高中英语：Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars学案（新人教版必修3）

高中英语：Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars学案（新人教版必修3）

Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars ‎1. spread vt.‎‎&vi. 展开,铺开;散布;扩大;延伸 The bird spread its wings. 那只鸟展开了翅膀。‎ Flies spread disease. 苍蝇传播疾病。 ‎ 常用结构:‎ spread sth. with sth. 用……抹/涂/铺……‎ spread ...on ...把……抹/涂/铺在……‎ be spread for摆好（桌子）准备 spread oneself[口]舒展四肢(躺下)‎ spread out张开，伸开，铺开，展开，伸长 高手过招 单项填空 Paper making began in China and to Europe.‎ ‎(2009·12·河南郑州检测)‎ A. Spread B. grew C. Carried D. developed 解析:选A。句意为：造纸术起源于中国，又传播到了欧洲。spread传播。‎ ‎2. method ‎ n. 方法 He has introduced a new method of teaching.‎ 他引进了一种新的教学方法。‎ What is the most effective method of birth control?‎ 控制出生率的最有效的方法是什么？‎ 联想拓展 by this means=in this way=with this method 用这种方法 易混辨析 method/means method侧重“理论方法”，指做某事的具体步骤或程序。‎ a new teaching method一种新的教学方法 means（单复数同形）侧重“通过手段”或“利用工具”去达到某种目的。‎ 高手过招 选词填空(method/means)（原创）‎ ‎①The quickest of travel is by plane.‎ ‎②She has a very scientific of dealing with political problems.‎ 答案：①means②method ‎3. harmful adj. 有害的 常用结构:‎ do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害 mean no harm 无意伤害别人;没有恶意 harm one’s image/reputation 损害某人的形象/名声 do more harm than good 弊大于利 There is no harm in (sb.s) doing sth.‎ ‎=It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. (某人) 做某事无害处 be harmful to 对……有害 harm n.&v. 损害，伤害 Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。‎ 高手过招 单项填空 He is a nice dog. He won’t do you any .（原创）‎ A. ill B. bite C. hurt D. harm 解析:选D。考查固定搭配。do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 表示 ‎“对某人有害”。句意为：这是一条温顺的狗，它不会伤害你。‎ 故选D。‎ ‎4. mass ‎ n. 质量；团；块；大量；(前加the) 群众 A liter of gas has less mass than a liter of water.‎ ‎1公升气体的质量少于1公升水的质量。‎ She has a mass of things to do.‎ 她有一大堆的事情要做。‎ The masses have boundless creative power.‎ 人民群众有无限的创造力。‎ 常用结构:‎ be a mass of 遍体是……; 充满了……‎ in mass 全部, 全体; 整个地 ‎ in the mass 总体上;总的说来 ‎ the (great) mass of 大多数, 大部分 masses of sth.大量的东西 高手过招 单项填空 The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took pictures of them. ‎ ‎ (2009·12·安徽合肥检测)‎ A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of 解析:选B。句意为：年轻的舞蹈家们穿着美丽的衣服看起来很迷人，因此我们给他们拍了许多照片。masses of=lots of，后跟复数名词。‎ ‎5. pull ‎ v. 拉，拖，拔；移动 n.拉，拖；牵(引)力 You push and Ill pull. ‎ 你来推，我来拉。 ‎ I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round.‎ 我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。‎ 常用结构:‎ pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 领先于（某人/物）‎ pull (sb.) back（使某人）退却；撤回（某人）‎ pull off (sth.)（指机动车辆）驶离（道路至路侧停车处停下）pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分离；掏出；驶离（车站）‎ pull on 穿，戴上（袜子、手套等）‎ pull together 同心协力；通力合作 高手过招 用pull相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）‎ ‎①I arrived as the last train was .‎ ‎②He a gun and aimed at the criminal.‎ ‎③So long as we , there’s no mountain top we can’t conquer.‎ 答案：①pulling out②pulled out③pull together ‎6. cheer vt. & vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对)欢呼 The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared.‎ 女王出现时群众高声欢呼。‎ He was greatly cheered by the news.‎ 他听到这个消息非常高兴。‎ 常用结构:‎ cheer sb. on为某人加油 cheer (sb.) up（使某人）更高兴；（使）振奋起来 联想拓展 cheerful adj.高兴的 ‎ cheerless adj.不高兴的；阴冷的高手过招 用cheer相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）‎ ‎①Your visit has greatly him up.‎ ‎②The crowd the runners as they started the last lap.‎ ‎③You look as though you need up.‎ 答案：①cheered②cheered; on③cheering ‎7. puzzle ‎ vt.‎‎&vi.（使）迷惑；（使）苦思 n.迷；难题 puzzled adj. 无法了解的；困惑的 puzzling adj. 令人费解的 Her reply puzzled me.‎ 她的回答把我弄糊涂了。‎ Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.‎ 他们为什么要那样做此事我仍感到莫名其妙。‎ 常用结构：‎ sb. be puzzled by sth.某人对……感到迷惑 puzzle about/over sth.对某事感到迷惑 puzzle one’s brain冥思苦想；绞尽脑汁 solve a puzzle解决一个难题 高手过招 用puzzle的适当形式填空 ‎①To explain the findings, he offers two theories.‎ ‎②I that I haven’t heard from Liz for so long.‎ ‎③She listened with a expression on her face.‎ ‎④No one has yet succeeded in explaining the of how life began.‎ 答案：①puzzling②am puzzled③puzzled④puzzle ‎8. exist ‎ vi. 存在，生存 existence n. 存在 Does life exist on Mars?‎ 火星上有生命吗？‎ I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting.‎ 我靠自己挣的工资简直难以糊口。‎ 常用结构：‎ exist+prep. 存在于某地方 exist on sth. 靠某物生存 高手过招 用exist相关短语的适当形式填空 ‎①This plant only Australia.‎ ‎②Can you such a low salary?‎ ‎③I doubt the of alien.‎ 答案：①exists; in②exist on③existence 重点短语 ‎9. in time意为“及时”时相当于early enough, soon enough;意为“终于，早晚”时相当于sooner or later。‎ We got to the station just in time to catch the bus.‎ ‎=We got to the station just in time for the bus.‎ 我们到达车站时，刚好赶上了那班汽车。‎ The doctor came in time to save her life. ‎ 医生及时赶来救了她的命。‎ Youll succeed in time if you keep on working hard.‎ 假若坚持努力下去，你迟早会成功的。‎ 联想拓展 be in time for sth./be in time to do sth. ‎ 对于某事是及时的/及时做某事 ahead of time提前；提早 all the time一直；始终 at one time曾经；一度 at a time一次 at times 有时 at the same time同时；然而；可是 from time to time不时；偶尔 in no time立刻；马上 take ones time不急，慢慢来 time and time again一次又一次；一再 高手过招 单项填空 ‎—I was disappointed in time when I didn’t pass the examinations.‎ ‎—Don’t be so discouraged. You’ll be successful in ‎ ‎ time. (2009·12·河南平顶山检测)‎ A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /‎ 解析:选D。句意为：——我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。——别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示“迟早”，故用in time。‎ ‎10. prevent ...from ‎ 阻止；制止 The heavy rain prevented us from going there.‎ 这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。‎ 易混辨析 prevent/stop/keep/protect prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为：‎ prevent ...(from) doing sth.；stop ...(from) doing sth.；keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止……做某事”。‎ 上述三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略; 而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。另外，‎ protect ...from ...表示“保护……不受……侵袭；阻挡；防御”。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。‎ This plan will be kept from being carried out.‎ 这个计划将被阻止实施。‎ 高手过招 单项填空 Some policemen should be sent to them the trees. ‎ ‎（原创）‎ A. prevent; to cut down B. stop; cutting down C. keep; to cut down D. keep; cutting down 解析:选B。句意为：应该派一些警察去阻止他们砍伐树木。keep/prevent/stop ... from doing sth.阻止……做某事,其中keep ...from doing sth. 中的from不可省略。故选B。‎ ‎11. break out ‎ 突发；爆发（无被动语态）‎ Trouble may break out at any moment.‎ 灾难在任何时候都可能突然发生。‎ When did the war break out? 战争什么时候爆发的？‎ It was at midnight that a fire broke out.‎ 在午夜时分发生了一起大火。‎ 联想拓展 break away from 脱离（政党等）；打破（陈规等）‎ break down 出故障；（计划等）失败；（身体、精神等）垮掉 break in 破门而入，闯入；打断（话语）等 break into 破门而入；突然……起来 break off 折断；突然中止；断绝；结束 break through 突破 break up 敲碎；放假；散会 易混辨析 come about/happen/take place/break out/occur come about 发生，相当于happen, take place。后面不可以接宾语，也不可以使用被动语态。‎ happen 强调偶然发生。‎ take place 指按计划、安排发生；举行 break out 多用于指战争、火灾、疾病、疫情的突然爆发。‎ occur 常用于句式： sth. occurs to sb. 某事发生在某人身上。‎ 高手过招 用break相关短语的适当形式填空 （原创）‎ ‎①A terrible tsunami in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004.‎ ‎②When do you for Christmas?‎ ‎③Negotiations between the two sides have .‎ ‎④His house was last week.‎ 答案：①broke out②break up③broken down④broken into ‎12. block out ‎ 挡住（光线）‎ That wall blocks out all the light.那堵墙把光线都遮住了。‎ 联想拓展 burst out 大声喊叫;突然……起来 go out 外出；过时；熄(灯)‎ put out 关(灯)；扑灭；生产 come out 出现，显露；出版;结果是 help out 帮助解决难题(或摆脱困境)‎ look out留神；注意 watch out 注意；提防；向外看 find out 找出，查明，发现 pick out挑出;辨认出，分辨出 ‎ speak out 大声地说;大胆地说 think out仔细思考(某事)；想出（主意等） ‎ hang out 挂出;闲逛 knock out (拳)击中，击倒，打昏 sell out 售完(某种货物)，脱销 turn out 结果证明是 run out (of) 用完，耗尽 check out 结账离去，办妥手续离去 give out 分发（试卷等）；发出（光、热等）；用尽；耗完；筋疲力尽 高手过招 用out相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）‎ ‎①At the end of the race his legs and he collapsed on the ground.‎ ‎②It’ s easy to him in a crowd because he is very tall. ‎ ‎③His new book will next month.‎ ‎④We thought it was going to rain; it to be a fine day.‎ ‎⑤We of/from our hotel at ‎5 a.m. to catch a ‎7 a.m. flight.‎ 答案：①gave out②pick; out③come out ④turned out⑤checked out ‎13. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. ‎ 随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38~45 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。‎ What it was to become ...是what 引导的主语从句，what 在从句中作become 的宾语。‎ What surprised everybody was that he didn’t come to the meeting. ‎ 使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。‎ What he did added to our difficulty. ‎ 他所做的增加了我们的困难。 ‎ ‎“be+动词不定式”在本句中表示按照计划、安排将要发生的动作。‎ When are they to hand in their plan? ‎ 他们的计划什么时候交上来？‎ You are to do your homework before you watch TV.‎ 你得做完了作业才能看电视。‎ 联想拓展 ‎“be+to”还可以表示以下含义：‎ 表示可能性，相当于can,主要用于疑问句和否定句。表示命令，意为“必须，不得不”，意思等同于must, have to，表示假设。表示“命运注定……”，通常用于过去时。‎ How am I to know what has become of him?‎ 我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢？‎ Certain skills must be learned if one is to use English well.‎ 如果想要用好英语，某些技巧是必须学的。‎ He was never to see his wife again.‎ 他注定再也见不到他妻子了。‎ Were we to offer you more money, would you stay?‎ 如果我们给你加钱，你愿意留下吗？‎ 高手过招 单项填空 In dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they . （原创）‎ A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive 解析:选B。考查真实条件句。are to survive在此处并不表示将来，而表示“期望”。‎ ‎14. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.‎ 而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。‎ twice as ...as ... 是……的两倍 联想拓展 英语中的倍数表达法：‎ 倍数+as +adj./adv.+as 是……的几倍 倍数+adj./adv.的比较级+ than 比……(多/大)几倍 倍数+ the +表示长度/高度/宽度等的名词+ of是……长度/高度/宽度的几倍，此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width, depth等。‎ This ruler is three times as long as that one.‎ ‎=This ruler is twice longer than that one. ‎ ‎=This ruler is three times the length of that one.‎ 这把尺子是那把的三倍长。‎ There are four times as many students as we expected. ‎ 到的学生是我们预计的五倍。‎ 高手过招 ‎(1)翻译句子 （原创）‎ 这个房子是那个的三倍大。‎ ‎(2)完成句子 到的客人是我们预计的两倍。‎ There are we expected .‎ 答案：(1)This house is three times as big as that one./This house is twice bigger than that one./This house is three times the size of that one.‎ ‎(2)twice as many guests as ‎ ‎