高考英语考点45 阅读理解说明文

高考英语考点45 阅读理解说明文

1 考点 45 阅读理解说明文 高考频度：★★★★★ 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事 理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象 到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读 说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、 特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研 成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方 式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考 查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同 一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的 语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破 折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。 命题方式 考向一 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用 first(1y)、 second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not only„but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要 求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由 as、such as、 for example、for instance 等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转 折对比处命题，一般通过 however、but、yet、in fact 等词语来引导。对比用 unlike、until、not so much…as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷 换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在 复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关 系和语法关系。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅 读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 考向二 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常 2 进 行 生 词 词 义 判 断 题 的 考 查 。 命 题 方 式 多 以 the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to… 或 what does the underlined word mean?或 what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应 认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。 也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同 位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变 换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以 it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅 读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 考向三 主旨大意题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。 主 要 考 查 考 生 对 文 章 的 整 体 理 解 能 力 。 命 题 形 式 常 以 this passage mainly talks about ____. what is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。 答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地 对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排 除干扰项，选出正确答案。 考向四 判断推理题 这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如 因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判 断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考 生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如： 动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅 读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳 等。 观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒 发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有 what was the author’s attitude towards ...? 等。*网 高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、 主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题 为主。 3 一、词义猜测类题型 阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽 管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这 类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要 把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下 几种方法猜测： （一）内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻 辑关系推断生词词义。 1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词，一是要看由 and 或 or 连接的同义词词组，如 happy and gay，即使我们不认识 gay 这 个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子： The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_________. A. freefromanxiety B. anxious C. nervous D. happy 根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案 A。 二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如 Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars， and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的 Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但 只要知道 planets 就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或 副词，如 but，while，however 等；二是看与 not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据 not at all...handsome 我们不难推测出 homely 的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意 思。 2.根据因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词 （如 because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore 等等）表示前因后果。例如： You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过 for 引出的句子所表示的原因（那不 是他的错），可猜出 blame 的词义是＂责备＂。 3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从 drought 所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即 drought，由此可见 drought 意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而 a dry period 和 drought 是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由 is，or， 4 that is，in other words，be called 或破折号等来表示。 4.通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难 看出 pineapples，coconuts 和 bananas，oranges 是同类关系，同属 fruit 类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说， 是菠萝和椰子。 5.通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。 例如 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知 penguin 是一种生活在南极的 鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。 （二）外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词 义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关 蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出 slither 词义为＂爬行＂。 （三）构词法 在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解 又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解 决了。 1.根据前缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根 conscious（清醒的， 有意识的），结合前缀 semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出 semiconscious 词义＂半清醒的，半 昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根 lit-erate 意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀 il 表示否定， 因此 illiterate 指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。 2.根据后缀猜测词义 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀 cide 表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根 insect （昆虫），不难猜出 insecticide 意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀 let 表示＂小 的＂，词根 drop 指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出 droplet 词义＂小滴，微滴＂。 3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight 或许是一个生 5 词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由 high（高的，强的）和 light（光线）两部分组成， 合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和 fight（打， 搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。 二、主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能 是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法： （一）阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 （二）寻找文章的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们 可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔 细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首 句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求 学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文， 对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意 思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。 总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、 推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为 一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统 一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一 种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方 法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。 题组一（2018 年高考真题） Passage1(2018·全国新课标卷 I，D) We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from 6 when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So what’s the solution (解决方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 32. What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 34. Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. 35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. Passage2(2018·全国新课标卷 I，B) Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 7 In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11. "We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. " The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme. C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family. 25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna? A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids. C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her. 26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers. C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less Passage3(2018·全国新课标卷 II，B) Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries 8 contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C. When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 24. What does the author seem to like about cherries? A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A. C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants. 25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour. C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition. 26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A. A dessert. B. A drink. C. A container. D. A machine. 27. From which is the text probably taken? A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine. C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure. Passage4(2018·北京卷，B) Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun. More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be 9 an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom. For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot. With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7. Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone! For more details, please visit us online at www. oursac. com. 40. Why do people come to SAC? A. To experience adventures. B. To look for jobs in aviation. C. To get a degree in engineering. D. To learn more about medicine. 41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to . A. fly to space B. get an Aviation badge first C. study the principles of flight D. build and fire model rockets 42. What is the most important for trainees? A. Leadership. B. Team spirit. C. Task planning. D. Survival skills. 题组二（2017 年高考真题） Passage1(2017·全国新课标卷 I，D) A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent 10 water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5 ＇ 5 ＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive. C. It’s complex. . D. It’s portable. 33. What does the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube. B. The still. C. The hole. D. The cup. 34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still? A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place. C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from . A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole C. the open air D. beneath the sheet Passage2(2017·全国新课标卷 II，B) Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four  11 wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet. 28. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars. C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition. 29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways? A. It causers traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate. C. It is very expensive. D. It burns too much fuel. 30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car? A. Cautious B. Favorable. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving. 31. What is the best title for the text? A. Flying Car at Auto Show 12 B. The Transition’s First Flight C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality Passage3(2017·全国新课标卷 II，D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ＂overhear＂ the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals. 33. What does the author mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3? A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies. 13 34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 35.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before C. The world is more complex than it seems D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative. Passage4(2017·全国新课标卷 III，C) After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers. As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 14 28. What is the text mainly about? A. Wildlife research in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean? A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down. 30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income. C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals. 31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring. 题组三（2016 年高考真题） Passage 1（2016•全国新课标ⅡC） Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, ＂The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.＂ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent 15 to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ＂real＂ and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries. 1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. D. To encourage readers to share their ideas. 2.What does the underlined word ＂it＂ in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. The book. B. An adventure. C.A public place. D. The identification number. 3.What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it? A. Meet other readers to discuss it. B. Keep it safe in his bookcase. C. Pass it on to another reader. D. Mail it back to its owner. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A New Trend C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D.A Website Links People through Books Passage 2 （2016•北京卷 C） California Condor’s Shocking Recovery California condors are North America ’ s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning( 铅 中 毒 ) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds. In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, 16 Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. ＂As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines, ＂ says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-free birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%. Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. ＂Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,＂ he says. ＂They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.＂ 1.California condors attract researchers’ interest because they __________. A. are active at night B. had to be bred in the wild C. are found only in California D. almost died out in the 1980s 2.Researchers have found electrical lines are___________. A. blocking condors’ journey home B. big killers of California condors C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away 3.According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning___________. A. makes condors too nervous to fly B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’ blood D. makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds 17 4.This passage shows that________. A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B. Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem Passage 3 （2016•天津卷 C） When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier. These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. ＂ Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,＂ said George Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家) who made the discovery. ＂And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.＂ Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems. The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working — at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence — the underpinnings(基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, ＂One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.＂ 1.What do we know about John? A. He enjoyed his career and marriage. B. He had few childhood playmates. 18 C. He received little love from his family. D. He was envied by others in his childhood. 2.Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as________. A. a description of personal values and social values B.an analysis of how work was related to competence C.an example for parents’ expectations of their children D.an explanation why some boys grew into happy men 3.Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by________. A. recording the boys’ effort in school B. evaluating the men’s mental health C. comparing different sets of scores D. measuring the men’s problem solving ability 4.What does the underlined word ＂sharp＂ probably mean in Paragraph 4? A. Quick to react. B. Having a thin edge. C. Clear and definite. D. Sudden and rapid. 5.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Competent adults know more about love than work. B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life. C. Love brings more joy to people than work does. D. Independence is the key to one’s success. Passage 4 （2016•浙江卷 C） A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common. After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world, and the baby is, well, just playing...right? Perhaps, but some developmental psychologists (心理学家)have argued that this ＂play＂ is more like a scientific investigation than one might think. Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls to the ground — and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互 作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more 19 about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby ’s investigation and the scientist ’s experiment appear to share the same aim (to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?). Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way — that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate. Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution( 进 化 ) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ＂It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.＂ 1.According to some developmental psychologists, ______________. A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game B. scientific research into babies’ games is possible C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment 2.We learn from Paragraph 2 that___________. A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B. scientists and babies often interact with each other C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do 3.Children may learn the rules of language by__________. A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology C. repeating their own experiments 20 D. observing their parents’ behaviors 4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play. B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science. C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows. 5.What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play? A. Convincing. B. Confused. C. Confident. D. Cautious. 题组四（名校模拟题） Passage 1(湖南省三湘名校教育联盟 2019 届高三大联考) Not only does the use of plastic water bottles hurt your wallet, it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water. Only 23 % of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rocks Lab has invented a kind of water bottle called Ooho. It is a convenient, clear water bottle that can either be drunken or eaten. To drink it, you can either peel off the membrane( 薄 膜 ） or tear a hole in the membrane with your teeth to pour the water into your mouth. To eat it， you simply put the whole bottle in your mouth. One problem the scientists have run into is how to ship large amounts of Ooho bubbles( 水泡）without arriving with a very wet truck. However ，they have attempted to package units of individual bubbles together inside a larger and thicker membrane. It is targeting large outdoor events» such as marathons» music festivals，and sporting events， where tons of plastic bottles are used，and frequently left behind as litter. And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment，which could account for their purpose of such a new invention. The team has been working for the past two years to develop the technology and materials needed to produce Ooho； they have recently applied a patent for their new advancements. The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cost about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles* It has appeared at events in London, San Francisco , Boston, at conferences, festivals，and so on. Ooho is catching many people’s attention and has raised over $ 1 million and gained 1，000 investors in only three days. It is mostly being sold at events at the moment to keep the consumer’s interest while the production 21 machine is getting up and running. It is quickly making a rise, so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future. 1.How is most plastic dealt with in America? A. It’s sold. B. It’s recycled. C. It’s buried. D. It’s wasted. 2.Why did the team invent Ooho? A. To make a profit for a company. B. To protect the environment. C. To make people eat as they drink. D. To reduce the cost of plastic bottle. 3.What can we infer about Ooho from the text? A. It is easy and safe to ship it in large amounts. B. It has become popular since it began to be sold. C. It might be sold at a lower price than plastic bottles. D. It cost the team a lot of money to develop the technology. 4.What does the author really want to say in the last paragraph? A. Ooho is to be a success in the future. B. Ooho is being supported by smart people. C. Ooho is taking the place of plastic bottles now. D. Ooho is being produced to attract more investors, Passage 2（滨州市 2018 届高三 5 月第二次模拟 ） Educators across the US are calling for major changes to the admissions process in higher education. The Harvard school of Greduate Education, along with 80 other schools and organizations, released a report called "Turning the Tide Making Caring Common” in January, 2016. The report argues that the process schools use to choose students causes major problems. David Hawkins is the Executive Director for Educational Content and Policy at the National Association for College Admissions Counseling. Hawkins told Voice of America that most colleges and universities require many things from students when they apply. Schools usually ask for an essay describing a student's interests or why they want to study at that school. The schools also ask for letters from teachers or other responsible adults describing why a student is a good candidate. But, Hawkins says, the area that schools are most concerned about is a student's high school grades and standardized test results. The report suggests that paying attention to academic success over other qualities works well for some 22 students but hurts others. In addition, academic success is not the most important quality a student should have. More attention should be paid to showing whether or not a student wants to do well in the world, according to the report. The report goes on to state that the best way to change the admissions process is by changing college applications. It suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people. But the report does have its critics. Bob Schaeffer, Public Education Director for the National Center for Fair and Open Testing, said that every few years, someone makes the same argument for changes, but no real change has happed yet. Even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes. Lloyd Thacker, Executive Director of the Education Conservancy, said that until a majority of schools agree to make the changes, there will still be problems. However, he said, the admissions process was better in the past. If bad changes can affect the process, so can good ones. 1.What is the problems of the admissions process according to the report? A. The schools ask too many things from the applying students. B. The schools attach too much importance to students’ academic records C. The number of students getting admitted is too small D. Admissions officers consider too many unimportant factors 2.What is usually missing in an essay? A. The reasons to attend the school B.A description of interests C. Recommendation letters from adults D. Evidence that students care about others 3.Bob Schaeffer argues that _________. A. not all changes are good B. the largest schools are expected to make changes first C.no schools currently agree with the report D. some schools don’t make changes even if they agree 4.What’s Lloyd Thacker’s attitude toward the possible change in the admissions process? A. Confident B. Negative C. Doubtful D. Unclear Passage 3（2017 届河北省衡水中学高三下学期第三次摸底考试） 23 We had a TV series in London. One of our fellow TV presenters seriously upset the camera crew when they arrived at his house. He was rude and unconcerned, treating them like lowly workers. Minutes later, when the camera was turned on, he became the perfectly smiling spiritual figure he was publicly known to be. But, as the crew told us later, he had already shown them that he didn't walk his talk. In contrast, Ed was meeting with Jo, our TV producer, in a small London cafe. If you have ever been to London you'll know that in such cafe the tables are very close. Two well dressed African men sat down next to them, which effectively meant they were sharing the same table. Ed asked the two strangers where they were from and one said, ＂South Africa. ＂ The man pulled out his business card—his name was Jacob Zuma who, at that time, was the President of the ANC but is now the President of South Africa. Usually, if you sit next to someone in a big city cafe, you don't even make eye contact, let alone conversation. Jacob had never met Ed before so he could have been distant and polite, he certainly didn't have to talk, let alone maintain communication, which he did over the following few years. He even hugged him! How we walk our talk shows far more than just our public behavior. Rather, it highlights how we view the world and our place in it. Jacob Zuma showed us how he treats others—with the fairness, consideration and respect that he treats all beings. No matter who we are, whether a street cleaner or a president, we are all equal, here together as one human family. 1.What can we learn about the TV presenter? A. He felt upset before the camera. B. He was known for his being impolite. C. His deeds didn't agree with his words. D. He pretended to be polite to the camera crew. 2.Which word can best describe Jacob Zuma according to the text? A. Friendly. B. Humorous. C. Generous. D. Serious. 3.Why did Ed go to the small London cafe? A. To film a TV series. B. To interview Jacob Zuma. C. To meet with a TV producer. 24 D. To observe people's public behavior. 4.What is the text mainly about? A.TV presenters are often too proud. B. There still exists inequality in society. C. Learned people are more likely to be polite. D. People should treat others with equal respect. Passage 4（2017 届江西省临川一中高三下学期 5 月底模拟考试） Everyone knows that if a dog’s ears are up and its tail is wagging vigorously, it is definitely pleased to see you. but now scientists using a robot have found that the way dogs use their tails is more complicated than we thought, and that dogs which wag them to the left may be more friendly. The animal psychologists discovered that when real dogs approached a life-sized robot dog, they were less cautious about it when it was wagging its tail to the left, while if it was wagging its tail to the right, far fewer dogs approached it in a confident manner. In the first experiments, 56 percent of the animals approached the model without hesitation when the tail was wagged to the left, while only 21 percent did so in the other situation. When the researchers excluded(排除)owners from being present, the result were: 31 percent of the dogs approached continuously when the tail was wagging to the left, while only 18 percent did so when it was on the right. Animal psychologist Roger Mugford said it added to the growing evidence that dogs were even more complicated communicators than the animals more closely related to man such as monkeys. He said, ＂We know that dogs, in a sense, have languages, but it is more complicated because it is not just them wagging their tails, but also giving out chemical displays.＂ He adds, ＂The research confirms earlier studies suggesting that dogs, like humans, had a left-side preference. If you are going to present a signal to a dog, it is sensible to put it on your left-hand side because that is where dogs, unlike most other animals, tend to look. It is another example of the similarity between dogs and humans. They are a lot more human than we give them credit for.＂ 1.What does it tell us if a dog wags its tail to the right? A. It was very energetic. B. It was in a good mood. C. It might be unfriendly. D. It must be confident. 2.What can be inferred from the second paragraph? A. Few dogs approached the robot dog confidently. 25 B. More dogs approached the robot without their owners present. C. Some dogs lacked confidence with their owners present. D. Dog owners may influence the behaviour of their dogs. 3.What can we learn from animal psychologist’s experiments? A. Dogs can communicate more than human beings. B. Dogs have more complicated emotions than monkeys. C. Dogs’ tail-wagging conveys more information than previously believed. D. Dogs’ intelligence can be much higher than any other kind of animal. 4.What do Roger Mugford’s words mean? A. The Left-side preference should be studied further. B. Dogs have more in common with humans than we think. C. No other animals show the left-side preference except dogs. D. Dogs have a more complicated language than we people do. 题组一 Passage1 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。 所以作者主张使用新电子设备。 33.D 【解析】细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的 To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team 研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少 电。故选 D。 34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗 能最少的电子设备，可以降低 44%的耗能。 故选 B。 35.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建 26 议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选 A。*网 Passage 2 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费 以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。 24.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道 Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role 可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。 故选 B。 26.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的 which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.可知，Save Money: Good Food 节目是 Save Money: Good Health 节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选 C。 27.D 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。 根据文章中的 prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口 且有营养的饭菜； how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. 如何 减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于 5 英镑的每个家庭准备食谱； how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. 我们自己做这种食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。 可以推知 D 正确。 Passage 3 【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文章主要介绍并比较了几种水果各自的营养价值和健康 功效，并列出了一些食用这些水果的方法。 24.C 【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中 As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选 C。 25.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的 If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬 27 汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选 B。 26.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中 they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below 可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到 这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出 a juicer 就是一台机器。故选 D。 Passage 4 【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发， 着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。 40.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句 If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. 可知，人们来 SAC 是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选 A。 41.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段 At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. 可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务， 尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选 D。 42.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段 With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. 可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故 团队精神是最重要的，故选 B。 题组二 Passage1 【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它 的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。 32.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话 These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的 设备很轻便，portable 表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选 D。 28 34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段 Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是 weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选 C。 35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的 Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup 可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚 集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在 覆盖膜的下面。故选 D。 Passage2 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了 Terrafugia 公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年 进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。 28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据＂The vehicle—named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.＂可知选 A。 29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000＂可知，因为 Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选 C。 30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂the government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly ＂以及＂Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf＂可知， 政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选 B。 31.D 【解析】标题归纳题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的 设想至今成为现实展开说明。故选 D。 Passage3 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出 VOCs，以此来保护自己 29 或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。 33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据＂Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选 A。 34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据＂Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked＂ 及＂Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ＂可知答案选 B。 35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on＂可知，这个世界远比我们看到 或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。 故选 C。 Passage4 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼 的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。 28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因 以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。 29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁 徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。 30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏； 造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致 了当地生态平衡被破坏。 31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验， 因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。 题组三 Passage 1 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了 BookCrossing.com 网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递 图书的内容。 1.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第一段的＂Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the 30 traditional idea of a book group＂可知,作者提到 book groups 是为了引出 BookCrossing。故选 B 项。 2.A【解析】考查代词指代。根据第二段中的＂hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide...＂可知,此处的＂it＂指的是＂the book＂。故选 A 项。 4.D 【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句＂Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group＂以及其余的内容可知,本篇文章主要介绍了 BookCrossing.com 网站的功 能及其创建的意义。故选 D 项。 Passage2 【文章大意】美国加利福尼亚州的秃鹫因为各种原因濒临灭绝，但在科研人员的帮助下，秃鹫的种群 逐渐恢复生机。 1.D 【解析】考查推理判断。文章没有直接说美国加利福尼亚州秃鹫引起了研究人员的兴趣，但是结合第 一段和下文的＂So scientists have come up with a shocking idea＂可推断，因为电线和铅中毒，20 世纪 80 年代加利福尼亚州秃鹫濒临灭绝，因此它们引起了科研人员的兴趣。 2.B 【解析】考查细节理解。从题干中的 electrical lines 可知，答案应定位在第三段。电线能使秃鹫丧命， 因为秃鹫晚上休息的时候看不见电线，而如果它们宽大的翅膀同时搭在两根电线上，它们就会被电 死，因此选 B。 3.D 【解析】考查细节理解。第五段讲述了铅中毒对秃鹫的危害:影响秃鹫的神经系统(A 错)，影响秃鹫繁衍 后代的能力(D 正确)，导致秃鹫肾衰竭(B 错)。科研人员给秃鹫使用一种化学药物，帮助它们排出了体 内的铅(C 错)。因此选 D。 4.C 【解析】考查主旨大意。本文介绍了美国加州秃鹫濒临灭绝的原因以及科研人员为挽救秃鹫而开展的 研究工作。另外，文章的标题也直接表明了本文的主题:保护秃鹫的工作正让秃鹫以令人惊讶的速度 恢复生机。因此选 C。 Passage3 【文章大意】一项研究表明，小时候劳动的男孩长大后更容易享受快乐的生活。 1.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段中的＂He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was 31 healthier＂ 可知，约翰享受工作和婚姻带来的快乐。 3.C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的内容可知，Vaillant 的团队通过比较几组不同的得分情况得出了他 们的结论。 4.C【解析】考查词义猜测。根据画线词后面的＂Those who had done the most boyhood activities...less likely to have been unemployed＂可知，孩提时代的劳动和长大后的生活之间的联系是显而易见的。 5.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的内容可知，孩提时代的劳动能够培养一个人多方面的能力，这 些能力正是情感健康的基础，同时也能帮助他们过上更快乐的生活。由此可推断出情感健康对享受精 彩的成年生活十分重要。 【名师点睛】 这篇文章内容和学生自己的生活密切相关，而且是通过调查研究的方式给出，更加有说服力，虽然是 考试题，学生应该有兴趣阅读，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还 有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。 做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是 这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的 4 题，要求判断 sharp 的含义，这个词不是陌生的单词，高中教材上出现过， 它的意思是＂锋利的，尖锐的，敏捷的，聪明的＂，但是代入后，发现这些意思都不符合，而结合所在句 子，特别是下文的 Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. 可知和上文的观点是一致的，也就是这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是 令人惊讶地明显。答案也不难得出。 Passage4 【文章大意】本文探讨了科学家和六个月大的婴儿之间的关联。 1.D【解析】考查推理判断。从文章第一段的＂but some developmental psychologists(心 理学家) have argued that this ‘play’ is more like a scientific investigation than one might think＂可知,一些发展心理学家认为， 婴儿的游戏在某种程度上类似于科学家的实验，所以选 D 项。 32 3.C【解析】考查细节理解。从第三段的＂they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means...through repeated experiments...＂可知，孩子们可能会通过不停地尝试他们自己 的＂实验＂来习得语言规则，故选 C 项。 4.B【解析】考查段落大意。learn...look at science and scientists＂可知，研究孩子们的游戏可能有助于更 好地理解科学，所以 B 项正确。 5.D【解析】考查观点态度。通读全文特别是最后一段的＂Perhaps evolution(进化) provided... ＂ 可 知 ， 作 者的态度是很谨慎的，所以选 D 项。 题组四 Passage1 【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了 Skipping Rocks Lab 发明的新型环保储水容器 Ooho，它是 一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。 1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 Only 23 % of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin ， meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year.可知在美国，只有 23%的塑料资源被回 收利用，大部分的塑料都被当作垃圾扔掉了，故选 D。 2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water.和第二段 And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment，which could account for their purpose of such a new invention.可知 Skipping Rocks Lab 发明新型环保的储水容器 Ooho，它是一个能携带液体资源的球 面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。因此可知其目的是保护环境，故 选 B。 3.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的 The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cost about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles 可知制造储水容器 Ooho 的成本比塑料矿泉水瓶低得多，因此可以推断出其市场售价可能会比塑料瓶低，故选 C。 4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是 It is quickly making a rise，so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future.这一句话可知许多投资商看好储水容器 Ooho 的市场前景，作者也相信它一 定会成功的，故选 A。*网 33 Passage2 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国高等教育的招生过程中存在问题，教育工作者呼吁对此进行改变。 2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中 It suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people.可知，报告还指出，学校应该要求学生关心他人的证据。故选 D。 3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中 said that every few years, someone makes the same argument for changes, but no real change has happed yet. Even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes.可知，Bob Schaeffer 认为，有些学校即使同意，也不会做出改变。故选 D。 4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者只是对于录取过程中的问题进行了描述，没有进行自己的 评论，因此是中立的。分析选项可知 A 项是正确的。故选 A。 Passage3 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过举例讲述了我们如何做到言行一致，礼貌待人。我们的谈 话方式是我们的公共行为，表明我们如何看待世界和我们在社会中的地位，因此我们应该公平的、体贴的、 尊重地对待别人。 1.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的 He was rude and unconcerned, treating them like lowly workers. Minutes later, when the camera was turned on, he became the perfectly smiling spiritual figure he was publicly known to be.可知，这位电视节目主持人对待同事粗鲁不礼貌，当面对镜头，他就成了众所周 知的完美的精神形象。因此推断他是一个言行不一的人。故选 C。 2.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后第一段的 Jacob Zuma showed us how he treats others—with the fairness, consideration and respect that he treats all beings.可知，Jacob 向我们表明对待别人应该是公正的、体贴 的和尊重的。因此推断他是友好的。故选 A。 3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句 In contrast, Ed was meeting with Jo, our TV producer, in a small London cafe.可知，Ed 去咖啡馆是为了见一个电视节目制片人。故选 C。 4.D 【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章通过举例讲述了我们如何做到言行一致，礼貌待人。我们 的谈话方式是我们的公共行为，表明我们如何看待世界和我们在社会中的地位，因此我们应该公平 的、体贴的、尊重地对待别人。故选 D。 Passage4 34 【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述的是研究表明狗摇尾巴包含的信息比我们以前认为的要更多更复杂， 而且与人类相似，狗也有左侧偏爱。 2.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知当狗的主人在场时与不在场时，狗靠近模型狗的比例不同，由 此可知狗的主人可能对狗的行为有影响，故选 D。 3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第一句话中的＂…but now scientists using a robot have found that the way dogs use their tails is more complicated than we thought,＂可知 C 项正确，故选 C。 4.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话中的＂The research confirms earlier studies suggesting that dogs, like humans, had a left-side preference.＂和最后一段最后两句话可知狗人与类之间的共同之处比 我们认为的要多，故选 B。