高考英语答题技巧

高考英语答题技巧

高考英语听力题型分析及应试技巧 高考听力课程介绍： 高中的英语教学缺乏听说部分的训练，对于高考听力测试，中学教师采取让同学自己看原文解决的方式。事实上， 听不懂，决非看原文就可以解决的。本课程首先从学习应对听力的方法入手，从单词的发音，对话中特色的场景和听 力习语的使用，提到许多细微但又十分重要的注意事项，然后，根据高考听力的特色将题目分类，并通过短对话，长 对话和独白三部分题目的讲解，教给大家针对不同类型的题目该采用什么样的应对方法，将会使大家不仅从技巧上， 更从实力上有所提高。 一、高考听力测试题型介绍 高考的听力考试在笔试前进行，时量为 20 分钟，试卷共 20 小题，要求学生根据所听到的内容，从三个选项中选 出一个正确答案，回答试卷上的问题。录音的语速是大约每分钟 135 个单词。试题包括两部分： 第一部分有 5 段简单对话，即一问一答。每段对话后有 1 个小题，共 5 个小题。每小题后停顿 10 秒。这一部分录 音只放一遍. 第二部分总词汇量为 1000 个单词左右，为五段对话或独白，每段材料后有 2—4 个小题，共 15 个小题。每段录音 播放之后的答题时间约为 15 秒。这一部分录音放两遍。 二、听力测试命题原则 1.交际性原则：试卷的选题立意体现交际性、口语化的原则。所取材料是口语材料，具有交际性，考察学生的听能 和语感，对学生的辨音、记忆、推理、归纳等能力、语言反应的速度以及连续听英语材料的耐受能力，都作了量化要 求。 2.循序渐进原则：试卷的编排体例体现循序渐进的原则。听力试题的通常安排顺序是对话在前，短文在后;由易到 难，由短到长。 3.实践性原则：试卷的内容采选体现实践性的原则。内容贴近生活实际，采用课本中介绍对话情景，一般不会超出 大纲后面所列出的 41 项日常交际用语的范围，即：问路、打电话、约会、看病、介绍、告别、劝告、留便条、住旅馆、 操作工具、租房、用餐、文秘、过海关、风土人情、传统、时事、人物、环保、科普等等。 三、听力测试考前准备 1.加强对所学语言知识的记忆的准确性和稳固性。抓好单词的正确拼读，掌握常用的语调。词汇意义的正确掌握和 词汇量的扩大有助于正确理解所听内容，也有助于捕捉关键信息。 2.听说训练应循序渐进，循环往复。听力不是一种孤立的能力，它和说、朗读、阅读、记忆等多方面的训练相联系。 在训练时，要多听多讲，听是为了理解，说是为了表达。学生平时要多开口朗读，使英语词句的字形信息和声音信息 一并输人大脑;还要进行广泛的阅读，丰富背景知识，扩大知识面。 3.适量作一些高考听力考试的模拟训练，通过实践来熟悉题型，明确备考的目标和方向。 四、听力测试应试要求 1.良好的心理素质： A.要求考生在测试中保持稳定的心态。听力理解的过程是复杂的心理过程。情绪处于焦虑状态就易产生恐惧心理， 影响测试效果。 B.听音时的情感因素对听力理解的效果有着直接的影响。要有明确的听音目的和强烈的听音欲望，才能达到好的 听音效果。 2.正确的语音和语调： A.要求考生掌握每个单词的准确发音，辨认一些易混淆的音素，如：sixty/sixteen，first/fourth，last/lost 等。 B.要求考生有正确的语音语调，能把握连读、弱读、重音转移等语音变化和陈述句、各类疑问句、感叹句等各种 句式在不同情境中的语调变化。 3.词汇量范围和熟练程度： A.要求考生熟悉教材中所学的所有英语单词，并熟练掌握词汇表所规定的英语基本词汇的形、音、义，以及其主 要用法。 B.掌握所学单词的一词多义和同音异义现象，能在特定的语境中判断所给材料中的词汇。 4.训练材料接近正常的语速： A. 要求考生通过大量的听说训练，跟上录音的速度，基本听懂接近正常语速的材料。 B.通过一定时量的强化训练以后，基本达到耳脑直映的要求，直接理解所听英语材料，而不是先将材料翻译成母 语，然后再理解。汉语句子结构、词序等与英语存在很大差异，依赖汉语来理解句子不仅速度慢，还会造成理解错误， 导致大的失误。 5.具有较强的篇章能力： A.要求考生平时加大阅读量，提高阅读能力，培养语感，熟悉常见的篇章结构、句型、语法现象以及常用搭配。 B.对于听的过程中遇到的一些词和句子能根据上下文来猜测。 6.熟悉文化背景知识： A.要求考生具备一定的英美历史和文学知识，了解一些英美国家的概况。 B.熟悉英语教学大纲中所列举的 41 个交际项目以及使用的语境。 教育部在 2003 年制定并颁布《普通高中课程方案(实验)》后，高中新课程实验已于 2004 年启动，海南、广东、山 东、宁夏为首批实验区。2005 年，江苏开始实施新课改。2006 年，实验范围扩大到福建、辽宁、浙江、安徽、天津五 省市。目前全国已有近 20 个省、市、自治区成为新课程实验省份。教育部要求 2010 年以前高中新课程在全国全面推 开。 五、听力测试审题举要 1.理解材料大意。常用问句形式有： ①What’s the dialogue/conversation/speech about? ②What is/are the……talking about? 2.记忆和理解材料介绍的事实和细节。常用问句形式有： Who/What/When/Where/How/Which...? 3.推断材料的背景、人物之间的关系等等。常用问句形式有： ①Where does the dialogue/conversation take place? ②Where are the speakers? ③What is the relationship between the...? 4.理解所听材料中人物的观点或意图。常用问句形式有： ①What will the...do? ②What does the...mean? 六、听力测试解题技巧 1.快速读题。 听力测试特别要求眼、耳、手、脑多种器官的协调配合。在放每段录音前，必须抓住间隙，快速读完选项，节省 部分时间，提高应试成功率。 A.听力试题的各个选项常有相同或近似的部分。我们可以忽略这些部分，而把注意力集中在那些有较大差异的部 分，通过比较和鉴别，迅速做出正确判断。例如，在通读了选项 A.In July. B.In June.C.In August.后，把注意力集中在 July， June，August 这几个关键词上，就可以立即看出这是一个考查时间的试题，从而把握住听的方向。 B.对长选项应采取跳读的方式，作两步处理：第一步，整体看，以发现共同点。第二步：竖着读，着重看区别。 做到先胸中有数，抓住重要信息提示，再去听录音材料。例如： A: He went to see his doctor in his spare time yesterday. B: He visited his friends when he was free yesterday. C: He called on an old farmer after work yesterday. 从选项中我们看到，三个选项的主语、谓语部分基本相同，而宾语有很大的区别。我们先抓住 doctor， friends， farmer 三个词，然后根据所听录音做出判断。 通过抢先看题，从选项所透露的信息中了解录音原文所涉及的话题、大致内容以及可能提出的问题，做到听的时 候有针对性。 2.细心听题。 考生听长段对话和短文理解时，推理思路要正确。要有扎实的语言基础，能理解较深较长的语言材料，在语篇环 境中抓住要点，记住某些细节和事实，找到答案。 A.听对话理解时，考生可能无法从对话中直接找出答案。我们必须回忆对话内容，用归纳、推理判断或计算等方 法，将所获取的信息进行加工，然后答题。 B.要注意听对话者之间的委婉表达。有时答话人并非直截了当地去回答问话人的问题，而采用了某种含蓄、委婉 的回答方式。这种题需要考生仔细推敲，找出其“潜台词”。 C.听短文时，需做到整体理解中心内容，把握主要情节，抓要点，边听边用笔记下重要信息，如全文或段落主题 句的关键词，人名、地名、日期、数字等关键词等，但应在不影响自己跟听速度的情况下进行。记录符号要形成习惯， 还应尽可能简明，只要自己懂就行。符号不能随意变更，在考场上要能熟练运用。 D.学会推测关键词的词义。对于人名、地名等一些不影响文章理解的词，不必多想。对于未听懂而又必须理解的 关键词，要在听过全文之后，再根据上下文猜测词义。切忌在听短文的过程中在某个词上纠缠，结果一步跟不上，步 步都踏空。 E.注意抓听短文的首句和首段。目前短文理解的大部分材料是记叙文或讲话稿。其首句或首段往往是全篇文章的 理解线索，如作者观点、内容概要、故事发生的时间、地点及起因等。听懂这些内容有助于整体理解文章，也有利于 调节情绪。要特别注意，在所听的较长对话或短文中，结尾部分所给出的信息往往不会是题目的正确答案，而仅仅只 是一个“陷阱”。决不能因为听的时间长了产生松懈的心理，造成误选。 3.果断选题。 考生在选择答案时必须坚决果断，一定要具有良好的应试心理状态。在听力测试过程中，听力测试各小题之间的 停顿时间很短，考生又完全处于被动状态。做题当中，切记不可因某个小题未听懂而患得患失，不可因一题失多题。 如果做完一道题后，仍在回想刚才所听的对话，在考虑自己的选择是否正确，势必贻误更多的机会，造成重大的失误。 遇到未听懂或未完全听懂的题，应迅速猜出下一个答案，然后果断地放弃此题，争取时间抢看下一题。有时考生听懂 了，但因阅读选项速度太慢，或者一时难以确定正确答案，犹豫之间，下一题 又开始了。在这种情况下也应果断地放 弃，而不能心中总是想着该题。如果注意力停留在过去的内容—上，不切实际地想不丢 1 分，反而会背上包袱，顾此 失彼，以至于每做完一道题后，仍在回想刚才对话的内容，或自己选择的答案正确与否，这是最大的失策，打乱了后 面听和答节奏。 4.做完所有听力 20 道选择题后，一般来说，没有百分之百的把握，不要轻易改动第一次做好的答案。因为，据统 计，第一次选择往往比改动后的选择更可靠。 获取信息必备词汇 数词 月份 0 nought; zero; O 1 月 January 1 one 2 月 February 2 two 3 月 March 3 three 4 月 April 4 four 5 月 May 5 five 6 月 June 6 six 7 月 July 7 seven 8 月 August 8 eight 9 月 September 9 nine 10 月 October 10 ten 11 月 November 11 eleven 12 月 December 12 twelve 星期 13 thirteen 星期一 Monday 14 fourteen 星期二 Tuesday 15 fifteen 星期三 Wednesday 16 sixteen 星期四 Thursday 17 seventeen 星期五 Friday 18 eighteen 星期六 Saturday 19 nineteen 星期日 Sunday 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 季节 23 twenty-three 春季 spring 30 thirty 夏季 summer 32 thirty-two 秋季 autumn 40 forty 冬季 winter 50 fifty 60 sixty 方向（direction） 70 seventy 东方 east （n） eastern （adj） 80 eighty 南方 south （n） southern（adj） 90 ninety 西方 west（n） western（adj） 100 one hundred 北方 north（n） northern（adj） 101 one hundred and one 东北 northeast 156 one hundred and fifty-six 东南 southeast 192 one hundred and ninety-two 西北 northwest 200 two hundred 西南 southwest 900 nine hundred 1,000 one thousand 1,001 one thousand and one 1,300 thirteen hundred; one thousand and three hundred 6,502 six thousand five hundred and two 45,672 forty-five thousand six hundred and seventy-two 500,000 five hundred thousand 1,000,000 one million 3,123,400 three million, one hundred and twenty-three thousand and four hundred 8,000,000 eight million 序数词 天气 first 第一 晴 fine, sunny second 第二 阴 cloudy third 第三 雨 rainy fourth 第四 雾 foggy fifth 第五 阵雨 shower sixth 第六 风暴 storm seventh 第七 温度 temperature eighth 第八 ninth 第九 tenth 第十 eleventh 第十一 职务名称 twelfth 第十二 Buyer 采购员 thirteenth 第十三 Cashier 出纳员 fourteenth 第十四 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 fifteenth 第十五 Clerk/Receptionist 职员／接待员 sixteenth 第十六 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师 seventeenth 第十七 General Manager/President 总经理 eighteenth 第十八 General Manager Assistant 总经理助理 nineteenth 第十九 Secretary 秘书 twentieth 第二十 Manager 经理 twenty-first 第二十一 Music Teacher 音乐教师 twenty-second 第二十二 Clerk 职员 twenty-third 第二十三 Plant/Factory Manager 厂长 thirtieth 第三十 Salesperson 销售员 thirty-first 第三十一 Senior Accountant 高级会计 fortieth 第四十 Translator 翻译员 fiftieth 第五十 Tourist Guide 导游 sixtieth 第六十 Typist 打字员 seventieth 第七十 Assistant 助手，助理 eightieth 第八十 judge 裁判 ninetieth 第九十 (one)hundredth 第一百 (one)hundred and first 第一百零一 hundred and thirty-fourth 第一百三十四 two-hundredth 第二百 nine-hundredth 第九百 (one)thousandth 第一千 thousand and first 第一千零一 two thousand and thirty-fourth 第二千零三十四 ten thousandth 第一万 (one)millionth 第一百万(美作:billionth) billionth 第十亿(美作:trillionth) 分数 1/2 : one-half; a half 1/3 : one-third 3/4 : three-fourths 1/5 : one-fifth 2/5 : two-fifths 7/8 : seven-eighths 1/10 : one-tenth; a tenth 1/100 : one-hundredth; one per cent 1/1000 : one-thousandth 1/10000 : one ten-thousandth 21/2 : two and one half; two and a half 42/3 : four and two-thirds 百分数. 小数 100% : one hundred per cent 0.5% : point five per cent 0.46% : point four six per cent 2.05 : two point nought five; two point O five 6.003 : six point nought nought three; six point O O three 78.12 : seventy-eight point one two 同一个时间可以有几种表达方法。 1.1)4:00 four o'clock,four,4 o'clock 1.2)04:00 four in the morning, 4 a.m 1.3)16:00 four in the afternoon, 4 p.m 2.1)9:00 nine o'clock, nine, 9 o'clock 2.2)09:00 nine in the morning, 9 a.m 2.3)21:00 nine in the evening, nine at night, 9 p.m 3.1)12:00 twelve o'clock, twelve, 12 o'clock 3.2)12:00 twelve in the morning, 12 a.m, midday 3.3)00:00 twelve at night, 12 p.m, midnight 4)12:15,00:15 a quarter past twelve, quarter past twelve, twelve fifteen, a quarter after twelve 5)02:25,14:25 twenty-five past two, twenty-five minutes past two, two twenty-five, twenty-five after two 6)11:30,23:30 half past eleven, eleven-thirty, half eleven, half after eleven 7)12:45,00:45 a quarter to one, quarter to one, twelve forty-five, a quarter of one 8)07:50,19:50 ten to eight, ten minutes to eight, seven-fifty, ten of eight 高考英语听力十大场景词汇总结 高考考试的对话内容场景基本上都是考生所熟悉的，有校园、生活、工作、各种社交场所。了解一些场景下的常用 语和常见表达对解题是很有帮助的。对这些常用词汇和短语不仅要知道其本身的意思，还要知道它们的同义表达方式。 这是因为现在听力试题一般不会在选项中出现对话中的原词和词组。以下场景是对话当中所占比例最大的，掌握了这 些场景下的常用短语和表达方式，也就从词汇和短语方面抓住了解题的关键。 （1）餐馆场景： order 点菜 serve 上菜 change 零钱 Keep the change! 不用找零钱了！ tip 小费 treat 请客 （This is my treat! 我 请客！）go Dutch AA 制 (Let’s go fifty fifty. ) steak 牛排 cheese 奶酪 sandwich 三明治 bacon 腌肉 soup 汤 plain water 自来水（西餐中洗手用的）dessert 甜品，水果（作为正餐的最后一道） go out for dinner / dinner out 出去吃饭 snack bar 小吃街；大排挡 hamburger 汉堡包 coke 可口可乐 French fries 炸薯条 dining hall ; coffee shop ; restaurant ; cafeteria ; canteen; （2）邮局场景： stamp envelope package / parcel 包裹 overweight 超重 extra postage 额外邮资 send / post / deliver a letter / mail 寄 /发信 express mail 快件 airmail 航空信件 surface mail 陆地邮寄 open an account 开一个帐户 （3）图书馆场景： library card; borrow; lend; keep; renew; bookshelf; novel; science fiction 科幻小说；magazine; periodical 期刊； reference book; librarian 图书管理员 pay a fine 交罚款 Can I help you? / What can I do for you? （4）医院及健康场景： aspirin 阿司匹林 regular doctor 私人医生 emergence department 急诊室 ICU (= intensive care unit)特护病房 treatment 治疗手段 take one’s temperature / blood pressure 测量体温/血压 medicine: pills / tablets 药丸/药片 heart attack 心脏病 cold / flu 流感：have/catch a cold; pain; headache; stomach-ache; backache; sore-throat 喉咙痛 cough; fever。What’s up? (多用于男生之间)How is it going? How are you? 回答：I’m fine. / I feel good/terrific. / I couldn’t be better. / Nothing is very wrong with me. 好。 I am not feeling good. / I feel terrible/horrible/awful. / I am not myself these days. 不好。 （注意 听语气：身体好的时候，语调上扬，语气非常欢快； 身体不好的时候，降调，语气非常郁闷。） 5）电话场景： operator 接线员 Extension six two two six, please. 请转 6226。 The line is bad/ busy / engaged. It kept a busy line. 电 话占线。long distance call 长途电话 collect call 对方付费的电话 put through 接通电话 hold on / up Hold the line, please. Hello! This is … speaking. Who’s speaking? / who is this? call/ telephone/ ring/ phone sb. ; give sb. a call/ ring I’ll call back later / again. I’ll ring him / her up again. I couldn’t get through. Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong number. （6）酒店场景： make a reservation 预定房间 reception desk 接待处 check in 入住 check out 结帐 single room 单间 suite 套间 Do you have a reservation Sir? Have you got any vacant room? (= Is there any room available here?)有空房间吗？All the room are occupied. 房间已满。Can I have a suite please? How much do you charge for that? Smoking or no smoking? Meals included. 包括饮食。Can I show you your room? / Can I carry your luggage? （7）超速场景： speeding May I see your license, please? You will be fined by $20. （8）购物场景： store 杂货店 department store 百货商场 shopping center 购物中心 商品信息：size; color; style; price What color/size/kind do you want? 商品论贵贱expensive, cheap 价格论高低high, low bargain便宜货 popular / fashionable 流行 的 in fashion 流行，时尚 out of fashion 过时的 brand 品牌 counter 柜台 pay in cash 用现金支付 pay in check 用支票 支付 credit card 信用卡 shop assistant 商店营业员 out of stock 脱销/缺货 in stock 有货 （9）天气场景： cloudy 阴天 overcast 多云 thunder 打雷 strong/ high wind 大风 tornado 龙卷风 typhoon 台风 storm 风暴 blizzard 暴风雨 It rains cats and dogs.(=The rain is pouring.)下着倾盆大雨。downpour 倾盆大雨 shower 阵雨 clear up 天 空放晴 put away clothes 下雨收衣服 weather in London / Seattle 意指不好的天气 weather in California 意指好天气 经 常和天气相联系的情况：vacation 和 flight（航班） （be delayed/cancelled by the bad weather） （10）机场场景： airport 机场 flight 航班 Welcome on board 欢迎登机 bound for…飞往……方向去的 check in 办理登机手续 behind schedule 晚点 take off 起飞 land 降落 高考英语单项填空命题规律探究 高考中的单项选择题虽然只有 15 道，但考查的知识点却几乎涉及到中学所学的所有语法项目，包括冠词、名词、 代词、形容词、副词、介词、动词、连词、各类从句、倒装、it 的用法等，此外，还有交际口语。考点虽然广泛，但 却以动词为重点。从历届全国高考及各省的高考题来看，动词少则５道(占单选总量的 33.3%)，多则 8 道(占单选题总 量的 53.3%)。动词的考点包括时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词、动词辨析、短语动词等，这些都是我们高考复习 的重点。就各个考点而言，也有存一定规律，现分述如下： 1. 冠词命题规律： (1)不定冠词表示泛指； (2)定冠词表示特指； (3)不可数名词和复数可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。 2. 代词命题规律： (1)不定代词 all, any, none, both, either, neither; other, another; some, any; little, few; something, anything, nothing, somebody/one, anybody/one, nobody, no one 等； (2)替代词 it, one, that, those； (3)在简略回答中用人称代词的宾语；(4)疑问代词用于“疑问词+不定式”结构。 3. 名词命题规律： (1)可数名词和不可数名词的判断与转化； (2)名词的所有格； (3)语境中对名词的选择。 4. 形容词和副词的命题规律： (1)语境中选择适当的形容词或副词； (2)多个形容词作定语的排序； (3)比较等级及其修饰语； (4)ed 形容词和 ing 形容词的区别； (5)与形容词同形的副词与 ly 副词的区别。 5. 介词命题规律： (1)常用介词的用法，如 as, by, of, with, over, on, towards, beyond, through 等； (2)常用的短语介词，如 instead of, in search of, in case of, in fear of, because of, as a result of 等； (3)由介词构成的习语，如 in a word, in another word, in fact, in all, above all, after all, at all, at last, as a result 等。 6. 动词时态的命题规律： (1)三个一般：一般现在时、一般过去式、一般将来时； (2)三个现在：现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时； (3)三个过去：过去进行时、过去完成时，过去完成进行时。 命题形式也有 3 条规律： (1)通常有一个可参照的时间信息词； (2)固定句式中的时态。如：祈使句+and / or+陈述句(用一般将来时)；过去进行时+when+一般过去时； (3)常以对话的形式出现。 7. 非谓语动词的命题规律： (1)不定式和动名词作宾语的区别； (2)作状语的区别； (3)作补语的区别； (4)作定语的区别； (5)非谓语动词的否定式、完成式、被动式及复合结构。 8. 情态动词的命题规律： (1)情态动词的基本意义和用法，特别是 can, can’t, mustn’t, needn’t, shall, should, used to, had better, would rather 等； (2) 表示推测的用法； (3) 表示后悔或轻微责备的用法。 9. 短语动词的命题规律： (1) take, get, make, put, look, turn, break, go, fall, hold, keep, work, carry, give, cut, set, fall 等动词+介词或副词； (2)动词+out / in / up / down / on / off / to / away / over / back 等； (3)动词+副词+介词，如 keep up with, put up with, come up with, hold on to, go together with, get along / on with, go in for, break away from, get out of, get down to 等。 值得注意的是： (1)考查的词义在教材中可能没出现。如：work out 作“结果”解，break down 作“失败”解在教材中就没有； (2)考查的短语在大纲中可能没列出。 10. 动词辨析的命题规律： (1)语境中选择一个恰当的动词。如：do(行、替代动词), act(起作用), , leave(留下), sense(感觉到), run(褪色), cover(采 访), promise(有…的希望), follow / catch(明白), matter(要紧), attempt(企图)等； (2)词义和用法容易混淆的动词。如：turn, become, get, go, grow(变化)；suit, fit, meet, satisfy, do(适合)；supply, offer, provide(提供)；want, wish, hope, expect (希望、料想、祝愿)；spend, take, cost, pay(花费)；see, watch, notice, observe, glance, stare(看)；say, speak, tell, talk(说)；receive, accept(收到、接受)；last, continue, keep(持续); seat, sit(坐); rise, raise(升高); celebrate, congratulate (庆祝、祝贺); manage, try(努力); persuade, advise, suggest(劝); beat, hit, strike, knock(打); raise, grow, feed (养、植); seat, hold, admit(容纳); bear, stand, take(承受、忍受); start, begin(开始); separate, divide(分开)等； (3)拼写易混的词。如：spare, share; lie, lay, find, found； (4)动词与名词等的习惯搭配。如：answer the phone / door; kill the time, read sb. mind / thought, make it(成功), make it 8 (定于 8 点)； (5)判断动词后能否接又宾语或复合宾语。 11. 并列连词的命题规律： (1)表转折的 but； (2)在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中的 and 和 or(否则)； (3)表示选择的 or； (4)表示并列的 when(=and just at that time)； (5)表示对比的 while(而、却)； (6)表示因果的 for, so； (7)would rather…than…; either…or; neither…nor…; not only…but also 等。 12. 名词性从句的命题规律： 重点考查宾语从句，其次是同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句，通常考查引导这些从句的引导词的选择。 13. 状语从句的命题规律： (1)以 until, before, when, as, while, since, the moment 等引导的时间状语从句； (2)以 if, unless, as long as 引导的条件状语从句； (3)以 although, though, as, while, however (=no matter how), whenever, even if, whether…or…等引导的让步状语从句； (4)以表示“既然”的 since, when, now that 和 because 等引导的原因状语从句；(5)以 so that 和 in order that 引导的目 的状语从句； (6)以 where(在…的地方)引导的地点状语从句。 14. 定语从句的命题规律： (1)关系代词 who(m), which, that 的选用和省略； (2)先行词是时间或地点时，用关系副词(when, where)还是用关系代词(which, that)； (3)介词+关系代词(不能用 that)； (4)先行词是整个句子或句子的一部分时，用 as 或 which 引导的非限制性定语从句； (5)用 whose 和 of which 引导的定语从句； (6)先行词是 the way 和 the reason 时，关系词的选择； (7)先行词前有 so, such, as, the same 等时，用引导定语从句。 15. it 用法的命题规律： (1)用于强调结构：it is/was…that…(考试重点)； (2)替代前面提到的同一物； (3)替代前面整个句子； (4)指身份不明的人； (5)作形式主语或形式宾语。 16. 倒装的命题规律：重点考查部分否定，特别是以否定词开头和以“only+状语”开头的部分倒装句。 17. 虚拟语气的命题规律： (1)含虚拟条件句的虚拟语态； (2)用 without, but for 等介词和 or, otherwise 等连词表示虚拟条件和虚拟语态； (3)虚拟条件句和主句动作发生时间不一样的错综时间的虚拟语态； (4)wish, would rather, as if/ though 后的从句； (5)在表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的词后的名词性从句中用“(should+)动词原形”表示的虚拟语态。 18. 交际口语的命题规律：考查邀请、道歉、请求、建议、祝贺、感谢、提供帮助、要求重复、道别、安慰、谈论 天气等约定俗成的口语表达方式。 高考中单项选择易错原因及分析 单项选择是英语高考的一个必考题型。单选题不是单纯地考查“纯语法”或“纯词汇”，而是在特定的语言环境中考查考生综合 运用语言的能力。 先请试着回答以下三道单项选择题： 1. Do you expect ______ to be a possibility that Palestine and Israel will make a peace agreement after Yasser Arafat died. A. that B. there C. one D. it 2. He got to the station early, ______ missing his train. A. in case of B. instead of C. for fear of D. in search of 3. How long do you suppose is it ______ he arrived here? A. after B. since C. before D. when 核对答案之前，先反思一下刚才答题时思考的过程，看看自己属于下面的哪一类：一类是先看选项，看看可能考哪一个 知识点，于是就先有个“预期”，比如第一题感觉是考不定代词it，所以就选择了D；再一类是，先读一下题干，大致感觉一 下这句话要说什么，然后再把选项回填句中，看哪个对，比如第二题，是说“他早早到了车站，……误了火车”，一看第一个 选项，“觉得”是“以防”的意思，就选择了A。 如果第一、二题你分别选择了D和A，又是上面所述的“答题思路”，那你就犯了单选答题最典型的，也是最“致命”的错误， 即在没有明确题干语义的情况下仓促选择。正确答案应当分别是B和C。 高考英语试卷的15道单项选择题，答题失误率非常高。平时备考，同学们做了不计其数的练习，但总是陷入“做了错， 错了做”的恶性循环，究其原因，是同学们把单选真的看成“题”了，而不是看成是进行语言交流。语言交流，首先就要清楚， 人家要讲什么，它决定你如何选，选什么。 以第三题为例：题干说什么呢？如果你看不出来，不妨将题干做一个变换，即做一个回答： ——How long do you suppose is it ______ he arrived here? ——I suppose it is a week ______ he arrived here. 上面a week是你自己随便添加的时间段，但恰恰是这样的添加回答，使刚才似乎不是很清晰的结构，一下子变成我们学 习现在完成时时，最典型的一个结构“做……到现在已经有……时间了”。由此，很容易选出B. since。 从上面的这个例子，我们可以看出，做单项选择题，不要急于先看选项，更不要一个一个选项地往空里带。要首先尝试 语义，语义准了，答题才有保证。我们再回到第一题： 题干上的关键点是“…a possibility that Palestine and Israel will make a peace agreement after Yasser Arafat died.”也就是“阿拉法特去世后，巴勒斯坦和以色列达成和平协议的可能”。而可能“possibility”是名词，有没有可能是“there is a possibility…”，在这里需要用不定式结构，即“Do you expect there to be a possibility…”。如果使用it，题干 应当是： Do you think ______ is possible that Palestine and Israel will make a peace agreement after Yasser Arafat died. 因此，这道题考查了同学们在搞清语义基础上辨别句式结构的能力。 再看第二题的题干“他早早到了车站，……误了火车”，应当是“担心，怕”误了火车，因此，选项C. for fear of正符合 语义。in case of something用来描述在某些特定情境下，你应该做什么，特别用在官方的和正式的通知中，例如： In case of fire, break the glass. 如果失火，砸碎玻璃。 从上面的讲解不难看出，同学们在做单项选择训练时，务必首先建立“语义领先”的意识，要读准，然后有一个正确的期 待，然后再在选项中找出是哪一个，千万不要一个一个去试，这才是回答单项选择题的正确思路。 易错点一 思维定势干扰 典例1 （2007年重庆卷） Isn’t it time you got down to ___ the papers? A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking 【命题意图】 介词to与不定式符号to辨析 【解题思路】 正确答案为D。考生易误以为考查动词不定式结构而选A。其实本题考查短语get down to doing sth的用法， 意思是开始认真对待某事。 【失误警示】思维定势是指在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种固定的思维模式。运用得当，它可以帮助考生在短时间内调集 解决问题所需的相关知识进行分析、推理，并得出正确的答案；运用不当，便会误导考生，使其掉入命题人预设的陷阱。 易错点二 冗余信息干扰 典例2 （2007年江西卷） Attention, coffee lovers! We have for you, the best coffee machine ___ invented. A. ever B. already C. even D. nowadays 【命题意图】 特定语境中的副词辨析 【解题思路】 正确答案为A。本题的主体句是We have the best coffee machine ___ invented，而分词短语ever invented = which have ever been invented是定语修饰语；for you不影响主体句答案的选择。 【失误警示】常见的冗余信息有插入语、后置定语、前置状语、从句等。对于此类题目，考生可以反其道而行之，去掉冗余 部分，这样，答案就会一目了然。 易错点三被表面现象迷惑 典例3 （2007年辽宁卷） You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ______ home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking 【命题意图】 英语固定句型的用法 【解题思路】 正确答案为D。把题干还原，很容易看出，本句使用的是have some difficulty （ｉｎ） doing sth这个句 型。 【失误警示】单项填空题中，命题人常常变化一些常见的短语或句法结构，使答题者不容易分辨。此种手段常导致考生机械 地套用语法，进而作出错误的选择。做此类题目时要注意学会转换和还原，使之清晰明了。 易错点四忽视有效附加信息 典例4 （2006年北京卷） —Which driver was to blame? —Why, ____! It was the child’s fault, clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars. A. both B. each C. either D. neither 【命题意图】 特定语境中不定代词的辨析 【解题思路】 正确答案为D。本题若只注意到which driver was to blame 而忽略the child’s fault就会误选答案B或A。而最后一句表明，是小孩从两辆停着的车子中冲出，导 致事故。 【失误警示】单项填空题的空白后有时附带一些文字信息，这些信息千万不能忽视，它们并非总是冗余信息。判断依据是， 有此信息与无此信息句子意义完全不同。 易错点五 受母语干扰 典例5 （2007年江西卷）—I’m dead tired. I can’t walk any further, Jenny. —____, Tommy. You can do it. A. No problem B. No hurry C. Come on D. That’s OK 【命题意图】 交际用语的用法 【解题思路】 正确答案为C。易误选A或D，因为汉语里常用“你会没问题的，你能行的”来安慰他人，但英语中通常用Come on, you can do it来鼓励他人。 【失误警示】由于母语在大脑中的根深蒂固，所以常常会对外语学习者大脑中尚不牢固的外语知识产生负面影响。命题者常 利用这一点，制造陷阱。 实战演习 （定时：30mins，每小题1分，共45分，得分：_____分） 1. An accident happened at ________ crossroads a few meters away from _____ bank. A. a; a B. / ; a C. / ; the D. the; / 2. My ___ of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends. A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought 3. David has won the first prize in singing； he is still very excited now and feels ___ desire to go to bed. A. the worst B. more C. worse D. the least 4. If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 5. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for ____ he thought was not enough. A. where B. how C. what D. which 6. John, look at the time. ____ you play the piano at such a late hour？ A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need 7. —Don’t you think it necessary that he ____ to Miami but to New York？ —I agree, but the problem is __ he has refused to. A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what 8. Her sister has become a lawyer, __ she wanted to be. A. who B. that C. what D. which 9. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ____ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 10. The poor young man is ready to accept _____ help he can get. A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever 11. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ____ each year. A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away 12. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ____ at the party, but not ____. A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave 13. The storm left, ____ a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused 14. —Did you tell Julia about the result? —Oh, no, I forgot. I ___ her now. A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call 15. ____, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet students as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student 16. The country life he was used to ____ greatly since 1992. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed 17. The doctor advised Vera strongly that he should take a holiday, but ____ didn’t help. A. it B. she C. which D. he 18. A poet and artist ___ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A. is B. are C. was D. were 19. If it were not for the fact that she ____sing, 1 would invite her to the party. A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. might not 20. The workers will go on strike if the demands they ______put forward are turned down. A. could B. would C. / D. had 21. Mary, _____ here —— everybody else, stay where you are. A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming 22. —Which of the two ties would you like to take? —I’d like to take ________, to give me a change sometimes. A. both B. each C. either D. neither 23. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _____ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A. why B. that C. where D. because 24. We’re just trying to reach a point ________ both sides will sit together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which 25. —I’m dead tired. I can’t walk any further, Jenny. —_____, Tommy. You can do it. A. No problem B. No hurry C. Come on D. That’s OK 26. Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one_______. A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed 27. _____ and I’ll get the work finished. A. Have one more hour B. One more hour C. Given one more hour D. If I have one more hour 28. —How long do you think it will be _____China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? —Perhaps two or three years. A. when B. until C. that D. before 29. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expected D. expects 30. We want to rent a bus which can _____ 40 people for our trip to Beijing. A. 1oad B. hold C. fill D. support 31. —Could I have a word with you, mum? —Oh dear, if you______. A. can B. must C. may D. should 32. —Why don’t we take a little break? —Didn’t we just have ______? A. it B. that C. one D. this 33. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what 34. The home improvements have taken what little there is ____ my spare time. A. from B. in C. of D. at 35. ____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. While B. Since C. As D. If 36. Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always ______ much to do. A. such B. that C. more D. very 37. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___ she was getting. A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest 38. —Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. —You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. A. shan’t B. might not C. needn’t D. shouldn’t 39. He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. A. could B. would C. must D. need 40. —How about eight o’ clock outside the cinema? —That _______ me fine. A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits 41. Happy birthday, Alice! So you have ___________ twenty-one already! A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed 42. We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it ____ very well. A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on 43. Hospital staff burst into cheers after doctors completed a 20-hours operation to have ______ one-year-old twins at the head. A. isolated B. separated C. divided D. removed 44. I ____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 45. “The interest _________ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. A. may B. should C. must D. shall Keys: 1-5 ADDDC 6-10 ABDAA 11-15 DCDBB 16-20 BAACC 21-25 AABAC 26-30 CBDBB 31-35 BCBCA 36-40 BAAAD 41-45 BABDD 英语完形填空解题技巧 完形填空的命题特征： 1． 文章短，挖空多。《高考考纲》要求文章在 200~250 个词的短文中留出 20 个空白，所以要求学生在平常做题和老师选题时要注意对 文章字数的限制。 2． 情景意义选择为主，语法选择填空为辅。 3． 短文内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分明。 4． 单词填空为主，短语或词组的整体填空为辅。 5． 逻辑性强，实词为主，虚词为辅。 6． 保留提示句。 完形填空题主要测试的角度： 1. 词义辨析。 2. 固定搭配。 3. 语法结构。 4. 文章的衔接及推理。 完形填空答题角度: （1）从语法角度。 （2）从词语用法角度。 （3）从上下文角度。 （4）从惯用法角度。 （5）从常识和知识角度。 完形填空答题技巧： 完形填空主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括基础知识的掌握和运用，对整个文章逻辑联系的理解，在情景中辨析词义的能力以及词 组短语搭配的使用能力，这是大部分考生认为难度最大的考查项目。有些考生的听力基础知识部分做得还比较好，但是完形填空却只能做 对一两道，有的甚至对完形填空产生了恐惧心理，导致全军覆没。其实只要我们有信心，有良好的心理素质，再加上一定的技巧，完形填 空并不是不可逾越的鸿沟。 首先：从心理上，平心静气，不急不急噪 对完形填空心存恐惧，是导致失误的根本原因，有些考生满脑子的畏难思想，殊不知这种情绪只会使得自己的全部思想游离题外，根本无 法进入思维，还谈何理解文章的内容呢？所以，集中思想、树立信心、平心静气、去除杂念才是做好完形填空题的保证。 其次：从答题策略上，要把握以下几方面：浏览全文，把握大意；运用语法理顺关系；遇到难词反复默念；注意上下连贯，合乎逻辑；细 心检查避免疏漏。 第一：浏览全文，把握大意 这是做完形填空的第一步，以快速阅读的方式浏览全文，了解文章大意，抓住主题和关键词，避免断章取义，减少解题时的盲目性，这样 可以为解题做好准备。但在迅速浏览全文的过程中，切勿望生词而却步，恰恰相反，碰到不明白的地方应掠过去，等到填空需要细读时再 去理会。浏览全文能获得更多的上下文提供的信息，并根据文章的内在逻辑意义、贯穿文章始终的主线以及作者行文的走向，把握文脉， 调整并定位自己的解题思路，从而做出最终的判断。 第二：运用语法理顺关系 语法知识是指导完形填空的法宝，词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的位置，有了语法规则文章才能有条不紊、顺理成章。完形填空题实际上 是“形断意不断，貌离神不离”，正如藕断而丝连，语法规则起到“牵动荷花带出藕”的功效。如介词后的代词必然是宾格；物质名词一般不用 复数；形容词必须放在不定代词后；行为动词的否定和疑问句应由助动词 do 构成；情态动词只能与不带 to 的动词连用；另外，语法还包 括时态、语气、非谓语动词、关系代词和关系副词、分句、语态及惯用法等语法现象等。 a)时态：对完形填空中的时态题的判断，可以根据表示时间的信息词来判断，也可以根据上下文提供的信息来判断。表时间的词有：since, before, after, already, every since, for a long time, yesterday。 b)语气：考生认为困难的是对虚拟语气试题的判断。此类试题一般分两种情况，一种情况是带有表虚拟条件句或短句的词语在问题句中， 如 without，if 等，另一种需要根据上下文或逻辑关系来判断。 c)非谓语动词：非谓语动词各自具有不同的语法功能和使用范围。分词作定语和表示原因、时间和伴随状语；不定式作定语和表示目的和 结果状语。动名词可以做宾语、主语、表语或介词宾语。因此做非谓语动词的试题，要注意分析其在句中的语法作用，另外还要注意一些 词的固定用法，牢固掌握必须跟动名词的动词和必须跟动词不定式的动词也是很必要的。 d)替代词：英语中替代词很多，既可以用来替代单词，也可以用来替代词组、短语或句子。常见的有 do, so, one, ones, yours, theirs, this, that, those, he, it, they 等。完形填空题借用其语篇优势，常设有此类题。考生做这类题时，要仔细分析句子的语义关系，搞清所替代的内 容是什么。 e)词组、习语和习惯用法：对于这一类选择题，不能利用语法知识进行判断。因此平时的日积月累就十分重要。只有熟悉其意义和用法， 才能准确迅速地做出判断。识别短语注意搭配一类短语是由动词＋介词，或动词＋副词构成，在现代英语中，这类词组很多而且实用性强、 结构简练，使用灵活，表达生动，如 break the ice，look forward to，keep an eye on，catch one’s eye 等；还有一类使用极广的是介词 短语，如 with regard to，at the age of 等。如果平时能注意词组、短语的整体记忆，掌握它们的搭配规律，在做完形填空时就能得心应手， 减少失误，提高完形填空的命中率。 第三：遇到难词反复默念 有时会遇到这样的情况，大部分词都填出来了，只有一两个难词绞尽脑汁仍不得要领，如果考试时间允许，不要轻易放弃，要穷追不舍， 先从语法角度考虑，再从逻辑角度考虑是否有隐含意思、作者的情感以及背景文化和习俗等。有时句子好像什么也不缺，读上去很完整， 就必须考虑，很可能缺的就是连词 and，副词 then、always、sometimes 等，如果还未填出，应反复默念几遍，有些词就会悄然而至，在 你的记忆中浮现出来。 第四：注意上下连贯，合乎逻辑 这是从句子结构来考虑。例如：一个空白在两个句子之间，就要根据上下文的语境和上下文的关系，选用并列连词 and，but，or， however, there?鄄 fore, while, for 等连接两个并列句；或用 who，which, that，whose，whom, when，where, why 等关系代词和关系副词等连接 定语从句，或用 whoever， whatever，what, who，when，where， how，why，if，whether，that 等连接词连接名词性从句，或用 when， where，because，unless，though，even if，so that 等从属连词连接各种状语从句。如果我们知道它们的基本用法和彼此间的区别，填 上所选词后句子的意思和结构都完整，上下连贯，把握住语篇的行文逻辑，那么选定最佳答案就不难了。 第五：细心检查，避免疏漏 全部答案选定后，文章完整了，应再从头至尾读一遍。这也是最关键的一点，这就要求细心检查每一个填空处是否有笔误或疏漏的地方来 调整答案。有些考生为自己全部填出了而沾沾自喜，根本没想到不是缺了“'”就是少了“s”，或是忘了加“ed”，这是很可惜的，因为从意思上 他是理解了、看懂了题目，但因粗心而大意失荆州，所以细心检查，反复回读，能够减少疏漏，提高完形填空的正确率。凡不通之处，必 有待推敲的疑点，应从意义、语法、行文逻辑等方面仔细权衡，加以改正。例如：从语法上，检查所完成的句子是否主谓一致；时态、语 态是否正确；名词、代词的性、格是否一致；动词、名词、形容词与介词或副词等的搭配是否准确无误。对于个别难度较大的空项，可以 凭着自己的语感，坚持第一感觉选择的答案。 完形填空在不同时段的训练： 在复习阶段：首先要熟练掌握学过的全部语法知识，牢记习惯用法， 特别是动词短语；注意对动词、名词、形容词、副词等词汇英语意 义的真正理解，要懂得词汇的内含、外延、褒贬及一定的修辞色彩；注意他们的同义词、近义词、反义词及其辨析；其次要有计划地多做 一些完形填空的练习，要有计划地多阅读一些短文，增强英文阅读能力， 提高理解能力。 在应考阶段：拿到完形填空试题后， 不要急于动手去做，必须从语法、习惯用法、内容和常识等多方面综合考虑选项；既要理解文章材 料所叙述的表层内容信息，又要理解文章材料中的连贯意义、引申意义等深层意义。 阅读理解题的题型的特点及解答技巧 (一)主旨题 1.文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结. 2.主旨题的解题技巧 A.不管它出现在文章的什么位置,都作为最后一道题去做,因为做完其他题以后会对主旨的理解有帮助 B.着重理解首末段,首末句 C.主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕 3.主旨题的注意事项: A.段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句 B.作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨 C.首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨 D.提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short 等等 4.选项特点: A.正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词 B.干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统 (二)作者观点和态度题 1.作者态度题的解题技巧 A.作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案 B.漠不关心类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心 C.不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度 D.当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度 E.作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联 [注]新趋势: A.不仅局限于作者的态度,而发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度 B.选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词语,而改为带有程度限制的词 C.一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错,如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic 等 D.有保留态度的,比较客观常常是正确选项,如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent 等 (三)词义/句义题 1.对词义考察的两种方式:超纲词义含义推断;熟词生义或是在特定场合的意思 2.词义题的解题技巧: 根据上下文进行推理猜测,两个原则 <1>不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思 <2>不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思 正确选项不是熟词的常规含义 3.猜测词义的方法: 构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义 词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测 找同义词,同义解释,反义词,反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义 找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测 4.句义题的解题技巧 正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语,而是使用不肯定语气或意义解释深刻 含原文词或短语越多,就越不可能是正确选项 (四)推理引申题 1.推理引申题的选项特点与答题技巧 干扰项的特点 只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理 看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等 根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准 推理过头,引申过渡 正确选项的特点 不是文中明确说明的内容,没有引申推理就不是正确选项 正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项 [注意] 注意那些似乎话中有话的的间接表达句,它们往往采用说半句,打比喻,反着说的方式,让考生有推理的余 地 注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子.考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看透,也是命题点所在 (五)事实细节题 1.事实细节题的选项特点 正确选项特点 一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案,但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型表达 相同的意思 题干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值 体现中心思想,一篇试题的细节与主旨直接关联 干扰选项的特点 部分正确,部分错误 是原文信息,但是不是题目要求的内容 符合常识,但不是文章内容 与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动 2.事实细节题的解题技巧 主旨与细节是相辅相成的,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同样,对具体细节有较为全面的理解,就 能更好的判明主题 文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,时间,空间的 关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体 看细节内容要"跳出来"看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识,然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务 坚决遵循"本本主义",文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题 书面表达大全 高考英语书面表达五步法 一、问题的提出 综观近几年的高考英语发展势态：书面表达旨在训练学生对所学语言知识的实践应用，特别是测试学生的语言交 际能力和语言知识的活用能力的必考题型，也是高考中重要且难度较大的题型，所占分值为25分。学生要在25分钟内 写出100个词左右的短文。 我参加了2004、2005两年江苏高考英语作文阅卷。主要体会是学生在做书面表达题时，得分率较低，卷面普遍 存在以下缺点：①文不对题（文体格式不规范）②离题太远（抓不到要点，该说的不说，不该说的说的太多）③词不 达意（有的甚至用汉语标注、留空或抄袭试卷上的材料，抄袭情况一经发现，该作文即被判为零分）④病句太多（时 态、语态、人称、数等语法错误）⑤卷面不工整（字迹潦草、乱涂改、添插箭头满篇飞，这是经电脑扫描后网上阅卷 的大忌！）。如何指导学生克服上述缺点，少犯错误，提高该题的得分率？笔者通过对近几年高考题分析，结合多年 的教学实践认为，采用“五步法”，是提高书面表达题得分的有效方法。 二、五步法 第一步：明确体裁，掌握格式 学生的书面表达往往存在不讲究逻辑、文体和格式的现象，所以很有必要让学生明确常见的几种文体和格式。就中学 阶段，最常见的 文体有：应用文（书信、通知、日记、便条）、记叙文和说明文。近十年NMET书面表达内容题材不 外乎上述三种文体。我们知道：中学教材的内容，涵盖了所有体裁，教师应该结合课文，分类按题材归纳，详细介绍 并具体指导学生掌握各种文体的写作特点及格式。若是记叙文，要弄清事件的时间、地点、人物、原因和结果；若是 说明文，要了解说明的主旨以及说明的顺序；若是以图画形式提供情景，即看图作文，首先应看懂每幅图的意思，还 要弄懂几幅图之间的关系 第二步：抓住要点，一一对应 能否找出覆盖主要内容所有要点是得高分的关键。高考的评分标准一般分五个档次，要点越齐全，得高分 的可能性就 越大；反之，若欠缺要点或描述与表达内容要点无关的，得分当然低。一般要求找出5--6个要点，可先用汉语或用 keywords列出， 如： NMET2002书面表达答案内容要点： 1、60%的同学认为不应收门票 2、公园是公众休闲的地方 3、如收门票，需建大门、围墙、会影响城市形象 4、40%的同学认为应收门票，但票价不宜高 5、门票收入支付园林工人工资、购新花木 第三步：选词造句，点石成金 书面表达要求用100词左右写出包含5--6个要点的短文。从近几年高考英语参考答案看，一般都以8－10个句子组成一 篇文章。若用较少于8句话来表达，则句子容易复杂冗长，容易失控；若用多于10句话来表述，则句子零乱与琐碎，文 章缺乏整体感。且大多数用简单句，少数用并列句和复合句。 因此，在教学中首先应对简单句五种基本句型以及“there be存在结构”等进行强化训练，然后对并列句、复合句进 行适当的训练，使学生获得了扎实的句子结构基础知识，从而从根本上为迅速提高书面表达能力打下了扎实的基础。 另外，应提醒学生在做题时，要善于避生就熟。如某个词、某个句型想不起来时，可采用“回避”的方法，在不 改变原有意思的前提下，转换为自己熟悉和有把握的词语和句型来表达题中所规定的内容要点。但切忌中文式的英语， 或根据英语语法人为地编造一些不地道的语言材料。英语和汉语一样，词汇丰富，表达方式多种多样。当遇到某一难 以直接表达的要点时，不妨变通一下，进行“曲线”表达。 如：NMET2002：“公园是公众休闲的地方。”既可用复合句：People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.也可用简单句：People need a place to have a rest and enjoy themselves.或：Park is a good place for people to relax and enjoy themselves in. 又如：“游客纷至沓来”这句话，很多学生不能用英语写出“纷至沓来”这个成语，但是可以用以下几种表达方式： ⑴A large number of visitors come here ⑵There are lots of visitors coming here every day ⑶Many people visit here every day ⑷A lot of people pay a visit here every day 我们再看2005年福建高考试题中的书面表达，在审题后应列出下列要点： （1）目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象（已给）。 （2）存在几个主要原因。 （3）考试偏多，偏难。 （4）一些学生不用功、懒惰。 （5）取悦父母、老师。 （6）作弊不对，违反校规。 （7）要诚实努力学习。 （8）应改进学习方法，作好考前准备。 在体裁明确，要点清晰之后，考生要尽量用自己所熟悉的，最有把握的词语、句型，把要点清楚地表达出来。在选词 时，应尽量避开生辟词汇，按英语的表达习惯把各要点正确地表达出来。近几年的书面表达越来越注重内容，略轻形 式，所以考生首先要把句子写正确，这是非常关键的。 对福建05年的书面表达，以上各要点表达为： (1) It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school .(已给出) (2) There are some main reasons. (3) We take many examinations at school. Some examinations are too difficult. (4) Some students don't study hard at their lessons. Some are lazy. (5) They want to please their parents and teachers. They cheat in the examinations. (6) It's wrong for students to cheat in the exams. It breaks the school rules. (7) All the students should be honest and must try to study hard. (8) The students should improve study methods and get well prepared for examinations. 第四步：合理安排，联句成文 书面表达不仅仅是“句子堆积”,要注意文章的连贯性和逻辑性。如何使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑？用好各种连接词， 对写出一篇有“英语味”的文章很重要。要求学生按照合理的顺序或按一定的写作线索选用适应的连接词，将句子连 珠成串，使各句连成结构紧凑、层次分明、语义连贯的短文。近几年的书面表达越来越注重内容，略轻形式，所以考 生首先要把句子写正确，这是非常关键的。因此，教学时，教师可介绍一些常用连接词。使学生叙述事件时不至于杂 乱无序，东扯一句西扯一句，前言不搭后语，真正知道怎样用连接词来连接所要表达的内容了。 请看NMET2002年的书面表达范文。 I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city. On the other hand, 40 % think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. 该范文中很好地采用了关联词与连接短语，不仅使文章具有较强的逻辑性，而且使文章显得更紧凑、连贯、更有水平。 我们再看福建05年的书面表达： 在准确地译出要点之后，考生要善于使用一些连接词来把要点连接成一篇顺畅且具有 逻辑性的文章。在这一过程之中，要注意选择使用一些连接词。如在第三要点中，We take many examinations at school. Some examinations are too difficult.可在第二个分句之前加上but来表转折。在第四个要点Some students don't study hard at their lessons. Some are lazy.之前加上on the other hand表转斩。 在第五个要点They want to please their parents and teachers. They cheat in the examinations.后一个分句前加上so表因果关系。在第六个要点It's wrong for students to cheat in the exams. It breaks the school rules.之前加上In my opinion，以便从上文的主要原因过渡到自己个人的看 法。可在第八个要点The students should improve study methods and get well prepared for examinations.之前加上What's more表递进等。但是，要想在高考英语书面表达中获得高分，一篇文章还要有能打 动阅卷老师的亮点。所以考生还应尽量使用一些情感性副词、连词、强调句、倒装句、感叹句、复合句、非谓语等高 级词汇、语法或特殊句型来增强文章的情感性和可读性，提高文章的档次，从而打动阅卷老师的心，博取他们的好感。 如在第三个要点里，我们可加上often、too这两个词，把它写为We often take too many examinations.也 可把这一要点的两句表转折关系的简单句子换成定语从词。At school we often take too many examinations, some of which are too difficult for the students.又如，第五个要点，如能写成 When taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers，用上了非谓语作状语这一高级语法则更好。 如何通过使用连接词、句子结构及词汇使一个平淡的文章变得丰富起来。可以让学生比较下面三个段落。 I opened the door, I went into the room. I walked to the window. I opened the window. I looked out. There are many old women doing morning exercises. I watched them for some time. 这是一个干巴巴的段落，下面加一些连接词及一些语法结构后就有很大改观。 After I opened the door, I went into the room. It was dark inside the room, so I walked toward the window and opened it. I saw some old women who were doing morning exercises and watched them for some time. 同样这样一件事，下面再加些改动会更精彩。 After opening the door, I went into the room. It was dark inside the room, so I opened a window to let in some light. I saw many old women doing morning exercises. I stood at the window, watching them for some time. 从以上我们可以看出，要使文章写得连贯、流畅，就要准确恰当地使用各种表示时间先后、时间顺序等方面的连接词， 以及运用丰富的词汇和得当的句子结构，这些丰富的词汇和得当的句子结构可以给文章增色不少，从而使整篇文章因 此而生辉。 第五步：检查修改，誊写工整 做书面表达时，力求用词准确。作文写完后应认真阅读，检查文章中的拼写和标点错误、语法错误、逻辑错误等；检 查词数是否符合要求；检查内容要点是否全面，删繁就简，使表达更加精炼，措词更加恰当。定稿后应认真誊写，要 求书写规范、正确、美观，并保持卷面整洁，力争有很好的电脑扫描效果。参加高考阅卷者都有这样的体会：要在比 较短的时间里，阅读完一篇作文，当看到那些字迹潦草卷面不整洁的，心情就特别烦，评分可能比想象的要低；而看 到那些书写规范、卷面整洁的，就倍感爽心悦目，有可能得到比较高的分数，这也是情理之中的事情。因此，在训练 时，学生要养成书写工整、规范，卷面整洁的习惯，在做高考题时，才不致书写潦草、卷面不整洁，从而导致丢失本 来不该丢的分。 总之，上述“五步法”不仅是做好书面表达题的基本操作流程，也是考生克服普遍存在缺点，少犯错误比较有效的 方法。它能指导学生在有限的时间里，进行有效的训练复习，更好地提高书面表达题的成绩。 书面表达中常用的连接词 （1），表选择关系或对等关系的连接词：either…or…, neither…nor…, or, as well as, and, both…and…. （2），表因果关系的连接词：therefore, so, as a result, as the result of, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to 等。 （3），表时间顺序的连接词：the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhile, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first time, the minute. （4），表转折关系的连接词：yet, and yet, but, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time（然而）等。 （5），表解释说明的连接词：that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for example, for instance, and so on, etc, and the like, and what not等。 （6），表递进关系的连接词：not only…but (also), what’s more, what’s worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。 （7），表总结的连接词：in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等 高考英语作文常用词语和句型 一．开头用语： 良好的开端等于成功的一半．在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出 你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。 １．议论论文： A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages． B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient. C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,... D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside. E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life. F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view. 2. 书信： A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar. B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job... C. Thank you for your letter of May 5. D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9. E. How nice to hear from you again. 3. 口头通知或介绍情况： A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make. B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you. C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you. 4. 演讲稿： A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health. B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest. 二．并列用语：as well as, not only…but (also), including, A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life. B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture. C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French. D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication. 三．对比用语：on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures. B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though. C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun. 四. 递进用语：even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location. 五. 例证用语：in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life． B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education. 六. 时序用语：first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays, A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee. B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. 七. 强调用语：especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all , A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep. B What in the world/on earth are you doing? 八. 因果用语：thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to... A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales. B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations. 九. 总结用语：in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters. B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted. 常用句型 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that …… 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, …… Second,……What makes things worse is that……. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like …… because …… Besides，…… 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,…… 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that……while. Obviously，……but why? （二）中间段落句 1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say…… 2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。 But I don't think it is a very good way to solve …….For example，……Worst of all，……. 3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ……is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First，……What's more, ……Most important of all,…… 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can…… 5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面， Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to……. For one thing，For another， 6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All these measures will certainly……. 7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于…… Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to ……. 8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as …… 9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。 Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous. 10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下： I fully agree with the statement that ……because……. （三）结尾句 1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that …… 2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。 In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future. 3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）…… But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while…… Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to…… 4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为…… Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because…… 5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来 越好。 With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better. 6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能…… For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you…… 7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是…… In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,…… 8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。 It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find…… 9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论…… From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that…… 10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做 的是…… If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is…… 高考英语作文热点话题词汇 话题一：中学生的爱好与兴趣 Spare time(业余时间), favorite(最喜欢的), Interest(兴趣), hobby(爱好), appetite(嗜好),taste(口味), read novels(也 小说), play football/basketball(打足球/篮球), surf the internet(上网), chat online(在线聊天), play games(玩游戏), collect stamps(集邮), make e-friends(交网友), climb mountains(爬山), watch TV(看电视), enjoy popular music(喜欢流行音乐),be interested in(对…感兴趣), develop an interest in(在…方面发展兴趣), be fond of(喜 欢…),be keen on(喜欢…), have love for(喜爱…), have a taste in(对…有兴趣) 等。 话题二：劳动与劳动观念 Work(工作), be at work(在工作), work hard(努力工作), produce(生产), worker(工人), labor force(劳动力), labor(劳动), voluntary labor(义务劳动)，serve the people(为人民服务)，heart and soul(全心全意)，physical labor(体力劳动), mental labor(脑力劳动), labor viewpoint(劳动观念), labor Day(劳动节), workday(工作日), means of labor(劳动方式), honorable(光荣的), be devoted to(奉献于..), value(价值), earn money(赚钱) , personal interests(个人利益)等。 话题三：创建和谐社会 harmonious(和谐的), friendly(友好的), civilized(文明的), honest(真诚的), credible (诚信的), be public-spirited(有 公德心的), balanced(平衡的), be in order(有序的), peaceful(和平的), live in harmony(生活和谐), sustainable development(可持续发展)等，help each ether(互助), care for each other(互相关心), have deep love for (热爱), be concerned with (关心), build(创建), cherish(珍惜), take an active part in(积极参与), pay attention to social moral(讲究社会公德), protect the environment(保护环境), save energy(节省能源)等。No pains, no gains. 不 劳无获。…can be achieved by hard wok. …可以通过劳动获得。It is difficult to find work in the present situation. 在当前形势下，很难找到工作。It is honorable to … …是光荣的。If everyone … for others and the society, our world will be …如果每个人为他人和社会做…， 我们这个世界将会…。Every one should … and devotes himself to building our motherland into a strong country.每个人应该 …，为把我们祖国建设成为一个 强壮的国家而奉献自己的力量。 话题四：招聘与求职 employ(雇佣), look for(寻找), take in(吸纳), full-time(全职的), part-time(兼职的), well-paid(薪水高的), be paid by the hour(按小时发工资), requirement(要求), résumé(个人履历),schooling(受教育情况), subjects(课程), working experience(工作经历), qualification(合格证明), transcript (成绩单), health(健康状况), present address(现在通讯地址)等，apply for(申请…), graduate from(毕业于), major in(以…为专业), degree(学位), scholarship(奖学金), good grades(良好的成绩), hobby(爱好), favorite(最喜欢的), be skilled in(在…方面熟练), be good at(擅长…), experienced(有经验的), confident(自信的), English and computer ability(英语和计算机能力), healthy(健康的)等。 话题五：中学生的健康问题 Physical and mental condition(身体与精神状态), strong(强壮的), un/healthy(不健康/健康的), overweight/fat(肥 胖的), thin(瘦的), near/short-sighted(近视的), mentally unhealthy(精神不健全的), normal(正常的), abnormal(不 正常的), energetic(精力旺盛的), unhealthy eating habit(不健康的饮食习惯), eat much junk food (吃太多的垃圾食 品)等，Stay/keep healthy/fit(保持健康), build up one’s body/ improve one’s' health(强身健体), enough sleep(充足的睡眠), take regular exercise(进行有规律的运动), roper diet(合理的饮食), good living habits(良好的 生活习惯), lose weight(减肥), remove heavy burdens(减轻负担), be good for/do good to(对…有益处), nutrition(营养), go on diet(节食), form a … eating habit(养成一个…的饮食习惯) Breathe in as much fresh air等。 话题六：环境保护 Pollute（污染），Waste is scattering here and there.（到处撒满了废弃物），protect the environment(保护环 境) ，send out smoke and poisonous gases into the air（散发出烟和有毒气体），cut down trees(砍伐树木)， pour waste water into the rivers（把废水注入河流），It is a shame to throw rubbish around. （乱扔垃圾是可耻的）， form good habits to protect the surroundings（养成良好的习惯来保护环境）， take active measures to protect rare animals(采取积极措施保护稀有动物)， take good care of our forests（关心我们的森林），plant more trees to improve the environment （多植来改善环境），The terrible pollution have done great harm to us as well as to the surroundings. (可怕的污染已经给我们自己还有我们的环境带来了很大的危害。) 话题七：校园文明与安全问题 School rules and regulations(学校规章制度),obey(遵守), observe(遵守), keep/observe discipline(遵守纪律), behave well(表现良好),be neatly dressed(穿戴整洁), respect one’s teachers and parents(尊敬师长), be on time(准时), keep the environment clean(保持环境干净), civilized(文明的) break the rules(违反规章制度), discipline(纪律), spit(吐痰), throw rubbish everywhere(乱扔垃圾), cheat in the exam(考试作弊), get in line (插队), fight with sb.(与…打架), punish sb. for (因…处罚某人)等。The students are told not to break any of the rules of the school. 学校要求学生不要违反任何规章制度。The students are expected to … 学校期望学生…。It must be made clear that the students should … 必须明确的一点是，学生应该…。 … is of no good to a friendly and harmonious society. …对创建友好和谐的社会是毫无益处的。It is honorable to obey the principles and rules of our school.遵守学校的规章制度是光荣的。It is worthy of praise to ... …是值得表扬的。It is shameful to … …是可耻的。What we should do is that … 我们应该做的事情是… 话题八：友谊 get to know sb.(认识某人), know sb. really well(熟知某人), make friends with sb.(和某人交朋友), a strong personality (一个很强的个性), personal matters(隐私), friendship(友谊), friendly(友好的), a close friend(一个亲 密的朋友), trust each other (相互信任), precious(珍贵的), worthy(有价值的), understanding(通情达理的), share …with sb.(与…分享…), be loyal to(对…忠诚), keep in touch with sb. (与…保持联系), keep company with sb.(和…结交), stay best friends with sb. (和…保持很好的友谊)等。在描述此话题时常用的句型有： 1. Friends give us … 朋友给予我们…。 2. A good friend is someone you can … 一位好朋友就是一个我们能够…的人。 3. The first time I met …, he was … 当我第一次遇到…的时候，他…。 4. Friendship plays an important part in … 友谊在…中扮演一个重要角色。 5. You can … to be a good friend. 你可以…来成为别人的好朋友。 6. We can turn to ... when we feel down. 当我们心情糟糕时，可以求助于…。 7. … makes a good friend. …成就好朋友。 8. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真知。 9. ... is one of the things people value most in a friend. … 是人们在朋友身上最重视的东西。 10. … have a friend of … years with sb. … 与… 有着…年的友情。 短文写作中使用率最高的基本句式 以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选 择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。 1．表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2．表示好处 1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us． 3．表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmful to us． 例如： However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television． 4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age． 5．表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it． 6．表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例如： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins． 7．表示事实、现状 1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment． 8．表示比较 1）Compared with A，B．．． 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 3）There is a striking contrast between them． 例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise． 9．表示数量 1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．． 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 再如： From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000． 10．表示看法 1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 2）People have different opinions on this problem． 3）People take different views of（on）the question． 4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 例如： People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success． Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 再如： Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 11．表示结论 1）In short，it can be said that ．．． 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows． 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 例如： From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary， however， its method should be improved． 注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 12．套语 1）It’s well known to us that ．．． 2）As is known to us，．．． 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about． 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it． 英语书面表达分类模句 说明文 产品广告 This kind of computer is of good quality. The Red Star Camera is a new kind of camera produced by Beijing Camera Factory, which has modern equipment and lots of senior experts. The Red Star Camera containing much top and new technique is famous for its excellent quality and reasonable price. All the common families can afford to buy one. It controls mostly by itself, so it is very easy to operate. It is convenient to carry, for it is small and light. Once you have one of this kind, you‘ll enjoy it very much. Now Red Star Camera sell well in our shop and we have a plenty of them. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our shop to buy the cameras! 今昔变化对比 My hometown used to be a beautiful place, with thick trees and green grass everywhere. It is the best place that I have ever visited. In the past, children couldn’t go to school because of poverty(贫穷). Great changes have taken place in the past ten (few) years. Our hometown has taken on a new look. Our village is not what it used to be. Thick trees and green grass can be seen everywhere. Now the Chinese family has changed a great deal. It is known to us all that the living standard of the Chinese people has greatly improved. Nowadays, tall buildings have taken the place of old sheds. Now our school is covered with green grass and fresh flowers, which makes the whole school a good place to study in. 地域地貌 China is a large country with a long history and much population. Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, lies in the middle of China. It has an area of 160,000 square kilometers with a population of over 90 million. It is rich in natural sources such as coal and gold. The weather is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. 方位指路、图表说明 Our school is located at the foot of a green hill. In front of the school is a beautiful garden with a library on its left and a laboratory on its right. Behind the garden is the classroom building. At the back of the school are the students’ dormitory and the dinning-hall, in front of which lies the large sports field. The teacher’s dormitory stands between A and B. It is not very difficult to find your way from the Friendship Hotel to the station. When you get out of the hotel, turn left and walk down the street until you see the traffic lights. Turn right at the third crossing/turning, and you will see a post office at the corner. The museum is next/opposite to it. Go straight ahead until you get to the end of the street. Please get across the bridge and go eastward. No.25 Bus will take you right there. It will take you about 10 minutes to get there. It’s about 10 minutes’ walk /ride from here. The flat is made up of six rooms. When you go in , you’ll first see a large hall with a kitchen and a bathroom. The door on your left leads you to our living-room. Next to the door against the wall there is a sofa, in which we sit to watch TV every evening. On the opposite side stands a color TV set. On your left lies a set of bookcases, with all kinds of books in it. As can be seen from the chart, … From the chart/picture/table we can see (The chart shows) that the world population is increasing rapidly. 常用过渡词语 And, But, However, Otherwise, so, and then, After that, Shortly/soon after that, Therefore, Finally, At last, In the end, For that reason, Obviously, (Un)fortunately, (Un)luckily, (Un)happily, Besides, Apart from…, In addition, What’s more, Furthermore, Moreover, To make things worse, What’s worse, Even worse, Generally speaking, Frankly speaking, Personally, In my opinion, Of course, By the way, For instance, For example, such as, and so on, such things like that, To one’s surprise (astonishment, delight, disappointment, regret, joy, comfort), On the other hand, On the contrary, As far as I am concerned （就我而言）As a result, In a word, In short, In conclusion, In other words, To tell you the truth, Meanwhile, To be honest, As everyone knows, As we all know, As far as I know, It is known that… , As a rule, First of all, Above all, On the whole, Judging from…, According to… 英语书面表达分类模句应用文 寻物招领 Lost I was careless and lost a bag in the dinning-hall on the afternoon of this month. Inside were two textbooks, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please send it either to the students of Class 1, Senior Two ?/Anyone who/whoever found it , please let me know. Many thanks. Wang Lei Found A handbag was found, inside which are a camera, a pair of glasses, some money and other things. The loser is expected to come identify it. Please telephone ….or get in touch with …. Please bring your identification card with you when you come. Will the finder please come to Class 7 Grade III？ Because of my carelessness, my school-bag was left on the playground. 通知/海报/致辞 May I have your attention, please? I have something important to tell you. I have got an announcement to make. I am told that a speech contest will be held at the “English Corner” this summer vacation. I’m glad to have the honor to tell you some activities you’re going to have today. The party is a good chance for us to practise our English. Everyone is welcome to attend the party. Please bring along your pens and notebooks. All the students are requested to attend the celebration of the Teachers’ Day to be held in the Grand Hall in the Main Building at 6:30 this evening, Don’t miss the chance. Please get there on time. Please get everything ready. Don’t be late. That’s all. Thank you. A professor from Beijing University will give us a lecture on pollution. In the school hall at 8:00 tomorrow morning. There will be a lecture on pollution given by Professor Wang from Beijing University. It will last from half past two to four o’clock. Please sign your name at the Service Desk before 9:00 a.m. Lunch will be served at the place of visit.(在参观的地方供应午餐) After the report, we’ll have a discussion. There will be a close basketball match between Class One and Class Two. Please be there on time and give your opinion at the meeting. It would give us great pleasure to invite you to give us a talk in our school. Will you accept our invitation? (欢迎词)I’m greatly honored to extend, on behalf of all the teachers and students , our warm welcome to Professor David. I’m sure Professor David’s visit will promote the friendly relationship between our two departments. All of us will benefit a lot from their visit. I’m sure he’ll give us much valuable advice in our research. Finally I hope Professor David will enjoy his stay in China. （欢送词）I have the honor to speak on behalf of my classmates at this farewell party for Mrs. Smith. Mrs. Smith came to our school from America in September, 1999. In the past four years, she’s always been kind to us, patient with us and strict in her work. She gave such interesting and lively classes that every one of us enjoyed them very much. Mrs. Smith. is leaving us for her hometown soon. Now please allow me to express our hearty thanks to her successful work and wish her good health and a pleasant journey. How time flies! Two years have passed since Mr. Smith came to teach us English. When you return to your country, we all hope you will keep in touch with us. Thank you for giving us such a warm welcome. （告别词）First of all, allow me to thank all of you for your kind invitation. I’m greatly honored to have such a chance to visit your university. My visit is both interesting and memorable. I’m glad to say I gained a lot from my visit. I’ll treasure your friendship. I’d like to take advantage of this opportunity to express my pleasure and my greatest gratitude to you again. May our friendship last forever! Thank you! 招聘求职 Friendship Travel Service looking for travel guides, aged between 20~35, height 165mm (female), 175mm (male); good at spoken English and Putonghua, with a good knowledge of Chinese history, geography and culture. I have just read in the newspaper that a secretary is wanted in your company. I’d like to get the job. I want to offer myself for the position. I had the pleasure of seeing your advertisement in the newspaper. Having known that your company needs a typist, I wish to apply for the job/position. It really attracted me because I’ m looking for a part-time job during my university vacation to pay for next term’s tuition. Having read your ad in the newspaper, I feel I am fit for the job. Given the job, I’m sure to make a good guide. If I am accepted, I will do my best to do the job well. If I can take the position, I’ll be thankful to you for your kindness. 注意事项/制度规则 Don’t touch the machines without permission. Always do as you’re told to. When you leave the room, remember to turn off the machine and leave the lab one by one. Show your identity card when your turn comes. You may borrow no more than three books each time. You can keep them for 5 days and you may renew them if you can’t finish them on time. Pay the cost price for any damage done to the books or magazines. Obey the rules of the library. You are forbidden to smoke or to make a loud noise. People along the sea shore must make full preparation for the hurricane. Pay attention to the gas, the fire and water as well as the falling trees and telephone poles. 请假/便条 I came to see you but you happened to be out. Since you’re out, I have to leave this note with you. Don’t forget to take some food with you for lunch. If you want to take photos there you can take a camera with you. Please telephone our teacher if you don’t want to go along. I’ll expecting you at 3:10 at our school gate. I’m writing to you to ask a sick leave. I ask you for sick leave of three days. I’m sorry that I can’t go to school, so I want to ask for two days of sick leave. I wonder if you could give me your permission. Your kind permission will be greatly appreciated. I’ll go back to school as soon as I am well enough. And I’ll do my best to make up for the missing lessons during my absence. Tomorrow’s meeting will be put off to Friday. The flight to Beijing will be delayed for five hours. Now we have to change some of our plans. I have to meet my wife at the airport at 3 p.m. today. You are requested to ring him up this evening any time from 8:00 to 11:00. 书信往来 I’ll appreciate it if you can tell me something about your school. In your letter you asked me for some advice in how to improve your spoken English. I was so pleased to receive your letter and I am writing to tell you … It’ very kind of you to write to me. I’m getting on well with my classmates. I have some difficulty in learning English. I can’t tell the difference between written English and spoken English. Would you please give me some advice? Dear Editor, I’d like to tell you something about the trouble I was facing in buying furniture. The other day I ordered a set of furniture at a furniture exhibition. They sent me the furniture after four weeks. But I found the color and the size of some pieces were not what I had ordered. What’s more, one leg of the desk was broken. So I asked them to take back the furniture and give me back the money, but they refused. I wrote to the director of the factory but there was no answer. I hope you will publish my letter in the newspaper and help me solve the problem. Yours sincerely, Li Gang I’ll take Flight CA984 to fly to New York on July 27th. The plane takes off at 11:20 in the morning from Beijing Airport. Will you please send my notebook to me at the address given above? How are you doing these days? How are you getting along with your studies? I’m glad to know you are coming to China. When you arrive, I’ll go to the airport to meet you. It’s very kind of you to invite me to have a picnic, but I’m terribly sorry that I’m not able to accept your kind invitation. I’m writing with delight to congratulate you on your invention. Hearty congratulations! My you live a long and joyful life! Many happy returns of the day! (祝您生日快乐!或敬祝佳节) I’m eager to hear from you. I am looking forward to hearing from /seeing you. Please give /send my best regards to your parents. Please remember me to your parents. Let’s write to each other and be good pen-friends. Yours sincerely, Yours ever, (With) Best wishes (to you). Good luck to you! 英语书信写作指导 —、书信写作要求 书信(Letter)一般可分为事务信件或公函(Business Letter or Offical Correspondence)以及私人信件 (Private Letter)两大类。一般包括以下几个要点： 1） 收信人的姓名和地址； 2） 寄信人的姓名及其与收信人的关系； 3） 寄信人的地址（有时可以省略）； 4） 写信的时间； 5） 信的内容。 1. 书信的格式 1） 信头(Heading)； 2） 称呼(Salutation)； 3） 正文(Body of the letter)； 4） 结束语(Complimentary close)； 5） 签名(signature)。 2. 书信的种类 1） 邀请信 邀请信有正式和非正式之分，也有介于两者之间者。正式邀请信一般属于公函类，私人邀请信一般属于非正式文体。 邀请朋友、熟人参加某一聚会时，再词句上不一定多加斟酌，用词太正规倒显得关系不密切。但是如果与被邀请人不 太熟悉的话，最好用正式文体。如虽认识但并不十分了解，文体可介于两个者之间。由此可见，私人邀请究竟用什么 文体，关键看与被邀请人之间的亲疏的程度。邀请信要明确写出活动（是晚会、晚餐还是一般的聚会等）、活动的时 间地点组织这项活动的理由，有时还应告诉对方可能出席的人，另外一般希望对方给予答复。 （1） 非正式邀请信，如； 26 Coventry St. London Sept. 15th, 1999. Dear Jack, I am going to the cinema to see the Red River Valley and I have two tickets. Would you like to come? The film starts at 7:30 p.m. Maybe we can meet at the Covent Garden Station at 7:00 p.m. and have a drink before the film starts. Please phone me at home to let me know. Looking forward to seeing you. Love Mary 这封信是写给朋友的，所以用语比较随便，比较口语化。 （2） 正式邀请信，如： Dear Ms. Gupta; It’s our great pleasure to announce that Jan. 19th is the 3rd anniversary of the founding of our corporation. We have a small party as follows: 7:00p.m.,Jan. 19th, Room No.123, Kunlun Hotel. At this moment, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our clients for both courtesy and support over the past three years. Please confirm if you plant to attend. Yours Sincerely, Lewis 这是一封正式邀请信，十分正规，无论从句式，还是用语都十分讲究。 (3) 介于正式和非正式之间的邀请信，如： No.4 Middle School Beijing 100034 April 29th,2000 Dear Miss Katherine, I am very pleased to write to you. My name is Yu Hong and I am monitor of Class One, Grade Three of the No.2 Middle School of Ji＇nan. Last year, you came here to give a speech, which was "Fast Reading". My classmates and I all thank you very much. We will have an English evening at 7:00--9:00 on the evening of May 4th in our classroom. Would you please come and attend the evening party? At the party, we will sing English songs, play games and so on. And we are anxious to invite you to come to sing us an English song. After that we can enjoy the music. We hope to see you soon. Yours Yu Hong 这封信是写给一位外籍教师的，这位外籍教师曾经到过这所学校，虽然作者认识，但并不十分了解。 2）感谢信 感谢信可分为感谢馈赠、感谢款待、感谢帮助、感谢送行和感谢探病等。 感谢信一般包括以下几点： ①对收信人的称谓； ②写信的目的；（Thank you for…） ③致谢并详述所收到的礼物或得到的帮助等； ④结尾及谦称。 如： Dear Ms. Gupta: How regretful I must leave you house. Thank you for the many good things you provided. The chess game, tennis match and Mr. Gupta＇s delicious dishes gave me lots of enjoyment. If you came to Beijing for any reason, please come to my family. The kids are looking forward to seeing Aunt Jean. I believe we will have a very happy time. Yours Sincerely, Lewis 3)求职信 求职信属于公务信函，格式和用词比较规。信的内容大体上分为三部分 ①写信的目的， ②自我介绍， ③要求。 注意下面几点： ①写信的目的要直截了当地在信的开头提出。 ②自我介绍部分主要介绍自己的学历、工作经历、解决问题的能力等等。在行文、用词上要表现出自信、恳切的态度， 语言简明扼要，突出介绍自己的优点，与众不同的特长或有利条件。还要紧扣用人单位的需求，巧用词语，有国地说 服对方，此职非你莫属。 ③最后提出进一步联系的途径，如：时间、地点。还可以主动提出接受面试或考核等。 ④求职信在写作特点上主要用第一人称以及动词的一般现在时。如： Ms Li Ling P.O.Box 231 Beijing July 10,1999 Dear sir(s), I have just read in the newspaper that a secretary of the English language in wanted in your company. I am therefore writing to you to introduce myself. I＇d like to get the job. I am a girl college student of 22 years old. My name is Li Ling. I am studying in the language department. I can speak, read and write English very well. As a second language, I can read and speak a little French. I have some work experience as a typist in my spare time at school, and as a tourist guide during summer holidays. The bosses I worked for were all satisfied with my work. I am sure I＇ll satisfy you as well. You can get more information about my studies and work from the college. I am looking forward to visiting your office at any time for a talk or a test. Faithfully Li Ling 3)回信 写回信时应特别注意正确理解写信人的意图、所提问题、必须对写信人的问题给予明确的答复。如下例： No.1 Middle School of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jan.23rd, 2000 Dear Jack Thanks for your letter. Yes, I have some difficulty in learning English. For example, I can＇t tell the difference between written English and spoken English. Sometimes I often make mistakes while speaking to others. I want to improve my spoken English. But I don＇t know how. Would you please give me some advice? As you say, it is really difficult to write toe Chinese characters, but don＇t worry about it. Have you considered doing plenty of practice? And I suggest you write them as much as possible. I think it will be of great help. I＇m looking forward to hearing from you again. Best wishes. Yours Li Ling 原信中作者问到英语学习的情况，同时征求学习汉语的建议并谈到自己在学习汉语的过程中遇到的问题。回信中作者 对来信中的问题作了详细的回答并给出了建设性的建议。 英文日记写作指导 英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。日记可分为记事、议论、描 写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况现象谈自己 的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。 １．格式： 一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况， 表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine （晴朗的），cold （寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的）， rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。 ２．时态： 写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写。因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一 般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。 写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。 高考英语书面表达正反观点议论文写作指导 一、构思---文章结构 正反观点对比类的文章: 开头：提出问题 主体：陈述不同的观点及其理由 结尾：说明自己观点 二、表示不同观点的套语 v总起: Different people hold different opinions. Opinions are divided. People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards … People have different opinions on this problem. People take different views on this question. v表达不同观点: …of them hold the opinion that …. …of them are in favor of the idea that… People who are for/against the idea think … Some people believe that…. Others argue that … v不同观点之间的衔接: vHowever, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion. vPeople who are against it don’t think so. vHowever, each coin has two sides. vDifferent from those…., …people think …. vOn the other hand, … people object that …. v并列关系：and, as well as, also… v 递进关系：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more… v比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand… 三、参考范文：2005年高考(江西卷) 人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己 的看法。 赞成的理由反对的理由你的看法 1.广交朋友2.可自由表达思想3.利于外语学习1.浪费时间2.影响学习3.可能上当受骗？ Should students make friends on line ? Some people say yes .The internet helps make many friends .Chatting on line ,students can more freely express their feelings and opinions ,and even get help with their foreign language studies . Others ,however, think students should not .They say making friends on line is a waste of time ,which should be spent more meaningfully on study .Besides ,some students get cheated on line. It is my opinion that students should place their study, health and safety before other things. As for friendship, we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us. 四、巩固练习： 请根据以下的情景说明，使用5个规范的英语句子描述全部所给的信息内容。 [情景说明] 假设你是高三学生李平，近来，你的同学去饭店过生日的现象越来越盛行，对此，同学们有不同的看法。 赞同者理由反对者理由 1.有利于同学的友谊2.为同学提供交际的机会。3.学习之余可以放松一下1.造成浪费；2.易于攀比，是不良习惯；3.不 利于青少年的学习和成长 [写作要求] 1.必须使用5个句子介绍全部所给的内容，可以适当增加细节，使内容连贯。 2.将5个句子组织成连贯的短文，其中至少3个句子必须为复合句。 参考词汇：攀比 keep up with the Joneses Step One: Looking through the given information审题 1. Style体裁:____________________________________ 2.Person时态:____________________________________ 3.Tense人称:_____________________________________ 4. Main points要点: One:____________________________________________ Two:____________________________________________ Three:___________________________________________ Four:_____________________________________________ Step Two : 构思---句型短语 One:____________________________________________ Two:____________________________________________ Three:___________________________________________ Four:_____________________________________________ Step Three: 构思---文章结构 提出问题:____________________________________________ 不同观点对比:________________________________________ 说明自己观点:____________________________________________ Step Four: Write the whole composition： 高考英语应对策略与基础写作指导 记叙文：如何写人 一、写作指导 高考英语基础写作中的写人侧重人物的介绍，可以用第一人称(如写求职信)，也可以用第三人称，时态常常用一般现在 时和一般过去时，具体的人称和时态要依据写作的要求来确定。写作过程中要注意以下几个方面的问题： 1．人物写作通常需要介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等多个方面，但英 语基础写作需要严格按照写作要求来写，包括所给的全部信息点，既不能遗漏，也不能随意添加。 2．对题目所给的信息要进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。重点信息通常是写作的目的所在，比如求职 要重点突出学历、经历，新闻报道要重点突出事迹，介绍自己的老师、朋友要突出他们的特点，等等。 3．正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。 4．注意运用正确的时态。描写人物的外貌、性格、兴趣等常用一般现在时，而描写人物的出生、教育背景、经历、事 迹常用一般过去时。 二、常用词语 外貌特征：beautiful, big nose, black eyes，fat, good-looking，handsome, healthy, near-sighted， ordinary-looking， pretty，short，strong, tall， thin, with a big nose, with a big smile, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, etc. 性格特点：absent-minded, attractive，bad-tempered，be ready to help others, bright，charming，confident, diligent，friendly, generous, have a good temper, humorous，independent, kind, kind-hearted，lazy， narrow-minded, naughty，patient，think of others, smart，talkative， warm-hearted，wise，etc. 出生年龄：a twenty-five-year-old young man, as a boy of 15, at the age of 20, be born on February 12th, 1987 , during his childhood, in one’s fifties, live a happy/ hard life, spend his childhood in the countryside, the son of a poor family, when he was a small boy, etc. 兴趣爱好：be angry with sb for sth, be angry about, be delighted in doing, be good at singing, be interested in English, be fond of music, be crazy about, be pleased with, be sick for, be sorry for, be strict in one’s work, be worried about, do well in his research work, ,enjoy doing, expect to do, feel surprised at, have a strong desire to do, look forward to doing sth., long for (long to do), make rapid progress in, put one’s heart into, take a pleasure in doing; wish to do, work hard at his studies, etc. 教育背景： be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test, get a master’s degree, get on well with one’s lessons, give sb. a passing grade, go abroad to further one’s study, graduate from Physics Department of Qinghua University, his father was very strict with him, lay a good foundation in English, major in history, receive a doctor’s degree, pass the examination, study hard at, take several courses at school, take an active part in class，when at college, etc. 经历事迹： become a member of the team, concentrate oneself to doing sth., devote oneself to one’s business, do sth with great determination and perseverance, do research into this field, encourage sb to do sth, fight for our revolutionary course, give up one’s life for sth, have a good way of doing sth, have a talent for language, make up one’s mind to do sth., overcome many difficulties, receive the Nobel Prize for physics, serve as nurse, set a new world record of 110 metre hurdling, try one’s best to do sth., win the first prize in the competition, win a gold /silver/ bronze medal, etc. 他人评价：an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by all his students, be honored as, be considered as, be famous/known as, be regarded as, his hard work brought him great success, make great contributions to our country, one of the most important persons in the past ten years, consider sb. as a genius, consider sb. as the greatest leader, set a good example for all of us, speak highly of him, etc. 三、实例分析 【例1】 李华自我介绍 假设你是李华，申请到一家外资企业工作，你需要用英文给人事部经理写一封信，介绍自己的基本情况，简介信包括 下表所列内容： 姓名 李华 出生年月 1981年8月 出生地 广东省佛山市 学历 1994—2000 佛山第一中学 2000—2004 广州大学计算机系 2004—至今 在一家计算机公司工作 所学主要课程 计算机、中文、数学、英语、体育 特长爱好 游泳（曾获得过大学游泳比赛一等奖），音乐 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括以上全部内容（信的开头和结尾已经写好）； 2． 使用5个句子。 Dear Manager, I am waiting for your reply. Thank you. Yours Truly, Li Hua 写作指导： 文体 记叙文，用第一人称 信息组织 ①写信目的，到贵公司工作；②姓名、出生地点、日期； ③学习简历；④学习内容，现在情况；⑤爱好和 特长 时态 现在进行时，一般过去时 参考范文： Dear Manager, I am writing you a letter in order to apply for a position in your company. My name is Li Hua and I was born in Foshan City of Guangdong Province in August 1981. I studied in Foshan No. 1 Middle School from 1994 - 2000, and then I came to study in the Computer Department of Guangzhou University for four years. I studied computer science, Chinese, maths, English, P.E, and now I am working for a computer company. I like pop music and swimming very much, and I once won the first prize for swimming in the school competition. I am waiting for your reply. Thank you. Yours Truly, Li Hua 【例 2】介绍姚明和刘翔 假设你是李华，正在美国参加学习，课堂上老师要求你简要介绍我国的名人，你选择了姚明和刘翔，两位体育明星， 他们的基本情况如下： 姓名 姚明 刘翔 出生 1980年，上海 1983年，上海 事迹 世界著名篮球运动员，现在美国NBA火箭队效力，球队主力队员之一，多次进入美国全明星队。 多次获得世界 110米栏冠军，2004年雅典奥运会冠军，不久以后还打破了世界记录。 爱好 听流行音乐 音乐，唱歌 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括以上全部内容（开头已经为你写好）； 2． 使用5个句子。 3． 参考词汇：火箭队 Rocket， 110米栏110-metre hurdling，雅典奥运会——the Athens Olympic Games Hi, everyone. I would like to introduce two famous sport stars, Yao Ming and Liu Xiang. ____________________________________________________________ That’s all. Thank you! 写作指导： 文体 记叙文，用第三人称 信息组织 有两条线索：一是分别对比两人的各项情况，二是先介绍姚明，再介绍刘翔。第二条线索比较好。 ①姚明，篮球运动员，出生；②主力队员，明星队； ③刘翔，110米栏世界冠军；④04雅典冠军，打破记录；⑤两人 的爱好。 时态 一般现在时，一般过去时 参考例文： Hi, everyone. I would like to introduce two famous sport stars, Yao Ming and Liu Xiang. Yao Ming, born in Shanghai in 1980, is a world famous basketball player. He is now one of the best players in Team Rocket in NBA, and he has been in All-Star Team for several times. Liu Xiang, who was also born in Shanghai but three years younger than Yao Ming, is a world champion in the 110-metre hurdls. He won the first prize in the Athens Olympic Games and broke the world record soon after that. Both of them love music, but Yao Ming likes listening to pop music whilst Liu Xiang likes singing. 四、即时练习 1. 介绍同学 假设你是李华，学校网站英文版通讯员，最近学校网站准备宣传一些优秀学生，请你用英文为李敏同学写一篇简介， 李敏同学的基本情况如下： 姓名 李敏 职务 高二（1）班班长 特点 健康、活泼 爱好 体育活动，唱歌跳舞 事迹 她各科成绩都好，但她刚进校时，英语学习有困难，经过努力，成绩上去了。2006年参加全国物理奥林匹克竞 赛并获得一等奖。她严于律己，乐于助人。 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括以上全部内容； 2． 版面有限，只能使用5个句子。 写作指导： 文体 记叙文，用第三人称 信息组织 ①姓名、职务、特点；②爱好、成绩； ③英语学习困难；④04物理竞赛；⑤她的品格 时态 一般现在时，一般过去时 2. 介绍两位年轻人 假设你是李华，正在伦敦的一条街上购物，突然有两个年轻人匆匆走过，引起了你的注意，你就向不远处的一位警察 反映，正好他在寻找两名小偷，他请你书面描述一下那两位年轻人的特征，你所看到的基本情况如下： 年轻人之一 年轻人之二 身高 约1．90米 约1．65米 长相 高鼻子，大嘴巴，秃头 小鼻子，小眼睛，卷头发 衣着 蓝上衣，旧皮鞋 黑色的裤子，运动鞋 神色 匆匆忙忙，四处张望，每人手上都拿着一个塑料袋。 逃离方向 沿着这条街，在红灯处左拐弯。 写作要求： 1. 书面描述必须包括以上全部内容； 2. 使用5个句子。 参考词汇：秃头 bald head ，卷头发 curly hair 写作指导： 文体 记叙文，用第三人称，侧重描写这两个人的外表特征。 信息组织 信息组织可以有两条线索，一是分别逐项对比，二是先描述一个，再描述另一个。选择第一种比较容易辨别。 ①身高对比；②长相对比； ③衣着对比；④神色；⑤方向 时态 一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时 参考范文 1. Li Ming, the monitor of Class 1 Grade 2, is healthy and lively. She does well in all her subjects, and she is fond of sports, singing and dancing. When she came to school, she had quite a lot of difficulties with the language, but with great efforts she made a lot of progress in her English language study. In 2006 she took part in the National Physics Olympic Competition and won the first prize. Li Ming is very strict with herself in her work and daily life, and is always ready to help other people. 2. One is about 1.90 metres tall, and the other is only about 1.65 metres, quite short. The taller has a big nose, a big mouth and a bald head, whilst the shorter one has a small nose, small eyes and curly hair. The taller is wearing a blue jacket, a pair of old shoes, and the shorter is wearing black trousers with sports shoes. Each of them took a plastic bag in their hands while going in a hurry and looked around sometimes. They ran away down his street and turned left at the red light. 记叙文：如何叙事？ 一、写作指导 叙事类记叙文通常要将时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果等六个要素交代清楚。好的记叙文具有描述事件具体、 人物逼真形象、故事生动感人、材料表现中心和写作主旨明确等特征。高考英语基础写作中的叙事类短文也需要具有 记叙文写作的一般特点，但要求相对比较低，其考查重点在语言运用正确、句子连贯通顺、信息点表述完整等方面。 写作时要注意以下几个方面的问题： 1. 严格按照基础写作的要求完成各个信息点，不要为了文章的生动而随意添加信息。 2. 信息点的表述不要完全按照题目所给的顺序，要适当重组信息点。 3. 记叙文写作的时态多数是用一般过去时，但也要注意灵活运用其它时态。 4. 叙事类记叙文的话题通常和中学生的生活阅历有关，如校园生活、旅游、交通、交友等，平时要注意积累这些方面 的词汇和短语。 二、常用语句 1. 表达时间 a long time ago, at six o’clock in the morning, at the end of, at the weekend, before he came here, by the end of last term, during the summer holidays, in a few years’ time, in the past, in the old days, in the past ten years, in August 2002, in winter vacation, in weekdays, last month, next week, on Sunday morning, on October 1st, since early in the 20th century, so far, up to now, not…until, while , etc. 2. 表达地点 at the crossing, at the end of the street, at the airport, at the village, at the foot of the mountain, at the bottom, at the top of, be located in, behind the park, be situated in, five kilometers to the north of Guangzhou, in the south of Guangdong Province, in the middle of the park, in Class 3 Grade 2, in the front of the bus, in front of the bus, in the tree, in Guangdong, in China, lies to the west of Sichuan, on the other side of the street, on both sides of the road, on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean ,on the right, etc. 3. 表达因果 as, as a result, because, because of, for, in the end, cause, result in, consequently, originate from, since, so, therefore, It is clear that… , It turns out to be… , The primary reason is … , etc. 4. 事件话题 (1)学校生活及学习成绩 be active in class, be interested in, be interesting to sb., be fond of, be good at , be poor at , be tired of one’ s work, be weak in, do one’s homework, do sports after school, do well in; education for all-round development(素质教育), examination-oriented education system(应试教育), fail in the test, get a doctor’s degree, get on well with English, get an “A” in the exam, get 90 marks for English, give sb. a passing grade, have a good command of the language, have eight classes every day, help with each other, lay a good foundation in, learn…by heart, major in history, make friends with sb., make progress in, put one’s heart into, pass the examination, study in groups, succeed in doing sth., take an active part in the activity, take several courses at school, work out a problem, work on a maths problem , work hard at, etc. (2)师生关系及其活动 be friendly to sb., be kind to sb, be a strict teacher, be strict with one’s pupils, be strict in one’s work, be satisfied with , blame sb. for sth, correct the students’ homework carefully, devote all one’s time to work, form a good habit of, get on well with sb, give advice on, give sb a lot of work , help sb with sth , make one’ s lessons lively and interesting, praise sb for sth., prepare for tomorrow’s lesson, question sb on, teach sb. English , teach sb how to do sth., etc. (3)课余活动及周末生活 do some reading, enjoy a family trip, enjoy doing sth., go swimming, go for an outing, go to the cinema, have an outing at the seashore, have a swim, have dances on weekends, have a picnic at the weekend, have a party, hold a sports meeting, Internet bar, net friend, online love affair(网恋) , play the piano, play chess (basketball), see the sights of Beijing, spend one’s time in many different ways, teach in a family, etc. (4)交通情况 a big traffic jam, a traffic accident, be very crowded in the street, be seriously injured, by bus (train / ship / boat), drive a car, flight No. 2130, in a small boat, give sb. a lift, keep right, lie on the street, meet sb. at the station, on the bus ( train), on board, on one’s way to London, on the journey, one way only , pick up sb., ride a bike, ride a horse , see sb. off at the airport, self-service ticket , take a flight to New York, traffic light, travel through China, turn right, etc. (5)度假旅游 New Year’s Day, Women’s Day, May Day, Youth Day, Children’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Mid-Autumn Day, National Day, valentine’s Day, the Spring Festival, a hot spot, a place of interest, a tourist destination, a five-star hotel, a good restaurant, a return ticket, a single ticket, a city with a long history, a quiet village, a three-day tour, an experienced guide, Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, beautiful scenery, in peak tourist seasons, natural attraction, on one’s way to France, on the back way , one of the great wonders of the world, spend one’s holidays on the sea , the 11th Asian Games, travel agency, the tour route, the inner-ring road, travel to England, the Great Wall , the Summer Place , Zhongshan Park , etc. (6)环境保护 a good environment, area pollution, air pollution, air quality standard, Antarctic Circle, atmospheric chemistry, a heavy rain, a heavy snow, be polluted, be hot, be cold, be cool, be cloudy, be rainy, be sunny, be flooded, climate, carbon dioxide(CO2), chemical change, chemical cleaning of coal, climate change, dirty, drought, dry, flood, early warning system, environmental behavior, environmental quality, feel comfortable, global warming, minus 20 degrees centigrade(-20°), 30 degrees above zero(30°)，sea level, warning center, wastes, water surface , water treatment, water pollution control, weather, windstorm , etc. 三、典型例文 【例1】介绍学校 假设你是李华，你的笔友Jane准备暑假来你校参观，想请你介绍一下学校情况。下面是你校的基本信息，请根据以下 内容给Jane回一封信，并表示欢迎她来参观。 学校名称 广东第三中学 地理位置 离大海约15公里的一个小镇上 学校历史 80多年历史的老学校 师生人数 老师200多人，学生3000多人，高中学段 校园环境 占地近15万平方米，学校很美，有花草，大树，三座教学大楼，6座宿舍楼 学习课程 中文、数学、科学、英语、计算机、体育、美术等 写作要求： (1)必须包括以上全部内容（信的开头和结尾已经写好）； (2)只能使用5个句子。 参考词汇： 宿舍楼dormitory building Dear Jane, I am very glad to tell you something about our school, Guangdong No. 3 Middle School. _________________________________________________ Best wishes to you. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 审题： 文体 记叙文，用第三人称 信息组织 ①名称、位置、历史；②师生人数，校园面积； ③校园环境；④学习课程；⑤邀请 时态 一般现在时 特别注意 1.邀请的内容不再方框内出现的，不能忽略。 2.高中学段：可以和人数一起结合起来说3000多高中生。 参考范文： Dear Jane, I am very glad to tell you something about our school, Guangdong No. 3 Middle school. It lies in a small town about 15 kilometres away from the sea and it has a history of over 80 years. Our school, covering an area of nearly 150 thousand square meters, has more than 200 teachers and 3000 senior students It has three teaching buildings and six dormitory buildings, with many flowers and tall trees all around, so it’s very beautiful. In our school we learn Chinese, maths, science, English, computer, PE, arts and some other subjects. We warmly welcome you to visit our school in the summer holidays. Best wishes. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【例 2】介绍春节 假如你是李华，你校的外教要在中国过春节，请你根据以下内容，用英文写一篇短文介绍我国的春节，并祝他们节日 愉快。 时间 一般在二月份，中国农历正月初一，前后要持续半个月 风俗 1. 12生肖命名，如狗、猴、虎等，今年是猪年 2. 春节前人们要大扫除，大年夜全家人在聚集一起吃年夜饭 3. 年初一、初二走访亲友，给孩子们压岁钱 写作要求： (1)必须包括以上全部内容（题目已经写好）； (2)只能使用5个句子。 参考词汇： 农历Chinese Lunar Calendar 压岁钱lucky money 审题： 文体 记叙文，用第三人称 信息组织 ①新年时间；②12生肖； ③大扫除，聚餐；④初一、初二走亲戚、给利市；⑤祝愿。 时态 一般现在时 特别注意 祝愿的内容不在方框内出现的，不能忽略。 参考范文： A brief Introduction of the Chinese Spring Festival The Chinese Spring Festival comes on the first day of the Chinese Lunar Year, which is usually in February. There is a name for each year, such as the dog, the monkey, the tiger or one of the twelve animals, and this year is the year of the pig. Before the New Year’s Day, the Chinese people usually give their houses a good cleaning and on the last evening of the old year, all the members of a family will get together and have a big meal. On the first or second day of the new year, people usually go to visit their relatives and friends and give some lucky money to children. I wish you have a good time during the Spring Festival. 四、即时练习 1. 义工活动 假设你是李华，正在美国学习。2007年7月28日，你与班上的几名同学一起参加了义工活动。请根据以下表格的内容， 给老师写一篇小短文，描写当天参加义工活动的情况。 时间 2007年7月27日，星期五 参与者 你自己，英国的John，印度的Sinba,美国的Keith 等18名同学 地点 Lee苹果场，距离学校大约60公里，西北方向 交通 早上8点出发，坐公交车1个小时，再步行15分钟 内容 前几天龙卷风袭击了农场，捡苹果并分类，好的放入箩筐 感受 累，但有意义 写作要求： (1)必须包括以上全部内容； (2)只能使用5个句子。 参考词汇： 龙卷风tornado 2. 教学经历 假设你是李华，广东某中学的学生，现正作为交流生在英国学习，前几天你为低年级的学生上了一节中国文化和历史 课。请你用英文简要介绍一下你上课的经历。内容如下： 时间 上个星期三上午，9点—11点半。 听课者 7年级学生。 经过 1. 用了1个半小时陈述，介绍了中国的古代王朝、近代革命，重点介绍当代的改革开放和经济发展 2. 用1个小时交流 感受 1. 他们对中国了解很少，但很有兴趣，他们提了很多奇怪的问题 2. 第一次这样上课，很紧张，压力很大 结果 自己得到了锻炼，中国也得到了更多的了解 建议 需要更多这样的文化交流 写作要求： (1)必须包括以上全部内容； (2)只能使用5个句子。 参考词汇：改革renovation 参考范文 1. On July 27th 2007, Friday, we 18 classmates, including John from Britain, Sinba from India and Keith from the USA, went to Lee Farm to help the farmers. We started off at 8 o’clock in the morning, and after an hour’s ride on the bus, we walked for another 15 minutes. Lee Farm is about 60 kilometres northwest to our school. A few days ago it was hit by a strong tornado, and many apples were blown onto the ground, so we helped to pick up the apples and put the good ones in the baskets. We felt very tired after the work, but all of us thought it was a great help to the farmers. 2. Last Wednesday I gave a lecture about China’s culture and history to the 7th students from 9-11:30 in the morning. This is the first time I gave a lesson, so I felt very nervous and great pressure. I presented for one and a half hours, introducing from the dynasties in ancient times to the revolutionary in recent times, but I spent a lot more time on present China, the renovation, the open policy and the economic development. In the following hour we exchanged ideas and had a good discussion, but I was sorry to find that they knew little about China and raised a lot of strange questions. I think we need more cultural exchange of this kind, because we can get more practice and the foreign students can understand more about China. 怎样写好英语图表作文？ 纵观近几年高考，英语书面表达大致分为材料作文、图表作文和开放作文。且材料作文逐渐被图表作文取代， 图表分析作文就是将数据、图像所包含的信息，转化为表意的说明文字。图表分析作文通常比较复杂，学生不仅要弄 清提示，还要看懂所给的图表和数据。由于这类试题提示内容少，信息点分散，审题时一定要领会作者的出题意图， 弄清主题再动笔：1.单纯描述解释图表信息，按图表所示内容如实表达，不加评论。2.通过叙述图表(或图画)中的内容 和数字变化来分析原因，发表议论。 (一) 柱状图(BAR CHART) 人们日常生活中事物的变化情况通常可以用宽度相等的柱状图形来表示，柱状图的高度差别用来说明事物的动态 发展趋势，同时要注意图例说明和坐标刻度所提示的信息。 例：你们班会的讨论主题是“上大学是高中生唯一的出路吗？”请你根据下面图表及汉语提示，写一篇短文，并 阐述你的个人观点。 提示：1.增长学识，提高素养，利于择业。 2.成功的路不只一条。 3.学费高，就业难。 要求：1.词数：100～120 左右。 2.开头语已为你写好(不计入词数)。 3.参考词汇： tuition n.学费 qualities n.素养 【解题分析】 柱状图是高中英语课本中常见的图形，要求学生通过柱状图图中数据和提示内容写一短文，属于比较、对照类。 也可根据提示写为议论文。通常我们采取三段式写法： 第一段：描述图表，得出结论。 第二段：紧扣主题，根据图表比较分析原因，论证结论。 第三段：发表议论，提出自己的看法。 【提炼要点】 分析柱状图数据信息。从图中可看出，黑色代表想上大学，占大多数，约 60%；浅黑色代表无所谓，占约 30%； 白色代表不想上大学，占约 10%。 One possible version Is It The Only Way Out To Go To College？ We had a discussion about whether it is the only way out for senior students to go to college.Views vary from person to person. The majority of us consider it very necessary to go to college.They think it can widen their knowledge and improve their qualities.Only in this way can they find better jobs after graduation.Very few students， that is about ten percent of the students， think it no use going university， because the tuition is too high for their family to afford.What's more， it's rather hard for college graduates to seek satisfactory jobs.Thirty percent of the students， however， believe “All roads lead to Rome.” Therefore it doesn't make any difference whether they go to college or not. In my opinion， we can receive a better education at college so that we can serve our motherland. 【语言亮点】 ①词汇。如：consider，widen，afford，seek，satisfactory。 ②句式。如：形式宾语：The majority of us consider it very necessary to go to college. 倒装：Only in this way can they find better jobs after graduation. 主语从句：it's rather hard for college graduates to seek satisfactory jobs. 谚语：All roads lead to Rome. ③过渡词。如：that is about ten percent of the students，what's more， however， in my opinion。 【技巧点拨】 1.读懂柱状图坐标刻线及图例说明与文字，比较柱状高低和颜色表示内容及数据。 2.学会看趋势、找规律，从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点、规律。 3.引用图表包含信息，使你的文章“由图而发”，言之有据。 【常用句式】 1. As can be seen from the chart，... As is shown in the chart，... 2. The chart shows that about 60 percent of students want to go to college... 3. From the graph/data/results/information above， it can be seen/concluded/shown /estimated... 4.The graph shows the changes in the number of...over the period from...to... 5.Compared with...，the number of the students of... 实战演练 观察下列图表，请以“Changes in the Ownership of House”为主题，为校报写一篇短文。 注意：短文应包括以下内容： 1.根据图示描述该市住房产权的变化。 2.分析产生这些变化的原因。 3.说明这些变化对个人和社会产生的影响。 要求：1.首句已经为你写好。 2.词数 100 左右。 One possible version Ownership of Houses in a Big City in China As can be seen from the chart， ownership of houses in a big city in China changed in the past ten years. In 1995， 75 percent of the houses were stateowned. Five years later， the rate of stateowned houses to private ones was 3 to 2. But from then on， the ownership of houses changed rapidly and so far 80 percent of houses have been private. What caused the changes？ There might have been two main reasons. First， from 1995 up to now， the people's living standards have been improving. Most of them can afford to buy the houses. Second， most people do not save a lot of money in the bank for their children as their parents did in the past. They want to have their own home and enjoy life. Such changes have had a great effect on the development of society. It does good to both the citizens and the government. 真题体验 (2006 湖北)受某英文报的委托，你最近对高中生的英语阅读兴趣做了一次调查。请根据以下信息，用英语为该报 写一篇 100 词左右的短文。短文的标题及首句已为你写好。 调查内容：在新闻、故事、科普、学习方法四种英文文章中，学生最喜欢哪一种 调查范围：湖北省的 10 所中学 调查对象：高中生 调查人数：1,000 调查方式：访谈 调查结果：(见下图) One possible version Reading Interests of Senior Middle School Students Recently， a survey has been done to find out the reading interests of senior middle school students. In this survey， one thousand senior middle school students from ten schools in Hubei Province were interviewed. They were asked which they liked reading most among the four categories of English articles， news， stories， popular science articles and articles about learning methods. The survey shows that more than half of the students like to read news most. Twentysix percent of the students say that English stories are their favorite. Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods. However， the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who prefer reading articles about learning methods. (二) 曲线图(LINE GRAPH) 曲线图常用来表示事物的变化趋势。常分为带时间参照和不带时间参照两种。曲线图的特点是信息集中，一目了 然。 例：下面的曲线图是我国 2006 年不同月份汽车事故分布示意图，请以“The number of car accidents in 2006” 为题写一篇文章。要求： 1.描述不同月份汽车事故分布(distribution)及总趋势。 2.描述汽车事故的可能原因和对策。 3.参考词汇：peak 顶点，高峰。词数：100～120 。 【解题分析】 英语曲线图作文实际是一篇“解说词”，即通过曲线图提供的信息，分析图中数据，综合出文章的主题。可采取 三段式写法： 第一段：用简短的几个句子简述图表。 第二段：根据图表分类，概括性地描述曲线内容。 第三段：对文章整体内容进行结论性总结。 【提炼要点】 分析曲线图数据信息。从图中可看出，曲线图的横轴代表 2006 年的不同的月份，纵轴代表交通事故的数量。从 交通事故曲线图上可知，前八个月的交通事故的数量有升有降。曲线图在八月份升到了最高点(39)，此后一直呈下降 的趋势，十二月份降到了最低点(16)。可见，2006 年的交通事故的数量总体上呈下降的趋势。 One possible version The Number of Car Accidents in 2006 From the graph， we can see that there were two peaks of accidents in 2006. One was in Feb with the number of 32.The other was in August with the number of 39， which was the highest point of the distribution line. From August， the number of car accident had been decreasing till it reached the lowest point of the year in December. Two peaks occurred in spring and summer， the two seasons which had most of the year's rain. Driving tends to be more dangerous in rainy days. Maybe the weather is the most important reason for car accidents. Be careful， when you drive a car in rainy days. 【语言亮点】 ①词汇。如：peak， point， distribution， decrease， reach， occur， tend to。 ②句式。如：宾语从句：we can see that there were two peaks of accidents in 2006. 定语从句：which was the highest point of the distribution line. 状语从句：...till it reached the lowest point of the year in December. ...when you drive a car in rainy days. 【技巧点拨】 1.认真观察坐标系信息，抓住曲线图变化趋势，结合提供的时间和数据参照寻求切入点。 2.根据曲线图的变化过程，尽可能利用所给的文字信息进行分类，比较，总结。 3.写作过程中不必要将图中全部数据信息加以描述，只需将典型内容作以分析。 4.注意根据有无时间参照确定整篇文章时态。 【常用句式】 1.As can be seen from the graph， the line shows that... 2.According to the graph， we can see/conclude that... 3.This is a line graph which describes the trend of... 4.The number sharply went up to... 5.The percentage of...stayed the same between... 6.The figures reached the peaks/bottom... 实战演练 1.根据下面曲线图，以 Car Explosion in China 为题，描述我国近 10 年来私人拥有小汽车情况，说明人们生活的 水平的变化和你的看法。短文开头已给出，不计入总词数 。词数：100 左右。 One possible version Car Explosion in China As is vividly described in the table above， great changes in car ownership have taken place in China over past decade. The number of private cars has accordingly increased nearly 7 times from more than 2 million in 1996 to over 14 million in 2006. What's the reason？ There are two main factors for these changes. To begin with， development in economy plays a vital role in these years. The higher incomes results in Chinese people's owning private cars. What's more， in modern society， time means money， many Chinese need a car to do business on time. In my view， however， the car explosion will constantly increase year by year， a large number of social problems such as traffic jams， among other things， are turning up nearly every city in China. 2.自 1970 年至 1990 年，中国农民个人收入稳步增长，特别是改革开放政策大大促进了农村经济发展。请你根据 下面图表及汉语提示，写一篇短文，描述其变化，并简述其原因。 提示：1. 根据图表，简析近 20 年农民平均个人收入情况。 2. 简析上述变化的原因。 3. 谈谈你的看法。 注意：1. 词数 100 左右。 2. 参考词汇： 图表 graph 改革开放 reform and opening up One possible version According to the figures given by the graph， the Chinese farmers' personal income rose steadily from 1970 to 1990. In the middle of 1970's their income was rather low. Their annual personal income was about 180 yuan. But in 1980 the average personal income increased to 270 yuan. As is shown by the graph， in 1985 their income doubled up to 540 yuan. After that their income are growing sharply. In a word， during the period of 20 years the farmers' income had gone up rapidly. There were many reasons for it. Mainly the Chinese government had been carrying out a reform and opening policy， which resulted in the steady growth of farmers' income. I believe that with a series of agricultural policies being carried out， there is no doubt that the farmers' living standard will be improved to the fullest. 高考书面表达 看图作文精讲妙练 看图作文是看图说话的书面形式，也是看图说话的高级阶段。看图作文并没有一种固定的文体。看图说话者可根 据画面和理解的不同，而采用不同的文体，一般有记叙文、说明文和对话等。不同的文体，要用不同的写作方法，但 无论采用哪种文体，都要按以下步骤来写： 1．认真阅读文字说明、参考词语和画面，确定作文体裁。 2．仔细观察画面，抓住题目中心。确定作文体裁后，要全面、深刻、细致地观察画面，对画中的人物、情景、符 号逐个进行分析研究，通过画面所能提供的各种信息，经过分析综合，得出该图的主题，然后再利用学过或提供的单 词和句型，根据理解意图描述出来，这样才能抓住中心，有的放矢。 3．编写提纲。要想做到内容要点齐全，表达条理清楚，在下笔之前，应编写提纲。一份好的提纲不仅有齐全的内 容要点，而且还要包括下列两个方面：1）描写的顺序；2）段落的安排。在描述过程中，要按一定的顺序进行。一幅 图，一般可以由近到远或从左到右，甚至从里向外进行描写。多幅图，则可以以时间或内容为序，但不管按什么顺序， 都要使读者觉得条理清楚，层次分明，前后呼应。在适当的地方，可以进行合理的想象，以使文章更形象生动。段落 的划分应合理，否则，也会使读者感到没有条理和混乱。 二、写作实例 假若下面图画中的学生就是你，根据以下六幅图画，用英语写一篇故事。 生词：calling card 名片 注意：1．故事须包括所有图画的内容，可以适当增加细节，使故事连贯。 2．词数 100 左右。 我们可以分三步来写这个故事。 第一步：确定体裁。通过认真阅读所给的文字说明和参考词汇及画面，我们可以确定，命题者是要我们写一篇记 叙文。要想确定体裁，我们重点看一下第一和第五幅图，看过第一幅图，可以得到这样的信息：“我”在放学回家的 路上捡到一个钱包。第五幅图提供的信息是：我把钱包还给了失主。因此，我们可以作出判断，命题者要我们写一个 拾金不昧的故事，故事属于记叙文的范畴。 第二步：确定主题。作文体裁确定之后，紧接着就要确定主题。确定主题的时候，我们应全面、深刻、细致地观 察每一幅画面，对每一幅画中的人物、情景进行缜密的分析研究，从而获得全面准确的信息，而后对这些信息进行处 理加工，最终得出作文的主题。通过第一步我们已经知道第一幅图说明的是：我在放学回家的路上捡到了一个钱包。 第二幅图说明的是：我打开钱包，发现里面有许多钱和一张名片。第三幅图：通过名片，我知道了失主的名字、地址 和电话号码。我马上用公共电话给失主打电话。第四幅图：我在公共汽车站等候失主前来认领钱包。第五幅图：失主 来了，我交还了钱包。第六幅图：失主拿出钱来酬谢我，我婉言谢绝。通过对这六幅图进行分析研究，我们可以得到 以下信息：出题者提供给我们六幅图，让我们以第一人称叙述自己放学回家的途中捡到钱包，不为金钱所动，主动把 钱包还给失主的故事，从而讴歌我们社会年轻一代所具有的拾金不昧的高尚品质。 第三步：编写提纲。要想写好一篇作文，只是确定体裁、主题还是不够的。第三步也是非常重要的。看图写作的 时候，我们可以编写一份提纲，也可以打个腹稿，无论是编写提纲还是打腹稿，一定要注意内容切题、要点齐全。 这个故事的提纲为： 1）我放学回家 2）我在 323 路公共汽车站附近捡到一个钱包 3）我打开钱包 4）钱包里有许多钱和一张名片 5）我给失主打电话 6）我在 323 路公共汽车站等候失主 7）失主前来认领钱包 8）失主表示感谢 提纲列好了，还应当考虑怎样写才能有条有理、层次分明，也就是段落的划分问题。段落的划分，有关“我”的 内容为第一段，有关“失主”的内容为第二段，即最后一段。 做完上面的事情之后，我们就可以提笔写作了。写作的时候，还应当注意语言要规范，表达要准确。尽量选择自 己最有把握的表达方式，句子宜短不宜长，应慎用分词或复合句。拿不准的，可采取“回避”的办法，在不改变原有 意思的前提下，改换另一种表达方式。要学会灵活运用语言，切忌生搬硬套汉语的表达方式。为了使要点之间衔接得 更紧密，在适当的地方，可以进行合理的想象。 本篇写作的参考范文如下： One day，on my way home after school，I found a wallet near the No．323 Bus Stop．I opened the wallet and saw lots of money and a calling card in it．From the calling card I knew the owner's name，address and telephone number．So I went to the public telephone and called the owner．The n I waited at the bus stop．Before long the owner arrived，and I gave the wallet to her. The owner was so thankful to me that she took out a 100-yuan-note to reward me．But I politel y refused it and went back home． 三、写作练习 （1） 为了配合国际爱护动物周活动，一家英文杂志邀请各国学生提供有关动物的故事，请根据下列六幅图画，用英语 为该杂志写一篇故事。 bark vi．＆ n．吠叫 注意：1．故事须包括所有图画的内容，可以适当增加细节，使故事连贯。 2．词数 100 左右。 （2） 下列六幅图画描述了你 5 月 31 日那天的活动。请根据这些图画用英语写篇日记。 注意：1．日记须包括所有图画内容，可适当增加细节，使日记连贯。 2．词数 100 左右。 （3） 假如你是李华。你和几个朋友约定星期天去人民公园野餐（to have a picnic）。你们的英国朋友 Peter 也应邀 参加。请你根据下面的示意图，给他写封短信，告诉他进公园后如何找到你们。 注意：1．词数 80—100。 2．开头语已为你写好。 June 1st，2007 Dear Peter， We’re so glad that you're coming to join us on Sunday．Here is how you can find us． （4） 根据下图，以 Lincoln Memorial 为题，写一篇 100—120 词的短文。 说明：1．林肯纪念堂位于华盛顿市，与华盛顿纪念碑相对。 2．林肯生前两篇著名演讲的全文镌刻（engrave）在两壁上。 3．林肯的全身塑像（statue）座落在正对入口的一把巨大的椅子上。 4．林肯纪念堂外由 36 根石柱环绕，堂内由两排石柱将其分为三部分。 （5） 说明：根据提示，仔细观察下列图画，然后用英语写一篇故事。 注意： 1．题目为“It Ran Away Through the Holes” 2．可能用到的词：grandpa，Tom，rabbit，vegetables，fix the basket，hole 3．词数 100 左右。 （6） 根据所给五幅图，写一篇 100 词左右的短文，题目为：What a Smaller and Tight Sweater！ 生词：sell at a reduced price 削价销售 Possible Versions: （1） My parents live in the country．They keep a dog called Ah Fu．One day my parents went to wor k in the fields taking my little sister and Ah Fu along．While they were working，my sister walked to a river nearby．Ah Fu followed her there．She was trying to pick a flower when she fell into the riv er．Ah Fu barked and jumped into the water immediately．When my parents heard Ah Fu barking th ey ran to the river．They saw Ah Fu swimming towards the bank carrying my little sister．My parent s praised Ah Fu warmly．It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister． （2） May 31st Sunday Fine It was Grandma's birthday．Father，Mother and I went to visit her．She lives with my uncle in a village not very far away．Early in the morning we bought some presents and took the bus to get t here． Grandma and Uncle were so glad to see us．We gave the presents to Grandma and she was ver y happy．Then we sat down to talk，while Uncle went to prepare lunch．The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much．At 4 o'clock，we said goodbye and set off to go home． （3） June 1st，2007 Dear Peter, We're so glad that you're coming to join us on Sunday．Here is how you can find us．We'll hav e our picnic in the People's Park．You know where that is，don't you？After you enter the park by t he main gate，walk straight on till you come to a stream．Cross the stream and turn right．After wa lking for a while you'll come to a hill．Walk round to the other side of the hill．There you'll see a l ake．We'll have our picnic there in the small woods by the lake．I'm sure you'll have no trouble find ing us．Do come！ Li Hua （4） The Lincoln Memorial is a remarkable place of interest in Washington D．C．，the capital of the U．S．A．It stands just opposite to the Monument of George Washington．The huge building is surr ounded with thirty-six stone columns．Wide steps lead up to the entrance，from where a huge statu e of Lincoln can be seen seated in a chair in the central part，which is open to the front of the Me morial．The memorial is divided into three parts by two rows of columns．On both the left and right walls of the rooms are engraved two of Lincoln's famous speeches． （5） It Ran Away Through the Holes Tom's grandpa bought a rabbit for him．Tom found a basket to keep it．His grandpa thought t hat was a good idea．After they put the rabbit under the basket．Tom quickly found some vegetabl es to feed it with，while his grandpa tried to fix the basket on the ground．Next day Tom came to see his rabbit．To his great surprise，his rabbit wasn't there．He cried．His grandpa came to see wh at was happening．His grandpa wondered how it got away since the basket wasn't broken at all．Wh en Tom asked his grandpa why there was a hole in the ground there，the old man realized there m ust be another under the basket．He turned over the basket and said，“It ran away through the ho les!” （6） One day Mr. Smith was wandering through the streets when he caught sight of a sweater in the shop window of a store．Since it was sold at a reduced price，he wanted very much to get it．Wit hout any hesitation，he went into the store and asked for it．He tried it on and looked himself up a nd down in the mirror，expressing his satisfaction．Then he left the store with the sweater． Several days later，he worked in his garden with his new sweater on．Suddenly it began to rain and he had to hurry home．When he got home，he was wet all over．To his surprise，he found that his new sweater had turned smaller．“What a terrible sweater!” he thought to himself．