通用版2021高考英语一轮复习考点十八科普研究类练习含解析

通用版2021高考英语一轮复习考点十八科普研究类练习含解析

考点十八　科普研究类 A 限时8分钟 Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you're using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people. The participants were assigned a device at random.‎ One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车) problem”： A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks. You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley. The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives, which 33.5 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 22.3 percent of PC users.‎ ‎“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma，” Dr Albert BarqueDuran, the lead author of the study, told City University of London. “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs.”‎ As for why the researchers started this study, Dr BarqueDuran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily.” It's clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decisionmaking because we're using screens at an everincreasing rate.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文。你所使用的手机或电脑设备是否影响你的道德决策？为此，研究者对1,010位参与者做了研究。‎ ‎1．Why did the author mention the trolley problem?‎ A．To introduce a difficult problem to readers.‎ B．To introduce the aim of carrying out the study.‎ C．To show an example of the questions in the study.‎ D．To show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic ‘trolley (有轨电车) problem’”可以推断出，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究的问题中的一个例子。故选C。‎ ‎2．How do the smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas?‎ A．Calmly. B．Cruelly.‎ - 16 -‎ C．Hesitantly. D．Enthusiastically.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma”可知，对于情感困境，手机使用者更能够镇定地处理。故选A。‎ ‎3．Dr Albert believes that compared with PCs, smartphones ________.‎ A．help people bear more pressure B．help people make decisions quicker C．make people feel more mentally distant D．make people stay happier to solve problems 答案：C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，与电脑相比较，手机更使人感到心理上的疏远。故选C。‎ ‎4．What can we infer from the text?‎ A．Shopping online has a great effect on making moral decisions.‎ B．The people using smartphones are more than those using PCs.‎ C．People who often use smartphones or PCs always meet with dilemmas.‎ D．It is common for people to be involved in making moral decisions in daily life.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。A、B、C三项文中均未提及。而文中多处出现moral problems, moral decisions，故D项正确。‎ B 限时8分钟 Over the past couple of days, on our local Freecycle page there have been a lot of wanted posts, all from the same person, basically asking for everything you'd need to set up a house from scratch.‎ One of the things they asked for was a queensized bed. At that time we just happened to have an extra one, so I messaged them. They immediately came in the afternoon. The people who came, two ladies and a man, are actually friends of another woman named Jenny who owned a young boy. This woman has escaped from a dangerous, violent relationship and these friends of hers are helping her and her son start over again, with everything from furniture to toothbrushes on their list of needs.‎ While they were here, I also gave them one of our spare bookcase and some coffee cups. I even asked them to keep in touch in case they needed anything else—I have a way of connecting people with things. I offered the woman a cupboard we had as well; her friends just needed to see if there was a place or a need for it in their friend's new home.‎ I was so excited to meet those loving people, who were obviously willing to help their friends. It was clear how protective they felt of this woman and her boy, how much they loved her and wanted her to have a happy and safe life, and to spend even - 16 -‎ ‎ a few minutes with people like that is an experience I'll remember for a long, long time.‎ A quick thankyou to all who have sent more donations over the last couple of days, as well as lovely messages of thanks and blessings. Sometimes it's hard to keep up with it all, but it's a problem I'm happy to have.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者通过物品利用网站帮助了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和她的孩子。‎ ‎5．What were the people who arrived at the author's in the afternoon going to do?‎ A．Promote some products customers needed. ‎ B．Fetch the bed the author would give away.‎ C．Recycle secondhand furniture. ‎ D．Help repair the author's furniture.‎ 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“One of the things they asked for was a queensized bed. At that time we just happened to have an extra one, so I messaged them. They immediately came in the afternoon.”可知，作者多一张大号床，所以下午来到作者家的人是去取作者要赠送的床。故选B。‎ ‎　‎ ‎6．Which of the following words can best describe the author?‎ A．Warmhearted. B．Mean. ‎ C．Narrowminded. D．Intelligent.‎ 答案：A　推理判断题。根据第三段中“While they were here, I also gave them one of our spare bookcase and some coffee cups. I even asked them to keep in touch in case they needed anything else—I have a way of connecting people with things.”可知，除了大床之外，作者还将其他多余的东西赠给了他们，可见作者是一个热心肠的人。故选A。‎ ‎7．From the last two paragraphs, we can infer that ________.‎ A．the author doesn't like to spend too much time with those people like Jenny's friends B．Jenny and her boy will hardly get help from the author's friends C．the author was disappointed with those only sending messages of thanks and blessings D．Jenny and her boy will have a new start with the help of people 答案：D　推理判断题。从最后两段，我们可以推断，在人们的帮助下，珍妮和她的儿子将有一个新的开始。故选D。‎ ‎8．The suitable title for the text should be “________”．‎ A．No pains, no gains B．God helps those who help themselves C．Many hands make light work ‎ - 16 -‎ D．Where there is will, there is a way 答案：C　标题判断题。No pains, no gains “不劳则无获”；God helps those who help themselves “自助者天助”；Many hands make light work “众人拾柴火焰高”；Where there is will, there is a way “有志者，事竟成”。文章介绍了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和孩子在朋友和陌生好心人的帮助下也将有一个新的开始。所以本文最佳标题是“众人拾柴火焰高”。故选C。‎ C 限时8分钟 When you think of batteries, you'll likely think about them powering up remote controls, cellphones, flashlights and toys. But some people carry a battery around in their body to power a pacemaker (起搏器). It isn't really pleasant and easy to carry batteries because they need to be replaced so often and they can leak poisonous chemicals. A batterypowered pacemaker may become a thing of the past, thanks to a new technology developed by UCLA researchers: A biological super capacitor (超级电容器), which is thinner than several hairs.‎ ‎ Teams of researchers at UCLA and the University‎ of ‎Connecticut published a paper in a journal explaining their new invention. The super capacitor is made from a carbon material, and coated with humanlike proteins that act as electrodes (电极). But what makes the device different is that it is powered by an energy harvester that changes body heat and movement in the blood into energy.‎ ‎ Those traditional pacemakers are six to eight millimeters (毫米) thick. They are much bigger. The new super capacitor, which, due to its lack of battery, is only one micrometer (微米) thick. This “little” feature could benefit the new pacemaker's energy efficiency, researchers stated. Also, unlike other batteries used in medical treatments, the super capacitor can bend and twist in the body without suffering damage.‎ ‎ Though they've not been widely used in the medical world, super capacitors have the ability to serve as a safer and more efficient medical device than the traditional batteryoperated devices, the researchers believe.‎ ‎ “In order to be effective, battery－free pacemakers must have super capacitors that can get, store and transport energy. However, commercial super capacitors are too slow to make them work”， said Maher ElKady, a UCLA researcher and coauthor of the study. “Our research focused on the customdesigned super capacitor to capture energy effectively, and finding a way to make it exist together successfully with the human body.”‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种可以借助身体发电，不再需要电池供电的新型起搏器。 ‎ ‎9．What do we know about traditional pacemakers? ‎ A．They are very popular with users. ‎ - 16 -‎ B．They are thinner than several hairs. ‎ C．They can do harm to the users' bodies. ‎ D．They are really convenient to carry around.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It isn't really pleasant and easy to carry batteries because they need to be replaced so often and they can leak poisonous chemicals.”可知，这种靠电池供电的起搏器经常需要更换，它们会泄漏有毒化学物质，可能会对人体产生伤害。故选C。‎ ‎10．What is special about the new super capacitor? ‎ A．It has electrodes on the outside. ‎ B．It is made from a kind of protein material. ‎ C．It helps save the carriers' money and energy. ‎ D．It can transform the energy from the body.‎ 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But what makes the device different is that it is powered by an energy harvester that changes body heat and movement in the blood into energy.”可知，这种新型超级电容器的特殊之处在于它能够转化来自身体的能量。故选D。‎ ‎11．Which of the following makes the new pacemaker energyefficient? ‎ A．The small size. ‎ B．The small battery. ‎ C．The energy harvester. ‎ D．The bending and twisting characters.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The new super capacitor, which, due to its lack of battery, is only one micrometer (微米) thick. This ‘little’ feature could benefit the new pacemaker's energy efficiency, researchers stated.”可知，这种新型起搏器因为体积小，所以节能和高效。故选A。‎ ‎12．What is the best title for the text? ‎ A．A New Pacemaker that Doesn't Need to Use Batteries ‎ B．A BatteryPowered Pacemaker Is Harming People's Body ‎ C．People Today Aren't Willing to Use the Traditional Pacemaker Any Longer ‎ D．UCLA Researchers Are Committed to the Cause of the Medical Equipment 答案：A　标题判断题。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一种可以借助身体发电，不再需要电池供电的新型起搏器。故选A。‎ D 限时7分钟 ‎“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you？” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at University‎ of ‎Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves，” he said. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind - 16 -‎ ‎ starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves，” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature's ways of picking_up energy and then sending it off on a journey.” When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮机). The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity.‎ ‎“The resource is huge，” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute. “We will never run out of wave power.” Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coal. Oceans cover three quarters of the Earth's surface—that would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcome.‎ Swain said that wave power still costs too much money. She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown. What is more, wave power could affect fishing and boat traffic. Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out. “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world，” Swain said. In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了有关海洋波浪能源的应用前景及存在的问题。‎ ‎13．The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ________.‎ A．test the readers' knowledge about waves B．draw the readers' attention to the topic C．show Jamie Taylor's importance D．invite the readers to answer them 答案：B　推理判断题。作者在问题后谈到了波浪能源的相关内容，所以文章开头的两个问句是为了引起读者的注意，从而引出文章主题。故选B。‎ ‎14．The underlined phrase “picking up” is closest in meaning to “________”．‎ A．starting again B．speeding up C．improving D．gathering 答案：D　词义猜测题。本句中的“and then sending it off on a journey”是关键信息，it指代energy, send ... off意为“把……发散出去”，由此可知，前一动作是收集能源的过程。故picking up在此意为“收集”，与gathering同义。故选D。‎ ‎15．It can be inferred that someday we might not worry about ________.‎ ‎ A．our power supply B．our boat traffic ‎ C．air pollution D．our supply of sea fish 答案：A　细节理解题。由第二段前两句可知，资源很庞大，所以将来终有一天我们不必再为电力供应担忧。never run out of “永远不会用完”是关键信息。故选A。‎ ‎16．We can make better use of wave energy if we ________.‎ - 16 -‎ ‎ A．shorten its journey to thousands of homes ‎ B．build more small power stations on the oceans ‎ C．reduce the cost of turning it into electric power ‎ D．quicken the steps of producing electricity 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Swain said that wave power still costs too much money.”可知，波浪能源仍耗资很多。由此可知，如果我们能降低波浪能源的发电成本，我们将会更好地利用波浪能源。故选C。‎ A 限时8分钟 ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.‎ Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.‎ It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.‎ In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。‎ ‎1．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?‎ A．To reduce pressure on keys.‎ B．To improve accuracy in typing.‎ C．To replace the password system.‎ D．To cut the cost of espace protection.‎ - 16 -‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。故选D。‎ ‎2．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?‎ A．Computers are much easier to operate.‎ B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.‎ C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.‎ D．Data security measures are guaranteed.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的“These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities ...”可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客。故选C。‎ ‎3．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?‎ A．It'll be environmentfriendly.‎ B．It'll reach consumers soon.‎ C．It'll be made of plastics.‎ D．It'll help speed up typing.‎ 答案：B　细节理解题。根据题干“研究者对于智能键盘有什么期望”可直接定位到最后一段的最后一句话“该团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场”。故选B。‎ ‎4．Where is this text most likely from?‎ A．A diary. B．A guidebook.‎ C．A novel. D．A magazine.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段第一句中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device ...”，尤其是其中的关键词“Researchers” “lowcost device”等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。故选D。‎ B 限时8分钟 ‎(2019·北京高考)By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.‎ At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.‎ Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global ‎ - 16 -‎ climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.‎ Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by ‎3℃‎， it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing，” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”‎ And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.‎ Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It'll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change，” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。调查表明，由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。‎ ‎5．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?‎ A．The various patterns at the ocean surface.‎ B．The cause of the changes in ocean colour.‎ C．The way light reflects off marine organisms.‎ D．The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.‎ 答案：B　段落大意题。文章第一段点题：由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。第二段介绍由于光从生物体反射的方式，这些浮游植物在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案；气候变化又使得这些浮游植物在某些区域加速生长而在其他地方有所减少，导致海洋表面的颜色变化。由此可知前两段讲了海洋颜色变化的原因，故B项正确。‎ ‎6．What does the underlined word“vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?‎ A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.‎ C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.‎ 答案：A　词义猜测题。画线词后一句提到，气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特点并能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们要生长不仅仅需要阳光和二氧化碳，也需要营养。由此可知，这些浮游植物对海洋变暖很敏感，故A项正确。‎ ‎7．What can we learn from the passage?‎ A．Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.‎ - 16 -‎ B．Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes.‎ C．Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.‎ D．Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。文章倒数第二段提到这些浮游植物是海洋食物链的基础，如果某些种类的浮游植物消失了，会影响能存活的鱼的类型，从而影响海洋食物链，并结合文章第四段倒数第二句可知浮游植物多的区域海水会变得更绿，故D项正确。‎ ‎8．What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A．To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.‎ B．To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.‎ C．To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.‎ D．To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.‎ 答案：C　主旨大意题。文章主要论述了随着气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿，即气候变化对海洋有影响，故C项正确。‎ C 限时10分钟 ‎(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)‎ Learning New Vocabulary During Deep Sleep ‎ Sleeping time is sometimes considered unproductive time. This raises the question whether the time spent during sleeping could be used more productively, e. g. for learning a new language? Sleep research to date focused on the stabilization and strengthening of memories that had been formed during previous wakefulness. However, learning during sleep has rarely been examined. There is considerable evidence for wake－learned information undergoing revision by a replay in the sleeping brain. The replay during sleep strengthens the still weak memory traces and embeds (嵌入) the newly acquired information in the preexisting store of knowledge.‎ If the replay during sleep improves the storage of wake－learned information, then first－play, i．e. the initial processing of new information, should also be possible during sleep.‎ The research group of Katharina Henke examined whether a sleeping person is able to form new semantic associations between played foreign words and translation words during the brain cells' active states, the so－called “Up－states”. It turned out to be that what they thought was reasonable. When we reach deep sleep stages, our brain cells progressively coordinate their activity. During deep sleep, the brain cells are commonly active for a brief period of time before they jointly enter into a state of brief inactivity. The active state is called “Up－state” and the inactive state “Down－state”. The two states alternate (交替) about every half－second.‎ New evidence for sleep－learning challenges current theories of sleep and theories of memory. The concept of sleep as an encapsulated (被概括的) mental ‎ - 16 -‎ ‎ state, in which we are separated from the physical environment is no longer reasonable. “We could disprove that complex learning be impossible during deep sleep，” says Simon Ruch, co－first－author. “In how far and with what consequences deep sleep can be applied to the acquisition of new information will be a topic of research in upcoming years，” says Katharina Henke.‎ The research group of Katharina Henke is part of the Interfaculty Research Cooperation (IRC). Thirteen research groups in medicine, biology, psychology and information science are part of the IRC. The aim of these research groups is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in sleep, consciousness and cognition.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项研究论证了在深度睡眠中学习新词汇的可能性。‎ ‎9．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?‎ A．“Up－state” and “Down－state” appear in turn during deep sleep.‎ B．“Up－states” is another name for the brain cells' active states.‎ C．Semantic associations are important for language learning.‎ D．The brain cells' active states are central for sleep－learning.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“The research group of Katharina Henke examined ... the so－called ‘Up－states’. It turned out to be that what they thought was reasonable.”可知，研究小组研究了睡觉的人能否在脑细胞活跃状态下，在被播放的外来词和翻译词之间形成新的语义联系。结果证明他们的想法是合理的。据此可推知，当大脑处于“Up－states”时，可以进行语言学习。在这个过程中，大脑细胞的活跃状态起着主要作用。故答案是D。‎ ‎10．What will researchers do within several years according to the passage?‎ A．Make study in the following fields such as medicine and biology.‎ B．Separate us from the physical environment.‎ C．Apply deep sleep to information learning.‎ D．Discover the concept of sleep.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词researchers和within several years定位到文章的第四段。根据该段中的“In how far and with what consequences ... will be a topic of research in upcoming years”可知，在未来几年，在新信息的获得方面深度睡眠能运用到何种程度以及会有何种结果将是研究的主题。故答案是C。‎ ‎11．What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A．To introduce a new way of vocabulary learning.‎ B．To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms.‎ C．To challenge current theories of sleep and theories of memory.‎ D．To explain the possibility of vocabulary learning during deep sleep.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。第一段提出问题“This raises the question whether the time spent during sleeping could be used more productively, e. g. for learning a new - 16 -‎ ‎ language？”(是否可以更有效地利用睡眠时间，例如用于学习一种新语言？)；第二段回答该问题“then first－play, i．e. the initial processing of new information, should also be possible during sleep”(对新信息的初始处理，在睡眠期间也应该是可能的)；第三段通过研究提出证据证明了第二段的猜想。最后两段进行了补充说明。据此可知，本文是为了说明在深度睡眠中，学习新的词汇是可能的。故答案是D。‎ ‎12．Where is this text most likely from?‎ A．A novel.‎ B．A guidebook.‎ C．A scientific research website.‎ D．A diary.‎ 答案：C　推理判断题。根据本文中出现的“Sleep research to date focused on” “There is considerable evidence” “The research group” “The aim of these research groups”并结合文章主旨(在深度睡眠中学习新词汇方面的科学研究)可以推断出，本文可能出自一个科研网站，故选C。‎ D 限时12分钟 ‎(2018·北京高考)‎ PlasticEating ‎Worms ‎ Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.‎ Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste (糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass—apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.‎ ‎ Federica Bertocchini, coauthor of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carboncarbon bond, is there as well，” she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break - 16 -‎ ‎ this bond.”‎ ‎ Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University‎ of ‎Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes (肠道微生物)?‎ ‎ Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。最新科学研究发现大蜡螟幼虫能利用体内的酶来分解塑料，这是一种分解塑料的新方法。‎ ‎13．What can we learn about the worms in the study?‎ A．They take plastics as their everyday food.‎ B．They are newly evolved creatures.‎ C．They can consume plastics.‎ D．They wind up in landfills.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第二段前两句可知，蠕虫能消耗塑料。故选C。‎ ‎14．According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to ________.‎ A．identify other means of the breakdown B．find out the source of the enzyme C．confirm the research findings D．increase the breakdown speed 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句可知，DeBruyn说，下一步将找出分解的原因。这种酶是蠕虫自身产生的，还是肠道微生物产生的？即根据Jennifer DeBruyn的说法，下一步将找出这种酶的来源。故选B。‎ ‎15．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might ________.‎ A．help to raise worms B．help make plastic bags C．be used to clean the oceans D．be produced in factories in future 答案：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知，她希望通过某种工业生产程序使用这种化学物质，而不是简单地“把数百万条虫子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，将来这种化学制品可能由工厂生产。故选D。‎ ‎16．What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A．To explain a study method on worms.‎ B．To introduce the diet of a special worm.‎ - 16 -‎ C．To present a way to break down plastics.‎ D．To propose new means to keep ecobalance.‎ 答案：C　主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了研究发现蠕虫能分解塑料，即一种分解塑料的新方法。故选C。‎ E 限时10分钟 ‎(2019·山东师范大学附中高三第二次模拟考试)If you ask most people what water tastes like, they'll probably tell you that water has no taste and they may give you a funny look. But if you were a fruit fly, asking another fruit fly, that question might have a different answer.‎ To a fruit fly, water has a taste. Scientists want to know how the fruit fly knows water because this information may help in learning how other animals—or even individual cells—manage to use water in the right way. Water is vital to life, but too much or too little can be deadly to a living creature. So by understanding how the fruit fly tastes water, researchers may learn more about other living things.‎ According to the new study, a protein (蛋白质) called PPK28 makes it possible for a fly to taste water. Proteins build cells and tissues, fight disease and carry messages between cells. It's not surprising that a protein is responsible for the fruit fly's ability to taste water.‎ The PPK28 protein is part of a larger family of similar proteins. One of these related proteins is used by mammals (including humans) to taste salt. Scientists have not found a protein that enables humans to “taste” water.‎ In the experiment, Cameron and his team compared normal fruit flies with fruit flies whose taste cells had been disabled. The fruit flies were given a special chemical that would glow (发光) when the fly used the PPK28 protein. Then the scientists led the flies to water. When the normal flies tasted the water, the PPK28 protein lit up—showing that it was in use.‎ The fruit fly in particular is so interesting that some scientists are hard at work creating a complete map of the fruit fly brain. This map will show all of a fly's neurons and help scientists understand how the neurons work together.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了科学家研究果蝇可以分辨水有滋味的原因。获取这些信息有助于人类对其他生物甚至是单个细胞的研究和了解。‎ ‎17．How do most people feel when asked the taste of water?‎ A．Amused. B．Frightened.‎ C．Disappointed. D．Disgusted.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“If you ask most people what water tastes like, they'll probably tell you that water has no taste and they may give you a funny look.”可知，当人们被问及水的滋味时，他们会感到这个问题很可笑，故选A。‎ ‎18．Why do scientists want to know how the fruit fly knows water?‎ - 16 -‎ A．To decrease the number of the fruit fly.‎ B．To know more about other creatures.‎ C．To manage to use water correctly.‎ D．To describe the taste of water.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Scientists want to know how the fruit fly knows water because this information may help in learning how other animals—or even individual cells—manage to use water in the right way.”可知，科学家通过研究果蝇如何分辨水的滋味来更多地了解其他生物，故选B。‎ ‎19．What do we know about the PPK28 protein?‎ A．It can make humans taste salt.‎ B．The fruit fly can't live without it.‎ C．It enables the fruit fly to taste water.‎ D．The fruit fly uses it to avoid illnesses.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“According to the new study, a protein (蛋白质) called PPK28 makes it possible for a fly to taste water.”可知，PPK28蛋白质使得果蝇能够辨别水的滋味，故选C。‎ ‎20．What will the scientists continue to work at?‎ A．Studying the fruit fly's neuron systems.‎ B．Telling more information about cells.‎ C．Creating maps of human brains.‎ D．Making the PPK28 protein.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句中的“that some scientists are hard at work creating a complete map”和第二句“This map will show all of a fly's neurons and help scientists understand how the neurons work together.”可知，科学家们会继续致力于研究果蝇的神经元是如何协同工作的，故选A。‎ - 16 -‎ - 16 -‎