【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词考点典题讲与练学案（18页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词考点典题讲与练学案（18页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词考点典题讲与练 近几年的高考试题来看，非谓语动词考查特征呈现情景和设问角度的多样化趋势。考点如下：‎ 现在分词与过去分词的区别；done, being done, to be done的区别；不定式与分词作状语的区别；不定式的时态及疑问词＋不定式形式；谓语动词与非谓语动词的区分；非谓语动词的时态、语态、复合结构以及独立结构的使用。‎ 大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时，可遵循以下规律：对比时间：对照谓语动词的时间，确定非谓语动词的时态形式；辨明逻辑：从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态。‎ 一、动词不定式 ‎1．动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态（4+2）‎ He seems to know this. It is important to read English every day.‎ The bridge to be built next year is very long. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.‎ His new novel is said to have been published.‎ She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by.‎ ‎ ‎ 了解不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确理解和使用不定式起着很重要的作用。要结合不定式的句法功能一起掌握，灵活运用。 ‎ ‎2．不定式的句法功能 ‎ 除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。‎ ‎3． 学习动词不定式应注意的几个问题 ‎(1) 用不定式作宾语的词语。‎ ‎ 下列词语常用不定式作宾语：afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，prefer，decide，manage，arrange，determine，desire等。‎ ‎ 下列动词后可接“疑问词＋不定式”：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，advise，discuss等。‎ ‎(2) 理解和使用不定式作宾补。‎ ‎① see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，make，let，have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。‎ ‎② 常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：‎ ‎ 主语＋ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like＋sb. to do sth.‎ ‎ 主语＋think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine＋sb.＋to be/to have done sth.‎ ‎ 主语＋call on/depend on/wait for/ask for＋sb.＋to do sth. ‎ ‎(3) 不定式作定语的特殊用法。‎ ‎① 下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：‎ ‎ He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting. ‎ ‎ Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?‎ ‎② 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：‎ ‎ There is no one to look after her. ‎ ‎③ 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do. ‎ ‎ 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. ‎ ‎ 但如果及物动词后已有了自己的宾语，其后还应加适当的介词。‎ ‎ Here is a box to put things in. ‎ ‎ 注意：如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：‎ ‎ I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)‎ I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends？……你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗？(被我带而不是你带)‎ ‎(4) 不定式作状语的用法。‎ ‎ 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. ‎ ‎ in order (not) to，so as (not) to用来引导目的状语，但so as to不能用于句首。so…as to do, such ＋ 名词…as to do引导结果状语。如：‎ The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. I'm not such a fool as to believe that. ‎ 不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语。如：‎ ‎ He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with? ‎ ‎ 注意：此时不定式用主动，而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏。‎ ‎(5) 不定式的完成式的特殊用法。‎ ‎① 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如：‎ ‎ The novel was said to have been published. ‎ ‎ I regret to have been with you for so many years. ‎ ‎ seem，appear，be said，be supposed，be believed，be thought，be known，be reported等常用于上面句型。‎ 此外，glad，happy，satisfied，sorry，surprised，disappointed后也可接不定式的完成式。‎ ‎② 不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。‎ ‎(A) would like/would love ＋ 不定式的完成式。‎ ‎(B) was/were ＋ 不定式的完成式，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。‎ ‎(C) expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish ＋ 不定式的完成式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。‎ ‎(6) 不定式的省略。‎ ‎① 两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。如：‎ ‎ I want to finish my homework and go home. I'm really puzzled what to think or say. ‎ ‎ 特例：To be or not to be，this is a question. ‎ ‎ He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比)‎ ‎② 句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides等后面的to可省略。即“前有do，后省to”。如：He didn't do anything but complain.‎ ‎③ why not, had better，would rather，can't… but等后省to。如：He could not but walk home. ‎ ‎(7) 不定式的替代。‎ ‎ 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或补语的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be的任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：‎ ‎ Susan is not what she used to be. I'd like /love /be happy to. ‎ ‎— You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework. ‎ ‎— I know I ought to have. ‎ 二、动名词 ‎ 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、宾 语、表语和定语。‎ ‎2. 动名词的句法功能 ‎(1) 作主语 ‎ ‎ 动名词作主语表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：‎ ‎ Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真有趣。‎ ‎ It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。(谚语) ‎ ‎(2) 作宾语 ‎① 作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下：‎ ‎ 考虑建议盼原谅(consider，suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon)‎ ‎ 承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy)‎ ‎ 避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise)‎ ‎ 否认完成停止赏(deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate)‎ ‎ 不禁介意准逃亡(can't help, mind, allow/permit, escape)‎ ‎ 不准冒险凭想象(forbid, risk, imagine)‎ ‎② 作动词短语的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：‎ ‎ think of，depend on，set about，succeed in，worry about，think about，give up，put off，burst out，insist on，can't stand, be/get used to，devote…to，look forward to，pay attention to，get down to，object to，feel like，adapt to，dream of等。‎ 三、分词 ‎ 分词包括现在分词和过去分词。学习分词要注意下面两大问题：分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义；分词的句法功能。‎ ‎1． 分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义 分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言的。具体地说，非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言，例如：如果分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则可能用现在分词一般式，如果是在主句谓语动词之前发生，则可能用现在分词完成式。而语态意义则和分词的逻辑主语有关，如果分词的动作与其逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词，如果与其逻辑主语是被动关系，则可能用现在分词的被动式，或过去分词。所谓的逻辑主语即句子中与分词形成逻辑关系的名词或代词。例如：分词作状语和表语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。分词作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语。‎ ‎2． 分词的句法功能 ‎(1) 作定语 ‎ Mike held a burning stick and Tom carried a gun. (The stick was burning.)‎ ‎ How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields(＝that had been wasted …)!‎ ‎ Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the earth's land area (＝which covers …). ‎ ‎ 分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现象。‎ ‎ There is a notice on the blackboard reading “An examination will be given next week. (＝which reads…)”‎ ‎(2) 作表语 ‎ We were excited at the news. His shoes were old and worn. ‎ ‎(3) 作补语 ‎ 包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。常用于see, leave, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后以及with复合结构中。‎ ‎ I saw Tom coming out of the house. We mustn't leave the work unfinished. ‎ ‎ No tricky words would move him. He kept his mouth tightly closed. ‎ ‎ He stood for some time with his hand still raised. ‎ ‎(4) 作状语 ‎ 分词作状语常表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随或结果、附加说明等。‎ ‎ Reading the letter, I couldn't help thinking of my school life. (时间状语)‎ ‎ Being ill, I didn't go to school yesterday. (原因状语)‎ ‎ Not having done it as he told us to, we were scolded. (原因状语)‎ ‎ Working hard, you will succeed. (条件状语)‎ ‎ He came running all the way. (方式状语)‎ ‎ The children headed towards school, followed by their dogs. (伴随状语)‎ He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. (结果状语)‎ ‎ If the advertising fails, having no effect on sales, the whole programme will be reviewed. (附加说明)‎ ‎ 注意：分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果，而不定式作结果状语则表示意料之外的结果。试比较：‎ ‎ A terrible storm hit the area, causing great damage to the crops. ‎ ‎ He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left. ‎ ‎ 分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词。如：‎ ‎ Once, while working on a new invention, Edison made 8,000 tests without success. ‎ ‎ I won't go to his party unless invited. ‎ ‎ The beggar waited as if expecting more. ‎ ‎(5) 作插入语的分词独立结构 ‎ 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。如：‎ ‎ generally speaking一般说来talking of (speaking of)说到strictly speaking 严格地说 ‎ judging from 从……判断all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来 ‎ Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。‎ ‎ Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的动作)‎ ‎ 注意：1.现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。‎ ‎(1) 【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. ‎ ‎(2) 【误】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. ‎ ‎ 【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. ‎ ‎2.作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。‎ ‎(1) 【误】 Having found the cause, the experiment continued. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. (Having found＝After/When they had found)‎ ‎(2) 【误】 Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (Seen＝When the city is seen)‎ ‎3．非谓语的否定式中，not必须放在非谓语的最前面。‎ ‎(1) 【误】 Having not finished his homework, he didn't want to go to bed. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Not having finished his homework, he didn't want to go to bed.‎ ‎(2) 【误】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street. ‎ 典题演练：‎ ‎1． The book mainly deals with the trouble students might have __________ right from wrong. ‎ ‎ A．distinguishing B．Distinguished ‎ C．to distinguish D．to be distinguished ‎2. ________ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. ‎ ‎ A．Convinced B．Convincing ‎ C.To convince D.Having convinced ‎3． —Be careful! Don't forget you are on a ladder. ‎ ‎ —But you are holding it for me, nothing ____________ . ‎ A． worry about B．to worry about C．is worried about D．worrying about ‎4． He looked at me, with an expression ________ that he felt even more puzzled. ‎ ‎ A．indicate B．Indicates C．indicating D．indicated ‎5．Your cousin is said ________ a new computer programme recently, but do you know when he will finish it?‎ ‎ A．to design B．to be designing ‎ C．to have been designing D．to have designed ‎6． When John came to himself, he found himself ________ in the hospital, but he didn't know how that had come ________. ‎ ‎ A．staying; around B．lying; about ‎ C．lied; across D．lying; into being ‎7． He claimed ________ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. ‎ ‎ A．being badly treated B．treating badly ‎ C．to be treated badly D．to have been badly treated ‎8． —Why are the students working so hard these days?‎ ‎ — ________ ready for the coming entrance examination. ‎ ‎ A．To get B．Get C．Getting D．Got ‎9． If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades ________ ，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world. ‎ ‎ A．coming B．having come C．to come D．to be coming ‎10．The party was a success，but we thought it a pity not ________ you. ‎ ‎ A．to invite B．to be inviting C．to have invited D．to be invited ‎11．Hearing the 2009 World Winter University Games ________ open，all the people in the Harbin Sports Center Gym burst into cheers. ‎ ‎ A．declare B．declared ‎ C．declaring D．to be declared ‎12．As the light turned green，I stood for a moment, not ________ and asked myself what I was going to do. ‎ ‎ A．moved B．Moving C．to move D．being moved ‎13．An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school ________ actively in the competition. ‎ ‎ A．participate B．Participated C．participating D．to participate ‎14．The boy the teachers considered ________ was caught ________ in the exam, which surprised us very much. ‎ ‎ A．to be the best; cheating B．as the best student; to cheat ‎ C．being the best; cheating D．as a good student; to cheat ‎15．Tourists all over the world come to visit the Summer Palace in Beijing, ________ the combination of nature and culture. ‎ ‎ A．enjoyed B．having enjoyed C．to have enjoyed D．enjoying ‎16．—Where is Tom？I have something important to tell him.‎ ‎ —I last saw him ________ in the library reading. ‎ ‎ A．sit B．seated C．seating D．sat ‎17．Something as simple as ________ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. ‎ ‎ A．to eat B．eating C．to be eating D．eaten ‎ 18．Tom woke up late and left home without breakfast ________ another long and boring day at school. ‎ ‎ A．having anticipated B．Anticipated C．being anticipated D．anticipating ‎19． The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, ________ the students to return to their classrooms. ‎ ‎ A．enabling B．having enabled C．to enable D．to have enabled ‎20． There were many talented actors out there just waiting ________. ‎ ‎ A．to discover B．to be discovered ‎ C．discovered D．being discovered ‎21．Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ________　　 from the library.‎ ‎ A．to borrow B．to be borrowed C．borrowed D．borrowing ‎22．That is the only way we can imagine ________ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.‎ ‎ A．reducing B．to reduce C．reduced D．reduce ‎23．________ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. ‎ ‎ A．Seen B．Seeing C．Having seen D．To see ‎24．Alexander tried to get his work __________ in the medical circles. ‎ ‎ A．to recognize B．recognizing C．recognize D．recognized ‎ 25. The lawyer listened with full attention, ________ to miss any point. ‎ ‎ A．not trying B．trying not C．to try not D．not to try ‎ ‎26．In many people's opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant _____________. ‎ ‎ A．to deal with B．dealing with ‎ C．to be dealt with D．dealt with ‎27． I have a lot of readings ________ before the end of this term. ‎ ‎ A．completing B．to complete ‎ C．completed D．being completed ‎28．Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one ________ first is the library.‎ ‎ A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired 答案与解析 1. A　考查固定搭配have trouble (in) doing sth.，只不过此题中的trouble提到前面作先行词了。‎ 2. A　动词convince表示“使……确信”；be convinced of sth.“确信……，相信”；此处用过去分词作状语。‎ 3. B　“小心点。别忘了你在梯子上。”“但是你扶着呢，没什么可担心的。”不定式to worry about作后置定语。‎ 4. C　with an expression indicating…为with复合结构，其中an expression为逻辑主语，indicate与这个逻辑主语之间有主动关系，故用现在分词。‎ 5. C　句意为：你的堂兄最近一直在设计一组电脑程序，你知道他什么时候完成吗？sb be said to do为固定用法，由recently可知，设计程序是从过去一直持续到现在的动作，应用to have been doing结构。‎ 6. B　find himself lying…发现他自己正躺在……；come ‎ about意为“发生，产生”。‎ 1. D 2. A　联系语境可知，这些日子学生们努力学习是为即将到来的考试做准备，动词不定式作目的状语。故A项正确。 ‎ 3. C　用不定式表示将要到来的。句意为：如果在将来的几十年水资源变得稀少，那么水资源的缺乏将会成为全球比较热门的一个话题。10. C 4. B　很显然选项B和其逻辑主语the 2009 World Winter University Games是被动关系，选B。 ‎ 5. B　move的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，所以用现在分词，not moving 作伴随状语。如果不注意分析，很容易受并列的谓语动词stood…and asked干扰而误选A。‎ 6. D　句意为：比赛有奖，这使得我校很多学生积极参加了比赛。cause sb. to do sth. 为固定用法。‎ 7. A　the teachers considered ________作定语，修饰the boy；consider…to be意为“把……看作”；catch sb. doing sth. 意为“抓到某人正在干某事”。‎ 8. D　 enjoying 引导的分词短语在句中作伴随状语。‎ ‎16.‎ B　题干句子空白处用seated作宾语补足语，因为seat是及物动词和宾语him之间的逻辑关系是动宾关系。‎ ‎17.B　空格前的as为介词，其后的动词应用其动名词形式。句意为：童年时像吃蔬菜这样的简单事也许会对你后来预防疾病有好处。‎ ‎18. D　句意为：Tom醒得很迟，没有吃早饭就离开家了，预期在学校又是漫长、枯燥的一天。本句中，应该用现在分词形式作状语。选D。‎ ‎19.A　现在分词短语作谓语动词donated的结果状语。20.B　waiting to be discovered意为“等待被发现”。‎ ‎21. C　borrowed短语作后置定语，表示一个被动的、已经完成的动作。‎ ‎22. B　the way to do sth.意为“做某事的途径、方式”。we can imagine 作定语，前面省略了that。‎ ‎23. A　句子的主语和see构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词短语作状语。‎ ‎24. D　宾语work和recognize之间存在被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。句意为：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学界得到认可。‎ ‎25. B　主语lawyer和try之间是主谓关系，用现在分词作伴随状语，try not to do sth. 意为“尽力不做某事”。‎ ‎26.‎ ‎ A　这里用“形容词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎27. B　根据动词短语have sth. to do，且本句有时间状语the end of this term，选B。‎ ‎28. D　这里指“图书馆将是第一批被修复的建筑物”，to be repaired表示一个将来的、被动的动作