手把手教你写论文逗号、连字符和“which”

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手把手教你写论文逗号、连字符和“which”

手把手教你写论文 | 逗号、连字符和“which”‎ 如果逗号、连字符和“which”三种形式使用错误,将导致写作意思表达模糊,进而引起读者的误解。‎ 如何正确使用逗号 例如,“Because Aβ42 levels were elevated in 75% of AD patients in studies using our method [6,7], it is critical to obtain fresh samples”,如果把“method”后的逗号移到“patients”后面(或在这里再加入新的逗号)将完全改变句子的意思。‎ 如何正确使用连字符 同样,在短语 “calcium-induced calcium release”中,如果删除了连字符也将完全改变句子的意思。如果使用了连字符,“calcium-induced”是复合性形容词,修饰名词 “calcium release”;如果不使用连字符“induced”则是动词,描述“effect of calcium on calcium release”。‎ 因此,使用连字符构成的复合性形容词对于避免误解是非常重要的。然而,介词和形容词之间是不需要加连字符的。‎ 例如“highly intense staining”和“high-intensity staining”都是正确的,但是“highly-intense staining”的用法是错误的。 ‎ ‎-- “Glutamate receptors mediated synaptic plasticity…” (此句子告诉作者Glu受体参与突触可塑性生成)‎ ‎ -- “Glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity…” (与Glu受体相关的突触可塑性成了句子的主语;注意这里“receptor”由复数形式改为单数形式,但并不是指单一一种受体而是泛指受体)‎ 如何正确使用"which"‎ ‎“which” 一字如果使用不当,也可引发诸多混淆。它常与“that”混用。“that”和“which”都引导用于修饰名词的从句,但“that”用于引导限定性从句,而“which”用于引导非限定性从句。‎ 例如,“the sections that were positive for GFP were subjected to cell counting procedures”,在这个句子中,“that”引导的是限定性从句明确规定了是哪些切片用于细胞计数。相比之下,“the sections, which were positive for GFP, were subjected to cell counting ‎ procedures”,在这个句子中,对用于细胞计数的切片的规定相当宽松,可能指的是前一个句子或相临句子中提及的切片。提及GFP阳性的从句可以向读者提供一些额外的信息,但对于理解该句子的意义来说并非必不可少;也就是说,它是可有可无的。考虑到“which”的这种角色,研究人员在撰写论文时应明确“which”一词确切指代的东西——有时指代的是该词所紧跟的事物(这是最常见的),有时指代的则是该句子的主语。‎ 例如,“microglia migrated to the site of the lesion, which was associated with increased levels of ED-1”,这个句子就写得含混不清,因为我们很难确定“which”所指的到底是lesion,还是migration of microglia。如果读者可能会对此类句子产生疑惑,最好是推翻重写;‎ 例如,可以改为“migration of microglia to the site of the lesion was associated with increased levels of ED-1”,也可改为“microglia migrated to the site of the lesion, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased levels of ED-1 at this site”。两者均无歧义。 -- “Data were normalised to the housekeeping gene actin, which was used as an internal reference…” (在这个句子中, “which”指代的是actin,因此actin也就是该从句的主语)‎ ‎ -- “Data were normalised to the internal reference housekeeping gene actin, revealing increases in the levels of…” (如果在后续从句中提及所分析的资料,使用“which”不仅没有必要,反而会引发歧义)‎
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