【英语】2018届语法二轮复习名词（含解析）教案（9页）

【英语】2018届语法二轮复习名词（含解析）教案（9页）

‎2018届语法二轮复习 名　词 ‎ ‎ 语法回顾 一、名词词义辨析 ‎1．形近词的词义辨析 ‎①symptom(症状)　　　　　　 similarity(类似)‎ sample(样本) shadow(影子)‎ ‎②sympathy(同情) symbol(象征，符号)‎ symptom(症状) system(系统)‎ ‎③commitment(承诺，奉献) competition(竞争)‎ ambition(野心) company(陪伴)‎ It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any symptom.(2012· 湖北高考)‎ 定期去医院检查眼睛，看有没有出现没有任何症状的那些眼病，是重要的。‎ ‎2．相同词缀的名词辨析 ‎①expression(表达；表情) attention(注意)‎ satisfaction(满意) impression(印象)‎ ‎②expectation(期望) reputation(声誉)‎ contribution(贡献) civilization (文明)‎ ‎③accommodation(住宿) occupation(职业)‎ adaptation(适应，改编) appreciation(欣赏)‎ ‎④equipment(设备) arrangement(安排)‎ assessment(评估，估算) entertainment(娱乐)‎ My first impression of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.(2012·山东高考)‎ 我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良且有思想的年轻人。‎ ‎3．意义相近词的辨析 ‎①strength(长处) talent(天赋)‎ ability(能力) skill(技能)‎ ‎②advice question offer idea ‎③anger rudeness regret panic(惊慌)‎ ‎“Tommy, run！Be quick！The house is on fire！”the mother shouted, with panic clearly in her voice.‎ ‎“汤米，跑！快跑！房子着火了！”妈妈大声喊道。她的声音里显然带着恐慌。‎ ‎4．无一定关联性的名词词义辨析 ‎①curiosity(好奇) satisfaction(满意)‎ envy(羡慕) patience(耐心)‎ ‎②difference comparison(比较)‎ connection barrier(屏障，障碍)‎ ‎③luck value time fact Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with patience.(2013·江西高考)‎ 无论什么时候我犯了错误，老师总是耐心地把它们指出来。‎ 二、名词的固定搭配 ‎1．动词have, take, make, pay, play, put, give等加名词构成的短语 have a good reputation　　　　 有个好名声 have a feeling of 有……感觉 have access to 可以获得 take advantage of 利用，趁……之机 take a turn 转变 get relief 得到缓解 The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good reputation.(2010·江苏高考)‎ 这位医生在治疗心脏病上技术高超而且从来不收病人任何礼物，因此享有较高声誉。‎ ‎2．介词后加名词构成的短语 in great demand 　　　　　　 需求量很大 in progress 在进行中 out of touch 与……无联系 beyond recognition 辨认不出来 The Harry Potter books are quite popular, they are in great demand in this city.(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎《哈利·波特》系列图书很受欢迎，在这座城市的需求量很大。‎ 三、抽象名词具体化 ‎1．表示具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有 单词 抽象名词 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 ‎ surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 It’s a good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.(2012·福建高考)‎ 对于人们来说，欣赏带给他们快乐的上海世博会是一种美好的感觉。‎ ‎2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词 物质名词 可数名词 物质名词 可数名词 drink饮料 two drinks两杯饮料 sugar糖 a sugar一块糖 coffee咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 paper纸一张报纸；‎ a paper一篇论文 tea茶 two teas两杯茶 hair头发 a hair一根头发 ‎—I knocked over the tea cup and it fell on the mobile phone.‎ ‎—You should never put drinks near a phone.(2014·山西上学期诊断)‎ ‎——我把茶杯碰倒了，它落在了那部手机上。‎ ‎——你永远都不应该把饮料放到手机附近。‎ ‎ 考点搜索 考点一名词词义辨析，包括形近、同缀、意近和无关联词 ‎1．(2013·湖北高考)Poetry written from the ________ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.‎ A．perspective　　　　　　　 B．priority C．participation D．privilege 解析：选A　考查名词辨析。句意：从都市年轻人的视角写的诗歌往往显示出了他们因为缺少归属感而带来的焦虑。perspective“视角，观点”；priority“优先(权)，优先事项”；participation“参加，参与”；privilege“特权，优惠”。根据句意可知，A项正确。‎ ‎2．(2012·湖北高考)It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________.‎ A．symptom B．similarity C．sample D．shadow 解析：选A　考查名词辨析。句意：定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾体征很重要，眼疾可能事先没有任何症状。symptom“症状”，符合句意。similarity“类似”；sample“样本”；shadow“阴影”。‎ ‎3．(2013·辽宁高考)The accident caused some ________ to my car, but it’s nothing serious.‎ A．harm B．injury C．ruin D．damage 解析：选D　考查名词辨析。根据后面的it’s nothing serious可知，造成的破坏不严重，所以不能选择ruin“毁灭，废墟”；damage意为“破坏，损坏”，意思是说破坏的程度不是很严重，往往修理之后仍然可以使用。harm意为“伤害，损害”；injury意为“受伤害”，主要指躯体和情感上的伤害。‎ ‎4．(2012·山东高考)My first ________ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.‎ A．expression　　　　　　　 B．attention C．satisfaction D．impression 解析：选D　考查名词词义辨析。句意：他给我的第一印象是他是个善良而且有思想的年轻人。first impression“第一印象”。expression“表达；表情”；attention“注意”；satisfaction“满意”。‎ 考点二名词构成的固定搭配，尤其是高频的“动词＋名词”与“介词＋名词”的短语搭配 ‎5．(2013·湖北高考)Carbon dioxide, which makes a ________ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer.‎ A．difference B．comparison C．connection D．barrier 解析：选D　考查名词辨析。句意：二氧化碳是我们和太阳之间的一道屏障，它使大气里的热量不容易释放出去，于是地球将会变得更暖。根据句意可知，barrier“障碍，屏障”正确。difference“分歧，区别”；comparison“比较”；connection“联系”。‎ ‎6．(2013·江苏高考)With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a ________ for the better.‎ A．share B．chance C．turn D．lead 解析：选C　考查名词辨析。根据句中的for the better可知，美国的饮食文化将向更好的方面转变，因此选turn。share“份额”；chance“机会”；lead“榜样”。‎ 考点三名词的一词多义与熟词新义 ‎7．(2010·山东高考)Those who suffer from headache will find they get ________ from this medicine.‎ A．relief B．safety C．defense D．shelter 解析：选A　考查名词辨析。句意：那些患头痛的人，服用此药后症状会得到缓解。relief的常见含义为“安慰，宽慰”，此处表示“缓解”。‎ ‎8．(2011·江西高考) What’s the________， in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself? ‎ A．sympathy B．theme C．object D．point 解析：选D　考查名词词义辨析。句意：依你看，如果他都不努力帮他自己，那我们帮他还有什么意义呢？what’s the point of ...表示“……的意义是什么？”。sympathy“同情”， theme“主题”， object“物体”，均与句意不符。 ‎ ‎ 综合检测 ‎1．(2014·荆州质检)The notes for vocabulary are very exact, which could help readers to break the language ________ directly and effectively.‎ A．regulation B．convention C．pattern D．barrier 解析：选D　句意：词汇的注释非常精确，能够直接有效地帮助读者打破语言障碍。regulation“规则，条例”；convention“惯例，常规”；pattern“模式，方式”；barrier“障碍”。根据句意可知D项正确。‎ ‎2．(2014·湖北八校一联)Diplomatic ________ have been more frequent in recent years, but these troubles cannot make up major obstacles to China’s further rise.‎ A．privileges B．disputes C．services D．immunities 解析：选B　句意：近年来，外事争端更频繁，但这些麻烦事并不能构成中国未来崛起的主要障碍。privilege“特权”；dispute“争端；争议”；service“服务”；immunity“免除；豁免；免疫力”。‎ ‎3．(2014·湖北七市四月调考)The ________ of today’s young people to marry and bear children at late age drew great attention from socialists as well as government.‎ A．circumstance B．tendency C．civilization D．presentation 解析：选B　考查名词辨析。句意：当今年轻人晚婚晚育的趋势引起了政府和社会学家的极大关注。circumstance“环境；境遇”；tendency“倾向；趋势”；civilization“文明”；presentation“出示；介绍会；赠送仪式”。‎ ‎4．(2014·宜昌调研)It is not what you are thinking about but how you can put it into ________ that counts.‎ A．practice B．attempt ‎ C．permission D．account 解析：选A　考查名词辨析。句意：重要的不是你所想的，而是你如何能够付诸实践。put ...into practice“将……付诸行动”。‎ ‎5．The crying baby eventually found ________ in the arms of her mother, sleeping through the whole afternoon.‎ A．comfort B．advantage ‎ C．convenience D．prescription 解析：选A　考查名词辨析。句意：那个哭泣的婴儿最终在妈妈的怀抱中找到了安慰，睡了整整一下午。comfort“安慰；舒适”，符合句意。advantage“益处；优越性；有利条件；优势”；convenience“便利；有用的安排、设施”；prescription“指示；医生开的药；处方”。‎ ‎6．(2014·湖北武汉四月调研)Money doesn’t necessarily buy happiness,‎ ‎ so we can safely draw a conclusion that making fortune is not always a good ________ for a happy life.‎ A．challenge B．criterion C．ingredient D．qualification 解析：选B　句意：金钱不一定买到幸福，因此我们可以有把握的做出结论，赚钱不总是幸福生活的唯一标准。challenge“挑战”；criterion(pl.criteria)“标准”；ingredient“成分”；qualification“资格”。‎ ‎7．(2014·武汉名校调研)Finding information in today’s world is easy.The ________ is how you can tell whether the information you get is useful or not.‎ A．ability B．competition C．challenge D．knowledge 解析：选C　考查名词辨析。句意：当今世界，获取信息很容易，难在如何判断你所获取的信息是否有用。challenge“挑战”，符合句意。‎ ‎8．(2014·武汉调研)I think some day he will drop out of the program, because a person like him with ________ won’t stay long in such a small firm.‎ A．determination B．intention C．ambition D．profession 解析：选C　考查名词辨析。句意：我认为，将来某天他会从这个项目中退出，因为像他这样有志向的人不会在这家小公司待很长时间的。ambition“志向，抱负，雄心”，符合题意。determination“决心”；intention“意图，目的”；profession“职业，专业”。‎ ‎9．(2014·武汉调研)A(n) ________ is an official document offered by a university or other higher education provider when you have ‎ completed a course or training.‎ A．certificate B．identity C．permit D．passport 解析：选A　考查名词辨析。句意：当你完成一门课程或一项训练时，证书是一所大学或其他更高的教育机构提供给你的正式文件。certificate“证书，文凭”，符合题意。identity“身份”；permit“许可证，执照”；passport“护照”。‎ ‎10．(2014·湖北八市三月调考)Confidence is more than just an attitude; it comes from a strong commitment to take ________， rather than just let life happen.‎ A．consideration B．effect C．responsibility D．account 解析：选C　考查动名搭配。句意：信心不只是一种态度；它来自承担责任的一种强烈的义务，而不只是听天由命。 take ... in consideration “考虑”；take effect“生效”；take responsibility“承担责任 ”；account“账目；记述；报告”。‎