专题10+世界与环境（模拟训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题10+世界与环境（模拟训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题10 世界与环境 模拟训练 Passage 1（2018届安徽省淮南市第二中学、宿城第一中学高三第四次考试 ）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 说明文 ‎ 家庭废水转化为电能 ‎★★★★☆‎ ‎7分钟 A city in Denmark is about to become the first in the world to provide most of its citizens with fresh water using only the energy created from household wastewater.‎ The Marselisborg Wastewater Treatment Plant in Aarhus has undergone improvements that mean it can now produce more than 150 percent of the electricity needed to run the plant, which means the surplus can be used to pump drinking water around the city. As well as regularly powering the entire water system of 200,000 people living in the inner city area, any unwanted electricity could be sold into the local grid (电网).‎ The plant produces energy from the biogas (生物气) it creates out of household wastewater. Carbon is removed from the wastewater and pumped into digesters (沼气池) kept at 38℃ filled with bacteria. These produce biogas—mostly methane (甲烷) —that is then burned to make heat and electricity.‎ Upgrading the facilities in Marselisborg required nearly €3 million, but Aarhus Water expects that to be recovered in just five years. Other cities in Denmark, including Copenhagen, have been trying to copy the example of Aarhus.‎ When talking about copying Denmark’s experience, Molly Walton, energy analyst at International Energy Agency, says, scientists and engineers have a long way to go to improve energy efficiency, and it requires a big investment that could considerably increase the price of the water. Moreover, to work, the wastewater plant needs to be big enough to produce enough biogas, and even the wastewater has to be the right mix—if it’s diluted (稀释) by much storm or groundwater it will be almost impossible to recover energy, Walton says.‎ With rising global temperatures, more energy will be needed to provide fresh water from other sources such as seawater. The city’s action may not solve the problems, but it is a big step in the right direction.‎ ‎1.What does the underlined part “the surplus” refer to?‎ A. The electricity needed to run the plant.‎ B. The electricity that is more than needed.‎ C. The amount of electricity used by citizens.‎ D. The extra electricity used to treat wastewater.‎ ‎2.How does the plant produce biogas?‎ A. It uses the reactions between carbon and bacteria.‎ B. It allows bacteria to produce biogas out of methane C. It uses electricity to remove biogas from wastewater.‎ D. It produces biogas by mixing wastewater with methane.‎ ‎3.What does Walton think of the plant’s new technology?‎ A. It is difficult to apply in practice.‎ B. It achieves high energy efficiency.‎ C. It can make good use of storm water.‎ D. It lowers the costs of water treatment.‎ ‎4.Which can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Why does the water service need more energy?‎ B. Should cities copy the example of Aarhus?‎ C. How Aarhus turns wastewater into energy D. How wastewater treatment plants work ‎【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了丹麦的城市奥胡斯正尝试一种把家庭废水转化为电能的技术及其工作原理。‎ ‎1.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线部分前的“it can now produce more than 150 percent of the electricity needed to run the plant,”可知，它将产生超过百分之一百五十的电量来运行电站，这意味着有更多的电将用于抽取城市饮用水，故可知画线部分指的是比实际需要更多的电量。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“...if it’s diluted (稀释) by much storm or groundwater it will be almost impossible to recover energy, ”可知，Walton认为这种新技术很难应用到实际中。‎ ‎4.C 【解析】标题归纳题。根据文章内容，特别是第一段和第二段首句可知，本文主要介绍了丹麦的城市奥胡斯正尝试一种把家庭废水转化为电能的技术及其工作原理。‎ Passage2（2018届江苏省泰州中学高三上学期期中考试）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 说明文 生态建筑 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎6分钟 Pollution’s disastrous effects on the environment have become more obvious in recent years, leading to a movement to promote energy efficiency (效率), less reliance on fossil (化石的) fuels and a reduction in air and water pollution. Most scientists agree that such changes are necessary to protect our environment from further harm.‎ The construction industry consumes a large quantity of energy and resources and creates a huge amount of pollution. In the United States, building and development account for 39 percent ‎ of the country’s total energy use, 12 percent of total water consumption, 68 percent of total electricity consumption and 38 percent of carbon dioxide emissions (排放), according to the Environment Protection Agency.‎ Green buildings use less energy, water, create less waste and are healthier to live, work and go to school in than standard buildings. Builders of green buildings use techniques that use resources more efficiently during the entire building cycle — construction, restoration, operation, maintenance (维护) and demolition (拆毁) — than those who construct more regular buildings.‎ The environmental benefits of building green include the protection of ecosystems and biodiversity, improved air and water quality, less waste flowing into streams and the conservation of natural resources. Green buildings can also result in lower operating costs because they typically use less energy and fewer materials and improve indoor air quality, improving the health of people who live there.‎ The process of building green includes technical and artistic planning with nature conservation in mind. Building designs often reflect the surrounding environment and natural resources and use renewable building materials such as bamboo and straw. In addition, recycled resources found locally are used for green buildings, reducing the cost and air pollution associated with transporting materials long distances.‎ Careful site selection is important to minimize (最小化) human impact on the surrounding environment. For example, placing a structure in an area that allows it to take advantage of cool breezes (微风) and sunlight can reduce energy use and expenses. More energy and expense are needed for larger buildings as well, so it is important to build small.‎ Green roofs are another feature of green houses that reduce energy use and cost. These roofs are partially or completely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs low, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants.‎ Other features of green buildings often include energy and water conservation, recycling and waste reduction. In addition, renewable energy sources such as solar power, hydropower (水能)‎ ‎ and wind power are used for heat and electricity, which greatly reduces costs and decreases the impact on the environment.‎ ‎1. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. The necessity of promoting energy efficiency.‎ B. The process of building green buildings. ‎ C. The benefits and features of green buildings. ‎ D. Green buildings’ effects on the environment. ‎ ‎2. According to the text, green buildings refer to the buildings that________ .‎ A. produce no waste B. only use clean energy C. are made of recycled materials D. use energy and resources more efficiently ‎3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about green buildings?‎ A. They rely on fossil fuels and solar power for heat and electricity.‎ B. Small buildings are less efficient in energy use than larger ones.‎ C. The ecosystem has to be considered when building a green building.‎ D. They are difficult to maintain and thus need more operating costs.‎ ‎4. Green roofs are used because________.‎ A. they fit the surrounding environment well B. they are cheaper than other kinds of roofs C. they can keep natural water for use in everyday life D. they can help to control the temperature in the building well ‎【话题解读】污染对环境带来的灾难性影响是很明显的，提高能源利用率，减少对化石燃料的依赖，降低空气和水污染成为必须的。本文介绍了一种能耗少，废物少，更加环保的生态建筑。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，前两段讲述了环境污染愈来愈严重，保护环境免受进一步的破坏成为必需，从而引出下文对生态建筑的介绍。文章的后五段具体详细地介绍了生态建筑的益处和特色。故选C。‎ ‎3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段首句The process of building green includes technical and artistic planning with nature conservation in mind.可知，建立生态建筑必须考虑生态系统。故选C。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】逻辑推理题。根据倒数第二段的句子These roofs are partially or completely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs low, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants.可知，生态屋顶被植物覆盖，有助于隔热和御寒，阻止雨水和处理污染物。因推断生态屋顶有助于很好地控制室内的温度。故选D。‎ Passage 3（2018届河南省许昌平顶山高三联考试题 ）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 说明文 四种濒危的野生动物 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎6分钟 Four Wild Animal Species Were Endangered Maybe you can still see them at the zoo. But that doesn’t mean they’re doing alright in the wild.‎ Tigers All six tiger species are endangered, with Suatran tigers and South China tigers at a seriously ‎ endangered status. The main reasons for their population decline are illegal hunting and destroyed habitats, as humans clear forests to gather timber and build roadways. Only about 3890 tigers presently live in the wild.‎ Ground squirrels That’s right, even squirrels are endangered, specifically the San Joaquin ground squirrel. Native to California, USA, these guys have been disappearing since 1979 on account of the construction and human developments going through their habitat. Their total population is unknown, but it could be anywhere between 124000 and 4130000.‎ Giraffes The International Union for the Conservation of Nature recently put giraffes at a vulnerable status, the level just before endangered. The giraffe population has declined 40 percent in the last 30 years, primarily due to loss of habitat and illegal hunting. Some giraffes are killed just for their tails, which are considered status symbols in Africa.‎ Asian elephants The main threat to Asian elephants, one of the most intelligent animals, is their shrinking habitat. As the human population grows, people invade their land to build roads and railway tracks. Elephants in Myanmar are at an especially high risk for being captured and traded or used illegally in the tourist industry. Fewer than 50000 are left on the entire continent.‎ ‎1. Why is the population of tigers becoming smaller?‎ A. People hunt illegally and destroy their living spots.‎ B. It is difficult for tigers to fit in with their environment.‎ C. The forests are not suitable for their living.‎ D. The tigers are a threat to the residents nearby.‎ ‎2. What’s the main reason why some animals are in danger according to the passage?‎ A. Climate changes. B. Human activities.‎ C. Lack of food. D. Serious pollution.‎ ‎3. The tails of ________ are regarded as status symbols in Africa.‎ A. tigers’ B. ground squirrels’‎ C. giraffes’ D. Asian elephants’‎ ‎4. What can we infer from the passage?‎ A. The giraffe population has increased greatly in the last 30 years.‎ B. The number of squirrels is between 124000 and 4130000.‎ C. Elephants in Myanmar are completely caught and even killed.‎ D. The present situation of endangered animals is worrying.‎ ‎ 【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四种濒危的野生动物：老虎，地鼠，长颈鹿和亚洲象。‎ ‎2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“The main reasons for their population decline are illegal hunting and destroyed habitats, as humans clear forests to gather timber and build roadways.”；第三段的句子“Native to California, USA, these guys have been disappearing since 1979 on account of the construction and human developments going through their habitat.”；第四段的句子“Some giraffes are killed just for their tails, which are considered status symbols in Africa.”；第五段的句子“As the human population grows, people invade their land to build roads and railway tracks.”可知，一些动物处于危险中的主要原因是人类活动。故选B。‎ ‎3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段的句子“Some giraffes are killed just for their tails, which are considered status symbols in Africa.”可知，长颈鹿的尾巴在非洲被认为是社会地位的象征。故选C。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了四种濒临灭绝的动物，并分析了它们数量减少的原因，它们的野外生活状况不容乐观，因此推断濒危动物的现状是令人担忧的。故选D。‎ Passage 4（2018届山西省山大附中等晋豫名校高三第四次调研诊断考试）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 说明文 稀土元素问题 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎7分钟 You may have never heard of Lanthanum, Cerium or Neodymium, but these elements (元素) and others known as “rare earth” play a major role in modern technology. They can actually be found in many places on the earth, but not in quantities that can be mined. Only a few countries — China, America, India, Australia, Brazil and Malaysia have any that can be mined enough to be traded.‎ Even though some of these elements such as Cerium are as abundant as Copper, they are not found in concentrated amounts on the earth’s surface. They are often mixed together with other metals, which makes extraction (提取) of these elements an expensive and an environmentally messy process. It was due to this reason that the term “rare earth” was invented.‎ Rare earth metals are used widely in our life. Rechargeable car batteries, computers, iPhones, DVD players, computer monitors, televisions, lighting, lasers, glass polishing, and superconductors all use quantities of rare earth metals. Also, with the advancement in “green” technology like solar panels, these shiny materials are becoming more important than ever. An average electric car uses 10 pounds of Lanthanum for its rechargeable battery!‎ America has large deposits (存储量) of rare earths and has one of the first mines. It was openedin Southern California in 1940. The element “Europium” was the first metal to be separated in quantity for use in color televisions. However, in the 1980’s and 1990’s, as China started producing these elements in Inner Mongolia, the mines in America and elsewhere could not keep pace. The mine in Mountain Pass, California also failed environmental regulations and shut down in 2002.‎ Now, recognizing the importance of having more than one supplier of this important resource,‎ ‎ other rare earth owning countries like India and Australia are either dusting off their rare earth mines or speeding up their production. It is believed that the debate over rare earths will become louder in the coming months and years.‎ ‎1. What can we learn about rare earths?‎ A. They are actually as abundant as Copper.‎ B. They can be mined easily as other metals.‎ C. They can only be found in a few countries.‎ D. They are not really as rare as they are named.‎ ‎2. Compared with China, America_______.‎ A. paid more attention to Europium B. has larger deposits of rare earths C. started producing rare earths earlier D. has more rare earth mines ‎3. It can be inferred from the text that rare earths_______.‎ A. are now in great demand B. can now be used in few fields C. are harmful to the environment D. will soon be replaced by other metals ‎【文章大意】文章主要讲述Lanthanum和Cerium以及Neodymium等这些稀土元素越来越多地被应用到现实生活中，所以开采也变得越来越重要。但是，因为环境法规很多矿被关闭，这引起了人们对这一问题的争论。‎ ‎2.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段的第一句“America has large deposits (存储量) of rare earths and has one of the first mines.”可知，美国是第一个开采稀土矿的，比中国要早。故选C。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的第三段可知，稀土被广泛地应用于人们的生活中，尤其随着绿色科技的迅速发展，这些稀土变得越来越重要，这可以推断出，稀土的需求量越来越大。故选A。‎ Passage 5（ 2017年高考名师原创预测卷）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 说明文 ‎ 海洋生态环境 ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎7分钟 For many creatures, the ocean is a terrifying place. Several marine animals have declined as a result of overfishing and pollution. But cephalopods(头足动物) — a type of invertebrate(无脊椎动物) that includes octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid, have seen a dramatic increase in their numbers over the past 60 years.‎ Zoe Doubleday, a scientist at the University of Adelaide, in Australia, conducted a study of cephalopods recently. She points out that their population rise is due to the animals’ unique traits.‎ The creatures can change their color and body shape. They are fast-growing and live for only one or two years. "This allows them to adapt to changing environmental conditions more quickly than other marine species," Doubleday says.‎ ‎"Rising sea temperatures may be speeding up the animals’ life cycle. They may be growing faster and producing more young. "‎ Cephalopods live in all of the world’s oceans. They can be found in waters from the freezing polar regions to the warm tropic regions. Because they adapt so easily to their environment, the ‎ animals are called "the weed of the sea" .‎ Will octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid take over the world one day? Some people may wonder. According to Doubleday, that is unlikely. The rise in cephalopod populations could slow down if the animals run out of prey(被捕食的动物) and start feeding on one another. Overfishing could also have an impact on their numbers.‎ For now, the cephalopod population boom is good news for them and some other sea creatures. "Increases in cephalopod populations could benefit predators(捕食性动物) such as marine mammals and seabirds, which rely on cephalopods for food," Doubleday says.‎ ‎1. What has caused the number of some marine animals to reduce?‎ A. Ship transportation. B. Global oil production.‎ C. Rising sea temperatures. D. Overfishing and pollution.‎ ‎2. The underlined word "traits" in Paragraph 2 probably means "________".‎ A. habits B. features ‎ C. hobbies D. looks ‎3. According to Doubleday, cephalopods ________.‎ A. have a very long life cycle B. change their shapes with season C. prefer to live in the warm waters D. adapt to the environment quickly ‎4. Which would be the best title of the text?‎ A. Cephalopods B. Weed of the Sea C. Who will take over the world? D. The problems faced by marine animals ‎【话题解读】这是一篇有关海洋生态环境的说明文。目前，由于过度捕捞及海洋环境污染，很多海洋生物数量锐减，但是头足动物的数量却是不断增加。这些动物会不会将来统治海洋，甚至全世界呢?让我们拭目以待。‎ ‎1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话"Several marine animals have declined as a result of overfishing and pollution"可知，一些海洋生物的减少是由于过度捕捞和海洋环境污染。故选D。‎ ‎3.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第三句中的"This allows them to adapt to changing environmental conditions more quickly than other marine species" 可知，cephalopods可以快速适应环境，故选D。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】标题归纳题。结合上下文可知，本文主要讲的是目前海洋生物所面临的问题，因此最佳标题为D。‎