2020届二轮复习英语专题辅导专题1阅读理解教师课件6

2020届二轮复习英语专题辅导专题1阅读理解教师课件6

第一篇 阅读技能探究 专题一 阅读理解 第一部分　解题技法总论　 【考情透析 】 1. 总体稳定 , 稳中求变 高考阅读理解一直保持总体的稳定性 , 在题材、体裁、 考点、词数和难度等方面均体现了高考试题的稳定性 和发展性。预计 2020 年高考阅读理解文章的选取仍将 以原版的英文材料为主 , 在语言、选材、思想等方面会 有更大的突破 , 语言将更加地道 , 内容将更加贴近生活 , 命题将更加强调对考生基础知识的掌握和综合运用语言的能力的考查。 2. 题材各异 , 体裁多样 阅读理解题材广泛 , 包括广告、政治、经济、文化、科普、人物、故事、社会现象、地理风情、新闻报道等内容。选材真实 , 语言鲜活地道 , 内容丰富 , 具有浓厚的时代气息 , 这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势 , 充分体现高考命题的思想性和育人功能。体裁分布比较均匀 , 记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文均有涉及。 3. 角度趋稳 , 设问科学 从命题的角度看 , 高考阅读理解主要考查细节理解题、 推理判断题、主旨大意题和词句猜测题。其中以细节 理解题和推理判断题为主。纵观近三年新课标全国卷 , 细节理解题考查数量和难度有所增加 , 由简单的寻找信 息转向多层次细节推理的趋势比较明显。题干及选项 设置科学严谨、简洁精练 , 信息定位具体 , 考点分布均匀 , 语言表达简洁、准确。检测重点越来越多地放在考查考生获取信息、解决问题的语言运用能力上。 【策略点睛 】 1. 速读全文寻主题 高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟 60 个词 , 考生必须在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读 , 浏览文章的标题、开头和结尾等部分 , 搜寻关键词、主题句 , 捕捉情节、人物、观点 , 理清文章脉络 , 把握语篇实质 , 掌握文章大意。 2. 细读细节理脉络 各个体裁的文章都有脉络可循 , 如记叙文多以人物为中心 , 以时间或空间为线索 , 按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事 ; 议论文包含论点、论据、论证三大要素 , 通过解释、举例等阐述观点。考生可根据文章的特点 , 详读细节 , 理清文章的脉络结构。 3. 抓住主干捕信息 要实现快速、准确地理解文章大意 , 就要学会抓句子的关键成分 , 即句子的主干成分 , 如主语、谓语和宾语 , 化解长难句 , 推断出要说明的核心问题 , 进而掌握文章的主要信息。 4. 善猜词义助理解 有效地处理阅读中遇到的生词对考生来说极为重要。对于影响阅读 , 甚至影响到对文章段落、篇章结构理解的生词要善于运用猜测的方法进行解决。如根据前后缀、通过已知事实进行推断、利用句中的连词、标点符号等大胆进行推测 , 只要能够猜测出其大致含义即可 , 不必追求其准确含义 , 以达到理解文章的目的为标准。 一、破解长难句四招 —— 阅读满分的要领 　　阅读理解得分低 , 主要是因为文章看不懂 , 句子太长或者句子结构复杂 , 句子除了主干之外还包含了一 些附加部分 , 如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等。 第 1 招　寻谓语 , 找主干 　　一般情况下 , 一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者 ( 主语 ), 可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且 , 如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词 , 则该句可能是并列句或复合句 ( 并列谓语动词的情况除外 ) 。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ)After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation. 【分析 】 此句中 After running hundreds of tests 是时间状语 , 主句中谓语 noted 后面接 that 引导的宾语从句。 indicating that they were performing a calculation 是现在分词短语作结果状语。 more than 超过 , 多于。 【句意 】 在进行了数百次测试之后 , 研究人员注意到 , 猴子们选择更高值的次数超过一半 , 这表明它们正在进行一次计算。 第 2 招　提主干 , 去枝叶 　　一般情况下 , 一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息 , 从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来 , 就不能完全把握句子的核心意义 , 从而导致思维混乱 , 主次不分。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ)Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. 【分析 】 句子主干为 the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, 句子开头的 Earlier this year 是时间状语 , with the aim of. . . 是目的状语。目的状语由 and 连接两个部分 , 一部分为动名词短语 exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics on Western fashion, 另一部分为宾语从句 how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries 。 【句意 】 今年早些时候 , 在纽约举办的“透过镜子”中国展展示了 140 件受中国启发的时装和中国的艺术作品 , 目的是探索中国美学对西方时尚的影响 , 以及中国是如何激发时尚想象力达几世纪之久的。 第 3 招　寻关联 , 辨逻辑 　　一些长句是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句 , 之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果找准这些关联词 , 就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系 , 分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义 , 则长句就容易多了。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅰ)Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. 【分析 】 这是一个复合句 , 第一个 that 引导宾语从句 , 第二个 that 引导限制性定语从句 , 修饰 device 。 【句意 】 来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员说 , 他们已经想出了一种低成本的能解决这个问题的设备 : 智能键盘。 第 4 招　看搭配 , 防分隔 　　有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成 , 而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目 , 则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅰ)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces. 【分析 】 本句是主干为 the market is growing 的主系表结构 , 主干之前的“ As data and identity theft becomes more and more common” 为原因状语 , “to keep others out of private e-spaces” 为目的状语 , 而两个破折号之间的部分为插入语 , 在此处起举例的作用 , 分析长难句时不要受其影响。 【句意 】 随着数据盗窃和身份盗窃愈演愈烈 , 诸如指纹扫描的生物测量科技市场越来越大 , 人们以此将他人隔绝在私人电子空间之外。 二、高考阅读理解八大命题热点 —— 阅读的风向标 命题热点 1 　举例说明 　　由 as, such as, for example, for instance 或破折号等引导的短语或句子一般是举例项 , 例子一般是和文章的中心或段落中心紧密相关的 , 常考“推理性问题”和“细节性问题” , 这类题目可通过“中心思想”来解答。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ)Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “ Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz , Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales, ” adds Hill. Q: What do the underlined words “taking on” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with 　　　 D. competing against 【分析 】 本题虽没有 such as, for example 等标志性语 , 但列举的 Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu 等一系列例子与本段中心“当今西方顶级设计师深受中国影响”有关 , 用破折号予以表示。根据最后一句 and beating them hands down in design and sales“ 并且在设计和销售上击败他们”可以猜测出 and 前的 take on 的意思是“与 …… 竞争”。故选 D 。 命题热点 2 　转折与对比 　　转折与对比处常常是语义的重点 , 命题常常要涉及 , 转折一般通过 however, but, instead, yet, in fact 等词表示。 【典例 】 (2019 · 浙江高考 )As a child, Adeline couldn’t understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew older, ” Adeline says, “and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left. ” Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown. Q: What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart? A. Her parents’ advice. 　　　 B. Her knowledge of antiques. C. Her childhood dream. D. Her memory of her brother. 【分析 】 命题点在“ But” 处。根据第二句“ But as I grew older. . . and missed my brother more and more. . . ” 可知小时候 Adeline 不了解军功章的重要性 , 但是随着长大 , 她更思念自己的哥哥 , 也越来越珍视这枚军功章。故选 D 。 命题热点 3 　专有名词 　　文章中的专有名词包括人名、地名或其他的专有名词。在阅读之前 , 先扫一下文章后的题 , 如果有专有名词 , 划出来 , 在阅读时才能有的放矢。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅱ)HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution. Q: What is the purpose of the HUNCH program? A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills. C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education. 【分析 】 命题点在专有名词“ HUNCH program” 上。根据第一句话可知 HUNCH 项目旨在为高中课堂教学和美国航空航天局建立联系 , 让学生更好地去进行研究和学习。故选 D 项。 命题热点 4 　数字与年代 　　文中的数字、年代、日期等是高考易考点 , 出题形式为数字运算题 , 通过运算得出答案 ; 或者文中出现多个时间、数字 , 对应不同的事件或事物 , 只考其中一个。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅰ)Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 　　 You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer. 　　 Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. Q: What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program? A. 15 — 18. 　　　　 B. 15 — 24. 　　　　 C. 15 — 29. 　　　　 D. 16 — 17. 【分析 】 命题点在数字处。根据 Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 部分中的第二段“ Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. ” 可知应选 D 。 命题热点 5 　因果句 　　句中含有表示因果的词汇时 , 如表示因果的连词 : because, since, for, as, therefore, so, consequently 等 ; 表示因果的动词 : cause, result in, originate from 等 ; 表示因果的名词 : base, bases, result, consequence 等 。这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间存在因果关系 , 颇受命题者所青睐。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅱ)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms( 微生物 ) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. Q: What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station? A. They are hard to get rid of. 　　　　 B. They lead to air pollution. C. They appear in different forms. D. They damage the instruments. 【分析 】 命题点在因果连词“ so” 处。此段主要讲我们身体里的微生物在国际空间站表面不受控制的滋长 , 这使得宇航员每周花大量时间清理这些细菌。故选 A 。 命题热点 6 　段落句 　　文章或段落的首尾句都是十分重要的地方 , 往往是作者表达中心思想 , 进行总结综述的地方 , 易于设置主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题或逻辑结构题。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ)For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. 　　“ It’s no secret that China has always been a source( 来源 )of inspiration for designers, ” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion( 时尚 )shows. Q: What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends 【分析 】 命题点在文章首段 , 由 been an inspiration for 和第二段的 been a source of inspiration 可以看出中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创意的灵感源泉。故选 D 项。 命题热点 7 　最高级及绝对性词汇处 　　文章中若出现 must, all, only, merely , always, never 等绝对性词汇或 first, most+ adj . / adv. 等最高级词汇 , 往往是命题点 , 一般会出“细节题”。 【典例 】 (2015 · 四川高考 )It also asked mothers about the challenges they face, with 80 per cent making emotional( 情感的 )demand as the hardest thing about motherhood. Q: The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _________.   A. emotional demand 　　　　　　 B. low pay for work C. heavy workload D. lack of training 【分析 】 命题点在“ the hardest thing” 处 , 根据文中的“ with 80 per cent making emotional demand as the hardest thing about motherhood” 可知答案为 A 。 命题热点 8 　虚拟语气处 　　虚拟语气是高中英语学习的一个难点。虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议 , 而不表示客观存在的事实。包含虚拟语气的句子易给阅读语篇的理解造成很大的困难 , 也是考试热点。 【典例 】 (2015 · 全国卷 Ⅰ)The city’s “psychology cafes”, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There’s a strong need in Paris for communication, ” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up. ” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist, ” she says. “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak. ” But then, it wouldn’t be France. Q: Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris? A. They bring people true friendship. B. They give people spiritual support. C. They help people realize their dreams. D. They offer a platform for business links. 【分析 】 命题点在虚拟语气处 , 根据“ If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist, ” she says. “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak. ” But then, it wouldn’t be France. 可知 , 因为一些人有心理问题 , 心理咖啡馆才得以存在 , 人们到咖啡馆去寻找精神支柱。故答案选 B 。 三、养成科学考场思维模式　实战考场得高分 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅱ) 　　 Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone. 　　 A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinner-time are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report. 　　“ I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know? ” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself, ” she said. 　　 Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer , is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction( 交流 ). “I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week, ” he said. “It’s a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan. ” 　　 That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology, ” said Laurie Demeritt , whose company provided the statistics for the report. 28. What are the statistics in Paragraph 2 about? A. Food variety. B. Eating habits. C. Table manners. D. Restaurant service. 29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch? A. To meet with her coworkers. B. To catch up with her work. C. To have some time on her own. D. To collect data for her report. 30. What do we know about Mazoleny ? A. He makes videos for the bar. B. He’s fond of the food at the bar. C. He interviews customers at the bar. D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection. C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology. 【考场思维模式 】 【文章大意 】 一份报告显示许多美国人喜欢独自就餐 , 有些人独自就餐可以远离繁重的工作 , 使精力得以恢复 , 有些人可以利用这样的时光反思自己的一天 , 并为未来做打算。这就是很多人喜欢独自就餐的原因 : 可选择的自由。 28. 【解析 】 选 B 。推理判断题。第二段的数据显示美国 46% 的人是独自吃饭。 53% 的人的早餐、 46% 的人的午餐都是独自吃 , 只有在晚餐时 74% 的人会一起吃 , 可总结为美国人的吃饭习惯 , 故选 B 项。 29. 【解析 】 选 C 。细节理解题。根据第三段中的 A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. 和“ Today, I just wanted some time to myself” 可知她喜欢拥有属于自己的时间。故选 C 项。 30. 【解析 】 选 D 。推理判断题。根据第四段中的 . . . Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer , is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction. 可知选 D 项。 31. 【解析 】 选 A 。主旨大意题。文章显示美国人喜欢独自就餐 , 这样可以给他们带来一些好处。故选 A 项。