【英语】2018届二轮复习名词考点探索及演练学案(8页word版)

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【英语】2018届二轮复习名词考点探索及演练学案(8页word版)

‎2018届二轮复习 名词考点探索及演练 在完形填空、短文改错中对名词的考查一直是命题热点;识别词义是考试考查的重点;另外,熟练掌握名词词组和固定结构也是十分重要的。在完形填空、语法填空以及短文改错中,从对名词的语言意义到语法意义,名词考查的重要地位不会改变。名词运用时常见的错点主要有四点:‎ ‎1误用可数名词单复数 对名词考查应视其在数方面的使用是否恰当。英语中名词复数形式变化复杂,汉语中又不存在单复形式之分,这样就会导致中国学生在学习英语时疏忽名词的单复数,出现错误。例如:‎ ‎【单句改错】‎ ‎(1) As a student, we should study hard and obey the rules of school.‎ ‎(2) The Chang Jiang River is one of the largest river in China.‎ ‎【解题分析】‎ 题(1)中 a student与主语we在数上不一致,故应将we改为I。‎ 题(2)中“one of+名词”表达的应该是众多中的一个,而river是可数名词,故要用复数形式,故把river改为rivers。‎ ‎2混淆使用可数名词和不可数名词 考生由于受汉语定势的影响,往往对一些不可数名词的使用把握不住,造成误用或短文改错中发现不了此类错误。如work(工作;事业),advice,news,fun,weather,information(信息),equipment(装备;设备),furniture(家具),progress(成绩;进步), audience(观众),experience(经验),baggage/luggage(行李),knowledge(知识),money,evidence(证据;依据)等词,都是考生易记混的不可数名词。需要注意的是与名词work近义的job则是可数名词。例如:‎ ‎【单句改错】 ‎ The girl made such a rapid progress that she was praised by her teacher.‎ ‎【解题分析】去掉冠词a。因为 progress意为“成绩;进步”,是不可数名词,其前不能用冠词。‎ 另外,一些名词,如Negroes, heroes, potatoes,tomatoes等是加es变为复数(串联巧记——黑人英雄爱吃马铃薯和西红柿);works(工厂),Chinese(中国人),sheep,deer,means(方法、手段)等是单复数同形的名词(串联巧记——在工厂里,中国人对待绵羊和鹿的手段很仁慈);people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牛)等集合名词总是用作复数(串联巧记——人们警察很牛);photo等的复数也应引起我们的重视,学生易变为photoes(实际上是photos),因为他们想不起来是photograph的简写(photograph的复数是photographs)。‎ ‎3名词与动词、介词搭配错误 在一些包含名词的词组中,名词要求与之相适应的介词或动词来搭配,构成固定结构。如: ‎ make friends with (同……交朋友)‎ have a gift for (在……方面有天赋)‎ the attitude to/ towards (对待……的态度)‎ the answer to (……的答案)‎ the key to (……的关键/答案)‎ two tickets for tonight’ s concert (两张今晚演奏会的票)‎ pay attention to (注意)‎ make contributions to (为……做贡献)‎ congratulations to somebody on( doing) something (因……向某人表示祝贺)‎ have a deep influence on somebody (对……造成深刻影响)‎ make great/ rapid/ much progress (取得极大进步)‎ get down to( doing) something (开始认真做某事)‎ attach much importance to (认为……很重要)‎ take/show(great) Interest in (对……表现出浓厚兴趣)‎ look forward to(doing)something(盼望做某事)‎ have confidence in (信任;对……有信心)‎ at a speed of (以……的速度)‎ 上述短语在完形填空、语法填空、短文改错等题目中常被用作考点来考查。‎ ‎4混淆名词与其形容词形式 一些常用形容词如wide, long, strong, warm, important, valuable, different,useful, hungry, angry, dusty, dirty, happy, difficult, determined, confident等所相应的名词形式分别是width, length, strength, warmth, importance, value, difference, use, hunger, anger, dust, dirt, happiness, difficulty, determination, confidence等,在完形填空、语法填空、短文改错中,常被当作考点考查,同学们应特别注意这些内容 典题演练 ‎1.(2014·广西) The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trust each other.‎ ‎1.mean→means句意:两位朋友之间的理解意味着两个人有相同的想法及相互信任。本句的主语是the understanding,谓语动词要使用单数形式。‎ ‎2.(2014·辽宁) The early morning barking have been disturbing us ‎ as we are often up all night with the baby.‎ ‎2.have→has句意:由于我们夜晚常要照顾小孩,因此清晨的狗叫一直在打扰着我们。本句的主语是动名词短语the early morning barking,谓语动词要使用单数形式。‎ ‎3.(2014·陕西) Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky.‎ ‎3.was→were句意:突然,许许多多的箭从天上朝我们飞来。本句的主语是复数名词arrows,所以谓语动词使用复数形式were。‎ ‎1.(2016·新课标Ⅱ,43) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ________(be) often acceptable.‎ ‎1.is句意:把不太重要的事情留到明天是可以接受的。分析句子结构可知,动名词短语Leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语,故谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎2.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,69) Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ________(be) too violent for use at the table.‎ ‎2.were句意:孔子认为刀会给人们杀戮的提醒,用在餐桌上太暴力。主语是knives,讲述的是过去的事情,所以用were。‎ ‎3.(2015·新课标Ⅰ,67) Yangshuo ________ (be) really beautiful. ‎ A study of travelers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.‎ ‎3.is句意:阳朔很漂亮……根据后文的时态可知这里使用一般现在时,又因为Yangshuo是单数名词,所以这里用is。‎ ‎4.(2015·湖南,27) It is important to remember that success ________(be)a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________(take) years to achieve.‎ ‎4.is;takes句意:重要的是要记住,成功是每天做出的小努力的积累而且花很多年才能达到。因为主语success是单数,由句首的is可知是一般现在时态,结合起来用is和takes。‎ ‎5.(2014·辽宁,66) Jonny: Be patient!Tai Chi ________(call)“shadow boxing” in English.‎ ‎5.is called句意:忍耐一下!英语中,太极被叫做“shadow boxing”。根据句意可知空白处须填被动语态;而主语Tai Chi为第三人称单数,故填is called。‎ ‎6.(2014·新课标Ⅰ,61) In 1969,the pollution was terrible...It ________ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.‎ ‎6.was句意:……把这条河清理干净是不可想象的事情。根据本段第一句“In 1969,the pollution was terrible...”可知本段指事情发生在过去,应该用过去式;而主语是It,为第三人称单数,故填was。‎ ‎7.(2013·湖南,33) The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ (be) around $8,450 a year,which ________ (be) a burden for some of them.‎ ‎7.are;is句意:这所大学估计,一个外国留学生的生活费用每年大约8 450美元,这对他们中的一些人来说是个很大的负担。分析句子结构可知,第一空的主语living expenses是复数形式,所以谓语动词用复数,而后面是which引导的非限制性定语从句,which指代前面提到的钱数,故第二空谓语动词要用单数。‎ ‎8.(2013·福建,23) The famous musician,as well as his students,________ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.‎ ‎8.was invited句意:那个著名的音乐家,还有他的学生,被邀请在2012年的台北花博会开幕式上进行表演。当主语后面跟有as well as,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等时,其谓语动词的单复数形式按主语的单复数而定,又结合句意可知,这里应该用被动语态,且句子为过去时态。‎ ‎9.(2012·陕西,12) The basketball coach,as well as his team,________(interview) shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.‎ ‎9.was interviewed句意:比赛后不久,因为表现出色,这位篮球教练以及他的队员接受了采访。主语后有短语as well as时,谓语动词的数不受短语的影响,仍与主语保持一致。根据时间状语after the match...可知,事情发生在过去,所以用过去式。‎ ‎10.(2012·湖南,35) All the scientific evidence ________(show) that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________ (be) damaging our health.‎ ‎10.shows;is句意:所有的科学证据表明,在农业中不断增加使用的化学药品正在危害着我们的健康。第一空前是不可数名词(all the scientific evidence)作主语,所以谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式;第二空所在的that引导的宾语从句中,主语是名词use,所以谓语动词也要用第三人称单数形式。‎ 短文改错和语法填空中,解决主谓一致问题的关键是要找准作主语部分的中心词,从而确定谓语动词的单复数形式。在此应特别注意以下几个问题:‎ ‎1.主语后带有as well as,rather than,together with等词或短语的成分时,谓语动词的形式须由前面的名词的单复数来确定。‎ ‎2.形单意复的集合名词作主语时,须根据所表达的意义确定谓语动词的形式。‎ ‎3.形复意单的名词,如学科名词、数词或时间段等作主语时谓语动词须用第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎4.the+adj.作主语时,若指人谓语动词须用复数形式,若指物则用第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎5.主语前有every,each,many a,more than one修饰名词时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;neither...nor...,not only...but also...,either...or...等连接并列主语时,谓语动词形式按就近原则处理。‎ ‎6.从句、非谓语动词(短语)作主语时,此时一般用第三人称单数形式,但是what引导主语从句时,谓语动词形式需从意义上判断。‎ ‎7.在倒装句中,主语在谓语动词之后,因此其形式须由后面的主语确定。‎ ‎8.and连接两个单数名词作主语时,如果两个名词表示不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数;若表示同一个人或物时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。‎ ‎ (2014·四川) Today,I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.‎ ‎【解析】go→goes句意:今天,我将讲一讲当听到火警时,你们该怎么办。时间状语从句的主语a fire alarm为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式goes。‎ ‎ (2014·湖南,32) All we need ________(be) a small piece of ‎ land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ ‎【解析】is句意:我们需要的是一小片土地,以便在每年的种植季节栽种各种各样的果树。作主语的不定代词all指“我们所需要的东西”,即a small piece of land,谓语动词用单数形式;再由从句时态判断,本空填is。‎
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