【英语】2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词考点各个击破学案(16页word版)

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【英语】2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词考点各个击破学案(16页word版)

‎2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词考点各个击破 考法1‎ 考查非谓语动词作宾语、补语、主语和表语的用法 ‎1.不定式、动名词作宾语 高考对非谓语动词作宾语的考查主要体现在:①一些动词(如:decide)后接不定式作宾语的用法;②动名词作介词的宾语及一些动词(如:imagine)后接动名词作宾语的用法。此外,部分动词,如:forget等后接动名词及不定式的区别也是考查的重点。‎ ‎[典型例题1]‎ ‎(2015·高考课标全国Ⅱ卷)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without (use)electric equipment.‎ 解析:句意:除了朴素之美外,令人赞叹的是这些土坯房具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。介词without后面用名词或动名词作宾语。故填using。‎ 考法总结:空格前有介词without,提示词为use,由此可知此处应用动名词形式作宾语。‎ ‎[典型例题2]‎ ‎(2014·高考课标全国Ⅱ卷)One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about (be)late for school.‎ 解析:句意:一天早上,我正在公交车站等车,担心上学会迟到。介词后面用名词或动名词作宾语。故填being。‎ 考法总结:空格前有介词about,提示词为动词be,便可判断只能用动名词作宾语。‎ ‎[典型例题3]‎ ‎(2014·高考课标全国Ⅱ卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting ‎ to the driver,but he refused (stop)until we reached the next stop.‎ 解析:句意:我听到在我后面有个乘客朝司机喊,但他拒绝停车,直到我们到了下一站。refuse后接动词不定式作宾语,意为“拒绝做某事”。故填to stop。‎ 考法总结:首先根据括号内的提示词为动词判断是用谓语动词形式还是非谓语动词形式;进一步分析句子结构可知,句中已有谓语动词refused,因此设空处应填非谓语动词形式;再考虑refuse后常接动词不定式作宾语,便可得出答案。‎ ‎2.非谓语动词作主语 ‎(1)不定式作主语,通常表示某一次具体的动作;动名词作主语通常表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念。‎ ‎(2)考查以it作形式主语,动词不定式或动名词作真正主语的用法。‎ ‎[典型例题4]‎ ‎(2015·高考安徽卷改编) (ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.‎ 解析:句意:忽视这两种研究结果之间的差异将是你所犯的最严重的错误之一。分析句子结构可知,句子的谓语部分是will be,one of the worst mistakes是表语,you make是省略关系代词的定语从句,修饰mistakes。很显然, the difference between the two research findings是主语部分,结合语境可知设空处用动名词作主语。答案为Ignoring。‎ 考法总结:对于长句,应分析其句子成分。先找到句中的谓语部分,即will be,可知其前全部为句子主语,需用动名词作主语。‎ ‎[典型例题5]‎ ‎(2014·高考课标全国Ⅰ卷)But the river wasn't changed in a few ‎ days or even a few months.It took years of work (reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.‎ 解析:句意:但是这条河并非是在几日之内甚至是几个月之内改变的。减少工业污染和净化河水花费了多年的努力。It takes/took(sb.)some time to do sth.为固定句型,意为“做某事花费(某人)多长时间”。故填to reduce。该句型中,it作形式主语,动词不定式作真正的主语。‎ 考法总结:首先根据括号内的提示词为动词判断是用谓语动词形式还是非谓语动词形式;进一步分析句子结构可知,句中已有谓语动词took,且有it作形式主语,便考虑此处为固定句型:It took(sb.)some time to do sth.。‎ ‎3.非谓语动词作宾补 ‎(1)不定式作宾补表示在谓语动词后发生的动作。‎ ‎(2)在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后,若接省略to的不定式作宾补,表示动作已完成;若接现在分词作宾补,表示动作正在进行;过去分词作宾补表示被动、已完成。此外,在with复合结构中,非谓语动词作宾补的用法也是高考的常考点之一。‎ ‎[典型例题6]‎ ‎(2014·高考四川卷改编)The manager was satisfied to see many new products (develop)after great effort.‎ 解析:句意:经过一番努力之后,看到许多新产品被开发出来,经理感到很满意。此处为see sth.done结构,动词develop与宾语many new products之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾补表示被动、完成。故答案为developed。‎ 考法总结:提示词为动词,且句中已有谓语was satisfied to see,便会考虑此处为“‎ 动词(see/hear/feel/watch/notice等)+名词或代词+宾补”结构;再根据所给的动词和其逻辑主语的关系确定答案。‎ ‎[典型例题7]‎ ‎(2012·高考辽宁卷改编)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog followed them.‎ 解析:句意:这对老夫妇经常晚饭后在公园里散步,他们的宠物狗跟在后面。with their pet dog ...为with复合结构,follow与其逻辑主语dog之间为主动关系,即dog 是follow动作的执行者,应该用现在分词作宾补。故把followed改为following。‎ 考法总结:分析句子成分可知,句末是一个with复合结构,再考虑作宾补的动词follow与其逻辑主语的关系为主动关系便可看出错误所在。‎ ‎4.非谓语动词作表语 高考对非谓语动词作表语的考查主要有:不定式作表语的用法(表示预计要发生的动作)、现在分词作表语的用法(说明主语的特征,意为“令人……的”)和过去分词作表语的用法(说明主语的状态,意为“感到……的”)。‎ ‎[典型例题8]‎ ‎(2014·高考广东卷语法改编)We got a little (sunburn),but the day had been so relaxing that we didn't mind.‎ 解析:本题考查“get+过去分词”表示状态。got在该题中为连系动词,且sunburn与we之间为动宾关系,故应用过去分词作表语。因此,答案为sunburned或sunburnt。‎ 考法总结:给出的提示词为动词,并且句中也有了谓语动词got,考虑设空处应用非谓语动词形式;再分析sunburn与其逻辑主语we之间的关系可判断应用过去分词。‎ 考法2‎ 考查非谓语动词作状语的用法 高考对非谓语动词作状语的主要考查点有:现在分词作状语,表示主动和进行,或表示自然而然的结果;过去分词作状语表示被动和完成;动词不定式作状语表目的。此外,only to do表示出乎意料的结果,以及“主语+系动词+形容词(表情感)+to do”结构中不定式的用法也常在高考中出现。‎ ‎[典型例题9]‎ ‎(2013·高考课标全国Ⅰ卷)The sunlight is white and blinding, (throw)hardedged shadows on the ground.‎ 解析:句意:阳光炽白炫目,在地上投下轮廓鲜明的影子。sunlight和throw之间是逻辑上的主动关系,故用现在分词短语作结果状语,表示自然而然的结果。故答案为throwing。‎ 考法总结:提示词为动词,且空前有逗号无连词,句中已有谓语动词is,考虑此处用非谓语动词作状语;再根据throw与逻辑主语的关系及句意可知,应用现在分词形式。‎ ‎[典型例题10]‎ ‎(2014·高考天津卷改编)Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didn't fit.‎ 解析:句意:她急切地从包裹里拿出裙子穿上,结果发现它不合身。only to do表示出乎意料的结果。故填to find。‎ 考法总结:给出的提示词为动词,句中已有谓语动词took和tried,故此处考虑用非谓语动词作状语;再根据空前的only及句意可判断此处为“only+不定式”结构。‎ ‎[典型例题11]‎ ‎(2016·高考全国乙卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,when I was the first Western TV ‎ reporter (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.‎ 解析:所给动词permit和其逻辑主语I之间是动宾关系,所以用过去分词表被动。答案为permitted。‎ ‎[典型例题12]‎ ‎(2016·高考四川卷改编)For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something (eat)!‎ 解析:句意:25天的时间,她不曾离开幼崽,甚至不去找吃的东西!此处表示未发生的动作,且something是动词eat的承受者。故填to eat。‎ 考法3‎ 考查非谓语动词作定语的用法 高考对非谓语动词作定语的考查主要有:不定式作定语,表示在谓语动词之后发生的将来动作;现在分词作定语,表示主动和进行;过去分词作定语,表示被动和完成。‎ ‎[典型例题13]‎ ‎(2016·高考浙江卷改编)To return to the problem of water pollution,I'd like you to look at a study (conduct)in Australia in 2012.‎ 解析:研究是“被实施的”,且已经于2012年完成,表示“被动和完成”用过去分词。故填conducted。‎ 考法总结:所给词为动词,空格前为名词,考虑此处作定语修饰名词,再分析该名词与提示词之间的逻辑关系可以判断出应用过去分词。‎ ‎[典型例题14]‎ ‎(2015·高考课标全国Ⅰ卷)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ‎ ‎(live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.‎ 解析:句意:香港的一家旅游公司Abercrombie &Kent说,他们经常在这儿为住在上海和香港的人安排方便的度假。该句的谓语动词是arranges,所以此处应是非谓语动词;people和live之间是主动关系,故填living作后置定语。答案为living。‎ 考法总结:分析句子结构快速找到谓语动词arranges,从而判断此处应填非谓语动词;再根据逻辑主语people与live之间为主动关系,确定用现在分词形式。‎ ‎[能力考法]‎ 考法 分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语”‎ 首先判定所给动词是否充当句子的谓语,如果是,就用谓语形式;如果句子中并不缺谓语,则用非谓语形式。‎ ‎[典型例题]‎ ‎(2016·高考全国甲卷)It could be anything—gardening,cooking,music,sports—but whatever it is, (make)sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.‎ 解析:句意:它可以是园艺、烹饪、音乐、运动等任何事情,但无论是什么,务必保证它是让你释放日常压力的而不是让你担忧的事。动词原形置于句首,构成祈使句。故填make。‎ ‎[对应学生用书P169]‎ 考点一 非谓语动词作状语 ‎1.动词不定式作状语 To succeed,one must first of all believe in himself.‎ 要想成功,首先必须相信自己。‎ We hurried to the station,only to be told that the train had left.‎ 我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已开走了。‎ You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.‎ 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时,我是多么高兴。‎ The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.这把椅子看上去很硬,但实际上坐上去很舒服。‎ ‎(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。‎ ‎(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。‎ ‎(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见的词有:happy,lucky,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased,fortunate,right等。‎ ‎(4)在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等。‎ ‎2.分词作状语 One evening Harry phoned me,asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.‎ 一天晚上哈里给我打电话,要求我尽快去他家。‎ Having lived in New York for years,I know each part of it very well.由于住在纽约多年,我对这里的每一处都很熟悉。‎ Having been ignored for a long time,the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视,这个坐在后面的男孩感到枯燥就出去了。‎ Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看,这座城市很漂亮。‎ ‎(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。‎ ‎(2)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用现在分词形式(doing)。‎ ‎(3)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。‎ ‎(4)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生,用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。‎ ‎(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词(done)。‎ ‎3.独立成分作状语 The idea “happiness”,to be sure,will not sit still for easy definition.‎ 幸福的概念,可以肯定地说,并非一成不变,因此很难定义。‎ Generally speaking,the family,not the school,plays the primary role in educating children for life.一般来讲,在孩子的终生教育中起着主要作用的是家庭而不是学校。‎ Considering your health,you’d better have a rest.‎ 考虑到你的健康,你最好休息一下。‎ 有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有:‎ generally speaking 一般来说 frankly speaking 坦白地说 judging from/by 根据……来判断 considering .../taking ...into consideration 考虑到……‎ to tell you the truth说实话 seeing鉴于/由于……‎ supposing假设,如果 assuming假使 given考虑到,鉴于 provided(that ...)如果 考点二 非谓语动词作宾语 She pretended not to see me when I passed by.‎ 当我经过时,她假装没看见我。‎ Parents should pay attention to the cases where their children have difficulty(in) adapting to new surroundings.‎ 当孩子们对新环境不适应时,父母们应多加关注。‎ What a poor memory!I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.多么差的记忆力!昨天我忘了向他借过钱,但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。‎ They could not afford to spoil those maps by careless colouring.若是上色的时候不小心弄坏了那些地图,他们可承担不起。‎ ‎(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:‎ 决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。‎ 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。‎ decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。‎ 此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。‎ ‎(2)下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:‎ 考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。‎ 避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。‎ 禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。‎ consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can’t help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape。‎ ‎(3)be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,can’t stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,thank ...for,apologize for,be busy(in),have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。‎ 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意:‎ forget regret try go on remember mean 考点三 非谓语动词作宾补 I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.‎ 我抬头看,注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上,捕捉它的早餐。‎ To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.‎ 为了学好英语,我们应该尽可能多地听英语。‎ Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.‎ 让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。‎ The manager put up a notice to keep the staff informed of what to do next week.‎ 经理张贴了一张告示通知职员们下个星期做什么。‎ He had the light burning all night,which made his parents very angry.他让灯亮了一整晚,这使他父母很生气。‎ Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.亚历山大试图使他的工作在医学界被认可。‎ ‎(1)感官动词(词组)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel的宾语补足语有四种形式,以see为例:‎ ‎(2)使役动词make,let,have,get后加复合宾语的情况:‎ 注意:have还可用于have sth.to do/to be done结构,该结构中have作“有”讲,不定式作定语。 I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.‎ 这个学期结束前,我有很多阅读要完成。‎  考点四 非谓语动词作定语 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home,there was a pile of mails waiting for her.‎ 劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候,有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。‎ Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.‎ 建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。‎ His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。‎ ‎(1)现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系,表示该动作的主动和进行。‎ ‎(2)过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动和完成。‎ ‎[点津] 表示心理状态的动词ing形式,意为“令人……的”;动词ed形式,意为“(人)感到……的”,也可修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词。‎ ‎(3)不定式作定语表示未做的事情。‎ ‎(1)不定式、动名词都可作主语,但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作,可以是多次的、经常的行为;不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作。‎ ‎(2)下列句型中常用动名词作主语:‎ It is/was++doing sth.‎ ‎(3)动名词作表语时,说明主语的性质或特征;不定式作表语时,说明主语尚未发生的动作,或表示将来的动作。‎ The queen’s work is laying eggs.‎ 蚁后的工作就是产卵。‎ His ambition is to go to Harvard University.‎ 他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。‎ 考点五 with复合结构 With so many people looking at him,he felt very nervous.‎ 那么多人看着他,他感到很紧张。‎ With the problem solved,the quality has been improved.‎ 问题解决了,质量也提高了。‎ With so much work to do,I can’t go swimming with you.‎ 有那么多工作要做,我不能和你一起去游泳。‎ with复合结构常用形式 with
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