‎ ‎6.通过描述猜词 描述即为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。‎ 例：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.‎ 从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。‎ ‎7.根据常识来推测 如：Water usually boils at 100 centigrade.‎ 精讲精练 ‎ ‎ ‎【例题1】‎ Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemen．It's reported that there were 9，000 man-made things flying in space．About 30% of these are satellites，10% are spaceships，and the rest are space rubbish．An explosion（爆炸）in space in 1999 made a cloud of 300，000 fragments，each at least 4mm in size．A small piece of these even knocked a spaceship window and caused some damage（损坏）．‎ The underlined word "fragments" means ____．‎ A．碎片 B．泡沫 C．烟雾 D．飞碟 ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】‎ 根据下文中的small piece等，可以看出该词意为"碎片"，故选：A．‎ ‎【例题2】‎ No one wants to get up at four o'clock in the morning and fight to get a good deal on Black Friday (the first Friday at ‎ Christmas time). It's surely very difficult to pick up the courage and get out there in the cold for a good deal. But sometimes it can be well worth. Many retailers offer specials all through the day. Some even offer online Black Friday specials, so we may still be able to get a great deal on Black Friday.‎ The underlined word "specials" in Paragraph 2 means ______．‎ A．赠品 B．奢侈品 C．特价商品 D．圣诞礼品 ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】可根据词性变换来推测词义。special作形容词，意思是特殊的，因此转换成名词时，也会和“特殊”这个含义有关。结合文意，文章讨论的和商品有关，因此选C。‎ ‎【例题3】‎ Many of the students in my class couldn't act at all. They couldn't even read without making lots of mistakes. I was sure that I would get a big part in the play.‎ However, the teacher gave me the part of a soldier. He has only one line. It is, “Yes，sir!”‎ I was very disappointed. At the end of the lesson I went up to her and asked her why I had such a small part.‎ ‎"You put too much expression in your acting," she said. "Good acting is not big acting. It is acting the audience can believe in."‎ I think I know what she means．‎ What does the underlined word "expression" in the passage mean？____ A．表情 B．建议 C．模仿 D．服饰．‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】由I put a lot of expression into my acting．I thought I acted really well．我表现得绘声绘色．我满以为我是表现得很到位的．可知作者在表演中加入了过多的表情．答案是A，其它不正确。‎ ‎【练习1】More and more parents leave their home and come into the big cities to make money．But their children can't go with them because their children must go to school in their hometown．They are called home-left children （留守儿童）．The problems of home-left children become more and more serious．And it becomes a big burden of our society．The main problem is that some home-left children become very lonely when they don't have their parents’ love．And they are too young to tell right or wrong in many things．So they are fooled very easily by others．‎ Xiao Mei，a 14-year-old girl，is a home-left child．Her parents are all in Shanghai．She is in her hometown with her grandpa．She likes playing games on the Internet．Her parents and grandpa only give her money and food．They hardly ever care for her studies．One day，she had no money to pay for the games in the Net bar （网吧）．So she stole （偷） some money from her neighbor．Just at that time，Xiao Fang，a 9-year-old girl saw it．Xiao Mei was afraid that Xiao Fang would tell others about it．She cut Xiao Fang's throat with a knife，then she went to school just like nothing happened．Luckily，Xiao Fang was saved by the doctors．When she opened her eyes and wrote the fact to the policeman with a pencil，everybody was very surprised．This sad story reminds the parents to care for their children no matter how busy they are．‎ Are you one of the home-left children？What do you need from your parents？Food，money or love？I think most children need love mostly．Let's care for the group together．‎ ‎1．Why can't the children go to the big cities with their parents？___‎ A．Because they have to go to school in their hometown．‎ B．Because their parents have no money．‎ C．Because they don't like to go there．‎ D．Because they are not allowed．‎ ‎2．What's the meaning of the underlined word "burden" in Chinese？___‎ A．负担 B．象征 C．任务 D．地位 ‎3．What do Xiao Mei's parents only give her？___‎ A．Clothes． B．Love． C．Money and food． D．Computers．‎ ‎4．What does the story of Xiao Mei mainly tell us？___‎ A．We can't play computer games． ‎ B．Parents should care for their children．‎ C．We should get along well with neighbors． ‎ D．Going to the big cities is not good．‎ ‎5．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？___‎ A．Home-left children can tell right or wrong easily．‎ B．Home-left children never feel lonely．‎ C．Xiao Fang likes playing games．‎ D．Xiao Mei really needs love．‎ ‎【答案】AACBD ‎【解析】‎ ‎56．答案：A 细节理解题．根据文章内容But their children can't go with them because their children have to go to school in their hometown．但是孩子不能和他们一起，因为他们的孩子必须在家乡的学校上学．故选：A．‎ ‎57．答案：A 词义猜测题．前文讲到留守儿童成为一个严重的社会问题．此句为：而且它也成为社会的负担．Burden负担，故选：A．‎ ‎58．答案：C 细节理解题．根据文章内容 Her parents and grandpa only give her money and food她的父母和爷爷只能给她钱和食物．故选：C．‎ ‎59．答案：B细节理解题．根据文章内容This sad story reminds the parents to care for their children no matter how busy they are．这个故事提醒父母不管他们有多忙，都应该照顾好他们的孩子．故选：B．‎ ‎60．答案：D 判断推理题．由文章内容得知，小梅由于缺少父母的关爱和照顾，喜欢上网，所以才会在网吧将邻居小孩刺伤，由此判断D正确，小梅需要关爱．故选：D．‎ ‎【练习2】‎ We use the Internet for many things: business, shopping， writing letters, talking to people, finding information and so on. In recent years a new kind of English has grown on the Internet. There’s no real word for it yet, so we’ll call it e-talk. People don’t like typing too much. To save time, they turn phrases into a few letters called acronyms. Acronyms are often used in chat rooms. Some of them are. ‎ BTW （by the way） BRB (be right back) ‎ LOL (laughing out loud) IMO (in my opinion) ‎ People also use many abbreviations (缩写), They are shortened forms of words. Some common abbreviations are: ‎ Info (information) purer (computer) Pie (picture) sec (second) ‎ We usually don‟t see people when we communicate (交流) on the Net, so people have new ways to show feelings. Most people use their keywords to draw “feeling”. such as: :-)( happy) :-p(joking) :-( (sad) :-0(surprised) ‎ These days, many forums (论坛) have picture feelings. For example，‎ There are even whole new words, like ‘newbie’s’ (someone who is new on a chat board or forum). It takes time for people to get used to e-talk. Also, different groups on the Net have their own special ways of communicating. Newbie’s have to ask other people what they mean. As the Internet grows, e-talk will continue to grow and change. ‎ ‎1. What does the underline “acronyms” mean?‎ ‎ A.网友 B.聊天室 C.首字母缩写词 ‎ ‎2. Why do people type acronyms?‎ A. to show their feelings. ‎ B. Because people can type them quickly. ‎ C. In this way newbie’s won’t understand them. ‎ ‎3. What does “BTW, my purer is not working well:-(“ mean? ‎ A. The person is angry at somebody. ‎ B. The person is happy about getting a new computer. ‎ C. The person is sad that his computer is having problems. ‎ ‎74. E-talk wills probably ______.‎ A. keep changing.‎ B. be easy by people on the telephone ‎ C. be used by people on the telephone ‎ ‎【答案】CBCA ‎【解析】‎ ‎【主旨大意】本文主要介绍了一下用来在网上聊天或交流的e-talk.本文主要介绍了三种e-talk。一是“acronyms”首字母缩写词；二是“abbreviations”缩写词；三是feelings。 ‎ ‎1．C 细节理解题。根据第二段中所举的四个例子“BTB（by the way); BRB(be right back); LOL(laughing out loud); IMO(in my opinion)”可判断acronyms是“首字母缩写词”的意思，故选C。 ‎ ‎2．B细节理解题。根据第一段的最后第二句话“To save time, they turn phrases into a few letters called acronyms.”，可知选项B是正确的。 ‎ ‎3． C细节理解题。根据缩写词"puter(computer)" 及feelings 标志“：-（ (sad）”可知选项C是正确的。 ‎ ‎4． A细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句话“As the Internet grows, e-talk will continue to grow and change.”可推断为选项A。由最后一段的第一句话“It takes time for people to get used to e-talk. ”可知B项是错误的；根据第一段的第二句话和第一句话“In recent years, a new kind of English has grown in the Internet. There is no real word for it yet, so we will call it e-talk.”可知e-talk是在Internet上使用的，所以C项是错误的。故选A。‎ ‎【练习3】‎ Three days ago, the boss of a gold shop received a letter. As he was very busy, the letter was on his desk till dinner time. When he opened it, a $1000 note fell out onto the desk. With the note was a short letter: ‎ Dear sir, ‎ I got married forty years ago. Unfortunately, at that time there was a lot of unemployment and I got no job. I was out of work for about six months before I got another one. Of course I was very short of money. ‎ I came to your shop to buy a wedding ring one day. The assistant brought some rings for me to have a look, later she was called away for a moment, and then I put one of the rings into my pocket. When she came back, I said I did not know the size of my girlfriend‟s finger. So I left the shop with the ring but I didn’t pay for it. My wife died a month ago, and the fact that I never paid for her ring has been on my conscience(让我良心不安) all these years. I always feel guilty about that. At that time the ring cost $100, and I think that is about ten times at today‟s price. Now, I am sending you that amount. ‎ ‎ Yours truly,‎ ‎ A customer After reading the letter, the boss said, “Well, life is always full of surprise!” ‎ ‎1.The boss of the gold shop got a _________ 3 days ago. ‎ ‎ A. ring B. letter C. gold ‎2.The underlined word“unemployment”means“______”in Chinese.‎ ‎ A.辞职 B.失业 C.就业 ‎ ‎3.The ring the customer put into his pocket was __________ 40 years ago. A.$1000 B.$10000 C.$100‎ ‎4.The customer wrote to the boss in order to ________. ‎ ‎ A. send the money for the ring B. say thanks to him ‎ ‎ C. return the ring ‎ ‎5.Which is NOT wrong according to the passage? ‎ ‎ A. The boss opened the letter by himself. ‎ ‎ B. The boss didn’t think life was always full of surprise. ‎ ‎ C. When the customer‟s wife knew the fact, she was annoyed.‎ ‎【答案】BBCAA ‎【解析】‎ 一个人对四十年前所做的一件错事心怀内疚，多年以来的负罪感和妻子的去世终于使他下定决心偿还这一笔债务。文章读来颇感人。‎ ‎1. B 细节对应题。句子With the note was a short letter. 给出了答案。 ‎ ‎2. B 综合判断题。划线单词的下文got no job “没有找到工作”和out of work “失业”，都在提示上文的划线单词意义为“失业”。正是因为失业的窘境才导致写信者偷了店里的戒指。‎ ‎3. C 细节对应题。信件的末尾句At that time the ring cost $100提示答案。 ‎ ‎4. A 综合理解题。写信的人是通过偿还自己四十年前所拿戒指的钱来求得心理解脱。‎ ‎5. A 细节对应题。通过短文开始When he opened it, 可知是老板亲自打开了信件。 ‎ 课后作业 Scott was not happy. He had no money left to buy the new toy train he wanted. Suddenly, he had an idea! "I’ll ask my brother Alan if I can borrow some money. He always has money to lend people. " ‎ Scott found Alan in his room. "Alan, may I borrow $20 from you to buy myself a new train?" Alan replied, "I just spent all of my money on Mom’s birthday present. I have no money left. You are barking up the wrong tree. " ‎ Scott was very disappointed. He decided to get a job. He went to many stores, but no one had a job for him. He walked and walked from store to store. ‎ Finally, he got a job selling ice cream and he was very happy. "My feet are tired for walking all day, but I can get enough money for a toy train. " ‎ ‎1. Why did Scott need to borrow money?‎ A. Because he needed to get a job. ‎ B. Because he wanted to buy a new toy train. ‎ C. Because he wanted to buy a present for his mother. ‎ ‎2.The underlined phrase "barking up the wrong tree" means______. ‎ A. acting like a dog B. asking the wrong person C. asking the right person ‎3. According to the story, Scott might work in_______. ‎ A. a dessert house B. a book store C. a clothing store ‎ ‎4. What do you think of Alan? ‎ A. He was unfriendly. B. He was clever. C. He was kind. ‎ ‎5. What can we know from the story? ‎ A. Scott could get a new train. ‎ B. Scott didn't like his brother. ‎ C. Scott's family was very poor.‎ ‎【答案】BBACA ‎【解题思路】司各特想买一个玩具火车，但手里没有钱，所以向哥哥艾伦借，在遭到拒绝之后，他决定找工作。功夫不负有心人，他终于找到一个卖冰激凌的工作。他有足够的钱买自己喜欢的玩具了。 ‎ ‎1. 答案：B细节理解题。从文章中的“He had no money left to buy the new toy train he wanted”可知。 ‎ ‎2. 答案：B推理判断题。从文章中的“I have no money left.”可知艾伦的意思是“司各特找错人了。” ‎ ‎3. 答案：A推理判断题。由文章中的“he got a job selling ice cream”可知他是在甜点店工作。 ‎ ‎4. 答案：C 推理判断题。由文章中的“He always has money to lend people.”可知艾伦心地善良。 ‎ ‎5. 答案：A 推理判断题。由文章中的“I can get enough money for a toy train.”可知司各特能够买一个新的火车。‎