【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解之细节理解题学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解之细节理解题学案

细节理解题——直接细节题 ‎(建议用时：25分钟)‎ A ‎(2019·温州适应性测试)Born in the State of New York on May 14th, 1984, Mark Zuckerberg was an instant success. In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the class, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise. It earned him admission to Harvard‎ ‎University.‎ As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university—an instantly controversial website that encouraged students to rate each other based on appearance.‎ The site was controversial for several reasons. The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with. The second was its controversial nature—not every student likes being ranked based on their appearance. The third was its huge resource use—while it was hosted on Harvard servers, it was the most popular page in the university’s entire network.‎ Zuckerberg was soon forced to shut the site down, but its popularity and controversy had made him consider its future potential. He soon turned the simple site into a personal one for Harvard students, encouraging them to network with their peers at the college. It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.‎ The company has been criticized frequently, nevertheless, Zuckerberg has remained true to his initial vision—to create a website that the entire world can use to communicate openly and easily with one another and to keep the user experience clean and pure. The end result is one of the world’s biggest online businesses.‎ Although its true value is debatable, it’s safe to say that Facebook, and its creator Mark Zuckerberg, are two of the twentyfirst century’s most influential, controversial, and potentially powerful figures.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Facebook网站的创始人Zuckerberg创建网站的过程以及他努力克服所遇困难的故事。‎ ‎1．What can we know about Mark Zuckerberg when he was a student?‎ A．He was often praised by teachers for the website he created.‎ B．He had good academic performance.‎ C．He alone created a website called Facebook.‎ D．He encouraged students to set up business like him.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the class, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise.”可知，Mark Zuckerberg在学生时期就有良好的学业表现。故B项正确。‎ ‎2.Why did Zuckerberg shut the site down?‎ A．Because his website was not popular.‎ B．Because he was doubted for the way he used photographs.‎ C．Because he needed time to reconsider his choice.‎ D．Because he stole resource on Harvard server.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with.”可知，他关闭该网站的第一个因素就是照片的非法使用。故B项正确。‎ ‎3．Which words can best describe Zuckerberg?‎ A．Easygoing and smart.‎ B．Quiet and shy.‎ C．Talented and outgoing.‎ D．Rebellious and creative.‎ D　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university”可知，Zuckerberg是一个叛逆的学生，并且在学生时期就创建了网站。由此可推知，Zuckerberg是叛逆的和有创造性的。故D项正确。‎ ‎4．What is the best title of the passage?‎ A．Mark Zuckerberg and His Facebook B．The Foundation of Facebook C．A Talent from ‎Harvard‎ ‎University D．The Development of Facebook A　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了Zuckerberg在创建网站的过程中遇到的困难以及他努力克服所遇困难的过程，A项适合作本文的标题。故A项正确。‎ ‎[长难句分析]　It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.(第四段第三句)‎ 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。It was...that 构成强调句；which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“The Facebook”；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词a public service。‎ 译文：就在那时，他和两个朋友一起推出了“The Facebook”。Facebook迅速传播到其他大学并发展成为一项公共服务。在美国，任何人都可以使用这一服务，无论是用来与朋友和家人联系，还是玩游戏。‎ B While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions, there’s always the risk that you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain. But the days of having to quickly close your sunroof could soon be a thing of the past thanks to Jaguar Land Rover’s latest technology.‎ The firm is developing cars that can adapt automatically by closing windows and roofs or starting the heater if they detect bad weather is on the way. The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure, humidity(湿度) and light sensors(传感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions and adapt to them. Cars equipped with the system could make slight changes to the air conditioning if it finds the weather is getting warmer during a journey or increase the cabin temperature if it will get colder.‎ The forecast may indicate there is a possibility of one or more weather conditions, such as rain, within a period of time, such as five minutes. The vehicle may then adapt to the local weather conditions. In particular, it may close one or more windows, or close a roof of the vehicle in response to a forecast of rain. Similarly windows could be darkened using electrochromic(电致变色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.‎ Although it’s unclear whether this technology will make its way to a production vehicle anytime soon, such a system would be advantageous on autonomous vehicles. Since there’s no human driver present, the system will allow the vehicle to make it comfortable for its passengers, based on current weather conditions. It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了捷豹路虎最新的技术——天气预报系统。该系统使用了一整套气压、湿度和光线传感器，帮助车辆预测大气状况的变化并加以适应。‎ ‎5．How will Jaguar‎ ‎Land Rover’s latest technology benefit drivers?‎ A．Vehicles can automatically drive themselves.‎ B．Vehicles can find positions and routes themselves.‎ C．Vehicles can act as mobile weather forecasting stations.‎ D．Vehicles can open windows and sunroofs automatically.‎ C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure, humidity(湿度) and light sensors(传感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions and adapt to them.”可知，捷豹路虎的最新技术可以让车辆像可移动的天气预报站一样，帮助车辆预测天气状况的变化并加以适应，从而造福于驾驶员。故选C。‎ ‎6．What is the feature of the glass of a vehicle with the new technology?‎ A．It can help adjust the temperature.‎ B．It can still be clear in rainy days.‎ C．It is too strong to break into pieces.‎ D．Its colour can change with the sunshine.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Similarly windows could be darkened using electrochromic(电致变色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.”可知，采用新技术的汽车玻璃的颜色会随着阳光而改变。故选D。‎ ‎7．What can we know about the weather forecasting system from the text?‎ A．It is intelligent enough to stop raining.‎ B．It makes the driver more comfortable.‎ C．It can’t predict the weather accurately.‎ D．It makes autonomous cars safer in bad weather.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming.”可知，天气预报系统会使无人驾驶汽车在恶劣天气下更安全。故选D。‎ ‎8．Where might the text be taken from?‎ A．A book review.　　　　　　 B．A science report.‎ C．A science fiction. D．A travel brochure.‎ B　解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了捷豹路虎最新的技术，因此本文最可能出自科学报道。故选B。‎ ‎[长难句分析]　While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions, there’s always the risk that you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain.(第一段第一句)‎ 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。while引导让步状语从句；you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain是同位语从句，说明risk的内容。‎ 译文：虽然天气预报员可以做出相当准确的预测，但你还会有在雨中开车时会淋雨的风险。‎ C Who’re happier, men or women? Research shows it’s a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn’t really that helpful, because basically, happiness is different for women and men.‎ Women’s happiness has been declining for the past 30 years, according to recent statistics. And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Gender(性别) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the differences.‎ Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings. Women are more likely to express happiness, warmth and fear, which help with ‎ social bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver, while men display more anger, pride and disrespect, which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.‎ Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially, but also genetically related. Studies have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(镜像神经元) than males when they process feelings. Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people’s view, to understand their actions and intentions. This may explain why women can experience deeper sadness. Women tend to experience more negative feelings, such as more guilt, shame and to a lesser degree, embarrassment.‎ Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings. With the exception of anger, women experience feelings more strongly and share their feelings more openly with others. Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness. This supports the theory that women’s happiness is more dependent on relationships than men’s.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面介绍了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。‎ ‎9．Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?‎ A．Warmth. B．Depression.‎ C．Happiness. D．Disrespect.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表现更多的是生气、骄傲和无礼，故选D。‎ ‎10．What factors cause women to share feelings more openly?‎ A．Psychological factors. B．Biological factors.‎ C．Educational factors. D．Social factors.‎ A　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，本段从心理方面介绍了男性和女性在处理和表达感情方面的不同：与男性相比，女性更加公开地表露自己内心的情感。‎ ‎11．One can probably read the text from________．‎ A．a science fiction B．a culture brochure C．a nursery guide D．a health magazine D　解析：文章出处题。根据本文内容可知，本文主要从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康杂志，故选D项。‎ ‎12．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology.‎ B．Men and women experience happiness differently.‎ C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women.‎ D．Women’s happiness has declined in the past years.‎ B　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异，故B项最符合文意。‎ ‎[长难句分析]　Gender(性别) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the differences.(第二段第三句)‎ 分析：本句是一个由and连接的并列句。that biological，psychological and social factors contribute to the differences为that引导的宾语从句。‎ 译文：抑郁症的性别差异已得到充分证实，而且研究发现，生理、心理和社会因素造成了这些差异。‎ 细节理解题——综合细节题 ‎(建议用时：25分钟)‎ A ‎(2019·浙江金丽衢十二校高三联考)A simple project to help a family in need stopped Luke Mickelson in his tracks. In 2012, he and his family were inspired to build and donate a bunk bed, one bed on top of the other, after learning there were local children who slept on the floor. Shocked to discover how widespread this need was in his community, Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace, a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need.‎ Born and raised in Idaho, Mickelson, now 41, had a thriving career. He coached his kids’ sports teams and fished in the nearby river. But when he met children who were sleeping on the floor, his peaceful life changed course.‎ Using safety guidelines and his daughter’s bunk bed as a model, Mickelson started buying wood and supplies to build beds with his own money. He recruited friends and family members to help around the holidays. As the word spread, interest and involvement from his and other communities flooded—along with Mickelson’s bunk bed output. “That first project, we built 11 bunk beds in my garage，” he said. “The next year, we did 15. Then it doubled every year. In 2017, we built 612 bunk beds.”‎ With the motto “No kid sleeps on the floor in our town”， the nonprofit and its more than 65 branches have built and delivered more than 1，500 free beds to children across America. But along with the rapid growth, Mickelson was faced with a tough choice: advancing his career or his nonprofit. He chose the latter and went from making “great money to zero money”. He’s never looked back. “I found that the need I have isn’t financial，” he said. “The need I have is seeing the joy on kids’ faces, knowing that I can make a difference.”‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。Mickelson为了让自己社区的无床可睡的孩子们能够有床睡觉，成立了一个公益组织“Sleep in Heavenly Peace”。‎ ‎1．Why did Mickelson set up Sleep in Heavenly Peace?‎ A．To help the poor children.‎ B．To make a big fortune.‎ C．To inspire his community.‎ D．To get more donations.‎ A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段，尤其是最后一句中的“Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace, a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need”可知，Mickelson创建这个非营利组织是为了帮助贫困儿童。‎ ‎2．What do we know about Luke Mickelson?‎ A．He had his own fish farm.‎ B．He changed his career from time to time.‎ C．He used to sleep on the floor when he was a kid.‎ D．He originally had a relaxing and pleasant life.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段，尤其是最后一句“But when he met children who were sleeping on the floor, his peaceful life changed course.”可知，Mickelson一开始过着轻松、舒适的生活。‎ ‎3．How did other people react to Mickelson’s project?‎ A．They showed little interest in it.‎ B．They were supportive and involved in it.‎ C．They were doubtful about the safety of the bunk bed.‎ D．They volunteered to buy beds with their own money.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“He recruited friends and family members to help around the holidays. As the word spread, interest and involvement from his and other communities flooded”可知，Mickelson的朋友和其他家庭成员都来帮忙，随着消息的传播，更多人参与进来，由此可知，人们对Mickelson创建的这个组织非常支持，并且积极参与。‎ ‎4．What is Mickelson’s attitude to the nonprofit?‎ A．Ambiguous.　　　　　 B．Defensive.‎ C．Cautious. D．Positive.‎ D　解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段，尤其是“The need I have...make a difference.”可知，Mickelson想要看到孩子们脸上的喜悦，他知道他在做一些有影响的事；由此可推知，他对这个组织持积极的态度。‎ ‎[长难句分析]　Shocked to discover how widespread this need was in his community, Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace, a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need.(第一段最后一句)‎ 分析：本句是一个复合句。句中含有how引导的从句，作discover的宾语；“that builds and delivers beds to children in need”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词“a nonprofit”， that 在从句中充当主语。‎ 译文：Mickelson震惊地发现，这种需求在他的社区如此普遍，于是他创建了Sleep in Heavenly Peace——一个为有需要的儿童建造并运送床的非营利组织。‎ B The American dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, creativity and determination, they can achieve a better life for themselves. More specifically, they agree on how to get ahead in America: get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy their own house. But do Americans still believe in that path, and if they do, is it attainable?‎ The most recent National Journal poll asked participants about the American dream, what it takes to achieve their goal, and whether or not they felt the control over their ability to be successful. Obviously, the results show that today, the idea of the American dream and what it takes to achieve it looks quite different from it did in the late 20th century. Generally speaking, people felt that their actions and hard work—not outside force—deciding their lives. But the participants had definitely mixed feelings about what actions make for a better life in the current economy.‎ In the last seven years, Americans have grown more pessimistic(悲观的) about the power of education to lead to success. Even though they see going to college as a fairly achievable goal, a majority—52 percent—think that young people do not need a 4year college education in order to be successful.‎ Miguel Maeda, 42, who has a master’s degree and works in public health, was the first in his family to go to college, which has allowed him to achieve a sense of financial stability(稳定) his parents and grandparents never did. While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of degree rather than the education itself, others still see college as a way to gain new viewpoints and life experiences. To Fendley, a sense of drive and purpose, as well as an effective highschool education, and basic life skills, like balancing a checkbook(支票簿), are the necessary elements for a successful life in America.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。一项民意测验表明，美国人现在不像以前那么相信美国梦了，有一半多的美国人认为不接受大学教育也可以成功。‎ ‎5．It used to be commonly acknowledged that to succeed in America, one had to have ________．‎ A．a sense of drive and purpose B．an advanced academic degree C．a firm belief in their dream D．an ambition to get ahead B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“More specifically, they agree on how to get ahead in America: get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy their own house.”可知，‎ 过去在美国，人们通常认为一个人要成功必须获得大学教育、有大学文凭。故正确答案为B。‎ ‎6．What is the finding of the latest National Journal poll concerning the American dream?‎ A．More and more Americans are finding it hard to realize.‎ B．It remains alive among the majority of American people.‎ C．An increasing number of young Americans are abandoning it.‎ D．Americans’ idea of it has changed over the past few decades.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Obviously, the results show that today, the idea of the American dream and what it takes to achieve it looks quite different from it did in the late 20th century.”可知，这次民意调查发现在过去的几十年里，美国人对美国梦的看法已经改变了。故正确答案为D。‎ ‎7．What do Americans now think of the role of college education in achieving success?‎ A．It still remains open to debate.‎ B．It has proved to be beyond doubt.‎ C．It is much better understood now than ever.‎ D．It is no longer as important as it used to be.‎ D　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，现在美国人对大学教育能引领成功这一看法越来越悲观，有一半多的美国人认为成功并不需要大学教育。由此可推断出，现在美国人认为大学教育对于成功来说并不像过去那么重要。故正确答案为D。‎ ‎8．How do some people view college education these days?‎ A．It helps broaden their minds.‎ B．It needs to be strengthened.‎ C．It widens cultural diversity.‎ D．It promotes gender equality.‎ A　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段倒数第二句“While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of degree rather than the education itself, others still see college as a way to gain new viewpoints and life experiences.”可推断出，如今一些人认为大学教育能帮助扩展他们的视野。故正确答案为A。‎ ‎[长难句分析]　The American dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, creativity and determination, they can achieve a better life for themselves.(第一段第一句)‎ 分析：本句是一个复合句。“held by many people in the United States of America”是非谓语动词结构，在此作后置定语，修饰faith; that引导同位语从句，解释说明 faith的具体内容。‎ 译文：美国梦是许多美国人的信念，他们认为通过努力工作、勇气、创造力和决心，他们可以为自己创造更好的生活。‎ C Chinese cuisine is widely known and enjoyed all around the world. Who doesn’t long for a favorite Chinese dish? But there is one interesting concept concerning Chinese food which is almost unheard in the West, and which is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth of the East—the ancient custom of tonic food.‎ Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s wellbeing or avoid sickness. For instance, it was once the custom for new mothers to eat a sesame oil hotpot every day for the first month after giving birth. It was believed that this dish would benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the body. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach(菠菜), are seen as“hot”， while others, such as Chinese cabbage and radishes(小萝卜), are seen as “cold”. One should be careful not to eat too much of either “hot” or “cold” food. However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health.‎ The custom of employing tonic food for a healthier life also influences the catering industry. Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish. These herbs attract customers, such as overworked office staff, in need of a modest pickmeup.‎ So, whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, you may find that this ancient Chinese custom could be just the tonic you were looking for.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了中国滋补食物的相关内容。‎ ‎9．What is the present situation of tonic food?‎ A．It is catching less attention.‎ B．It is enjoyed by many young people.‎ C．It is well known worldwide.‎ D．It is becoming increasingly popular.‎ A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“But there is one interesting concept concerning Chinese food which is almost unheard in the West, and which is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth of the East—the ancient custom of tonic food.”可知，目前滋补食物不再受到追捧。故选A。‎ ‎10．What is believed to benefit new mothers?‎ A．Chinese cabbage. B．Fruit tea.‎ C．Sesame oil hotpot. D．Pig brain soup.‎ C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“For instance, it was once the custom for new mothers to eat a sesame oil hotpot every day for the first month after giving birth.”可知，‎ 人们认为麻油焖罐对新妈妈有益。‎ ‎11．Which of the following best explains “catering” underlined in paragraph 3?‎ A．Medicine. B．Restaurant.‎ C．Education. D．Fashion.‎ B　解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish.”可推知，滋补食物对餐饮业有一定的影响，故“catering”与restaurant意思相近。‎ ‎12．What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．The Charm of Chinese Cuisine B．The Popularity of Tonic Food C．An Introduction to Chinese Tonic Food D．Differences Between Hot Food and Cold Food C　解析：标题归纳题。根据第二段第一句“Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s wellbeing or avoid sickness.”和对全文的整体理解可推知，本文主要对中国的滋补食物进行了简要的介绍。‎ ‎[长难句分析]　However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health.(第二段最后一句)‎ 分析：本句是一个复合句。第一个how引导主语从句；第二个how引导宾语从句，在从句中作状语；what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语。‎ 译文：然而，一个人应该吃多少“热性”或“凉性”的食物因一年中的时间、食物的烹饪方式、食物的搭配以及个人的健康状况而异。‎