【英语】2018届二轮复习短文语法填空实词和虚词两类解题策略(8页word版)

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【英语】2018届二轮复习短文语法填空实词和虚词两类解题策略(8页word版)

‎2018届二轮复习 短文语法填空 实词和虚词两类解题策略 ‎[考情精分析]‎ 近3年全国卷七套试题的语法填空部分充分体现了“实词考查为主,虚词考查为辅”的命题原则。命题形式分为有提示词和无提示词两种。‎ ‎1.有提示词 有提示词的语法填空考查了动词的时态、语态、主谓一致;非谓语动词;形容词和副词的比较等级;名词的数;代词的格;特殊句式以及词性转换。‎ ‎(1)动词的考查是语法填空的重点,包括谓语动词和非谓语动词。近3年的七套试题对动词的考查比较稳定,基本是每套3-5题,涉及的范围比较广,几乎涵盖了除虚拟语气之外所有动词的用法。预计将来对动词的考查将一如既往地稳定,虚拟语气也应引起大家的注意。‎ ‎(2)名词、代词的考查每年都会涉及。名词主要考查单复数的变化,代词主要考查人称代词主格、宾格和形容词性物主代词的变化。在此提醒大家关注一下反身代词的考查。‎ ‎(3)形容词、副词的比较等级偶有考查,近3年的七套试题中出现了两次,都是考查的比较级。但最高级也应成为大家关注的对象。‎ ‎(4)词性转换的考查相对稳定,平均每套题两个左右,形容词变副词是考查的重点,另外,动词变为名词,名词与形容词的互变等都应在备考中多注意。‎ ‎2.无提示词 无提示词的语法填空考查了冠词、介词、代词、并列连词、从句引导词、助动词以及语境填词。‎ ‎(1)冠词、介词主要考查基本用法及固定搭配;并列连词主要看前后的逻辑关系;助动词主要是疑问句或否定句;语境填词包括按固定搭配或逻辑关系选择合适的词。‎ ‎(2)从句引导词指的是三大从句的引导词,包括定语从句的关系代词和关系副词;名词性从句的连接词、连接代词和连接副词;状语从句的连词。但是考查的比较简单,只要搞清从句的基本用法大体都能做对。‎ ‎(3)另外,there be句型与强调句型也应在备考中多关注。‎ 解题步骤分类解说 一、有提示词类 ‎1.括号内提供的是动词 ‎[例1] In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It ________ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.‎ ‎[分析] was 根据时间状语“In 1969”可知,本段叙述的是过去发生的事情且空处在句中作谓语。‎ ‎[例2] It took years of work ________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.‎ ‎[分析] to reduce 分析句子结构可知,句子的谓语为took,空处需要考虑非谓语动词的形式。结合句型It takes sb.some time to do ‎ sth.“做某事花了某人多长时间”可知,空处应填to reduce。‎ ‎2.括号内提供的是形容词或副词 ‎[例1] The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.‎ ‎[分析] officially 空处修饰动词,所以应用副词形式。‎ ‎[例2] Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ______ (clean) than ever.‎ ‎[分析]  cleaner 句意:最后人们的努力得到了回报,现在这条河比以前更干净了。空格后面有than,说明空格上应该使用比较级的形式。‎ ‎[例3] At last, her courage and ________ (wise) impressed both the CEO and Princeton University.‎ ‎[分析]  wisdom 括号内提供的是形容词,但此空与前面的名词courage是并列成分,一起充当主语,所以要使用名词形式wisdom。‎ ‎3.括号内提供的是名词 ‎[例1] (2014·全国卷Ⅰ)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the ________ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.‎ ‎[分析] changes 本句中谓语部分是系动词are,说明主语应该是一个复数形式的名词,所以使用changes。‎ ‎[例2] (2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Just be ________ (patience).‎ ‎[分析] patient 空格前面有系动词be,说明本句是一个祈使句,空处应填形容词作表语,be patient“耐心一点”。‎ 二、无提示词类 纯空格语法填空题主要是填冠词、介词、代词、连接词(含从属连词和并列连词)等虚词。‎ 另外可根据句子中所填词语的位置,判断所填词语的词性。定冠词以及不定冠词的位置通常在名词之前,起到对名词进行限制的作用。而代词分成形容词性以及名词性代词、指示或者不定代词等。在使用介词的时候,往往考查固定搭配,其中包括动词、形容词等与介词的搭配。‎ ‎1.填介词 名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面一定是填介词。介词可位于名词之前,如at night, on Sunday 等;也可位于形容词之后,如be interested in, be good at 等;还可位于不及物动词之后,如listen to, arrive at, look for 等。‎ ‎[示例] I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.‎ ‎[分析] to 固定搭配next to“在……旁边”。指“我”的位置就在窗户的旁边。‎ ‎2.填连词 若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间,或者两个单词以及短语中间,没有句号或分号,也没有连词,那空格处必定是填连接词,否则,句子结构就不完整。‎ 连词有两类,一种是并列连词,一种是从属连词。我们可以根据句子的类型判断所要填的词类。主要有以下几种句型:‎ ‎(1)并列句:并列句一般由“简单句+并列连词+简单句”构成,有时并列连词前有逗号,可以根据上下句的内在联系判断连词,如同等关系(and)、转折关系(but)、选择关系(or)、因果关系(so)等。‎ ‎[示例] There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ________ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed when the bus finally came, we all hurried on board.‎ ‎[分析] and 根据语境在公交车站有很多人都在等车,一些人看上去很焦急也很失望可知,上下文之间是顺接关系,故使用and连接上下文。‎ ‎(2)状语从句:当确定为状语从句后,就要通过语境理解,判断上下文的逻辑关系是时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的或其他,最后确定从属连词。‎ ‎[示例] ________ I’ve a bit of headache, it’s nothing much.‎ ‎[分析] Though/Although 根据句子结构可知,空处引导状语从句;再由上下句语境可知,此处引导让步状语从句。‎ ‎(3)名词性从句:当确定为名词性从句后,可以分析从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语,如果缺以上成分,一般情况下要使用what,有时可能使用who/whom或which;如果不缺以上成分,则考虑句子意思是否完整,完整的句子可以使用that,意思不完整的则考虑if/whether, where, why, how, because等。 ‎ ‎[示例] I was in the train sitting opposite a middleaged couple.‎ ‎ They were ordinary in every respect, but ________ they did touch me deeply.‎ ‎[分析] what 从句中缺少表示物的主语,所以使用what。‎ ‎(4)定语从句:当确定为定语从句后,首先要看看先行词指人、物、时间、地点,还是其他,然后判断引导词在从句中的成分,再根据定语从句的有关规则确定使用哪个引导词。‎ ‎[示例] (2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you leave a habit ________ is driving your family crazy.‎ ‎[分析] that/which 本句先行词是a habit,定语从句中使用关系代词that/which 指代先行词,在句中作主语。‎ ‎3.填冠词 名词前面若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词等),很可能是填限定词。‎ ‎[示例] Now, years later, this river is one of ________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.‎ ‎[分析] the 本句空格后面的most是最高级形式,所以most前面要加the。‎ ‎4.根据固定搭配、典型句型确定动词、名词、介词等 固定搭配的短语及习惯用法是属于比较简单的考点,只要平时注意积累基本上就能答对。‎ 语篇训练 What defines a healthy city? Is it a place with a lot of open spaces __1__ people can exercise and enjoy the fresh air? A place with little or no pollution? A place in which people can __2__ (free) socialize and express their ideas? Perhaps, it’s all that plus more. Other considerations are the availability of health and fitness facilities, an excellent healthcare ‎ program and sincere efforts by __3__ local government to actively promote health and wellness among its citizens. Of all the cities in the world, one of the top six __4__ (healthy) cities is Copenhagen, Denmark.‎ Copenhageners love to walk. Foot traffic accounts __5__ 80% of all traffic in the Copenhagen city center. Those who prefer can also bike. It is estimated that more than a third of all work trips in Copenhagen __6__ (carry) out on a bike. As for the climate here, the city does not have the blessing of pleasant weather all year round. __7__ everything starts to freeze, it turns several city squares into huge skating fields. The frozen parts of the city also make __8__ easier for residents to skate around. The city also has museums and art galleries for the kids and __9__ (grownup). It has the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Art and the Royal Library housed in a rather grand building __10__ (call) the Black Diamond.‎ 语篇解读:本文是一篇说明文,讲述了世界上最健康的六大城市之一——哥本哈根。‎ ‎1.where 分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为open spaces,关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。‎ ‎2.freely 修饰动词短语“socialize and express their ideas”,应用副词freely。‎ ‎3.the 根据语境可知,此处表特指。‎ ‎4.healthiest 此处表示“最健康的六大城市之一”,应用形容词最高级。‎ ‎5. for 步行占交通总量的80%。account for“占(一定数量或比例)”,是固定短语。‎ ‎6.are carried work trips与carry out存在动宾关系,空处应用被动语态;根据文章的整体时态可知,空处应用一般现在时;由“a third of all work trips”可知,空处应填are carried。‎ ‎7.When/As 当开始上冻的时候,一些城市广场就变成了巨大的溜冰场。when/as“当……时候”,引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎8.it 本处it为形式宾语,真正的宾语是to skate around。‎ ‎9.grownups 本处and连接两个并列的名词。由kids可知应填grownups。‎ ‎10.called call与被修饰的名词building之间为动宾关系,应用过去分词作定语。‎
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