冲刺2019年高考英语黄金考点解析解密16：阅读理解之主旨大意题

冲刺2019年高考英语黄金考点解析解密16：阅读理解之主旨大意题

考点详解 ‎ 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一， 旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占2-3个。‎ ‎◆主旨大意题的分类 ‎ ‎1. 从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种 ‎①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段。‎ ‎②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻 ‎ 找或总结。‎ ‎2. 考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种 ‎①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；‎ ‎②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；‎ ‎③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。‎ ‎◆设问特点：‎ ‎1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。‎ ‎2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。‎ ‎3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。‎ ‎4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。‎ ‎◆常考问题：‎ ‎1. 中心思想类 ‎ The main point /idea of the passage is…‎ ‎ The passage is mainly about… ‎ ‎ The passage mainly discusses…‎ ‎ The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?‎ ‎ Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎2. 标题类 ‎ ‎ Which of the following is the best title of the passage?‎ ‎ The best title for the passage would be …‎ ‎3. 目的类 ‎ The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …‎ ‎ The passage is meant to ….‎ ‎ In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to…‎ ‎【名师指导】‎ 文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：‎ ‎1. 中心主题句出现在文首 开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。‎ 新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。‎ ‎（2016·新课标卷III）Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎ ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂‎ ‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for ‎ six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂‎ ‎25. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide．‎ B .Online News Attracts More People．‎ C. Reading Habits Change with the Times．‎ D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks．‎ ‎2. 主题句出现在文尾 在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。‎ The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.‎ Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.‎ Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.‎ Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”‎ ‎56.The text mainly talks about _____.‎ A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist ‎【答案】C ‎3. 首尾呼应的写作方法 为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。‎ Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. ‎ People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse ‎ is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. ‎ There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. ‎ At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.‎ ‎1.The passage is mainly about ___________.‎ A. How to Play Lacrosse ‎ B. Lacrosse in Canada ‎ C. The History of Lacrosse ‎ D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada ‎ ‎4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句 阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。‎ Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.‎ Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness,‎ ‎ he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.‎ ‎65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. ‎ A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。‎ ‎67. The main purpose of the text is ______.‎ A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad ‎4. 主题句出现在文章的中间 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。‎ The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.‎ During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders,‎ ‎ people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.‎ ‎…‎ ‎67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.‎ A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival ‎【答案】A 怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题 ‎——高度概括法 对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？‎ 首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体 现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。‎ 其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，‎ 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。‎ 再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。‎ 最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.‎ 话题：Stamps 控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names 标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names ‎(中原名校豫南九校2016—2017学年高三第三次联考) August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy(支持，拥护) group, Global Footprint Network (GFN), it is the day when human has consumed all the natural resources — produce, meat, fish, water, and wood — that our planet can regenerate(再生) in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.‎ For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire year’s allowance by August and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth.‎ ‎ The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. This means that Earth Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced. ‎ Unfortunately, the day has been going up rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far — August 8! The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.‎ Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds. Many countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.‎ Individuals can also help by eating less meat, walking, biking, or taking public transportation, as well as adopting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all work together, we can help push back Earth Overshoot Day to December 31, or even beyond!‎ ‎27. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. A Warning: Earth Overshoot Day ‎ B. A Celebration: Earth Overshoot Day ‎ C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle D. An Advertisement: Global Footprint Network 检测训练 题组一 真题在线 Passage 1(2017·新课标卷I，B)‎ Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.‎ Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.‎ It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.‎ ‎“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”‎ Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.‎ Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”‎ ‎28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?‎ A. To remember the birth of jazz.‎ B. To protect cultural diversity.‎ C. To encourage people to study music.‎ D. To recognize the value of jazz.‎ ‎29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Jazz becoming more accessible.‎ B. The production of jazz growing faster.‎ C. Jazz being less popular with the young.‎ D. The jazz audience becoming larger. ‎ ‎30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?‎ A. It will disappear gradually.‎ B. It remains black and white.‎ C. It should keep up with the times.‎ D. It changes every 50 years.‎ ‎31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day ‎【文章大意】为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日，然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人连接起来，爵士乐也应该不断进步。‎ ‎29.C 推理判断题。根据前文Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that(是Jason Moran的工作是帮助改变那一情况)可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。‎ ‎30.C 细节理解题。根据第五段中的The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same可知Moran认为现在爵士乐不能以1908或1958年的方式来呈现，因为世界已经不同了，所以爵士乐必须不断进步，说明随着时代的发展，爵士乐也要跟上时代才不会被年轻一代所抛弃。故选C。‎ ‎31.A 标题选择题。通读全文可知本文主要讲UNESCO为提高人们对爵士乐的重视而设立爵士日，但实际收效甚微。有人认为爵士乐应随着时代的进步而进步，否则它将失去对人们的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士乐的未来，故选A。‎ Passage2(2017·新课标II卷，C)‎ ‎ Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.‎ Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.‎ ‎ Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.‎ Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia ‎ says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.‎ ‎28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ ‎ A. The basic data of the Transition. ‎ ‎ B. The advantages of flying cars.‎ ‎ C. The potential market for flying cars. ‎ ‎ D. The designers of the Transition.‎ ‎29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?‎ ‎ A. It causers traffic jams. ‎ ‎ B. It is difficult to operate.‎ ‎ C. It is very expensive. ‎ ‎ D. It burns too much fuel.‎ ‎30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?‎ ‎ A. Cautious B. Favorable.‎ ‎ C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.‎ ‎31. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Flying Car at Auto Show ‎ B. The Transition’s First Flight C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True ‎ D. Flying Car Closer to Reality ‎28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据“The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知选A。‎ Passage3(2017·天津卷)‎ This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. ‎ The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles:‎ ‎ the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.‎ Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.‎ ‎“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.‎ Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.‎ An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.‎ But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know — no driver.”‎ Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.‎ Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.‎ That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.‎ ‎46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ ‎ A. A place where cars often break down.‎ ‎ B. A case where passing a law is impossible.‎ ‎ C. An area where no driving is permitted. ‎ ‎ D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.‎ ‎47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.‎ ‎ A. stop people from breaking traffic rules ‎ B. help promote fully automatic driving ‎ C. protect drivers of all ages and races ‎ D. prevent serious property damage ‎48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?‎ ‎ A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.‎ ‎ B. It should be the main concern of law makers.‎ ‎ C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.‎ ‎ D. It should involve no human responsibility.‎ ‎49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________.‎ ‎ A. Singapore B. the UK ‎ ‎ C. the US D. Germany ‎50. What could be the best title for the passage?‎ ‎ A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?‎ ‎ B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough ‎ C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!‎ ‎ D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents ‎【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。‎ ‎49. C 【解析】根据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知选C。‎ ‎50. A 【解析】通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了谁来对无人驾驶的机动车辆负责。故选A。‎ Passage 4（2016·新课标全国卷ⅠD）‎ ‎ The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;‎ ‎ therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.‎ ‎ Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.‎ ‎ Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.‎ ‎ Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.‎ ‎32.What does the author say about silence in conversations?‎ ‎ A.It implies anger. ‎ ‎ B.It promotes friendship.‎ ‎ C.It is culture-specific. ‎ ‎ D.It is content-based.‎ ‎33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?‎ ‎ A.The Chinese. B.The French. ‎ ‎ C.The Mexicans. D.The Russians.‎ ‎34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?‎ ‎ A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.‎ ‎ B.Break it while treating patients.‎ ‎ C.Evaluate its harm to patients.‎ ‎ D.Make use of its healing effects.‎ ‎35.What may be the best title for the text?‎ ‎ A.Sound and Silence ‎ ‎ B.What It Means to Be Silent ‎ C.Silence to Native Americans ‎ ‎ D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold ‎ 【语篇解读】文章简单介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义以及沉默的治疗价值等内容。‎ Passage 5 （2016 ·四川卷D）‎ ‎ A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.‎ ‎ Researchers have discovered that ＂night milk＂ contains more melatonin (褪黑激素),which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.‎ ‎ The study,by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk ‎ powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.‎ ‎ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.‎ ‎ Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.‎ ‎ While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.‎ ‎ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.‎ ‎ Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.‎ ‎32.According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.‎ ‎ A.started sleep more easily ‎ ‎ B.were more anxious ‎ C.were less active ‎ ‎ D.woke up later ‎33.Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?‎ ‎ A.It’s been tested on mice for ten times.‎ ‎ B.It can make people more energetic.‎ ‎ C.It exists in milk in great amount.‎ ‎ D.It’s used in sleeping drugs.‎ ‎34.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ ‎ A.Night Milk and Sleep ‎ ‎ B.Fat, Sugar and Health ‎ C.An Experiment on Mice ‎ ‎ D.Milk Drinking and Health ‎35.How does the author support the theme of the text?‎ ‎ A.By giving examples. ‎ ‎ B.By stating arguments.‎ ‎ C.By explaining statistical data. ‎ ‎ D.By providing research results.‎ ‎ 【语篇解读】这是一篇研究报告。文章指出在夜间取自奶牛的牛奶＂night milk＂ 含有大量的褪黑激素,能帮助人们入睡,减少焦虑。 ‎ ‎34．A【解析】考查主旨要义。根据第一段中的＂But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night＂、第二段以及第五段内容可知,全文围绕＂Night Milk and Sleep＂展开, 告诉读者饮用在晚上取自奶牛的牛奶有助于睡眠。所以A项正确。‎ ‎35．D【解析】考查推理判断。通读全文可知,文中作者通过提供研究结果来支持文章的主题。所以D项正确。‎ Passage 6 (2016·新课标全国卷II)‎ Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ ‎ Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”‎ ‎ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.‎ ‎ People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been ‎ found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. ‎ ‎ BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.‎ ‎29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?‎ ‎ A. To explain what they are. ‎ B. To introduce BookCrossing.‎ C. To stress the importance of reading. ‎ D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ ‎ A. The book. ‎ ‎ B. An adventure. ‎ C. A public place. ‎ D. The identification number.‎ ‎31. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?‎ A. Meet other readers to discuss it. ‎ B. Keep it safe in his bookcase. ‎ C. Pass it on to another reader. ‎ D. Mail it back to its owner.‎ ‎32. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A new Trend ‎ C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D. A Website Links People through Books ‎【文章大意】本文属于说明文，介绍了BookCrossing.com所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。‎ ‎31.C 推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后一句“... the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home”可知，让书蒙上尘土是一种很自私的行为，网站BookCrossing.com的目的正是鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能继续把书传递下去。故C项正确。‎ ‎32.D 标题概括题。根据文章第三段可知BookCrossing.com把改变人生的两种事物：遇到的人和读过的书联系在一起。D项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。‎ 题组二 名校模拟 Passage 1‎ ‎ You’re in your office when you learn there’s someone with a gun wandering outside. You can hear gunshots and screams. What do you do?‎ ‎ That’s the challenge for users of a new virtual (虚拟)reality program called SurviVR, designed to train employees how to deal with an active shooter situation in the workplace. The program works with HTC Vive, the virtual reality headset released earlier this year.‎ ‎ An active shooter situation is when an armed person or people actively shoot in a small, populated area with the intention to kill. There were 20 such situations in the United States last year and 20 the year before, according to FBI statistics, resulting in a total of 231 deaths. This year saw the deadliest active shooter situation in US history, with 49 people killed in a nightclub in Orlando.‎ ‎ In the training situation, users have four choices. They can lock themselves in the office. They can hide, perhaps in the office closet. They can run for an exit. Or they can use something in the office—a computer or a cup a pair of scissors-as a weapon to fight the shooter. This is an improvement on standard active shooter training. Gallo says, which typically teachers people to lock themselves in place and hide. The ＂lock down＂ method is often ineffective, he says, and has resulted in many deaths in recent years.‎ ‎ In the training’s basic level, no one gets killed. But as the trainings become more advanced, players who make a wrong choice be shot. There’s no blood; the screen simply turns black slowly.‎ ‎ If this sounds terrifying, that’s the point, says Gallo. There are plenty of training programs to teach employees how to deal with workplace violence, sometimes involving role play with toy guns. But these trainings are basically games. Gallo says, with employees relaxed and even enjoying themselves. To teach people what they really need to know for an active shooter situation, they need to be scared.‎ ‎ ＂SurviVR will take the fear and turn it into confidence.＂ Gallo says.‎ ‎1. What’s the author’s purpose of describing a dangerous scene in Para. 1?‎ ‎ A. To attract the readers’ attention on the new virtual reality program.‎ ‎ B. To show the challenge that the readers are required to face.‎ ‎ C. To warn the readers of the possible dangers in the working place.‎ ‎ D. To inform the readers of the correct response in such a situation ‎2. What is the suggested response in the standard active shooter training?‎ ‎ A. Fighting the shooter ‎ ‎ B. Running for the exit ‎ C. Using a computer as a weapon ‎ ‎ D. Locking down ‎3. What does Gallo think of the training programs involving role play with toy guns?‎ ‎ A. Searing B. Violent ‎ ‎ C. Ineffective D. Helpful ‎4. What would be the best title?‎ ‎ A. A New Virtual Reality Program on Active Shooter Training ‎ B. What Should You Do When Meeting Gunshots in the Workplace?‎ ‎ C. How to Deal with an Active Shooter Situation?‎ ‎ D. Employees Need to Be Scared of the Workplace Violence.‎ ‎ 【语篇解读】文章介绍一种新的主动射击训练虚拟现实程序，教人们遇到办公室暴力犯罪的时候如何应对。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎ Gregory Talley used to sleep in a park or under a bridge. The 50-year-old has been homeless for more than 10 years.‎ ‎ "It is hard. It's hard to live homeless. You filled every day trying to find out where you are going to get something to eat. If I hadn't found wonderful Fairfax County Kennedy Shelter, I wouldn't know where I would be by now. I might be dead," Talley said.‎ ‎ The Kennedy Shelter is one of the facilities New Hope Housing provides for homeless people.‎ ‎ Pam Michell has devoted her life to making the lives of this vulnerable (易受伤的)population better as executive director of the non-profit organization.‎ ‎ "I went to Africa in 1985. And I saw a huge amount of poverty, but I saw so much hope. And I decided that I should try to do something that would bring hope to people," Michell said.‎ ‎ When Michell began working with New Hope Housing 25 years ago, its three shelters had about 80 beds. Now, it has 350 beds and serves about 1,500 homeless people every year. She has expanded the program beyond just providing beds for the night.‎ ‎ "We do outreach(拓展), we do prevention, we do permanent housing, we do transitional housing. We have an education program with all sorts of different things to move people to end their homelessness," she said,"Our Out of Poverty program is not just about money. It's about you could be spiritually poor, you could be relationship poor ... you could be educationally poor. So it is focusing on how you get out of this poverty that has brought you to being homeless."‎ ‎ The program tries to teach the shelter residents self-reliance (自立) and work values, and includes courses on planning and personal responsibility.‎ ‎ "l learned I still have opportunities to change it and I can change it," said shelter resident Lewis Webster. "It is just about going forth in doing necessary work to do it. I mean if you really want better, you would do better and that's the frame of mind of me now."‎ ‎5. Gregory Talley’s story is told at the beginning of the text to _________ .‎ ‎ A.tell readers the situation for the poor in the US is getting worse ‎ B.introduce a non-profit organization that is trying to help the poor in the US ‎ C.disclose the truth that more and more homeless people are dying from hunger ‎ D.remind readers that the homeless people in the US have no trouble getting food ‎6. According to Paragraph 6. Pam Michell started to bring hope to the homeless by ________ .‎ ‎ A.providing clothes for them ‎ ‎ B.offering food for them ‎ ‎ C.building new houses for them ‎ ‎ D.offering them shelters for the night ‎7. What is the final purpose of the education program?‎ ‎ A.To tell the homeless people the ways to make money.‎ ‎ B.To help the homeless people find the causes of their poverty.‎ ‎ C.To encourage the homeless to work and rely on themselves.‎ ‎ D.To teach the poor how to live a better life in the shelters.‎ ‎8. What may be the best title for the text?‎ ‎ A.Comfort in the Kennedy Shelter ‎ ‎ B.Ways to achieve success ‎ C.An Opportunity to Fight Homelessness ‎ ‎ D.An Organisation to End Homelessness ‎ 【语篇解读】文章介绍美国非营利组织Fairfax County Kennedy Shelter帮助无家可归者结束流浪生活。‎ ‎8. D【解析】标题判断题。根据文章和第三段的句子“The Kennedy Shelter is one of the facilities New Hope Housing provides for homeless people.”可知，文章介绍美国非营利组织Fairfax County Kennedy Shelter帮 助无家可归者结束流浪生活。故选D Passage 3‎ ‎ Winston Churchill is probably the most popular British prime minister ever. Having served as a soldier and politician, he is often considered among the greatest of Britons. While his heroic stand against the Nazis is well know, there are still a few facts about the popular politician that might surprise you.‎ His Cigars ‎ The classic image of Winston Churchill includes a giant cigar stuck between his lips. Churchill developed his love of cigars as a young man, when he traveled to Cuba. For the rest of his life, he smoked eight or nine cigars every day. However, he almost never took a puff(吸，抽), preferring to chew on the end until it went out, then relight it and start again. To prevent the cigar becoming soggy (湿软的), Churchill invented the ＂bellybando＂, a strip of brown paper which could be glued around the end.‎ ‎ At any given time, Churchill had 3,000 to 4,000 cigars in his house, mostly his favorite Romeo Juliet brand. On one occasion, the president of Cuba presented Churchill with 2,400 top-quality cigars, although his security team insisted one cigar from each box be sent off and tested for poison. Perhaps the story that best shows his love of cigars occurred during World War II, when he had a special oxygen mask designed so that he could still smoke his cigar on a high-altitude flight.‎ His Black Dog ‎ Throughout his life, Churchill probably suffered from depression, which he called his ＂black dog＂. At times, his depression was so severe that he didn’t like standing close to a passing train or looking at the ocean from a ship because he feared that he would commit suicide.‎ ‎ When he was depressed, Churchill would almost spend a great deal of time in bed and lose his ability to concentrate. However, when not depressed, Churchill was full of energy, usually working and talking until the early hours of the morning. He often described how ＂all the colors come back into the picture＂.‎ ‎9. Why did Churchill’s security team insist on checking the cigars?‎ ‎ A. To test if they were safe for Churchill.‎ ‎ B. To see if they were of the best quality.‎ ‎ C. To make sure they were Churchill’s favorite.‎ ‎ D. To guarantee they were not out of date.‎ ‎10. Which of the following best shows Churchill’s love of cigars?‎ ‎ A. He fell in love with cigars at a young age.‎ ‎ B. He smoked many cigars every day.‎ ‎ C. He invented the ＂bellybando＂.‎ ‎ D. He had an oxygen mask specially designed for smoking.‎ ‎11. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?‎ ‎ A. Churchill became energetic again. ‎ ‎ B. Churchill remained depressed.‎ ‎ C. Churchill drew colorful pictures. ‎ ‎ D. Churchill liked to talk about colors.‎ ‎12. What is probably the best title of the passage?‎ ‎ A. Achievements of Churchill ‎ ‎ B. Anecdotes about Churchill ‎ C. Personalities of Churchill ‎ ‎ D. Hobbies of Churchill ‎ 【语篇解读】丘吉尔是英国最受欢迎的首相，文章介绍丘吉尔的一些奇闻轶事。‎ ‎ 11. A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子＂However, when not depressed, Churchill was full of energy, usually working and talking until the early hours of the morning.＂可知，丘吉尔精力充沛的时候， 经常工作和交谈直到凌晨。下文是他对精力充沛的描写。故选A。 ‎ Passage 4‎ ‎ April 23 marks the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death. Organizations in Britain have planned numerous events to honor him.‎ ‎ In Stratford-upon-Avon, his birthplace, the tourism organization has a great number of free events, including performances of Shakespeare’s plays, and a dazzling fireworks display. And the BBC is broadcasting a live show from Stratfore-upon-Avon, celebrating Shakespeare’s widespread influence on the world. In England’s capital, the London Shakespeare Centre and King’s College London are holding a series of public performances, exhibitions and activities. It isn’t just England that honors the anniversary of the death of this extraordinary writer. In Washington, D. C., the Folger Shakespeare Library, which houses the world’s largest collection of documents relating to William Shakespeare, is displaying a series of exhibitions.‎ ‎ Shakespeare is probably the most famous author who ever lived and is considered a genius by most. He wrote around 37 plays and 154 sonnets(十四行诗), and his work has been translated into over one hundred languages! He penned beautiful metaphors(暗喻), serious dramas and amusing tales.‎ ‎ Shakespeare also invented many new terms and phrases. If someone’s behavior suggested they ‎ were not being honest and should not be trusted, Shakespeare called their actions suspicious. If someone was being silly and perhaps looking like a fool, Shakespeare found their actions laughable. And Shakespeare called people who offered their opinions on the quality of something critics. Today, for instance, food critics and film critics give audiences their opinions of food and film. The familiar phrase ＂break the ice＂ comes from Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew. The ＂ice is broken＂ when a difficult conversation or meeting is calmed by some basic introduction, such as a simple game. More common words coined by Shakespeare include road, gossip, lonely, bump and hurry.‎ ‎ Four hundred years after his death, Shakespeare surely lives on, in everyday speech, as the most famous writer of all time!‎ ‎13. The main idea of the text is _______.‎ ‎ A. the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death ‎ B. the influence Shakespeare has on English ‎ C. the achievements of William Shakespeare ‎ D. Shakespeare’s colorful and fruitful life ‎14. Shakespeare is honored in the following ways except_________.‎ ‎ A. a great number of free events in Stratford-upon-Avon ‎ B. a series of activities in the London Shakespeare Centre ‎ C. a series of exhibitions in the Folger Shakespeare Library ‎ D. a live show of Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon ‎15. According to the next, a simply game to make a difficult conversation easy is called _______.15‎ ‎ A. an ice-breaker B. a suspicious man ‎ ‎ C. a critic D. a laughable man ‎ 【语篇解读】4月23日是威廉·莎士比亚逝世第四百周年纪念日。英国的各种组织计划活动来纪念他。‎ ‎13. A【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的句子＂April 23 marks the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death.＂可知，文章主要介绍4月23日是威廉·莎士比亚逝世第四百周年纪念日。故选A。‎ ‎15. A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段的句子＂The ‘ice is broken’ when a difficult conversation or meeting is calmed by some basic introduction, such as a simple game.＂可知，使得困难的对话变得容易的 叫作an ice-breaker。故选A。‎ ‎【高分秘籍】‎ ‎1. 寻找主题句:‎ ‎ 抓住段落或文章主题的捷径之一就是在段落或文章中寻找主题句。主题句是指能表达或概况段落主题或文章主要内容的句子， 通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概况性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，而其他句子则围绕着主题句展开进行说明解释或扩展。‎ 主题句在文中的位置:‎ ‎（1）开门见山：提出主题—细节支撑阐明主题 ‎（2）段末点睛：细节描述—归纳要点—概括主题 ‎（3）段中点旨：细节描述—归纳主题—进一步解释 ‎（4）无主题句:考生需根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意 ‎ ‎2. 捕捉关键词：‎ ‎ 略读是概括和归纳文章或段落大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。注意出现频率高的词可能是蕴涵中心思想的关键词，分析归纳筛选出最能表达主旨或这这意图 的关键词，继而确定文章的主旨大意。‎ ‎3. 仔细推敲选项：‎ ‎（1）主旨大意题的干扰项的特点有： ‎ ‎①以偏概全：只阐述了文章的部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息； ‎ ‎②无中生有或似是而非：有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干 扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。‎ ‎③主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过文章实际讨论的内容；‎ ‎④张冠李戴：命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。在我们不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。‎ ‎（2）主旨大意题的正确选项特征 ‎①含有抽象名词和概括性词语的选项往往是正确答案；‎ ‎②较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案项。‎ ‎ ‎