2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十五)理清段落结构之三　转折

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十五)理清段落结构之三　转折

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十五) 理清段落结构之三　转折 段落转折结构的特点是：1.有同一中心，但具体内容前后不一致，常用“可是”、“但是”、“然而”等词语表示内容与内容之间的转折关系；2.当文段呈现为转折结构时，一般强调的是转折之后的内容，也就是该文段的重点内容；3.表示转折常用词语：but, however, on the contrary, yet (句首), still (句首), as a matter of fact, in fact等。读文时重点关注转折所在段落，它往往是段落甚至全文的重点，是得出结论的基础。‎ ‎[高考典例1]　2016•浙江卷•C篇 文章主题句 ‎　 支撑 ‎[2]老板对员工在家工作持怀疑态度的原因[3]以however引起相反的观点：在家工作更加高效 ‎　 得出结论　‎ ‎　[1]Digital technology — email and smartphones especially — has vastly improved workers’ ability to be productive outside of a traditional office. Even so, most whitecollar work still happens in an office. One reason is that, according to findings of a new survey (调查) of office workers conducted by Wakefield Research for the IT company Citrix, most bosses are doubtful about remote working. Half of the workers say their boss doesn’t accept it, and only 35 percent say it’s tolerated.‎ ‎[2]Skeptical bosses will likely have their doubts reinforced ( 加深) by the same survey, which shows that 43 percent of workers say they’ve watched TV or a movie while “working” remotely, while 35 percent have done housework, and 28 percent have cooked dinner.‎ ‎[3]It is true, however, that working at home makes people much more efficient (高效的), because it allows workers to take care of annoying housework while still getting their jobs done. It’s much faster, for example, to shop for groceries at a quarter to three than to stand in line during the afterwork rush.‎ ‎[4]The fact that such practices remain officially unaccepted reflects how far we haven’t come as a society from the days when we expected every fulltime worker to be supported by a fulltime homemaker.‎ ‎[5]More broadly the Wakefield survey suggests that employers may be missing a lowcost way to give workers something of value.Sixtyfour percent of those survey participants who haven’t worked remotely would rather give up some bonus in order to get even one day a week working from home.Under such circumstances, smart firms need to find ways to let their employees have enough flexibility to manage their time efficiently.‎ ‎[高考典例2]　2011•陕西卷•D篇 ‎[1]Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, genetically modified (GM, 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would, is it the best solution?‎ ‎[2]Despite what it promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential (潜力) of any crop. In fact, studies show that the most widely grown GM crop, GM soybeans, has ‎ suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report that analysed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.‎ ‎[3]Something else, however, has been on the rise. While GM seeds are expensive, GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides (杀虫剂). On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But neither is true，” said Bill Christison, President of the US National Family Farm Coalition.‎ ‎[4]At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report.‎ ‎[5]As a matter of fact, scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice.‎ ‎[1]提出问题：转基因技术是否解决世界饥饿问题 ‎[2]转基因作物没有增加粮食产量 ‎[3]以however引起转折：转基因作物增加了种植成本 ‎[5]结论：转基因作物不是最佳选择 ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2019•石家庄模拟)‎ Interesting Exhibitions Held in Four Different Museums ‎◆　Name: the British Museum Phone: 02073238000‎ Website: britishmuseum.org Opening hours: daily 10 a．m.－5：30 p．m.‎ Price: Free This exhibition aims to show the mysteries of mummification.From a king’s daughter to a temple doorkeeper, the displays explore the identities of eight people, using their bodies to discover clues about how they lived.By using new methods, such as CT scanning and 3D visualization, the British Museum has been able to build up a picture of life in the Nile valley over 4,000 years, from prehistoric Egypt to Christian Sudan.‎ ‎◆　Name: the Fashion and Textile Museum Phone: 02074078664‎ Website: www.ftmlondon.org Opening hours: daily 11 a．m.－5：30 p．m.‎ Price: ￡8.80 adults, ￡5.50 students This Fashion and Textile Museum is housing the firstever exhibition of the classic Mexican shawl (披肩), which became famous in the 20th century.Artists, photographers and fashion and textile ‎ designers will be exhibiting their colorful works there.‎ ‎◆　Name: the Victoria and Albert Museum Phone: 02079422000‎ Website: vam.ac.uk Opening hours: daily 10 a．m.－5：45 p．m.; ‎ Fri.10 a．m.－10 p．m.‎ Price: Free The Victoria and Albert Museum has dug out some of their most charming wedding dresses to record their history during the past two centuries.White wedding dresses were made popular by Queen Victoria in the nineteenth century.See beautiful wedding dresses made by famous designers.‎ ‎◆　Name: the Science Museum Phone: 02079424000‎ Website: sciencemuseum.org.uk Opening hours: daily 10 a．m.－6 p．m.‎ Price: Free This fourday festival displays the latest exciting gadgets and introduces their inventors.Visitors can explore electronics, build robots, get handson experiences with new technologies and have a go at 3D printing.There will be displays taking place throughout the festival, which is suitable for anyone aged ten and over.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个英国博物馆的展览，包括博物馆的联系电话、网址、展出时间、票价，并重点介绍了展览的内容和特色。‎ ‎1．Which number would you call if you’re interested in exploring history with modern technology?‎ A．02073238000.　　　　 　B．02074078664.‎ C．02079422000. D．02079424000.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一部分最后一句“By using new methods, such as CT scanning and 3D visualization ...from prehistoric Egypt to Christian Sudan.”可知，大英博物馆的这一次展出使用CT扫描、可视化三维等高科技手段探索四千年以来的尼罗河河谷生活风貌；根据联系电话可知A项正确。‎ ‎2．Which museum can you visit if you are free at 8 p．m.on Friday?‎ A．The British Museum.‎ B．The Fashion and Textile Museum.‎ C．The Victoria and Albert Museum.‎ D．The Science Museum.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三部分中的“Opening hours: daily 10 a．m.－5：45 p．m.; Fri.10 a．m.－10 p．m.”可知，该博物馆在周五从上午十点到晚上十点都有展出；据此可知，在周五晚上八点可以去该博物馆，故C项正确。‎ ‎3．What can we learn about the Science Museum?‎ A．The exhibition will last a week.‎ B．It displays CT scanning technology.‎ C．Visitors themselves can try new technologies.‎ D．More information can be found at vam.ac.uk.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据最后一部分第二句“Visitors can explore electronics, build ‎ robots, get handson experiences with new technologies and have a go at 3D printing.”可知，游客可以自己尝试新技术，故C项正确。‎ B ‎(2019•郑州第二次质量检测)Eight years before his death in 1896, Alfred Nobel was surprised to read an obituary (讣告) in the local newspaper.This was a strange obituary, for it told Alfred Nobel, the man who was reading it, that he was dead.The newspaper had confused Alfred with his brother, Ludvig, who had recently died.‎ Nobel was shocked to read that he had passed away, and he was even more annoyed by the title of his obituary：The merchant of death is dead.Alfred was a very rich and successful armaments manufacturer (武器制造商)．‎ This incident got him thinking about his reputation.What would people think of him after his real death? Would they really say “That was a man who profited from killing”？ It was this thought that led him to leave his money — a huge amount of it — for the founding of the famous Nobel prizes.His aim was for his money to be used to support the ongoing quest (追求) for excellence in the sciences and literature, and the ideal of peace.Thousands of men and women have been honored since the first awards were given out in 1901.The awards let the world know about the developments that may have a huge effect on our lives.‎ However, the prizes are controversial sometimes.There is often protest (抗议) at the award of the Peace Prize when not everyone thinks that the awardwinners deserve the award.Even the award for literature has sometimes been criticized because the award committee often neglects important writers. The highly influential novelists James Joyce and Marcel Proust, for example, were never honored by the Swedish Academy.‎ Still, for the most part the awards don’t cause many complaints.Alfred Nobel founded the prizes to recognize those who have had “the greatest benefit to mankind” and few would disagree that most of the prizewinners — among them, Albert Einstein and Martin Luther King Jr.— have made contributions that deserve to be honored and remembered.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了诺贝尔奖设立的来历。‎ ‎4．How did Alfred Nobel feel when he read the obituary in the newspaper?‎ A．Sad and worried. B．Shocked and upset.‎ C．Surprised and confused. D．Amused and puzzled.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，当Alfred Nobel看到报纸上的这则讣告的时候，非常吃惊。根据第二段第一句可知，他不只是吃惊，而且还很生气，故选B。‎ ‎5．What did Alfred Nobel decide to do after reading the obituary?‎ A．Seek excellence in the sciences.‎ B．Donate all his money to the charity.‎ C．Stop producing any killing weapons.‎ D．Set up the Nobel prizes with his money.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段第四句“It was this thought that led him to leave his money — a huge amount of it — for the founding of the famous Nobel prizes.”可知，阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔看到这则讣告之后，想了很多，最终决定把他大笔的钱用于设立著名的诺贝尔奖，故选D。‎ ‎6．Why does the author mention James Joyce and Marcel Proust?‎ A．To show the controversy of some Nobel prizes.‎ B．To give examples of influential Nobel prizewinners.‎ C．To explain the standard of giving out the Nobel prizes.‎ D．To prove the influence of the Nobel prizes on literature.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段第三句“Even the award for literature has sometimes been criticized because the award committee often neglects important writers.”(即便是诺贝尔文学奖有时候也会受到批评，因为奖项委员会经常会忽视重要的作家。)可知，作者以这两个人为例，是为了说明有时诺贝尔奖是存在争议的。‎ ‎7．What does the author think of the Nobel prizes?‎ A．There should be more female winners.‎ B．There are too many controversial winners.‎ C．They have honored many worthy winners.‎ D．The committee should be more selective.‎ 解析：选C　观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“few would disagree that most of the prizewinners ...deserve to be honored and remembered”可知，作者认为诺贝尔奖奖励了很多值得赞赏的人，故选C。 ‎ C ‎(2019•广东七校高三第一次联考)These days, I walk down the steps leading toward the south end of the All England Club in Wimbledon, and still look for the Crow’s Nest, a small green observation tower with an outer ladder that I used to climb on for a wide view of the grounds, but it has since been knocked down.‎ The Crow’s Nest was a particularly useful point, because it allowed a tennis writer to keep track of the action on as many as 10 outside courts at a time.At the end of the days, reporters from different nations would share notes on what they had observed all over the grounds.‎ Twentyseven years later, the press room has touch screens that allow us to watch live videos from any court, and even go back to watch key moments in key matches long after they have finished.You could cover Wimbledon without leaving your seat.But that is a bit like spending all your time ordering room service and looking up fun facts on Wikipedia.‎ More than at any other tennis tournament, there is also an appetite for stories that deal with the setting, the history and the traditions.‎ If they change the price of the fish tacos (鱼肉卷饼) at the United States Open, it’s not a story.If they change the price of the strawberries and cream, the signature treat at Wimbledon, it’s time to email your editor using capital letters.‎ The new retractable (可缩进的) roof was put in place in 2009.Until then, you always had to have a rainyday story in your notebook because there were no guarantees any matches would be played.Now tennis is a sure thing on Centre Court, which has made tennis reporters a bit less creative.But at least it guarantees us daily access to the most atmospheric place in the sport.‎ So much has changed, but Centre Court remains true to its original spirit: more a theater than a stadium.Catching that feeling is part of covering Wimbledon, too.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在温布尔登的网球俱乐部，“我”曾经爬过的赛场楼梯被拆毁了；现在的记者室拥有触摸屏，可以让我们观看任何球场的直播视频。虽然发生了很多变化，但中心球场仍保持着初衷。捕捉这种感觉也是报道温布尔登网球锦标赛的一部分。‎ ‎8．What did the author do on the Crow’s Nest in the past?‎ A．He made friends with reporters.‎ B．He reported on tennis matches.‎ C．He appreciated the beautiful scenery.‎ D．He exchanged experiences with tennis players.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。通读全文可推知，作者应是一名网球赛报道记者。根据第二段可知，过去Crow’s Nest是记者们观察、记录赛况的地方，每天结束时，来自不同国家的记者们会分享他们在现场观察到的情况；结合第一段中的“and still look for the Crow’s Nest, a small green observation tower with an outer ladder that I used to climb on for a wide view of the grounds”可以判断，作者曾经登上Crow’s Nest，报道网球赛的情况，故B项正确。‎ ‎9．What does the author think of the new way of covering Wimbledon?‎ A．It lacks fun. B．It is expensive.‎ C．It is not convenient. D．It is not quick enough.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“You could cover Wimbledon ...looking up fun facts on Wikipedia.”可知，你可以不用离开座位就能报道温网，但这有点像把你所有的时间花在客房服务和在维基百科查找事实真相上；据此可以判断，作者认为如今的报道温网的方式缺乏趣味，故A项正确。‎ ‎10．Why does the author mention strawberries and cream?‎ A．To compare popular foods.‎ B．To introduce the typical treat at Wimbledon.‎ C．To describe people’s craze for traditional dishes.‎ D．To show the traditions of Wimbledon are an attraction.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，与任何其他网球锦标赛相比，人们也关注讲述有关温网背景、历史和传统的故事，接着第五段提到美网上的鱼肉卷饼价格改变不会成为新闻而温网的特色食物草莓和奶油价格改变则需要重点向主编报告；据此可推知，提及温网的草莓和奶油旨在展示温网的传统是一个吸引点。故D项正确。‎ ‎11．What difference does the new roof make?‎ A．Audiences have easier access to a tennis court.‎ B．There’s less fun in watching Wimbledon indoors.‎ C．Reporters are struggling to find original material.‎ D．Rainyday stories about Wimbledon have become history.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第六段第一、二句“The new retractable (可缩进的) roof ...there were no guarantees any matches would be played.”可知，2009年装上了新型的可缩进屋顶，在那之前，因为不能确保所有的温网比赛都能举行，记者们得准备好一个应急报道；据此可知，新屋顶让温网的“应急报道”成为历史，故D项正确。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•郑州一中高三摸底) Teenagers are especially likely to suffer loneliness.Here are some suggestions for speeding a recovery from loneliness.‎ Reach out to others, but start small.A smile and a friendly greeting for the student behind you in line at the cafeteria won’t make you best friends.__1__ It also can make it easier to interact the next time.‎ Find a safe place to make connections.If going to the school dance makes you feel like you just don’t belong, try joining a specialinterest group.Maybe it’s the drama club or the marching band.__2__‎ Find other ways of making connections.Lonely people hunger for acceptance and friendship.Sometimes feeling accepted and liked comes more easily when you do something for others.__3__ Teach a child reading.Take notes for a disabled classmate.You might be surprised at the connections you make after reaching out to others in these ways.‎ ‎__4__ Loneliness is an absence of quality friendships, not of a particular quantity of friends.That’s why it’s important to know how to select a friend.The best friendships are those based on similar values and attitudes.‎ You get what you expect, so expect the best.If you expect others to be friendly, you will behave in similar ways.‎ ‎__5__ It goes away as teens learn how to find their way through their social world and connect with others.‎ A．But it will make you both feel pretty good.‎ B．So consider becoming a volunteer.‎ C．Some teens aren’t so adaptable, however.‎ D．Encourage people to be friendlier to you.‎ E．Choose the right people.‎ F．For most young people, loneliness is only temporary.‎ G．Look for a group that allows you to ease gradually.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了如何应对孤独的一些建议。　‎ ‎1．选A　根据语境可知，空前一句和空后的“It also can make it easier to interact the next time.”之间存在逻辑上的转折关系，所以A项“但是它将使你们都感到很好”符合语境。‎ ‎2．选G　根据上文“Find a safe place to make connections.If going to the school dance makes you feel like you just don’t belong, try joining a specialinterest group.”可推知，作者建议找一个让自己觉得舒服的团体，所以选G项。‎ ‎3．选B　根据上文“Sometimes feeling accepted and liked comes more easily when you do something for others.”可知，帮助他人会让孤独者更易被接纳和喜欢。故B项“因此考虑做一名志愿者”衔接下文“Teach a child reading.Take notes for a disabled classmate.”。‎ ‎4．选E　根据下文“That’s why it’s important to know how to select a friend.”可推知，选对朋友对孤独者尤其重要，他们缺的不是特定数量的朋友，而是高质量的友谊，E项中的“Choose”对应“select”，所以选E项。‎ ‎5．选F　根据空后内容可推知，青少年的孤独是暂时的，随着他们学会如何通过社会阅历找到自己的道路和与他人建立关系，孤独就会不复存在，所以选F项。‎