【英语】2018届二轮复习走出定语从句五大误区学案（6页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习走出定语从句五大误区学案（6页）

‎2018届二轮复习 走出定语从句五大误区 ‎       在高中英语三大从句当中，定语从句几乎是每一年高考的必考内容。定语从句在英语中应用广泛，是重要的语法项目。但因为定语从句规则繁多，且与其他语法项目有许多容易混淆的地方，因而很多同学在考试中极易弄错。笔者在此结合考题就定语从句考试中容易出错的五大误区为同学们做一梳理和分析。‎ 误区一、关系代词之间的误用 ‎        定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等，在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。‎ ‎1误用that和which ‎ 1. 只用that 不用which ‎      例1（2017 北京卷）31. The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ ‎                    A. that       B. as      C. where      D. when  ‎ ‎      解析：A考查关系词。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，并且由little，故用that。‎ ‎      点拨：定语从句中以下情况只用that 不用which：‎ ‎  ① 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等时；如：I’ve told you all that I know.  There’s not much that can be done.‎ ‎  ② 当先行词被only, very, just, last, all, one of, no, little, few, any, every等词修饰时; 如：‎ The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.   I’ve read all the books that you gave me.‎ ‎  ③ 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时；‎ ‎    This is the best that has been used against pollution.‎ This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.‎ ‎  ④ 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时；  This is the first book that he has read.‎ ‎        ⑤ 当先行词既有人又有物时。‎ The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.‎ ‎        ⑥ 当主句的主语是疑问词which时；Which is the book that you bought last week?‎ ‎        ⑦ 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个要用that，以避免重复。‎ ‎     He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.‎ ‎ 2. 只用which 不用that ‎      例2（2017 全国卷 新课标Ⅱ 短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.‎ ‎      解析：that→which.句意：在他们空闲的时候，他们对在他们花园里种菜感兴趣，这个花园在他们的房顶。根据句意，此处that is on the rooftop of their house应为非限制性定语从句，故应用which引导。‎ ‎      点拨：定语从句中以下情况只用which不用that：‎ ‎      ①引导非限制性定语从句时。试比较：‎ ‎      The building that/which attracts many visitors is designed by my father.‎ ‎      The building, which attracts many visitors, is designed by my father.‎ ‎      ②位于介词后面时。试比较：‎ ‎      Great changes have taken place in the city that/which they live in.‎ ‎      Great changes have taken place in the city in which they live.‎ ‎2误用关系代词“as”‎ ‎       as作为关系代词, 通常以the same…as，such…as或的形式引导定语从句，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语等。‎ ‎  1. 混淆so/such…as..与so/such …that…‎ ‎    so/such…as..中as 引导定语从句，指代前面的先行词；so/such …that… 引导结果状语从句，that 不具有指代作用。试比较：‎ ‎      This is such an easy question as I can answer.  (定语从句)‎ ‎      This is such an easy question that I can answer it. (结果状语从句)‎ ‎      例3 (2017 浙江卷 改编 单句改错) Pahlsson screamed so loudly as her daughter came running from the house .‎ ‎      解析：as→ that 考查固定句式。句意：Pahlsson 如此大声地尖叫以至于她的女儿从房子那跑过来。 so…that表示“如此……以至于”，做结果状语，故填that。‎ ‎  2. 混淆the same…as..与the same …that…‎ ‎         the same…as…  表示相似的东西； the same…that… 表示同一物或人。试比较：‎ ‎    I want to buy the same bike as you bought yesterday. 我想买一辆和你昨天买的一样的自行车。‎ ‎    This is the same bike that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那辆自行车。‎ ‎ 3. 混淆as与which ‎      例4(2017 全国卷 新课标Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,    70    is not good for the health.‎ ‎      解析：which 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：像任何东西一样，两种物质很可能摄入过多，这对健康没有好处。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文中所提到的整件事。‎ ‎      点拨：which 在非限制性定语从句中指代前文或指代先行词，置于句末。as用于引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末。常翻译成“正如”。试比较：‎ ‎   This kind of computer, as we have seen, is out of date.‎ ‎   Tom has made great progress, which makes us very happy.‎ ‎3误用that/which和whose ‎      例5 (2017 天津卷)9. My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.‎ ‎            A. that   B. whose   C. his    D. who ‎      解析：B句意：我的大儿子，他的工作让他走遍全世界，这回正在纽约。本句为非限制性定语从句，根据句意和空后名词可以确定引导词在从句中做定语，故应使用whose，表示“……某人的”。‎ ‎      例6（2017 江苏卷 改编 单句改错）28.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of which purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.  ‎ ‎      解析：which →whose.句意：在1963年，联合国创立世界粮食项目署，它的目的之一便是缓解世界范围的饥荒。whose在从句中做定语，表示“……的”, 修饰名词purposes。‎ ‎      点拨：which/ that在定语从句中做主语、宾语等成分，而whose在从句中做定语，表示“……的”。‎ 误区二、关系副词和关系代词之间的误用 ‎ 定语从句中的关系副词有when、where、why等，在从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。不少同学在平时学习中，常把关系副词和关系代词用错。‎ ‎      例7 (2017 浙江卷) Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got  63    (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden,    64     it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.‎ ‎      解析：64 where. 本题较复杂，考生容易根据先行词garden而误填入which。根据从句句意和句子成分可知，此处64题应在句中做地点状语，表示“在花园里”，故用where做从句的地点状语，相当于in which。‎ ‎      此外，一些抽象地点名词如position, condition, situation, scene, case, stage, point, degree等做先行词，可接where引导定语从句。试比较：‎ ‎       ①The accident had reached to a point _______ both their parents are to be called to the school.‎ ‎       ②The accident had reached to a point ________ both their parents are afraid of.‎ ‎      第一句中从句缺少状语，故应使用where；第二句中从句缺少宾语，故应使用which/that；所以，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词关键还是看先行在从句中作的成分。如引导词做状语，则使用关系副词；如引导词做主语、宾语，定语等成分，则用关系代词。‎ 误区三、主谓一致的误判 ‎    1. 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。‎ ‎     例8 (2017 江苏卷改编) 24.The publication of Great Expectations, which_________（be）both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens, status as a leading novelist.  ‎ ‎      解析：was 句意：《远大前程》的出版得到广泛地评价和高度地赞扬，也强化了狄更斯作为领袖级小说家的地位。本题中，which 引导非限制性定语从句，which 指代The publication of Great Expectations，而其中的中心词是The publication，故应该用单三形式。此题易错误认为谓语动词由Expectations决定而误填were。‎ ‎    2. 当先行词是“the only one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数形式；当先行词是“one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式。试比较：‎ ‎     ① He is the only one of the students who was late this morning. 他是唯一一个迟到的学生。‎ ‎     ② He is one of the students who were late this morning.        他是所有迟到学生中的一个。‎ ‎      例9（单句改错）Linda is easy to recognize as she's the only one of women who wear evening dress.‎ ‎      解析：wear 改为wears. “the only one of +复数名词”作先行词时，定语从句的谓语应根据the only one 决定用单数。本题中定语从句关系词who所中带的并非women 而是Linda,故答案为wears。‎ 误区四、定语从句与其它从句的混淆 ‎1与同位语从句的混淆 定语从句与同位语从句：二者前通常都有名词或代词，但定语从句起修饰、限定作用；同位语从句起解释、说明作用。试比较：‎ ‎       ①Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that Canada is such an empty country.‎ ‎②Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that shows Canada is an empty country.‎ 第一句中，横线后的句子说明fact的内容，且句子意思完整，连接词只起连接作用，引导同位语从句；第二句横线后的句子起修饰限定的作用，横线上的词在句子中做show的主语，引导定语从句。‎ ‎      例10（单句改错） During their trip in Chinatown, Judy and Nick know the fact which people mainly from Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, Vietnam are living here.‎ ‎      解析: which →that.句意：在他们到中国城的旅行中，Judy and Nick了解到住在这里的人主要来自香港、新加坡、台湾和越南等地。the fact后的从句对the fact起到解释说明的作用，应该是同位语从句，且从句句意完整，故应用that 。‎ ‎2与强调句的混淆 强调句中that 没有意义，且不做任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：‎ ‎    ① It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading. （强调句）‎ ‎    ② It is a question that needs careful consideration. (定语从句)‎ ‎      例11 (2017 天津卷)11. It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.‎ ‎        A. who    B. where   C. which    D. that ‎      解析：D。句意：当我回到我的公寓的时候，我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句中去掉It was 和空格，句意完整，所以本句是强调句型，强调的是时间状语when I got back to my apartment，应用that。故选D。同学们切不可将此题误认为是定语从句，将my apartmet误当作先行词。‎ ‎3与状语从句的混淆 ‎        主要体现在as引导的定语从句与as 引导的方式状语从句混淆。试比较：‎ ‎         China has the largest population in the world，as is known to us all. (定语从句)‎ ‎         Remember, you must do everything as I do.   (方式状语从句)‎ ‎      点拨：as用于引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末，指代整个主句，常翻译成“正如”。而方式状语从句没有指代作用，相当于in the way that…，表方式。‎ 误区五、定语从句与并列句的混淆 要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词了。试比较：‎ ‎  ①The professor is a little man, on the nose of whom there is a pair of glasses. (定语从句)‎ ‎    ②The professor is a little man, and on the nose of them there is a pair of glasses. (并列句)‎ ‎      例12 (2016 江苏卷) 23.Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.‎ ‎        A.of which    B.of them     C.of whom    D.of those ‎      解析：C. 考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people,关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作为介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求他们的梦想，其中大部分人都是受过良好教育。故C正确。‎