【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题名词考点学案（6页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题名词考点学案（6页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习二轮复习 名词考点学案 ‎——典题尝试(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ) She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.‎ ‎3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.‎ ‎ ——规则点拨 ‎1．物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别。‎ fishes各种鱼　　fruits各种水果　　steels各种钢材 ‎2．物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。‎ a cup of tea一杯茶 two pairs of trousers两条裤子 four pieces of bread四片面包 ‎3．有些名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。‎ work(工作)→works(著作)‎ arm(手臂)→arms(军火)‎ glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜)‎ cloth(布)→clothes(衣服)‎ ‎4．有些名词既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词，但是意义不同。‎ room空间→a room一间房 glass玻璃→a glass一个玻璃杯子 ‎ chicken鸡肉→a chicken一只小鸡 paper纸→a paper一张报纸 ‎5．有些名词形似单数，但实为复数，如police, people。‎ ‎6．有些名词单复数同形。‎ 如means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂), cattle。‎ ‎7．有些名词若被看作整体就用作单数，若被看作组成该集体的各个成员就用作复数。‎ class, family, couple, audience, government, public。‎ ‎8．有些名词经常以复数形式出现。‎ glasses眼镜　　　　　　　clothes衣服 goods货物 trousers裤子 ashes灰尘 surroundings环境 belongings所有物 congratulations祝贺 have words with sb.同某人吵架 ‎9．合成名词的复数。‎ gobetween→gobetweens(中间人)，‎ grownup→grownups, passerby→passersby。‎ ‎[注意事项]　以s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词复数形式一般加es。watch—watches(此时ch的发音是/tʃ/)，而stomach—stomachs (此时ch的发音是/k/)例外。‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句改错)‎ ‎1. (2018·山东临沂一模)In China, I always spend the Spring Festival with Chinese family, eating dumplings, laughing and joking.family→families_‎ ‎2．(2018·江西省高三第二次联考) As we returned home, I gathered some item. item→items ‎3．(2018·山西重点中学协作体一模) What's more, we should improve our method of study and make good preparations for exams.method→methods_‎ ‎4．(2018·山西晋商四校联考)Li Lin is a senior three students who devotes himself to his study every day. students→student ‎5．(2018·安徽示范性高中联考)First, we should adopt a positive attitudes towards failure.attitudes→attitude 名词的固定搭配 ‎ ——典题尝试(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2018·河北石家庄二中一模) I would appreciate it if you could take me into consideration (consider)．‎ ‎ 2.(2018·东北三省四市联考) He said he painted for pleasure (please)．‎ ‎ ——规则点拨 ‎1．名词与介词搭配 ‎ above average　　　　超过平均水平 at present 目前 at risk 冒险 beyond compare 无与伦比 beyond belief 难以置信 by no means 决不；一点也不 for sale 供出售 for an instant 一瞬间 in ruins 毁坏；破败不堪 in advance 提前 in public 公开 in conclusion 总之 on purpose 故意地 on the whole 总的来说 on the contrary 相反 under repair 在修理中 under consideration 在考虑中 under discussion 在讨论中 under construction 在建设中 ‎2．名词与动词搭配 ‎ catch sight of瞥见　　　　find fault with挑……的错 make use of利用 keep pace with与……同步 make a fool of愚弄 make fun of取笑 pay attention to注意 put an end to结束……‎ take notice of注意到 take part in参加 ‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句语法填空)‎ ‎1．(2018·福建龙岩质检)They think that taking notes with cellphones instead of by hand (hands) can save time.‎ ‎2. (2018·齐齐哈尔市“五校联盟”联考)In addition (add), the feet do not smell as much because they stay dry, making it hard for bacteria to grow.‎ ‎3．Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children's reach (reachable)．‎ 抽象名词具体化 ‎ ——规则点拨 ‎1．抽象名词通常是不可数名词，但是具体到某人或某物身上时可以加不定冠词。‎ experience经验(不可数名词)→an experience一次经历(可数名词)‎ surprise惊奇(不可数名词)→a surprise令人吃惊的人或事(可数名词)‎ pleasure愉快(不可数名词)→a pleasure一件乐事；一个乐趣(可数名词)‎ honor荣誉(不可数名词)→an honor一个(件)光荣的人或事(可数名词)‎ success成功(不可数名词)→a success一个(件)成功的人或事(可数名词)‎ comfort安慰(不可数名词)→a comfort一个(件)令人安慰的人或事(可数名词) ‎ ‎2．物质名词通常是不可数名词，但是可以量化。‎ coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡 smoke烟→a smoke一支烟，two smokes两支烟 drink饮料→a drink一杯饮料，five drinks五杯饮料 ‎3．物质名词有前置、后置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。‎ ‎ ——对点演练(单句改错)‎ ‎1．(2018·河北唐山调研)Hearing of Al's death, I thought，“what a complete fail！”_fail→failure ‎2．—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.‎ ‎—Yes, news came as shock to me.shock前加a ‎ ‎3．Though we are now out of danger, the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a ‎4．Everyone agreed the picnic was great success.was后加a ‎5．Your advice was great help to me.great前加a ‎1．给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数 ‎①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________ (attract). ‎ 解析：attraction　形容词top修饰空格处的名词，attract的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物”。‎ ‎②(2016·6月浙江高考改编)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our ________ (different) unite, rather than divide us.‎ 解析：differences　由空格前的our可知此处应用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎2．给名词形式提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数 ‎ ‎①(2017·6月浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.‎ 解析：carrots　根据空格前的“a handful of”以及空格后的“them”可知，此处表示一把小胡萝卜，所以应用carrot的复数形式。‎ ‎②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister ‎ so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ 解析：days　“every few＋复数名词”意思是“每隔……”。every few days “每隔几天”。‎ ‎3．考查名词的固定搭配 ‎①(2015·江苏高考改编)Some schools will have to make ________ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform. ‎ 解析：adjustments　make adjustments“做出调整”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎②(2014·天津高考改编)My parents always attach great ________ (important) to my getting a good education. ‎ 解析：importance　attach great importance to“认为……非常重要”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎1．可数名词单复数的错用 示例①‎ ‎(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. 答案：parent→parents 点拨 有些名词常以复数形式出现，例如shoulders, trousers, parents等。‎ 示例②‎ ‎(2015·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.答案：friend→friends 点拨 可数名词前有大于1的数(量)词、some或one of ...等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式。‎ ‎2．混淆名词的可数与不可数 示例①‎ ‎(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.答案：informations→information 点拨 误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。‎ 示例②‎ ‎(2014·辽宁高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.答案：time→times 点拨 有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”时为可数名词，表示“时间”时为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词。‎ ‎3．词性错用，如误把动词、形容词等当作名词 ‎ 示例 ‎(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing ‎ pop music, and collecting the latest music albums. 答案：difference→different 点拨 名词前应用形容词作定语。‎ ‎[增分技法]‎ ‎1．利用“抽象名词具体化”轻松写句子 ‎①昨天夜里下了一场大雨。‎ There was a heavy rain last night. ‎ ‎②我希望你过得愉快。‎ I hope you'll have a good time. ‎ ‎2．巧妙表达名词的量 ‎①那辆汽车以每小时60英里的速度行驶。‎ The car runs at a speed of sixty miles an hour. ‎ ‎②中国是一个有13.8亿多人口的国家。‎ China is a country with a population of over 1.38 billion people. ‎ ‎[巧用增分]‎ ‎①被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)‎ I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party. ‎ ‎②结果试验成功了。(turn out, success)‎ It_turned_out_that_the_experiment_was_a_success. ‎ ‎③作为一名作家他是失败的。(failure)‎ As_a_writer,_he_was_a_failure. ‎ ‎④这个城市人口超过200万，是这个国家的第二大城市。(a population)‎ With_a_population_of_over_2_million,_the_city_is_the_second_largest_in_the_country. ‎ ‎⑤建于20世纪50年代末，我们学校有将近70年历史。(a history)‎ Set_up_in_the_late_1950s,_our_school_has_a_history_of_nearly_70_years. ‎