【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解试题真题解读及解题指导（129页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解试题真题解读及解题指导（129页word版）

2019 届二轮复习阅读理解试题真题解读及解题指导 [高考真题展示]注：全国卷 3 年高考统计。2016 年，全国卷有 3 套，有按甲、乙、丙命 名的，有按Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ命名的，其对应关系为：Ⅰ卷—乙卷；Ⅱ卷—甲卷；Ⅲ卷—丙卷，以 下各专题同，不再一一说明。 A 篇 B 篇 C 篇 D 篇 细节理 解题 推理判 断题 词义猜 测题 主旨大 意题 2016 卷Ⅰ 人物介绍 类 (应用文) 社会文 化类 (议论 文) 人物故 事类 (记叙 文) 社会文 化类 (说明 文) 10 个 3 个 1 个 1 个 卷Ⅱ 应用广告 类 (应用文) 人物故 事类 (记叙 文) 社会文 化类 (说明 文) 人物故 事类 (记叙 文) 7 个 5 个 2 个 1 个 卷Ⅲ 应用广告 类 (应用文) 人物故 事类 (记叙 文) 社会文 化类 (说明 文) 社会文 化类 (说明 文) 8 个 4 个 2 个 1 个 2015 卷Ⅰ 应用广告 类(应用 文) 人物故 事类 (记叙 文) 社会文 化类 (说明 文) 社会文 化类 (议论 文) 9 个 5 个 1 个 — 卷Ⅱ 人物故事 类(记叙 文) 社会文 化类 (说明 文) 社会文 化类 (议论 文) 应用广 告类 (应用 文) 12 个 1 个 1 个 1 个 2014 卷Ⅰ 应用广告 类(应用 文) 生态环 保类 (记叙 文) 社会文 化类 (议论 文) 社会文 化类 (记叙 文) 7 个 6 个 2 个 — 卷Ⅱ 人物故事 生态环 社会文 应用广 10 个 3 个 1 个 1 个 类(记叙 文) 保类 (说明 文) 化类 (说明 文) 告类 (应用 文) [考情精分析] 1.体裁广泛，题材多样 从阅读部分的选材情况看，阅读材料一般较为简短，不 超过 400 个单词；体裁比较广泛，有记叙文、议论文、说明 文、应用文等；所选材料大都是英文原版的材料，选材广泛， 内容丰富，往往涉及日常生活、人物传记、国内外风土人情、 故事传说、社会文化、政治经济、史地科技、自然现象、新 闻报道、体育活动、广告说明等许多方面的内容。 2.题型固定，难度稳定 高考阅读理解题由四篇 短文组成，一般分为易、中、 难三种类型。在题型设置方 面，以细节理解题和推理判断 题为主(约占试题的 80%)，以 主旨大意题和词义猜测题为 辅。 第一讲 |细节理解题——定位信息巧比对 细节理解题要求考生对文章中的特定细节或具体事实进行判断和认定。一般来说，此类 题型多属直接解答性问题，是高考阅读理解四种题型中难度最小的一种。解题的关键是快速 准确地找到命题的信息区间，然后将选项与原文信息进行一一比对，从而确定答案，总之一 句话，“只要能找对，就能做对”。 [题型特点] 一、细节理解题常见设问方式 细节理解题几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息。常见的命题方式有： 1．特殊疑问句形式。以 when, where, what, which, who, how much/many 等疑问词开头 引出的问题。 2．判断是非形式。含有 TRUE/FALSE, NOT true/false 或 EXCEPT 等的判断是非的问 题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not, never 等。 3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。 4．填空形式。如 The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. 此类题目相对简单，只要考生认真并且细心，得分就会比较容易。 二、细节理解题正确选项的特征 1．同义替换。对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把 lose one’s job 换成了 be out of work。有时候词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把 important 改成 of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，即主动语态与被动语态的转换。 2．语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。 3．正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 三、细节理解题干扰选项的特征 1．张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 2．无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 3．曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 4．颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 5．正误参半。部分正确，部分错误。 [解题流程] 细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一 切从原文出发，无需读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的 某一处具体信息。 [分类例析] 直接/间接信息题 ——速读题干“抓关键”，跳读文章“锁信息” 细节理解题主要考查文章中的某一个或几个细节，可以在文章中直接找到相关信息，进 而判断该题目的正确答案。所以，做细节理解题的关键就在于如何在文中准确定位。一般来 讲，我们需要先找题干中的关键词，如地名、人名、数字等这些不易被替代的词，它们很容 易帮我们在文中找到它们出现的位置。如果没有关键词，就先用最简单的词概括题干大意， 然后用这几个词去文章中找相关表达。 [示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 B 节选) No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s motherinlaw, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ’ s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family. 26．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision? A．17% expressed their support for it. B．Few people responded sympathetically. C．83% believed it had a bad influence. D．The majority thought it was a trend. [解题样板] 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：Mrs. Robinson’s decision 锁信息 定位：用 Mrs. Robinson’s decision 寻读，在文中找到信 息源“...83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.” 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 17%的人对这一做法表示支持。 无中生有 B 几乎没有人的反应是支持的。 颠倒是非 C 83%的人认为这会产生坏的影响。 颠倒是非 D 大多数人认为这是一种趋势。 同义替换 [分析] 选 D 根据最后一句可知，三分之二的人认为会有更多的家庭 仿效 Mrs. Robinson 的做法；D 项意为“大部分人认为这会成为一种趋 势”。经比对可知，D 项是原文的同义替换。 正误判断题 ——题目信息较分散，逐一比对定答案 正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题 目那样集中在文章的某一层或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要 静下心来，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，方可慎重作答。 [示例] (2015·福建高考阅读 A 节选) Food festivals around the world Stilton Cheese Rolling May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four, dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors’ lane (赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese. Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolatecovered habanero pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing’s for sure — if you don’t like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn’t for you! La Tomatina — The World’s Biggest Food Fight On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina — the world’s largest food fight. A weeklong celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd. … 59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine. B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival. C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival. D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina. [解题样板] 第一步：定信息区间 选项 选项关键词 信息区间 A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句 B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二两句 C Thousands of spicy foods are on show 第二段倒数第二句 D An exciting tomato battle takes place 第三段第二句 第二步：一一比对定答案 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A Stilton 滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是 啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。 奖品是 a complete Stilton cheese。 张冠李戴 B 一万多名中国人参加了 Fiery and BBQ Festival。 参加者来自世界各地。 曲解文意 C 在 Fiery and BBQ Festival 上，展出 了成千上万种辛辣食物。 展出了成千上万种物产。 同义替换 D 在 La Tomatina 节日的开始，会举 行 一 场 激 动 人 心 的 “ 西 红 柿 大 战”。 “西红柿大战”发生在节日结 尾，而不是节日的开始。 曲解文意 [课堂真题验证] A(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 A) You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years? Jane Addams (1860－1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community ( 社 区 ) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson (1907－1964) If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans. Sandra Day O’Connor (1930－present) When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks (1913－2005) On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks. 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了不同领域的四位女性先驱。 1．What is Jane Addams noted for in history? A．Her social work. B．Her teaching skills. C．Her efforts to win a prize. D．Her community background. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据 Jane Addams 下的第一句“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.”(任何一个受到社会工作者帮助的人 都要感谢 Jane Addams)可知，在历史上，Jane Addams 以她的社会工作而出名，与 A 项相 符。 2．What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm? A．Her lack of proper training in law. B．Her little work experience in court. C．The discrimination against women. D．The poor financial conditions. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据 Sandra Day O’Connor 下的第一句“When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School ...”可知，她没能在法律事务所 找到工作，是因为她是一名女性，这与 C 项“对于女性的歧视”相符，故选 C 项。 3．Who made a great contribution to the civilrights movement in the U．S.? A．Jane Addams. B．Rachel Carson. C．Sandra Day O’Connor. D．Rosa Parks. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据 Rosa Parks 下的“... it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement.”可知，Rosa Parks 的举动最终推动了民权运动，故选 D 项。 4．What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text? A．They are highly educated. B．They are truly creative. C．They are pioneers. D．They are peacelovers. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。通读全文可知每位女性都是各自领域的先驱者，都在各自领 域作出了巨大的贡献，故选 C。 B(2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 A) What’s On? Electric_Underground 7：30 pm－1：00 am Free at the Cyclops Theatre Do you know who’s playing in your area? We’re bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract (合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7：30 pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. He’s going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music. Gee_Whizz 8：30 pm－10：30 pm Comedy at Kaleidoscope Come and see Gee Whizz perform. He’s the funniest standup comedian on the comedy scene. This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7：00 pm for drinks and snacks (快餐)． Simon’s_Workshop 5：00 pm－7：30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years ’ experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny. Charlotte_Stone 8：00 pm－11：00 pm Pizza World Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new bestselling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta (面食). Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine. 语篇解读：本文是一篇由四则广告组成的应用文。分别介绍了一个讲座、一个喜剧演员 的演出、一个喜剧演员的工作室以及一个有爵士乐和美食的好去处。 5．Who can help you if you want to have your music produced? A．Jules Skye. B．Gee Whizz. C．Charlotte Stone. D．James Pickering. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。从题干的“have your music produced”判断本题的答案出处 在第一则广告，该广告说晚上 7 点半有 Jules Skye 的关于音乐的讲座报告，因此选 A 项。 6．At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh? A．The Cyclops Theatre. B．Kaleidoscope. C．Victoria Stage. D．Pizza World. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。第二则广告里说，Gee Whizz 是最滑稽的单口喜剧演员 (standup comedian)，他的表演能够让所有人快乐，下至孩童上到老人(from the youngest to the oldest)。表演的地点是 Kaleidoscope，因此选 B 项。 7．What do we know about Simon’s Workshop? A．It requires membership status. B．It lasts three hours each time. C．It is run by a comedy club. D．It is held every Wednesday. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。本题涉及第三则广告的相关信息。“从 5：00 pm－7：30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage”可以判断，该活动每个星期三举办，故 D 项正确。 8．When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs? A．5：00 pm－7：30 pm. B．7：30 pm－1：00 am. C．8：00 pm－11：00 pm. D．8：30 pm－10：30 pm. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。从题干可知有关本题的信息来自最后一则广告，该广告开头 就交代了时间：晚上 8 点到 11 点，因此选 C 项。 C(2016·北京高考阅读 A) December 15,2014 Dear Alfred， I want to tell you how important your help is to my life. Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150＋ at 17, I’ m anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD (注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time. However, when something did interest me, I could become absorbed. In high school, I became curious about the computer, and built my first website. Moreover, I completed the senior course of Computer Basics, plus five relevant precollege courses. While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse. I wanted to go to college after high school, but couldn ’ t. So, I was killing my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the online computer courses of your training center. Since then, I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I ’ m learning your Probability course. I have hundreds of printer paper, covered in selfwritten notes from your videos. This has given me a purpose. Last year, I spent all my time looking for a job where, without dealing with the public, I could work alone, but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job — Data Analyst — this month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful profession, without going to college, and be just as good as, if not better than, my competitors. Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I’m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole. This is why you’re saving my life. Yours， Tanis 语篇解读：本文是一封感谢信。塔尼斯智商高达 150，但是身患注意力缺陷多动障碍， 多亏艾尔弗雷德的培训中心，塔尼斯有了在线学习的机会，重新有了人生的奋斗目标，并找 到了一份工作。 9．Why didn’t Tanis go to college after high school? A．She had learned enough about computer science. B．She had more difficulty keeping focused. C．She preferred taking online courses. D．She was too slow to learn. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，塔尼斯尽管智商高，但是身患注意力缺陷 多动障碍，每次保持注意力集中达不到一个多小时；第四段中又提到病情加剧，中学毕业后 想上大学，但是不能，显然是由于她无法集中注意力，故选 B 项。 10．As for the working environment, Tanis prefers ________. A．working by herself B．dealing with the public C．competing against others D．staying with ADHD students 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第六段第一句可知作者喜欢靠自己工作，故选 A。 11．Tanis wrote this letter in order to ________. A．explain why she was interested in the computer B．share the ideas she had for her profession C．show how grateful she was to the center D．describe the courses she had taken so far 解析：选 C 写作意图题。作者在文章开头直接说明写信的目的：你的帮助对我的人生 是多么重要；然后描述自己的病情，未了的大学梦，以及艾尔弗雷德开办的网站给作者带来 的学习快乐，因此本文的写作目的是 C 项：表明她对这个学习中心的感激。 [课下过关检测] 阅读理解“细节理解题”针对练(一) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2016·合肥市高三第一次质检)Are you interested in visiting historical swimming pools? If you are, here are some pools that you shouldn’t miss in America. McCarren Park Pool During the summer of 1936, the Works Progress Administration opened eleven huge pools in New York City. One was the McCarren Park Pool, designed by Aymar EmburyⅡ. A 2012 restoration project brought the longclosed Brooklyn facility into the 21st century while keeping the original brick bathhouse building and grand entry arch(拱门)． Berkeley City Club Pool Open to members and hotel guests of Berkeley City Club in Berkeley, California, this Julia Morgandesigned pool dates from 1930. It looks like a pool in a fairy tale. There is an observation deck (瞭望台) for those who just want to enjoy the architecture without actually swimming. Roman Pool Part of Hearst Castle, the indoor Roman Pool is a masterpiece filled with natural light and amazing artworks by artist Camille Solon. Julia Morgan built the pool under a tennis court and designed it in an artistic style. The water’s gleaming surface reflects the room’s curved marble ladders, lamps and marble statues. Neptune Pool The Neptune Pool is also one of the main attractions of Hearst Castle. Julia Morgan designed it. It has an amazing oceanview setting. For more on the Neptune Pool and the castle, visit the Hearst Castle website. 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。作者向我们介绍了美国四个历史悠久的游泳池。 1．What can we know about the McCarren Park Pool? A．It was opened in the early 1930s. B．It isn’t open to the public today. C．It was restored by Aymar EmburyⅡ. D．The original brick bathhouse building still exists. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段的“A 2012 restoration project brought the longclosed Brooklyn facility into the 21st century while keeping the original brick bathhouse building”可知应选 D。 2．What can we do at the Roman Pool? A．Having an ocean view through the windows. B．Enjoying views on an observation deck. C．Enjoying artworks by Camille Solon. D．Staying at Berkeley City Club. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第四段的“Part of Hearst Castle, the indoor Roman Pool is a masterpiece filled with natural light and amazing artworks by artist Camille Solon.”可 知应选 C。 3．The text is meant to ________. A．introduce the Hearst Castle website B．introduce some historical swimming pools C．recommend some major attractions in the U．S. D．tell readers about some pools designed by Julia Morgan 解析：选 B 写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，作者主要介绍了一些美国历史悠久的游 泳池，故选 B。 B (2016·江西重点中学盟校第一次联考)Based on new analysis, we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe. Geographers predict that within the next eighty years, current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear. Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter, forcing animals to migrate (迁徙) north. Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases. Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense. If the changes come too quickly, animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear. According to Science Daily, a new study predicts that by the year 2100, many of today’s familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today’s world. It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these farreaching consequences for the whole world. The planet itself has been showing signs of change. In 2004, a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008, thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake. Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake. Within just the last few months, new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought. At this point, it doesn’t matter what is causing it, but rather, what can be done about it. What’s more, our world is getting more and more unstable every year. There is war and threat of war everywhere. Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious. However, other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this. No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了未来气候的变化对人和动物的生存环境的影 响。 4．What is the major function of Paragraph 1? A．To arouse the readers’ concern. B．To introduce the theme of the whole passage. C．To summarize the whole passage. D．To state how climate changes. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知，最新研究数据表明，即将到来的世 界气候的巨大变化将严重影响社会和环境。而接下来的几段则是围绕气候变化对社会和环境 具体的影响而展开的，由此可推知，第一段主要是介绍文章的主题。故选 B 项。 5．What is the author’s purpose in using the examples of earthquakes? A．To show major changes will take place on the planet. B．To remind people to prevent future earthquakes. C．To show the damage earthquakes caused. D．To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The planet itself has been showing signs of change.”可知，列举最近地球上所发生的地震是为了说明地球已有发生重大变化的迹象。故 选 A 项。 6．Which of the following is NOT true of climate changes’ effects? A．Animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear. B．It could lead to the spread of diseases. C．Current world climate zones could shift and completely disappear. D．Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，地理学家预计在未来的八十年中， 现在的世界气候带可能会改变，有的可能会完全消失，C 项中说世界气候带可能会变化并会 完全消失，与文中描述不符，故 C 项表述错误。 7．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Animals and plants won’t die out as long as climate changes slowly. B．There’s enough data for us to predict the future of climate change. C．The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration. D．The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，地球并不是唯一一个在经历气候 变化的星球。故选 D 项。 C (2016·山西省重点中学协作体高考适应性考试) Born in the State of New York on May 14th, 1984, Mark Zuckerberg was an instant success. In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the classics, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise. It earned him admission to Harvard University. As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university — an instantly controversial website that encouraged students to rate each other based on appearance. The site was controversial for several reasons. The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with. The second was its controversial nature — not every student like being ranked based on their appearance. The third was its huge resource use — while it was hosted on Harvard servers, it was the most popular page in the university’s entire network. Zuckerberg was soon forced to shut the site down, but its popularity and controversy had made him consider its future potential. He soon turned the simple site into a personal one for Harvard students, encouraging them to network with their peers at the college. It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook” ， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games. The company has been criticized frequently, nevertheless, Zuckerberg has remained true to his initial vision — to create a website that the entire world can use to communicate openly and easily with one another and to keep the user experience clean and pure. The end result is one of the world’s biggest online businesses. Although its true value is debatable, it’s safe to say that Facebook, and its creator Mark Zuckerberg, are two of the twentyfirst century ’ s most influential, controversial, and potentially powerful figures. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了 Facebook 创始人 Mark Zuckerberg 在大学 期间创建 Facemash 网站遭遇挫折，但后来走向成功的故事。 8．When Mark Zuckerberg was a student, he ________. A．was often praised by teachers for the website he created B．had good academic performance C．alone created a website called Facebook D．encouraged students to set up business like him 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，他学生时期在学术方面表现得很优 秀。故 B 项正确。 9．The reason why Zuckerberg shut the site down was probably that ________. A．his website was not popular B．he was doubted for the way he used photographs C．he needed time to reconsider his choice D．he stole resource on Harvard server 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，原因可能是大家因他使用照片的方 式而对其产生质疑。故 B 项正确。 10．Which words can best describe Zuckerberg? A．Easygoing and smart. B．Quiet and shy. C．Talented and outgoing. D．Rebellious and creative. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，他很叛逆；根据他创建了网站可知，他也 具有创造性。故 D 项正确。 11．The best title of the passage should be “________”． A．Mark Zuckerberg and His Facebook B．The Foundation of Facebook C．A Talent from Harvard University D．The Development of Facebook 解析：选 A 标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了 Mark Zuckerberg 在上学期 间的突出表现以及他创建网站的过程。A 项“Mark Zuckerberg 和他的 Facebook”概括了文 章大意，适合做标题。故 A 项正确。 阅读理解“细节理解题”针对练(二) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2016·河南省八市重点高中高三质检) During the two and a half years since I settled down in Germany, I’ve caught a cold several times and gotten to experience how different German cold remedies (疗法) are from the Chinese ones. Back in Taiwan, whenever I had a streaming nose and a dry throat, I’d rush to the hospital to get prescribed medicine. For a fever, I would receive a red pill, which I now know is a type of antibiotic (抗生素)． Another thing I know now is that the criminal behind my cold is a virus. The drugs I used only relieved the symptoms.When I went to a German hospital intending to get some medicine to treat my cold, I got nothing more than a pat on my shoulder and words from the doctor, saying that I should get some really good rest. The first time this happened, I was shocked. I wondered how I could put up with my sickness without the help of medicine. But the longer I stayed in Germany, the better I knew how to selfmedicate as other Germans do. I learned to take vitamin C to build up my resistance. But what I like the most is drinking “Erk ltungstee”. For German people, Erk ltungstee is what their grandmother gives them when they catch a cold. It’s a tea bag mainly made of lime flower and orange rind. Another popular cold remedy in Germany is chicken soup. During my first winter in Germany, I got a really bad cold. My neighbor brought me a bowl of chicken soup to make me feel better. It contained a lot of ginger, onion, garlic, carrots and celery. Germans believe these ingredients are perfect for helping your body recover. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者在德国如何应对感冒的故事。 1．How did the author feel after seeing the German doctor? A．Relieved. B．Surprised. C．Satisfied. D．Stressed. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段的“The first time this happened, I was shocked.” 可知，作者第一次在德国看医生时，医生的应对方式让他很震惊。 2．According to the author, what effect do antibiotics have on his cold? A．They cure his cold. B．They prevent the disease. C．They kill the virus in him. D．They make him feel better. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第三段的第二句可推知，作者之前生病时所吃的抗生素 只是缓解了感冒的症状，让他自己感觉好一些而已。 3．What do Germans think of “Erk ltungstee”？ A．It can replace any cold remedy. B．It can build up one’s resistance. C．It’s a good way to selfmedicate. D．It’s better than chicken soup. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句并结合最后一段所列举的 Erk ltungestee 的例子可知，它是一种自我疗法。 4．What can we infer from the text? A．Germans tend not to use antibiotics to treat a cold. B．The author often catches a cold in Taiwan. C．The author seldom drinks chicken soup. D．German doctors are cold to patients. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第三段和最后一段的整体内容可知，德国人感冒后医生 是不给开药的，而且德国人有自我疗法。由此可推知，德国人不会感冒了就去吃抗生素。 B (2016·广东省五校协作体高三第一次联考) All hotels are restored periodically. However, few do it as frequently as Sweden ’ s Icehotel. Located in a remote village of Sweden, the hotel is constructed entirely from ice and therefore, has to be rebuilt annually. The 26yearold tradition began accidentally in 1989 when locals organized an art exhibition to attract winter visitors. Among the tourists was an adventurous group that announced their intention of spending the night in the building where the exhibition was being held. That’s when the idea of building the icy accommodations occurred to the locals. Each year, the preparations begin in March and the construction starts in November. Within eight to twelve weeks, Icehotel is ready to welcome its first visitors until midApril. After that, the beautiful structure will slowly melt into one giant pool. Among this year’s unique suite (套房) offerings is the “Elephant in the Room.” It features a 3metre tall sculpted elephant overlooking an iceframed bed. For those seeking something more cuttingedge,_there are ones themed after a Swedish horror film and local fairy tales. To get a good night’s rest, guests have to snuggle inside their sleeping bags with gloves and hats on. Though that seems a little uncomfortable, visitors say it is an experience like none other. The hotel also features a beautifully crafted ice church where over 100 couples will get married this year and an ice bar that will serve drinks in glasses carved from ice. Though dining options are limited to the hotel’s only restaurant, guests will have little to complain about with Michelintrained chef Alexander Meier in charge. To keep customers entertained, the hotel offers a lot of fun activities like snowshoeing, dog sledding, and even overnight wilderness camping. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了瑞典一家特殊的冰雕宾馆。 5．What makes the Icehotel special? A．It is located in a remote village. B．It holds an art exhibition annually. C．It is entirely built from ice. D．It offers different theme suites. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段的第三句可知，这个宾馆的特殊之处在于其整个 建筑都是由冰建造的。 6．How long is Icehotel in service every year? A．About one month. B．About three months. C．About half a year. D．About a whole year. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段的“the construction starts in November. Within eight to twelve weeks, Icehotel is ready to welcome its first visitors until midApril”可知，宾 馆的营业时间大约是三个月。 7．What does the underlined word “cuttingedge” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Thrilling. B．Beautiful. C．Frustrating. D．Peaceful. 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据第四段的第三句可推知，与童话或恐怖电影有关的东西 应该是很刺激的，thrilling“惊险的，令人激动的”，故选 A。 8．What can visitors do while staying in Icehotel? A．Learn to sculpt animals from ice. B．Have dinner in a restaurant nearby. C．Hold wedding ceremonies there. D．Watch Swedish horror movies. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句“The hotel also features ...carved from ice.”可知，在这个宾馆里可以举行婚礼。 C Ever since Grumpy Cat first appeared online, the_Internet_can’t_get_enough_of_her. But attention is not the only thing that this cat is getting. Her fortune is estimated at $100 million, more than many famous actors and musicians earn. So how did it all start? Grumpy Cat’s owner Tabatha Bundesen was working as a waitress when her brother Bryan decided to take a photo of her funnylooking cat and post it on Reddit, a social news site. In a matter of hours, she became a sensation (轰动)． It got 1 million views on Imgur in 48 hours. Grumpy Cat ’ s real name is Tardar Sauce and she actually has a condition called dwarfism, which makes her constantly frowning. But that unique frown turned out to be worth millions of dollars. Tabatha, who lives in Arizona in the US, isn’t complaining. She still remembers that September 22, 2012, when her life turned upside down. Since her cat became a worldwide phenomenon, she was able to quit her job and devote her life to managing her cat’s modeling career. Sounds unbelievable, but it’s true. She says that her only job now is to book Tardar’s photo shoots, commercials (商业广告), and other appearances. What are the other benefits of owning a milliondollar cat? Apart from not having to work, Tabatha can travel all the time. She has time and money to visit her family more often and enjoy her life. She never could have imagined just how huge her cat would become, but she always knew Tardar was very special. And she is glad to see her cat bringing joy to so many people around the world. As for the millions of dollars Tardar has earned, they come from all the products, commercials and a bestselling book. She even has her own movie Grumpy Cat’ s Worst Christmas Ever. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了 Grumpy Cat 和她的主人 Tabatha Bundesen 的相关情况。 9．What does the underlined part “the Internet can’t get enough of her” mean? A．The Internet can’t stand her any more. B．The Internet can’t pay more attention to her. C．People don’t focus on her any longer on the Internet. D．The Internet can’t find enough information about her. 解析：选 B 词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句可知，这只猫得到的不仅仅是关注。B 项 “这只猫在网络上得到了很大的关注”与之表述一致。 10．What made Grumpy Cat become famous? A．Her unusual appearance. B．Her bad temper. C．Her short and fat body. D．Her unique fur. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“take a photo of her funnylooking cat”和 第五段中的“which makes her constantly frowning. But that unique frown ...”可知，是这只 猫特别的长相使她出名了。故选 A。 11．About Tabatha Bundesen, we know that ________. A．she now works as a waitress B．she feels very tired of her famous cat C．she only manages her cat’s modeling career D．she is too busy to go home to visit her parents 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第七段第一句中的“she was able to quit her job and devote her life to managing her cat’s modeling career”可知，选 C。 12．The general idea of the last paragraph is ________. A．how the cat can become so famous B．how the cat can make so much money C．what the film about the cat is named D．how the cat’s owner spends so much money 解析：选 B 段落大意题。文章最后一段的内容告诉我们 Tardar 是如何赚如此多的钱 的。故选 B。 第二讲 主旨大意题——抽取主干细加工 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、 领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依 据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主 旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。 [题型特点] 一、主旨大意题正确选项的特征 1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文。 2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 二、主旨大意题干扰选项的特征 1．过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 2．以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信 息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3．移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于 A 的内容放在 B 上，若 不留神，极易选错答案。 4．无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读 分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 [解题流程] 叮嘱考生：永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题， 所以在解答此类题目时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一 道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。 [分类例析] 标题归纳题 文章的标题是全文中心思想最精炼的表达。它的特点是：短小精炼，多为一短语；涵盖 性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强， 不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。要选好恰当的标题，首先需要了解标题的基本拟定方 式。一般说来，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为中心，与控制性概念的词按照一定的语法浓缩 为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。 标题归纳题与文章大意题具有共同之处，当文章主旨是一个短语或一句简洁的话时，我 们可把它看作标题。但是文章主旨往往是作者写作目的或写作内容的归纳，一般不作为文章 标题。 Which of the following can be the best title for the text? What can be a suitable title for the text？ [示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 D 节选) The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap ( 间 隙 ) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection. Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority. Nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is [常见设问方式] not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 35．What may be the best title for the text? A．Sound and Silence B．What It Means to Be Silent C．Silence to Native Americans D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold [解题样板] 第一步：由文章的主题词、主题句概括文章的主旨 由文章中反复出现的 silence 和 meaning 这两个词及文章的首句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.”可概括出文章的主旨是：文章主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背 景下的不同内涵。即：在有些时候，人们利用沉默来解决人们之间的冲突，而在有些时候沉 默则被认为表示顽固或者是担忧。 第二步：审视选项，从内容和形式两方面确定答案 选项 译文 定位 A 声音和沉默 过于笼统，不知所云 B 沉默意味着什么 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 C 沉默对于美国本土人的意义是什么 以偏概全，主次不分 D 话语是银；沉默是金 无中生有，生搬硬套 [分析] 选 B 选项 B 符合文章主旨，其中的“Means to Be Silent”与文章首句中的“The meaning of silence”一致，且全面、凝炼地概括了文章内容。 文章大意题 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文 章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础 上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显 主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文 章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 What is the main idea of the passage? The passage is mainly about ________. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? Which of the following can best summarize the passage? [常见设问方式] What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly present? [示例] (2016·江苏高考阅读 B 节选) Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food. In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random — he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish. Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help. There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world. The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”， a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. 60．The passage is mainly about ________. A．the helping behaviors of young children B．ways to train children’s shared intentionality C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature D．the development of intelligence in children [解题样板] 第一步：由段意加工概括文章大意 文章第一、二段主要讲述了黑猩猩的自私行为，第三段又转入到了人类无私帮助他人的 本能，最后两段则分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。由此得出结论， 文章主要讲述了合作是人类与生俱来的一种独有的本能。 第二步：审视选项，排异求同定答案 选项 译文 定位 A 少年儿童的帮助行为 以偏概全，主次不分 B 训练儿童共享意向的方法 以偏概全，主次不分 C 合作是人类特有的本能 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 D 儿童智力的发展 以偏概全，主次不分 段落大意题 要准确概括某一段落的大意，务必要知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分结构组织， 首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，主题句就在段首；如果按分总结构组织，主 题句就在段尾；如是按分总分的结构组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如是对比各事物， 那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________ . The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para. 1？ [示例] (2016·浙江高考阅读 C 节选) Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” [常见设问方式] 53．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play. B．Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science. C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. D．One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows. [解题样板] 第一步：审清题干，找主题句(或概括主题句) 题干问的是最后一段的大意。通读文章最后一段可知，该段是按总分结构进行组织的， 故该段的主题句应是第一句话。 第二步：审视选项，排异求同定答案 选项 译文 定位 A 通过儿童的游戏解释世界或许更清晰。 过于笼统，不知所云 B 研究婴儿的游戏或许有助于更好地理解科学。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段 C 儿童拥有比科学家更强的理解事物的能力。 无中生有，生搬硬套 D 一个人对科学研究的动力可能会随着他的成长变得更强。 无中生有，生搬硬套 [课堂真题验证] A(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 D) Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored ( 监 控 ) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. “The ’if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.” Researchers analyzing wordofmouth communication — emails, Web posts and reviews, facetoface conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative (消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles. He found that science amazed Times ’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在晚间广播或者早报上，不好的新闻有卖点，流血的新 闻占头条。但是研究表明，在电子邮件或者网络新闻中，人们更喜欢有积极意义或者有趣的 新闻。 1．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to? A．News reports. B．Research papers. C．Private emails. D．Daily conversations. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。从第一段中的“Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.”可知，这样的情况出现在新闻报道中。 2．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A．They’re socially inactive. B．They’re good at telling stories. C．They’re inconsiderate of others. D．They’re careful with their words. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，与朋友分享故事时你更加注意他 们的反应，不想让他们觉得你是 Debbie Downer 那样的人。因此 Debbie Downer 是不考虑他 人感受的人。 3．Which tended to be the most emailed according to Dr. Berger’s research? A．Sports news. B．Science articles. C．Personal accounts. D．Financial reviews. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“... was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles.”可知，科学类文章是读者 转发推荐最多的。 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B．Online News Attracts More People C．Reading Habits Change with the Times D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 解析：选 D 标题归纳题。全文讲述了好消息在社交网络媒体中传播得更快更深远的现 实，这打破了传统媒体中坏消息传播得又快又广的惯例，正面的新闻更容易被分享。 B(2015·重庆高考阅读 A) At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊 断 ) with a kind of attention disorder. It made school difficult for me. When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks, I could not. In my first literature class, Mrs. Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it, all within 45 minutes. I raised my hand right away and said, “Mrs. Smith, you see, the doctor said I have attention problems. I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses, “You are no different from your classmates, young man.” I tried, but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom, the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person, Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education. But Louis didn’t give up. Instead, he invented a reading system of raised dots (点), which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class, being made to learn like the “sighted” students? My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the task within 40 minutes. Indeed, I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place. If Louis could find his way out of his problems, why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs. Smith, so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day — with an “A” on it. At the bottom of the paper were these words: “See what you can do when you keep trying？” 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者患有注意力障碍症，上课不能集中精力，对自己缺 乏信心。但是在老师的鼓励下，通过自己不懈地努力，作业得了“A”，这验证了老师之前 的话。 5．The author didn’t finish the reading in class because________. A．he was new to the class B．he was tired of literature C．he had an attention disorder D．he wanted to take the task home 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段“I was diagnosed (诊断) ... attention disorder ... I could not.”可知，作者不能在课堂上完成阅读和写作任务，因为他患有注意力障碍症。 6．What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage? A．He had good sight. B．He made a great invention. C．He gave up reading. D．He learned a lot from school. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第五段尤其是“he invented a reading system of raised dots (点)”可知，应该选 B 项。 7. What was Mrs. Smith’s attitude to the author at the end of the story? A．Angry. B．Impatient. C．Sympathetic. D．Encouraging. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其是“See what you can do when you keep trying？”可知，史密斯夫人是在鼓励作者只要不懈努力，就一定能战胜困难取得成功。因 此选 D 项。 8．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. 解析：选 C 文章大意题。通读全文可知，作者是一个有注意力障碍症的学生，因为上 课不能集中精力而不得不把作业拿回家去做，在安静的环境下终于完成了。文章强调的是不 懈努力的重要性，而不是对残障人士的尊重、老师对学生的作用或困境中的帮助，故 A、B、 D 三项均有偏差，应选 C 项。 C(2015·福建高考阅读 E) Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain (保持) a healthy lifestyle. Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body. However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health. It ’ s an opportunity to be social, release endorphins ( 内 啡 肽 ), and improve your strength. Additionally, group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard. The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone. Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don’t want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better option for you. It ’ s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision (监管) of a fitness instructor. If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ ll keep your workout on track. Don’t let fitness frighten you! If you’re serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it’s extremely important to surround yourself with people who ’ ll provide you with the proper emotional support. I wouldn’t scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn’t expect anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Make fitness even more fun by trying something new or any group fitness class, with a friend. Plan to go for a jog together. Then try a fun healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar! Fitness can be both fun and social! Surrounding yourself with people who’ll provide you with respect support can be very beneficial while working towards reaching health and fitness goals. First, decide to do it for yourself and work towards staying positive. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了参加群体锻炼的多种益处。群体锻炼不但对 身体健康有益，而且对心理健康也有好处。你不相信吗？快来读一下这篇文章吧！ 9．The first paragraph focuses on________. A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups 解析：选 C 推理判断题。第一段的开头部分讲了群体锻炼是增进身体健康最有效的方 式之一(B 项内容)，而且群体锻炼具有挑战性(A 项内容)，后面也提到共同的目标能激励参与 者努力锻炼(D 项内容)，但是这些都是指群体锻炼对身体健康的益处。故选 C 项。 10 ． The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”． A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．temporary 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。由前半句“If you’re tired of wandering ... and becoming bored”可知，参加 upbeat 的群体能让你不懈怠或者不厌倦，故 upbeat 意为“精神振奋的”， 这与选项中的 cheerful 同义。故选 A 项。 11．When it comes to emotional support, the author thinks it necessary ________. A．to sustain a colorful lifestyle B．to party on weekends with positive people C．to try a fun healthy restaurant regularly D．to surround yourself with supportive people 解析：选 D 细节理解题。由倒数第二段的第一句“... surround yourself with people who’ll provide you with the proper emotional support.”可知 D 项正确。 12．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Seeking Support B．Supporting Health C．Improving Your Strength D．Building Up Fitness 解析：选 B 标题归纳题。综观全文可知，本文主要阐述了参加群体锻炼的益处，它不 仅仅体现在身体方面，还体现在精神(心理)方面，这恰恰与 B 项的含义契合。所以选 B 项。 [课下过关检测] 阅读理解“主旨大意题”针对练(一) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2017·河南省普通高中毕业班高考适应性测试) Last Friday, 6yearold Landon Johnson went to the RiverTown Crossings Mall in Grandville with his family. While there, the boy and his cousins took turns chatting with Santa, sharing their Christmas desires. After telling the man in red he wanted a Wii, a toy dinosaur and a remote control car, Landon hopped off Santa’s lap to rejoin his family. But a few moments later, he raced back to Santa’s side: he’d forgotten to tell him something important. Specifically, Landon shared his worry with Santa that his autism (自闭症) would land him on the “naughty list”． His mom, Naomi Johnson, explained to WOODTV this week that Landon is often told he’s “naughty” by people who mistake his autism for bad behavior. “You get the stares when you’re at the grocery store if he’s too loud，” Johnson said. “He’s been told by other people before, ’You don’t need to be so naughty，’ or ’Why are you naughty？’．” Johnson says Santa took the time to listen to Landon’s worries, and held the boy’s hands all the while. “Santa sat him next to him and took Landon’s hands in his and started rubbing them, calming them down. Santa asked Landon if it bothered him, having Autism? Landon said yes, sometimes. Then Santa told him it shouldn’t. It shouldn’t bother him to be who he is，” Johnson said. Landon told Santa that he sometimes “gets in trouble at school and it’s hard for people to understand that he has autism”， but that he’s “not a naughty boy”． “You know I love you and the reindeer love you and it’s OK. You’re a good boy，” Santa told WOOD TV about the chat with Landon. “You’re a good boy, you know.” Johnson said she was incredibly moved by Santa’s thoughtful words. “This stranger in a red suit told my son the same message I’ve been trying to get through to him for a while now — that he’s special and I love him just the way he was made，” the mom told Today.com. “Seeing Landon’s face light up in that moment was just incredible. I couldn’t stop crying. He was the real Santa Claus.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Landon 是个患有自闭症的孩子，于是经常被认为是“淘 气的孩子”，他因此很苦恼。在一次和圣诞老人聊天时，圣诞老人告诉他不必烦恼，要做自 己。Landon 听后面露喜色。 1．What did Landon do after he raced back to Santa? A．He shared Christmas desires with Santa. B．He checked if he was the real Santa Claus. C．He told Santa how his autism had bothered him. D．He asked for a toy dinosaur and a remote control car. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，Landon 飞奔到圣诞老人那里， 和他分享了自己的烦恼，即他的自闭症。故选 C。 2. What did Santa tell Landon to do? A．Avoid those who mistake him. B．Remain what he is. C．Try to change the way he behaves. D．Tell others about his autism. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，圣诞老人告诉 Landon 不必烦恼， 要做自己。故选 B。 3．What can we infer from the text? A．Every child is quite possible to be bothered by autism. B．Chatting with Santa was a special Christmas gift for Landon. C．Santa Claus are always popular with children and their parents. D．Naughty boys are hard to understand because of their bad behaviors. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句及最后一段最后三句可知，圣诞老人的 话使 Landon 的脸上露出了喜色。由此可推知，和圣诞老人聊天对 Landon 来说是一份特殊 的圣诞礼物。故选 B。 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．It’s OK to be you B．Autism is really a problem C．Find time to chat with Santa D．Don’t stay with naughty boys 解析：选 A 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，患有自闭症的孩子 Landon，在一次和圣诞 老人聊天时，圣诞老人告诉他不必烦恼，要做自己。Landon 听后面露喜色。A 项“做自己 很好”揭示了本文的主旨，适合做标题。故选 A。 B (2016·青岛市统一质量检测)Although we may not admit it, many of us like to stay in our comfort zones. This is especially true for celebrities. After they have gotten famous for doing something well, many of them prefer to stay where they are. But Selena Gomez, 23, doesn’t believe in staying where she is. When many teenagers her age were busy at school, Gomez had already established herself as a sweet young actress in TV series produced by the Disney Channel. But that was just where her ambitions started. As The New York Times noted, “While some child stars would have stopped trying to improve their careers after a few movies and hit songs, Gomez has always kept her eggs in a few different baskets.” Her latest album Revival, which came out on Oct. 9, is her first album outside of the Disneyowned Hollywood Records. She was also the executive producer for the album, taking on more creative control and writing six songs on her own. On Dec. 11, Gomez received the Chart Topper award for her successful album at Billboard’s Yearly Women in Music Event. Indeed, the title of the album, Revival, shows that she is no longer part of Disney. In fact, Gomez left the company last year to step outside her comfort zone. “I wanted to be my own person. I wanted to test myself，” she told Elle magazine. As it turns out, she hasn’t just done well in singing and acting. Gomez is also one of three executive producers working to make bestselling young adult novel 13 Reasons Why into a TV series. Gomez also has a production company, a perfume brand and four films. No, it’s not easy to succeed as a former child star. But right now, Gomez is making it look easy. 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记。文章讲述了女演员 Selena Gomez 不满足于现状，努 力突破，追寻自我的故事。 5．Which is TRUE according to the text? A．Many celebrities like to stay in their comfort zones. B．Gomez’s ambitions started when she was 23. C．Revival is Selena Gomez’s first album. D．Gomez works alone to make 13 Reasons Why into a TV series. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句可知，很多名人喜欢待在自己的舒适 区。故选 A。 6．What does The New York Times imply? A．Gomez is much alike some other child stars. B．It is not worthwhile for Gomez to have a few ambitions at the same time. C．It is abnormal for child stars to stop trying after a few movies and hit songs. D．Gomez is good at focusing her attention on different fields. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，Gomez 善于关注不同的领域。故 选 D。 7．Gomez left the Disney last year in order to ________. A．make herself more famous B．succeed as a child star C．make things look easy D．try different careers 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，Gomez 离开迪士尼公司之后又尝试了 许多其他领域的工作，当制作人，也经营香水品牌。由此可推知，她离开迪士尼是为了发展 与先前不同的事业。故选 D。 8．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Celebrities preferring to stay in their comfort zones. B．Tips on getting success for teenagers. C．An ambitious girl challenging herself constantly to more success. D．Comfort zone, the killer of success. 解析：选 C 文章大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲的是迪士尼童星 Gomez 不断挑 战，突破自我并获得成功的故事。故选 C。 C (2016·江西省重点中学盟校高三联合模拟考试) A walker seriously injured in a mountaintop lightning strike which killed two others is showing signs of improvement, the police have said. A major rescue operation was performed on Sunday following two strikes which hit the Brecon Beacons, South Wales. Two men died, while two others were taken to hospital. A police spokeswoman said, “A man in a serious condition in hospital, following simultaneous (同时发生的) incidents in the Brecon Beacons, has now improved and he is recovering. Officers are continuing to get in touch with the next of relatives of the dead men and enquiries are ongoing. All men were believed to be from England.” Mark Jones, of the Brecon Mountain Rescue Team, described the lightning strike as a freak accident, and something he had not been called out to in 30 years of service. The walking group Ramblers Cymru said that while incidents involving thunder and lightning were rare, electrical storms should be taken seriously by walkers. The organisation’s delivery officer, Elly Hannigan Popp, said, “We’d advise everyone to check the weather forecast before starting a walk. If you hear thunder, see lightning or if your hair stands on end, postpone activities even if the sky looks blue and clear. Lightning will strike as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall. Lightning can strike the same place repeatedly — especially tall, pointed, isolated objects.” “If there is no shelter you should keep moving. And if you become the tallest object, crouch (蹲) in the open twice as far away from the nearest pointed object as it is tall. Make yourself as small as possible, stay on your toes and keep your heels together, as it will allow electricity to go up one foot, through the heels and back into the ground through the other.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇报道。在南威尔士的 Brecon Beacons,闪电击中了四人，导致两人 死亡，两人受伤。文中 Elly Hannigan Prop 提出了在雷电天气中的一些安全措施。 9．What can we learn about the victims of the incident? A．Both of the injured men are recovering slowly. B．The bodies of the two men haven’t been found. C．The four men involved may be from the same country. D．The police cannot contact the two dead men’s relatives. 解 析 ： 选 C 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 中 的 “All men were believed to be from England.”可知，这四个人很可能来自同一个国家。 10．Why did the author quote the police spokeswoman in Paragraph 2? A．Because the accident is very serious. B．To announce where the victims come from. C．Because the police are looking into the accident. D．To tell the readers some facts of the incident. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。作者在第二段中提到警方发言人并引用她的话，为的是告诉 读者与事件相关的一些事实。 11．What’s the meaning of the underlined word in Paragraph 3? A．Unusual. B．Regular. C．Unimportant. D．Frightening. 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“something he had not been called out to in 30 years of service”可知，在南威尔士的 Brecon Beacons，闪电击中人的事件不常见。 12．What do the last two paragraphs tell us? A．Harm done by lightning. B．Warnings from a delivery officer. C．First aid in a lightning incident. D．Safety tips on a lightning strike. 解析：选 D 段落大意题。通读最后两段的内容并根据其中的关键词“advise”可知， 最后两段主要讲述的是在雷电天气中的一些安全措施。 阅读理解“主旨大意题”针对练(二) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2016·广东省深圳市第二次调研考试) Humans and many other mammals have unusually efficient internal temperature regulating systems that automatically maintain stable core body temperatures (核心体温) in cold winters and warm summers. In addition, people have developed cultural patterns and technologies that help them adjust to extremes of temperature and humidity (湿度)． In very cold climates, there is a constant danger of developing hypothermia (低体温), which is a life threatening drop in core body temperature to below normal levels. The normal temperature for humans is about 37.0℃. However, differences in persons and even the time of day can cause it to be as much as 6℃ higher or lower in healthy individuals. It is also normal for core body temperature to be lower in elderly people. Hypothermia begins to occur when the core body temperature drops to 34.4℃. Below 29.4℃ ， the body cools more rapidly because its natural temperature regulating system usually fails. The rapid decline in core body temperature is likely to result in death. However, there have been rare cases in which people have been saved after their temperatures had dropped to 13.9 － 15.6℃. This happened in 1999 to a Swedish woman who was trapped under an ice sheet in freezing water for 80 minutes. She was found unconscious, not breathing, and her heart had stopped beating, yet she was eventually saved despite the fact that her temperature had dropped to 13.7℃. In extremely hot climates or as a result of uncontrollable infections, core body temperatures can rise to equally dangerous levels. This is hypothermia. Life threatening hypothermia typically starts in humans when their temperatures rise to 40.6 － 41.7℃. Only a few days at this extraordinarily high temperature level is likely to result in the worsening of internal organs and death. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人类及其他哺乳动物具有非同寻常的有效的 内部体温调节系统，可以在寒冷的冬天或炎热的夏天自动维持稳定的核心体温。 1．Why can humans keep stable body temperatures in different seasons? A．Because their bodies are unusually efficient. B．Because they experience different climates. C．Because they can adjust to cultural patterns and technologies. D．Because they have internal temperature regulating systems. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，在不同季节，人类能够保持稳定的 核心体温，是因为他们具有有效的内部体温调节系统。故选 D。 2．What does Paragraph 2 mainly discuss? A．The dangerous effects of hypothermia. B．The change of body temperature. C．The survival of the Swedish woman. D．The regulating systems of natural temperature. 解析：选 A 段落大意题。根据第二段内容及第二段第一句可知，关键句为该段主题句， 概括了该段大意；由此可知，第二段主要讲述低体温会造成的危害。故选 A。 3．People are unlikely to survive under the body temperature ________. A．higher than 34.4℃ B．lower than 29.4℃ C．between 40.6～41.7℃ D．between 34.4～37℃ 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第二段第六句“Below 29.4℃ ...usually fails.”可推知， 低于 29.4℃时，人体不能保持核心体温，因此无法生存。故选 B。 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Surviving in an ice trap B．Getting to know hypothermia C．Adapting to climate extremes D．Changing core body temperature 解析：选 C 标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“help them adjust to extremes of temperature and humidity (湿度)”以及文章整体内容可知，本文主要讲述人类通过内部核心体温以及发 展文化模式和技术来适应气候的变化。故选 C。 B (2016·江西省百校联盟高三第一次联考试题) “Food in France is still primarily about pleasure ， ” says Mark Singer, technical director of cuisine at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris. “ Cooking and eating are both pastimes (消遣) and pleasure.” The French might start their day with bread, butter, jam, and perhaps something hot to drink — it’s a time of the day when the whole family can be united. Singer, born in Philadelphia, has lived in France for more than 40 years. “Although things have changed greatly in the past 20 years when it comes to food in the country，” he says, “and what was a big affair with eating has been slowly softened up, there are still events in the year, like birthdays and New Year’s Eve and Christmas Eve that are still really anchored in traditional food and cooking. But it’s not every day.” Some people think French food life may be a performance,_adds Jennifer Berg, director of graduate food studies at New York University. “They want to believe that France is this nation where people are spending five hours a day going to 12 different markets to get their food. The reality is most croissants (羊角面包) are factorymade, and most people are buying convenience food, except for the very small group of people in high society. But part of our identity relies on believing that myth.” In Italy, as in France, takeout is still relatively rare. “Eating fast is not at all part of our culture，” says Marco Bolasco, editorial director of Slow Food and an Italian food expert. Our meals are relaxed, even during a lunch break. Food in Italy is love, and nutrition, and pleasure, he says. An Italian child’s first experience with food is not small round cakes or rice or eggs, but probably ice cream, notes Bolasco. Status and wealth play less of a role in food. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者通过专家的话语来说明法国人和意大利人对于食物 是一种享受生活的态度。 5．How have things about French food changed? A．People prefer to cook at home. B．More people choose to eat out. C．Traditional food is less frequently cooked. D．People eat faster than before. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，法国传统美食受到冲击，人们只是 偶尔在重大节日中才去享用传统美食，并不是每一天，故选择 C。 6．What does the underlined word “performance” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．A bother. B．A play. C．A hobby. D．A routine. 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。由后文中的“people are spending five hours a day going to 12 different markets to get their food”可知，此处应是指部分人认为法国传统烹饪比较繁琐。 故此处 performance 指“麻烦”。故选 A。 7．Why is Italian food compared with French food in the last paragraph? A．To show the advantages of Italian food. B．To prove the differences between them. C．To reflect the customs of Italian food. D．To indicate the common points of the two. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。由本段中的“In Italy, as in France”，再结合第一段中的 “Food in France is still primarily about pleasure”和最后一段中的“Food in Italy is love, and nutrition, and pleasure”可知，作者比较这两种食物的目的是找出二者的共同点，阐明 主旨，故选 D。 8．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Food as identity. B．Food as pleasure. C．Food as survival. D．Food as status. 解析：选 B 文章大意题。由文中的“Food in France is still primarily about pleasure”， “Cooking and eating are both pastimes (消遣) and pleasure”以及“Food in Italy is love, and nutrition, and pleasure”可知答案。 C (2016·河北省三市高三第二次联考)Nearly a third of the world’s cacti (仙人掌) are facing the threat of extinction, according to a shocking global assessment of the effects. Cacti are an important provider of food and water to desert wildlife ranging from wolves and deer to tortoises, bats and birds, and these fauna spread the plants’ seeds in return. But the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s first worldwide health check of the plants says that they are coming under huge pressure from human activities such as land use changes, commercial and residential developments and shrimp farming. But the paper said the main driver of cacti species extinction was the “uncontrolled collection of live plants and private decorating collections, and annual agriculture”． The findings were described as “disturbing” by Inger Andersen, the IUCN ’ s directorgeneral. “They confirm that the scale of the illegal wildlife trade, including the trade in plants is much greater than we had previously thought, and that illegal wildlife trade concerns many more species than the elephants which tend to receive global attention.” Cacti are almost always delicious but unlike most others, they store water in their stems alone, enabling them to survive extreme droughts. The plants can be as small as one centimetre in diameter and grow above 19 metres in height. Well over half of the species are used by humans for display decoration, food or medicine. Almost 1,500 types of cacti were surveyed by the IUCN specialists over a fiveyear period, mostly in the Americans. Dealing with the illegal trade is a hard task as they can be hidden in suitcases or even socks. While countries such as Peru have made progress in blocking the illegal trade, the IUCN is calling for more strictly carrying out the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in the “hotspots” of Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, and Mexico has made advances but still has work to do, according to Goettsch. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。仙人掌是沙漠中许多动物的食物来源。然而非法的动植 物贸易使仙人掌面临着灭绝。由于仙人掌便于藏匿运输，阻止仙人掌非法贸易成为难题。 9．The underlined word “fauna” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”． A．birds B．cacti C．humans D．animals 解析：选 D 词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“to desert wildlife ranging from wolves and deer to tortoises, bats and birds”可以判断，fauna 指代 wolves, deer, tortoises, bats, birds 等 动物，故画线词意为“动物”，故 D 项正确。 10．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us? A．What causes cacti species extinction. B．What gives people pressure. C．What the IUCN has found. D．What farmers have planted. 解析：选 A 段落大意题。根据第三段第一句中的“they are coming under huge pressure from human activities”以及第二句中的“the main driver of cacti species extinction was the ...”可知，该段主要讲述了仙人掌面临灭绝的原因，故 A 项正确。 11．In Inger Andersen’s opinion, ________. A．the findings of the IUCN are not disturbing B．the illegal plant trade is less serious than we had thought C．cacti have received much global attention D．the illegal plant trade threatens lots of wildlife 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第四段中 Inger Andersen 所说的话“that illegal wildlife trade concerns many more species than the elephants which tend to receive global attention” 可知，Inger Andersen 认为，非法的动植物贸易威胁着许多野生生物，故 D 项正确。 12．Why is it hard to fight against the illegal cacti trade? A．Because cacti can be made into socks. B．Because cacti are easy to carry secretly. C．Because many countries carry out CITES strictly. D．Because some countries made advances to trade cacti. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句可知，由于仙人掌可以藏在手提箱甚 至袜子中秘密运输，所以解决非法贸易的问题很难，故 B 项正确。 第三讲 推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。它要求考生在理解表面文字信息的基础上，尽量考 虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，做出正确的推理和 判断，从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理的原则是据文推理，合情推理，不可妄加 推理，过度推理。 [题型特点] 一、推理判断题题干常用词 一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude，purpose, attitude, probably, most likely 等。 二、推理判断题正确选项的特征 1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only, never, all, absolutely 等，正确答案的表述 一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如 often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably 等。 三、推理判断题干扰选项的特征 1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别，推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中 的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思， 其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思， 从字里行间捕捉线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。在此基础上，考生通过分析、判断，从 而做出符合逻辑的推断。 2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的 观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的 观点。 3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视 的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章 中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。 5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个 词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义。 6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定， 有时通过加上 almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually 等词语对文意加以限 制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、 感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 [解题流程] 要做好推理判断题，需要充分阅读理解文章、分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据。考生应该 在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。 [分类例析] 细节推断题 在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层 意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面 思考，得出片面结论。 It can be inferred from the passage that ________. It can be concluded from the passage that ________. The author strongly suggests that ________. The writer/author implies but not directly states that ________. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________. Which of the following statements does the author support？ [示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 B 节选) [常见设问方式] Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students. 26．What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3? A．He liked to help his teacher. B．He preferred to study alone. C．He was active in class. D．He was imaginative. [解题样板] 第一步：定信息源 由题干可知，本题的解题信息源来自文章第三段。 第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A 他喜欢帮助老师。 我意外有一个教学助手。 扩缩范围 B 他更喜欢独自学习。 原文未涉及 无中生有 C 他在课堂上很活跃。 原文未涉及 无中生有 D 他有想象力。 他格外有创造力。 合理推断 写作目的题 1．根据文体类别推断 文体 写作目的 故事类 to entertain readers 娱乐读者，让人发笑 广告类 to persuade readers 说服读者接受某种观点 科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类 to inform readers 告知读者某些信息 2．根据写作手法推断 作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，往往是为了 引出主题。 What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________. The writer of the story wants to tell us that ______. The writer talks about ... in order to ________. [常见设问方式] The author writes the last paragraph in order to ________. [示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 C 节选) If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn ’ t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly (多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with applethemed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards (果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent. 31．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To show how to grow apples. B．To introduce an apple festival. C．To help people select apples. D．To promote apple research. [解题样板] 第一步：定信息源 题目问的是文章的写作目的，而不是某个细节的写作目的，因此要综合全文信息来推断。 第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选 选项 选项意思 写作目的 定位 A 为了展示如何种植苹果。 本文是一篇说明文，主要介 绍了英国苹果节的举办规 模、活动安排、苹果种类及 种植环境等。 曲解文意 B 为了介绍一个苹果节。 合理推断 C 为了帮助人们挑选苹果。 曲解文意 D 为了促进苹果研究。 曲解文意 观点态度题 全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容 词、副词、动词及所举的例子，如 doubt, appreciate, hate, against 等。 What’s the writer’s attitude towards ...? What is the author’s opinion on ...? What does the author think about ...? The attitude of the author towards something is ______. The writer of the passage seems to think that ______. [示例] (2016·四川高考阅读 C 节选) “I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.” 30．What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese? A．Cautious. B．Doubtful. C．Uninterested. D．Appreciative. [解题样板] 第一步：定信息源 由题干中的关键词 Gin 和 Guianese 可定位于原文第三段，尤其是第一句“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.”。 第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选 选项 选项意思 作者观点态度 定位 A 谨慎的。 详读第三段可知，Gin 对这群土著居 民有特殊的爱，他们之间有深厚的友 谊。Gin 认为这是一块自由的土地。 由这些描述可知 Gin 欣赏这群土著 居民的生活方式。 无中生有 B 怀疑的。 无中生有 C 无兴趣的。 无中生有 D 欣赏的。 合理推断 文章来源题 常考来源 文章特点 [常见设问方式] 广告 语言比较简洁鲜明，有亮点 报刊 时事性比较强，分不同的版块，在阅读中采用的报刊类文章一般以政治、生 活为主 杂志 往往覆盖了生活的各个层面，更加贴近幕后的一些东西 产品说明书 对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作方式 药品说明 告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等 网络 来自网络的文章文体不限，判断标准就是找文中的网络标志语，如 click here, download, upload, link(链接), mouse(鼠标)等 This passage would most likely be found in ________. The passage is probably taken out of ________. Where does this text probably come from? Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? [示例] (2013·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 B 节选) The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert ( 警 觉)．Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze (凝视) starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots, is presented.Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world? Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise ( 同 样 地 ) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots. 63．Where does this text probably come from? A．Science fiction. B．Children’s literature. C．An advertisement. D．A science report. [常见设问方式] [解题样板] 选项 选项意思 推理分析 定位 A 科幻小说。 本文介绍了对婴儿进行的试验， 试验的经过、结果等，因此本文 可能来自于一份科学报告。 无中生有 B 儿童文学。 无中生有 C 广告。 无中生有 D 科学报告。 合理推断 [课堂真题验证] A (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 B) Grandparents Answer a Call As a thirdgeneration native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s motherinlaw, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family. “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.” Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。祖父母搬去子女身边照顾小孩是如今的一种趋势，但这 是否应该成为每一个祖父母的选择呢？ 1．Why was Garza’s move a success? A．It strengthened her family ties. B．It improved her living conditions. C．It enabled her to make more friends. D．It helped her know more new places. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“... giving them a closer relationship ...”可 知，Garza 搬去和晚辈同住后，他们的关系更亲密了，这与 A 项的表述“这加强了她的家庭 关系”相吻合，故选 A 项。 2．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision? A．17% expressed their support for it. B．Few people responded sympathetically. C．83% believed it had a bad influence. D．The majority thought it was a trend. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，三分之二的人认为更多的家庭将 效仿奥巴马的家庭，由此可知它将成为一种趋势，故选 D 项。 3．What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s? A．They were unsure of themselves. B．They were eager to raise more children. C．They wanted to live away from their parents. D．They had little respect for their grandparents. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句可知，在 20 世纪 60 年代，人们都有点 儿狂野，急于“远走高飞”来证明自己的能力，这与 C 项的表述“他们想远离父母生活”相 吻合，故选 C 项。 4．What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph? A．Make decisions in the best interests of their own. B．Ask their children to pay more visits to them. C．Sacrifice for their struggling children. D．Get to know themselves better. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Moving is not for everyone.”以及“it is wiser to say no and visit frequently”可知，作者建议老年人从自己的利益出发，做出选择， A 项的表述与此相吻合。 B (2016·四川高考阅读 D) A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugarfree and additivefree with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。长期以来，人们认为睡觉前喝一杯热牛奶有助于睡眠， 但研究表明，只有喝晚上挤的牛奶才真正有助于睡眠。这到底是什么原因呢？快来读文章吧！ 5．According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk ________. A．started sleep more easily B．were more anxious C．were less active D．woke up later 解析：选 B 细节理解题。由第四段中的信息“Those given night milk ...were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime ...”可知，老鼠喝了白 天挤的牛奶会更有活力，也更焦虑，故选 B 项。 6．Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text? A．It’s been tested on mice for ten times. B．It can make people more energetic. C．It exists in milk in great amount. D．It’s used in sleeping drugs. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。由第六段 中的信息“taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”可知，褪黑激素被用于安眠药 中，故选 D 项。 7．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Night Milk and Sleep B．Fat, Sugar and Health C．An Experiment on Mice D．Milk Drinking and Health 解析：选 A 标题归纳题。作者在第一段就点明了文章要论述的对象——晚上挤的牛奶。 在接下来的几段中，作者通过研究人员在老鼠身上做的实验论证了晚上挤出的牛奶与睡眠的 关系，故选 A 项。 8．How does the author support the theme of the text? A．By giving examples. B．By stating arguments. C．By explaining statistical data. D．By providing research results. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。文章的第二、三、四、五段都是讲研究人员的实验及其结果， 所以作者是用研究人员的研究结果来支持论点的。故选 D 项。 C (2016·四川高考阅读 C) In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous (土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony (殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world. The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazonrainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne. “I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.” “I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life ， ” continues Gin. “I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.” His blackandwhite pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional selfsupporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。在法属圭亚那地区的热带雨林深处居住着一群土著居民。 他们虽然是法国公民，却按照自己的方式生活。一位摄影家的照片使这群土著居民进入公众 视野，也使他们逐渐受到现代的法国生活方式的影响。 9．Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana? A．They seldom follow the French law. B．They often ignore the Guianese law. C．They are separated from the modern world. D．They are both Guianese and French citizens. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。由题干中的 feel surprised 定位到第一段中的信息 “Surprisingly，these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs ...”， 可知土著人有自己的法律和习惯，而不遵守法国法律，这让作者吃惊，故选 A 项。 10．Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as ________. A．a tour guide B．a geographer C．a film director D．a photographer 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“show the audience a photographic record” 以及第五段中的“blackandwhite pictures”可推知 Gin 是一名摄影师，他通过拍摄的照片 让观众了解这群土著居民，故选 D 项。 11．What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese? A．Cautious. B．Doubtful. C．Uninterested. D．Appreciative. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。通读第三段可知，Gin 对这群土著居民有特殊的爱，他们之 间有深厚的友谊。Gin 认为这是一块自由的土地。由这些描述可知 Gin 欣赏这群土著居民的 生活方式，故选 D 项。 12．What does the underlined world “it” in the last paragraph refer to? A．The modern French lifestyle. B．The selfsupporting hunting. C．The uncivilized world. D．The French Republic. 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。解本题的关键是读懂最后一句话。这些当地居民不得不兼顾 他们传统的自给自足的狩猎生活方式和法兰西共和国带给他们的现代的生活方式，伴随这种 生活方式的不仅仅有必不可少的国家福利，还有酗酒、背叛，甚至自杀。故 it 指代的是现代 的法国的生活方式，故选 A 项。 [课下过关检测] 阅读理解“推理判断题”针对练(一) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2016·合肥高三第一次教学质量检测) When you’re looking forward to taking a holiday in Egypt, you’re certainly not short of choices. The country has so many to see that you’ll probably not want to limit yourself to just one city. Hurghada — A Water Sports Paradise With 250 hotels ranking from comfortable 3star hotels up to 5 star accommodation, the main attraction of staying here is the activities in and on the warm waters. It has become an international centre for water sports, allowing visitors to take part in surfing, sailing and deep sea fishing. The waters are also home to a huge variety of coral and fish, making it a dream spot for diving. If all that isn ’ t enough, Hurghada is home to some of the world’s finest underwater gardens. Luxor — An Openair Museum of Ancient History For those with an interest in Egyptian history, Luxor is an excellent place to stay and is built upon the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. If you make this the base for your Egypt holiday, you ’ re basically staying in an open air museum! The modern city of Luxor has the ruins of Karnak. Across the Nile lie many more monuments, temples and tombs including the Valley of the Kings and the Queens. The Nile sailing is necessary for those with an interest in the country’s ancient history. Cairo — The Capital City Finally, of course, there’s Cairo. It’s definitely a starting point for most of Egypt holidaymakers. Cairo offers an excellent mix of culture, art, cooking and sightseeing chances. With the famous pyramids, various temples and some fascinating museums, Cairo is a fantastic choice if you can come to the city. 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，讲述了几个埃及好玩的城市及它们的特色。 1．Visitors flood to Hurghada mainly because it can offer them ________. A．the funniest botanic gardens B．choices of water activities C．a brief history of Egypt D．the mix of culture and art 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据 Hurghada — A Water Sports Paradise 中的“the main attraction of staying here is the activities in and on the warm waters”可知，这里主要吸引人 的是其水里或水上的活动。故选 B。 2．Which of the following cities do most tourists visit first in Egypt? A．Cairo. B．Luxor. C．Thebes. D．Hurghada. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据 Cairo — The Capital City 中的“It’s definitely a starting point for most of Egypt holidaymakers”可知，Cairo 一定是去埃及度假的游客最先游览的地 方。故选 A。 3．This passage is most probably taken from ________. A．a historical document B．a science magazine C．a travel guide D．a book review 解析：选 C 文章出处题。根据第一段可知，本文介绍了几个埃及好玩的城市，所以应 该出现在旅游指南上。故选 C。 B (2017·石家庄高三第一次模拟考试) Those accustomed to browsing through thousands of books in large bookstores may find Japan’s Morioka Shoten a little strange. That’s because this tiny bookstore that is located in Ginza, Tokyo sells only a single book at a time. Opened in May 2015, Morioka Shoten is the brainchild of Yoshiyuki Morioka. He began his career as a bookstore clerk in Tokyo’s Kanda district before branching out to open his own store. It was here while organizing book reading and signing that he realized that customers usually came into the store with one title in mind. Morioka began to wonder if a store could exist by selling multiple copies of just one single book. In November 2014, he partnered with Masamichi Toyama to establish a unique bookstore with the philosophy of “A Single Room with a Single Book”． The selections that are picked by Morioka change weekly and vary widely to attract customers with different interests. Recent choices include The True Deceiver, an award winning Swedish novel by Tove Jansson, Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales, and a collection of Karl Blossfeldt’s photography of plants. Morioka has also selected books written by a famous Japanese author Mimei Ogawa. To highlight his only offering, Morioka often uses clever tricks. For example, when selling a book about flowers, the storekeeper decorated his shop with the ones that had been mentioned in the book. He also encourages authors to hold talks and discussions so they can connect with customers. Morioka says his goal is for the customers to experience being inside a book, not just a bookstore. Risky as the idea might seem, things appear to be going well. The storekeeper says he has sold over 2,100 books. Things can get better given that his bookstore is becoming increasingly popular not just among the locals but also visitors from other countries. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在日本你会发现一家名为“Morioka Shoten”的别致书 店，这家书店因其特别的经营方式很快就吸引了众人的注意。 4．What inspired Morioka to open such a bookstore? A．A Swedish novel. B．His present partner. C．A bookstore clerk. D．His working experience. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，在开办自己的书店之前 Morioka 当过书店 的店员，正是在工作中，他开始想创办一家“一周只卖一本书”的书店，由此可知，他的工 作经验给了他灵感。 5．Why is Morioka Shoten unique? A．It is popular with foreigners. B．It sells books of different topics. C．It is decorated with colorful flowers. D．It sells various copies of a book in a week. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第一段的“sells only a single book at a time”可知，选 项 D 正确。 6．Why does Morioka encourage authors to hold talks? A．To introduce his bookstore. B．To advocate his philosophy. C．To make books better understood. D．To help readers connect with each other. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第四段的第三句和第四句可知，Morioka 鼓励作者举办 会谈、讨论是为了与顾客接触，这样顾客便会更好地体会书中的内容，故选 C。 7．What’s the author’s opinion about the bookstore’s future? A．Risky. B．Promising. C．Unpredictable. D．Hopeless. 解析：选 B 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段的内容可知，这个书店会变得更好，它不 仅在当地人中而且在其他国家的游客中也受欢迎，由此可知，作者认为这个书店很有发展 前途。 C (2016·江西重点中学协作体高三第一次联考) Dear Max， Your mother and I don’t yet have the words to describe the hope you give us for the future. We believe all lives have equal value, and that includes the many more people who will live in future generations than live today. Our society has an obligation to invest now to improve the lives of all those coming into this world, not just those already here. Our hopes for your generation focus on two ideas: advancing human potential and promoting equality. Today your mother and I are committing to spend our lives doing our small part to help solve these challenges. I will continue to serve as Facebook’s CEO for many, many years to come, but these issues are too important to wait until you or we are older to begin this work. By starting at a young age, we hope to see compounding benefits throughout our lives. As you begin the next generation of the Chan Zuckerberg family, we also begin the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative to join people across the world to advance human potential and promote equality for all children in the next generation. Our initial areas of focus will be personalized learning, curing disease, connecting people and building strong communities. Over short periods of five or ten years, it may not seem like we ’ re making much of a difference. But over the long term, seeds planted now will grow, and one day, you or your children will see what we can only imagine. We will give 99% of our Facebook shares — currently about $45 billion — during our lives to advance this mission. We know this is a small contribution compared to all the resources and talents of those already working on these issues. But we want to do what we can, working alongside many others. 语篇解读：本文是 Facebook 总裁写给自己孩子的一封信。在这封信中，他主要是告诉 女儿，所有的人，不管是活在世上的还是那些未出生的，都一样重要，他要为她和她这一代 人创造一个更好的世界而贡献出自己微薄的力量。 8．From the passage we can learn that the author is Max’s ________. A．mother B．father C．brother D．grandparent 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Your mother and I ...”以及第二段中的 “Our hopes for your generation ...”可推知，作者应该是 Max 的父亲。故选 B。 9．Planted seeds referred in the 4th paragraph are to explain that ________. A．it is better doing something to improve the world than waiting B．harvest can be expected after sowing C．it makes little difference to help solve the challenges D．it takes time to show their effort works 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句可推知，虽然作者认为他们现在的努力在 短时间内不会产生什么效果，但是从长远来看，他们努力的成果会显示出来的。因此，作者 用“planted seeds”是为了解释他们的努力是需要时间才会看到成果的。故选 D。 10．The underlined word “obligation” most probably means “________”． A．duty B．effort C．contribution D．ability 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据第一段内容可知，作者认为，所有的人，不管是活在世 上的还是那些未出生的，都一样重要，因此社会有责任和义务去为改善所有人的生活而努力。 由此可推知，“obligation”应意为“责任，义务”，与 duty 意思相近。故选 A。 11．Through the letter, the author mainly wants to tell Max ________. A．he decides to donate 99% of the Facebook shares to help improve the world B．he will serve as the Facebook’s CEO for many years for her better living C．he is devoting himself to help realize the equality of the human D．he is contributed to helping make a better world for her and her generation 解析：选 D 写作意图题。根据这封信的内容，尤其是最后三段的内容可推知，作者通 过这封信主要是想告诉 Max：他要为她和她这一代人创造一个更美好的世界而贡献自己的力 量。故选 D。 阅读理解“推理判断题”针对练(二) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2016·烟台高考适应性测试一) The term “helicopter parents” refers to “a style of parents who are over focused on their children”． Helicopter parents are always making a big push to provide children with every opportunity to succeed, from baby steps at age 1, homework at age 8, college application at age 18, employment issues at age 25 to family problems at age 30, 40 or even older. They constantly shadow the child, always directing his behavior, allowing him zero alone time. Helicopter parenting can develop for a number of reasons. Worries about the economy, the job market, and the world in general can push parents toward taking more control over their child’s life in an attempt to protect them. Adults who felt unloved or ignored as children can overcompensate with their own children. When parents see other overinvolved parents, it can cause a similar response. They feel that if they don’t involve themselves in their children’ s lives, they are bad parents. The main problem with helicopter parenting is that it can backfire. To give an example, the house where Mary lived with roommates was broken into and things were stolen. Mary called the landlord ( 房 东 ) to install an alarm system, but before she could finish the negotiations ( 协 商 ), her mother rushed in and demanded action. “I felt like my mother ruined my communication with our landlord. We could have gotten it done ourselves. She was well intended but only made me feel annoyed and defeated，” says Mary. Obviously, overparenting is motivated with the idea of doing good things but it does the exact opposite. In the long run parents are actually damaging their child’s basic skills to deal with matters independently. It makes the child feel lacking in confidence, less competent in dealing with the stresses of life on their own. They’re winning the battle, but actually losing the war. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，介绍了“直升机式家长”教育孩子的方法，并剖析了“直 升机式家长”形成的原因，以及他们的教育方式给孩子的生活、教育所带来的负面影响。 1．What’s the purpose of helicopter parents’ overparenting? A．To do something good for their children. B．To make their children not ignored. C．To help their children find a good job. D．To get rid of the pressure from other parents. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，直升机式家长总是尽力地为孩子提 供成功的机会。由此可推知，直升机式家长过分管教孩子的目的是为孩子做些有帮助的事。 故选 A。 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Children who have helicopter parents live a hard life. B．Helicopter parenting only happens to very young children. C．Helicopter parents can protect their children against all problems. D．Helicopter parents do their children great harm in the long run. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知，从长远来看，直升机式家长对孩 子的过度管教会对孩子造成巨大伤害。故选 D。 3．What will possibly be discussed in the paragraph that follows? A．The bad effects of helicopter parenting. B．How we can avoid being helicopter parents. C．Different opinions about helicopter parenting. D．The reasons for the development of helicopter parents. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。最后一段最后一句句意为：直升机式家长可能赢了某场战役， 但实际上输了一场战争。由此可推知，下一段内容应是劝说家长不要做直升机式家长。故选 B。 4．What is the author’s attitude towards “helicopter parenting”？ A．Uninterested. B．Objective. C．Positive. D．Disapproving. 解析：选 D 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，家长对孩子过度管教会对孩子的生 活造成伤害，让孩子失去自信，失去处理生活压力的能力。由此可推知，作者不赞同对孩子 进行直升机式管理。故选 D。 B (2016·湖北省七市州 4 月联考)Christmas Day is for eating, drinking, watching bad TV — and trying to cover up your embarrassment as you realize your husband’s aunt Maude has spent her pension on your present while you bought her a set of Christmas cards. Presentbuying can be a minefield: from how much to spend, to whether to risk surprising receivers with a gift they don’t want, to knowing if you should buy your neighbor you only say hello to a little something. Here, FEMAIL has asked experts for their top tips on how to select present to ensure the only thing that’s red this Christmas is Santa Claus’ nose. “If you’ve just started seeing someone you don’t need to spend a fortune，”says dating advisor James Preece. “It’s much better to impress them with your imagination by choosing a gift that’s a little bit different. ￡20 is about the right amount, with a maximum of ￡50 if you can afford it.” “Or you don’t even need to go that far”， says relationship expert and founder of BeLoveCurious.com, Helen Rice. “Plan to spend a romantic evening together or have a fun day out. Feel free to give the person you’re dating something thoughtful, just don’t spend a lot of money.” “If you’re in a longterm relationship then your budget really reflects on your personal situation，” adds James. “You don’t need to go crazy, but it’s a great opportunity to show you love and appreciate them.” “It’s also best to buy a few cheaper presents rather than big one. Part of the fun is the mystery and unwrapping, so it will last longer if you give them several to enjoy.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。圣诞节是西方一个盛大的节日，此刻给亲朋好友送去圣 诞祝福也是非常重要的一种庆祝方式。那么如何避免圣诞节送礼不当所产生的尴尬呢？一起 来看看文章给我们的建议吧。 5．What is the purpose of the first paragraph in this article? A．To arrest the attention of readers. B．To criticize greed of mean couples. C．To describe traditional customs of Christmas Day. D．To express sympathies for embarrassed senior citizens. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第一段可知，在圣诞节那天，人们吃吃喝喝，看看没营 养的电视剧——还要试图掩饰因送礼不当而产生的尴尬，如你丈夫的阿姨 Maude 用退休金 给你买了贵重礼物，而你却只送了她一套圣诞卡。下文紧接着讲买圣诞节礼物是件很棘手的 事情，并为此提出了建议。由此可知，第一段通过假设点明问题，从而吸引读者的注意力。 故 A 项正确。 6．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 imply? A．To accumulate red symbols for Christmas atmosphere. B．To calculate how much paint they need to decorate the house. C．To surprise their friends with their delicate intention. D．To avoid unnecessary embarrassment when sending gifts. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。联系上文可知，买圣诞节礼物需要考虑很多因素。FEMAIL 就如何选择礼物征求了专家的建议，就是为了避免大家在送圣诞节礼物时产生不必要的尴 尬。故 D 项正确。 7．Which statement does James Preece agree? A．Only rare treasures can move a stone heart. B．Diamonds are girls’ best friends. C．Curiosity to gifts adds to fun. D．True friends need nothing but trust. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句 James Preece 说的话可知，James Preece 认为对礼物的好奇心会增加乐趣。故 C 项正确。 8．Who are the target readers of this article? A．Those who cannot afford expensive eating. B．Those who want to fix their broken friendship. C．Those who have trouble in picking proper gifts. D．Those who have once quarreled with their neighbors. 解析：选 C 读者对象题。根据文章前三段可知，本文是向那些不知道如何挑选恰当的 圣诞节礼物的读者提供了一些建议。故 C 项正确。 C (2017·青岛统一检测)Thanks to this new hands free suitcase, carrying around heavy luggage may soon become a thing of the past. Designed by Israeli company NUA Robotics, this “smart” suitcase can follow you everywhere you go. The carryon suitcase, currently a prototype (雏形), connects to a smartphone app via bluetooth. It has a builtin camera sensor that can “see” you and follow you around on flat surfaces like airport floors. It comes with an antitheft alarm to prevent someone carrying it away when you’re not looking, and it has a backup (备用) battery that you can use to charge all your devices. “It can follow and carry things for people around while communicating with their smartphone, and avoiding obstacles，” explained Alex Libman, founder of NUA Robotics. “We’re combining sensor network, computer vision, and robotics. So if you download our app (应用), press the ’follow me’button, the luggage recognizes its user and knows to follow and communicate.” NUA is still testing the device and trying improve features like speed and customization (客户订制), but they hope to make the suitcase available to customers in a year’s time. If it proves successful, they want to use the bluetooth pairing technology to automate lots of other devices, like shopping carts at the supermarket. These devices are especially meant to be useful to the physically disabled and elderly. “Any object can be smart and robotic ， ” Libman told Mashable. “We want to bring robots into everyday life.” The Israeli tech company made it clear that the finished product will look just like a regular suitcase. They’re planning to partner with a carryon luggage maker, since the device that makes it “smart” weighs just 2.5 pounds and can be fitted on oldfashion luggage. With NUA’s smart suitcase, carrying around heavy luggage isn’t a burden. But how their invention will handle tough obstacles like stairs? It will be interesting to wait. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了一种无需手提的智能旅行箱。 9．According to the passage, the “smart” suitcase ________. A．can go everywhere B．is on sale now C．can make our hands free during traveling D．was designed by Alex Libman 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，这种智能的行李箱能够让我们在旅 行中无需拖着沉重的箱子。故选 C。 10．If you want to use this free hand suitcase, you must ______. A．download the app B．avoid obstacles C．look at it all the time D．carry a camera 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句及文章内容可推知，如果你想使用这款箱 子，你必须下载手机应用程序。故选 A。 11．What can we learn about NUA? A．It was founded by Mashable. B．It has improved the features of the device. C．It wants to bring more smart and robotic devices into everyday life. D．It will make the suitcase available to customers in a month. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句及第四段内容可推知，NUA 想将更多的 智能机器化设备带到日常生活中。故选 C。 12．Where is the article probably from? A．A textbook. B．A poster. C．A biography. D．A website. 解析：选 D 文章出处题。根据文章第三段“So if you download our app (应用), press the ’follow me’ button ...”可推断，本文可能来自一个网站。故选 D。 第四讲 词义猜测题——上下文中求答案 词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未 知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需 要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词意义理解、短语意义理解、句子意义理解 或代词指代对象的确定等。 [题型特点] 一、词义猜测题常见设问方式 The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”． Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph? The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”． What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean? The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”． The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “________”． 二、词义猜测题干扰选项特征 1．字面解释的选项 词义猜测题考的就是考生能不能结合文章其他信息来理解词句在具体语境中的意思，所 以正确答案绝对不会是考查词句的字面解释。 2．与上下文结合不紧密的选项 选项如果是上段、上上段或下段、下下段中的内容，是很难和所考查单词、词组或句子 产生任何逻辑和语义关系的。 [解题流程] [解题技法] 利用上下文线索或逻辑关系猜测词义 做此类题时，考生应尽可能地利用生词所在的上下文中的解释说明性线索来猜测词义， 有时单词所在的上下文中没有明显的解释说明性线索，这时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推 理，以确定某一难词或短语的意义。 [例 1] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 C) There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. 30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope. C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire. [分析] 选 B 根据连接词 so 可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻 找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it ...”可知，尽管 Orleans Reinette 是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望 会落空。故选择 B 项。 [例 2] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 D) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. [分析] 根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极 的”。 根据构词法猜测词义 英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要 的构词法有助于猜测词义。 [示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 D) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry. [分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness 为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词 根。因此，我们可知 uneasiness 为“不安；担忧”之意。 根据常识或背景知识猜测词义 有时考生可运用自己的常识或背景知识，根据上下文猜测词义。 [示例] (2015·北京高考阅读 C) The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. 64．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________. A．silently B．gradually C．regularly D．completely [分析] 选 D 根据画线词 dead 所在句子的前一句可知，一些物质使光发散；而本句中 的前半句说其他的物质吸收光，根据常识我们可以推知应该是“完全地”阻止光的传播。故 正确答案为 D 项。 根据语法知识猜测词义 在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、with 复合结构、独立主格 结构等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。 [示例] (2015·江苏高考阅读 D) Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. 65．What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Countries where their people need help. B．Powerful states with higher civilization. C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D．Governments ruled with absolute power. [分析] 选 D 根据后面的独立主格结构“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”不难得知选项 D 与其意义一致，即“专政，暴君统治”。 [课堂真题验证] Ⅰ.片断分类练习 1．猜单词义 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 C) I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor 解析：选 B 本题可利用下文线索猜测词义。根据画线单词后的“I’ve done 89 trips ... to carry stem cells (干 细胞 )” 以 及“...from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours ...”可 知，“我”是一个运送干细胞的人，运送有严格的时间限制，故 B 项“送货员”与之相符合。 2．猜代词指代义 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 B)Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her bigcity friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion (团聚)． “My friend said：’Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added. “And I said: ’Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’” Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. “I don’t make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don’t have to.” 26．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s ________. A．readers B．parties C．friends D．stories 解析：选 D 本题可利用上文线索猜测词义。根据画线词上文内容可知，朋友们相信 Eudora Welty 的故事是真实的，正是在现实生活中从这些陌生人的口中得到的信息才让她写 出这些故事。由此可推出，them 指代的应该是前面的 stories。故选 D。 3．猜短语义 (2015·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 A)My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed. … 2．Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1? A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed allnight movies 解析：选 A 本题可利用上下文线索猜测词义。根据该短语前的“I would keep it on” 说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一直看到电视台停止播放节目为止，所以 A 项“结束所有的节 目”与短语 sign off“结束广播/电视节目”意义相近，故选 A 项。 4．猜句子义 (2016·四川高考阅读 B)If you could have one superpower, what would it be? Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what_really_matters_in_your_life. Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world. They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others. 24．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Your life style. B．Your life value. C．Your trouble in life. D．Your life experience. 解析：选 B 本题可利用下文线索猜测句意。根据下文第三、四段的内容，尤其是“to improve the world”及“to make a difference in the lives of others”可知，画线部分指的应是 帮助他人、改善世界的人生价值。故 B 项正确。 Ⅱ.高考全真练习 A (2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 B) Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said: “Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today — and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” “Do you dream at night when you’re asleep？” “Oh, sure.” “So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “That’s pretty creative. Who does that for you？” “Nobody. I do it.” “Really — at night, when you’re asleep？” “Sure.” “Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？” 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作为一名教师，作者用一种玩具培养孩子们的创造性和 动手能力，其中一个孩子的创造性引起了作者的注意。 1．The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ________. A．know more about the students B．make the lessons more exciting C．raise the students’ interest in art D．teach the students about toy design 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“as a test ... to find out something about my students”，可知作者的目的是更多地了解自己的学生。 2．What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3? A．He liked to help his teacher. B．He preferred to study alone. C．He was active in class. D．He was imaginative. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。第三段作者描述这个学生，说他特别有创造性(was an exceptionally creative mind at work)，因此选 D 项。 3．What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Mistake. B．Drawback. C．Difficulty. D．Burden. 解析：选 B 词义猜测题。前文提到作者很喜爱这个学生，说这个学生的创造性能够感 染其他学生，下文说“冒着失去那些有不同的思考风格的学生的风险”，根据语境前后的对 比判断，downside 的含义应该是 drawback“不利条件，缺点”。 4．Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams? A．To help them to see their creativity. B．To find out about their sleeping habits. C．To help them to improve their memory. D．To find out about their ways of thinking. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。作者鼓励学生讲述他们最有趣的梦，然后鼓励学生说，“白 天在课堂上也试一试做梦，好吗？”由此推断，作者让学生讲述他们的梦，是为了帮助学生 看到自己的创造性，因此选 A 项。 B (2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 C) Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.” Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. Emails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual (虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirtyfive countries. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个图书交流的网站，该网站鼓励人们拿出 自己的图书与他人分享，如今超过 135 个国家的一百多万人成为该网站的会员。 5．Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A．To explain what they are. B．To introduce BookCrossing. C．To stress the importance of reading. D．To encourage readers to share their ideas. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者提到 book groups 是为了引 出 BookCrossing。故选 B 项。 6．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The book. B．An adventure. C．A public place. D．The identification number. 解析：选 A 代词指代题。根据第二段的最后一句可知，此处的“it”指的是“the book”，故选 A。 7．What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it? A．Meet other readers to discuss it. B．Keep it safe in his bookcase. C．Pass it on to another reader. D．Mail it back to its owner. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第四段可知，人们在看完一本书之后就把书留在公园的 长凳、公共汽车、火车站及咖啡馆等地方，下一位找到这本书的人就到网站上记录他们找到 这本书的地点，由此可推断选 C 项“把书继续传递给另一位读者”。 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B．Electronic Books: A New Trend C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D．A Website Links People through Books 解析：选 D 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了 BookCrossing 这个网站，因此这篇文章的 标题应体现出“网站”这一关键点，再根据第三段中的“the people you meet and books you read”可知只有 D 项涵盖了这些信息。 C (2015·天津高考阅读 D) Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid. Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again. Boldness means a decision to bite_off_more_than_you_are_sure_you_can_eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize. Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，” said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet (子弹) — and stopped him cold.” Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme — is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds. So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities — and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed. 语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。“勇敢大胆，你就拥有了强大力量的支持”是本文 论述的重点。作者认为失败的大多数原因不是努力了却没有成功，而是因为害怕失败而停止 了奋斗的脚步。 9．Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past? A．He faced huge risks. B．He lacked mighty forces. C．Fear prevented him from trying. D．Failure blocked his way to success. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据文中第二段第一、二句话提到的“... when I had fallen short in the past ... It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying ...”可 以得知，作者在过去有时无法实现目标的原因是恐惧失败而不去尝试，C 项所述正确。 10．What is the implied meaning of the underlined part? A．Swallow more than you can digest. B．Act slightly above your abilities. C．Develop more mysterious powers. D．Learn to make creative decisions. 解析：选 B 句意理解题。根据文中第四段列举的事例，即蒂姆通过自己的努力战胜了 比自己强大很多倍的对手，以及第五段的首句“大胆就是尽情发挥自己的极限……”等内容 提示可以得知，此处画线部分表示“略高于你的能力进行发挥”，B 项所述正确。 11．What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game? A．His physical strength. B．His basic skill. C．His real fear. D．His spiritual force. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据文中第四段的第一、二句话可以得知，精神力量要比体 力强大，接下来举例说精神力量在蒂姆足球比赛过程中的重要作用，故选择 D 项。文中第四 段提到“he weighed much less than the average player”，即蒂姆体力不占优势，故 A 项错 误；B 项“他的基本技能”在文中未涉及；C 项“他真正的恐惧”不是促使足球比赛获胜的 原因。 12．What can be learned from Paragraph 5? A．Confidence grows more rapidly in adults. B．Trying without success is meaningless. C．Repeated failure creates a better life. D．Boldness can be gained little by little. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。第五段首句提到勇敢大胆并不是一夜之间就能形成的素质， 所以 D 项所述“勇敢大胆可以被逐步获得”正确。文中没有提到成年人培养自信心会更快， 故 A 项错误；根据第五段末句可以得知，努力了但是失败了的人要比没有付出努力却成功的 人更强大，故 B 项错误；C 项“反复失败能创造更加美好的生活”为错误观点。 13．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to be courageous. B．To advise people to build up physical power. C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success. D．To recommend people to develop more abilities. 解析：选 A 写作意图题。本文首段提到论点“要大胆勇敢地去尝试”，行文从第二段 开始通过列举事实对此论点进行论证，故本文作者主要的目的是“鼓励人们要勇敢”，A 项 所述正确。 [课下过关检测] 阅读理解“词义猜测题”针对练(一) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2017·淄博高三诊断)Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. Daydreaming has always had a bad reputation, but now scientific research has showed that daydreaming may actually improve your mental health and creativity. It can even help you achieve your desired goals. Now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do. Researchers are finding daydreaming, they tell us, is a good means of relaxation. But its benefits go beyond this. A number of psychologists have conducted experiments and have reached some surprising conclusions. Dr. Joan T. Freyberg has concluded that daydreaming contributes to intellectual growth. It also improves concentration, attention span, and the ability to get along with others, she says. In an experiment with school children, the same researcher found that daydreaming led the children to pay more attention to details. They had more happy feelings. They worked together better. Another researcher reported that daydreaming seemed to produce improved selfcontrol and creative abilities. But that’s only part of the_story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser believed that much of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. He maintained that “you can imagine your future”. Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse. The young Thomas Edison pictured himself as an inventor. For these famous achievers, it appears that their daydreams came true. Of course daydreaming is no substitute (代替者) for hard work. You have to work hard to develop skills. Daydreaming alone can ’ t turn you into your heart ’ s desire. But in combination with the more usual methods of selfdevelopment, it might make a critical difference. And who knows: You might see your own daydreams come true. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一直以来，人们都认为白日梦是浪费时间。然而，现代 科学研究表明，白日梦实际上可能改善精神健康和提高创造力，还有助于实现想要达成的目 标。 1．From the scientific research, a few minutes’ daydreaming will ________. A．relieve stress effectively B．improve grades C．escape from real life and duties D．gain a positive attitudes towards exams 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，科学研究表明，白日梦能使人放松。 故 A 项正确。 2．According to Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, daydreaming can ________. A．reduce failure in examinations B．help rapid and continuous physical growth C．improve selfcontrol and creative abilities D．benefit improvement of concentration 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，Joan T. Freyberg 博士认为白日梦 有助于集中注意力。故 D 项正确。 3．What does “the story” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The attention. B．The conclusion. C．The contribution. D．The concentration. 解析：选 B 短语猜测题。第三段主要陈述了 Joan T. Freyberg 博士的结论是白日梦有 助于改善人的注意力。根据下文所举的例子可知，有关白日梦最值得注意的地方也许是它按 照我们的愿望去塑造我们未来生活的作用。由此可知，第三段提到的内容只是结论中的一部 分，所以“the story”指的是结论。故 B 项正确。 4．Nightingale and Edison are examples to explain that daydreaming probably ________. A．earns a good reputation B．takes the place of hard work C．pictures future profession D．turns the desire into reality 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第四段可知，Nightingale 梦想自己成为一名护士，年轻 时的 Edison 把自己想象成一个发明家；再结合第四段最后一句可推知，两个例子都在解释 白日梦也许能勾画出未来的职业。故 C 项正确。 B (2016·安徽合肥高三第二次教学质量检测) I don’t think I can recall a time when I wasn’ t aware of the beauty of the ocean. Growing up in Australia, I had the good fortune of having the sea at my side. The first time I went to Halfmoon Bay, I_suddenly_had_the_feeling_of_not_being_able_to_feel_the_ground with_my_feet_anymore. For my 10th birthday, my sister and I were taken out to the Great Barrier Reef. There were fish in different colors, caves and layers of coral. They made such an impression on me. When I learned that only 1 percent of Australia’s Coral Sea was protected, I was shocked. Australian marine (海洋的) life is particularly important because the reefs have more marine species than any other country on earth. But sadly, only 45% of the world’s reefs are considered healthy. This statistic is depressing, so it’s important for us to do everything to protect them. The hope that the Coral Sea remains a complete ecosystem has led me to take action. I’ve become involved with the Protect Our Coral Sea activity, which aims to create the largest marine park in the world. It would serve as a place where the ocean’s species will all have a safe place forever. Together, Angus and I created a little video and we hope it will inspire people to be part of the movement. Angus also shares many beautiful childhood memories of the ocean as a young boy, who grew up sailing, admiring the beauty of the ocean, and trying to find the secrets of ocean species. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，作者旨在号召人们保护海洋生物。 5．From the underlined sentence in Para. 1, we can learn the author ________. A．seldom went surfing at the sea B．forgot his experiences about the ocean C．never went back to his hometown D．had a wonderful impression of Halfmoon Bay 解析：选 D 句意理解题。根据第一段第一、二句可知，作者非常喜欢海洋，画线句意 为“我突然有了一种不想再踏上陆地的感觉”，说明 Halfmoon Bay 给作者留下了一个美好 的印象。故选 D。 6．According to the second paragraph, Australian marine life ________. A．is escaping from the Coral Sea gradually B．depends on reefs for living greatly C．may be faced with danger D．is protected better than that in other oceans 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的最后两句可推知，澳大利亚的海洋生物可能 处在危险之中。故选 C。 7.The Protect Our Coral Sea activity is intended to ________. A．contribute to a complete ecosystem B．prevent more marine species being endangered C．set up a large nature reserve for reefs D．raise more teenagers’ environmental awareness 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“which aims to create the largest marine park in the world. It would serve as a place where the ocean’s species will all have a safe place forever”可知，其目的是保护海洋生物免受危险。故选 B。 8．Angus and the author create a little video to ________. A．urge more people to take action to protect the marine species B．inspire more people to explore the secret of the ocean C．share their childhood experiences about the ocean D．bring back to people their memory of ocean species 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句可知，他们的目的是鼓励人们参与到 保护海洋生物的行动中来。故选 A。 C Owls are equipped with highly developed stealth technology (隐形技术) that helps them charge towards prey — an animal hunted and eaten by another — undetected, a study has shown. Owls have flight feathers that absorb aerodynamic sound and control the vibrations (振 动 ) that occur when a bird beats its wings.The result is perfect silence as it approaches a mouse or other prey. Scientists used lasers and highspeed cameras to analyse and compare longeared owl, eagle and pigeon feathers during flight. While differing in size, all three birds have a similar wingbeat style. Professor Jinkui Chu led the research.He said, “Many owls have a unique and fascinating ability to fly so silently that they are out of their prey’s hearing range, due to their feather structure.” This behaviour has long been of interest to engineers, as we seek to apply the owls ’ noisereduction mechanisms (机制) to other purposes and situations that benefit society. “Now, however, we know the owls’ silent flight ability is even better than we thought. Of all birds the owl is the king of acoustic stealth. It not only manages to prevent aerodynamic noise when gliding, but also mechanical noise caused by vibration during flying.” This is remarkable, considering the sudden jumping, bending and twisting the wings are subjected to when flapping and the noise that is created by other birds. In the scientific world the process used to remove this mechanical noise is called “damping” ， which means the removal of mechanical energy from a vibrating system usually by changing it into heat and allowing it to remain steady. “Our research showed the longeared owl has superior damping skill, meaning it can remain amazingly stable and remove mechanical noise caused by the movement of its feathers — quite an impressive achievement of engineering.” He added，“This study will hopefully provide further insight into the owls’ silent flight mechanism and help engineers develop ideas for special materials or structures, such as onshore wind turbines, where similar noise removal can be applied.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究指出猫头鹰有一种高度发达的隐形技术，这能帮助 它们悄然无声地冲向猎物。 9．What can be TRUE about owls according to the text? A．They are active during the day. B．They attract much attention from engineers. C．They have similar wings to eagles. D．They beat wings without vibrations. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“This behaviour has long been of interest to engineers”可知，猫头鹰引起了工程师的广泛关注。 10．By saying “the owl is the king of acoustic stealth” in Paragraph 6, Jinkui Chu means owls ________. A．are good at capturing prey B．have a good sense of hearing C．are good at jumping and twisting D．have silent flight ability 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“we know the owls’ silent flight ability is even better than we thought ... It not only manages to prevent aerodynamic noise when gliding ...”，再结合上下文可知，猫头鹰有无声飞行的能力，所以 D 项正确。 11．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 8 refer to? A．Mechanical noise. B．The vibrating system. C．Mechanical energy. D．The removal of mechanical energy. 解析：选 C 代词指代题。分析该词所在句“the process used to remove this mechanical noise is called ’damping’， which means the removal of mechanical energy from a vibrating system”可知，it 指代的是 mechanical energy (机械能)。 12．What is mainly talked about in this text? A．Facts about stealth technology. B．Technique that owls use to fly. C．The reason of researching into owls. D．A study about owls’ unique ability. 解析：选 D 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了一项关于猫头鹰的研究，故 D 项最能概括文 章主旨。 阅读理解“词义猜测题”针对练(二) (共 3 篇，限时 25 分钟) A (2016·江西重点中学协作体高三第一次联考) In today ’ s world of smartphones and notebook computers, most people have at least one time telling thing with them. Since these digital products are so common, is time running out for the 500yearold watch? According to some consumers, the answer is yes. New Jersey teenager Charlie Wollman says a watch is “ an extra piece of equipment with no necessary function”. Many young adults think so and use their smartphones to tell time. It is said that fewer young people wear watches today than ten years ago. As a result, some people say that the watch industry is at a crossroads. However, watchmakers optimistically say that watches redeem popularity when consumers reach their 20s and 30s. By then, they are willing to spend money on a quality watch that doesn’t just keep good time. Fifty years ago, watchmakers took pride in their products ’ accuracy. But in recent years, the watch industry has changed itself into an accessory business. And today, the image a watch communicates has become more important than the time it tells. “Complications” — features that go beyond simple timekeeping — are an important part of a watch ’ s image. Today ’ s watches offer lots of features that meet almost any personality. These features include compasses, USB drivers, and even other functions that measure the effectiveness of golf swings! Creativity also plays a key role in designing today’s watches. For example, Japanese watchmaker Tokyoflash makes watches that don’t even look like watches. The company’s popular Shinshoku model uses different color lights to tell time. It looks more like a fashionable bracelet than a watch. Whether a watch communicates fashion sense, creative talent of a love sports, consumers want their watches to stand out. Nowadays, everyone has the same kind of gadget in their bags, so people want to make a statement with what’s on their wrists. Will this interest in wrist fashion last? Only time will tell! 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。有人认为，现在有很多可显示时间的设备，因此手表将 会退出历史舞台；而制表商则认为，他们的手表能满足人们的不同个性和需求，手表还会流 行起来。 1．What can we know from the first paragraph? A．As most people see, watches are out of fashion. B．The watch industry will close down sooner or later. C．Some people feel that watches have been of no use. D．There are so many choices of watches for teenagers today. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段第五句可知，有些人认为，手表已经没什么用了。 故选 C。 2．The underlined word “redeem” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “________”． A．enlarge B．regain C．change D．win 解析：选 B 词义猜测题。根据第二段内容可知，制表商们认为，消费者在二三十岁的 时候，就会乐意花钱买一个不错的手表，因此他们对手表能重获消费者的青睐持乐观态度。 由此可推知，“redeem”的意思应为“重获”，与 regain 的意思相近。故选 B。 3．Japanese watchmaker Tokyoflash is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to ________. A．tell that today’s watches need more imagination B．show why Shinshoku watches are popular C．advertise Shinshoku watches made by Tokyoflash D．make a comparison between watches and bracelets 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句中的“For example ...”可推知，作者提到 日本的制表商 Tokyoflash 是为了说明在第一句中所表达的观点，即如今的手表需要更多的创 造性和想象力。故选 A。 4．What might be the most suitable title for the passage? A．Japanese Watches Stand Out B．Watches Tell More Than Time C．Watch Industry Is in a Bad Situation D．Watches Are Becoming Less Popular 解析：选 B 标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要讲述的是：为了迎合时代的发 展和人们的需求，现在的手表不仅能显示时间，还有一些新功能，比如有指南针和 U 盘接口 等，制表商对手表的未来充满了信心。B 项意为“手表不仅仅能显示时间”，体现了本文的 中心，适合做标题。故选 B。 B (2016·太原一模) Scientists have found we are more likely to die on our birthdays than any other day. Researchers who studied more than two million people over 40 years found a rise in deaths from heart attacks, strokes (中风), falls and suicides on that day. William Shakespeare died on his birthday on April 23, 1616. The actress Ingrid Bergman also died on her birthday, in August, 1982. On average, people over the age of 60 were 14 percent more likely to die on their birthdays. Heart attacks rose 18.6 percent on birthdays and were higher for men than women while strokes were up 21.5 percent — mostly in women. Dr. Vladeta Ajdacic of the University of Zurich said, “Birthdays end in a dangerous way more frequently than might be expected.” He added that risk of birthday death rose as people got older. Canadian data also showed that strokes were more likely on birthdays, especially among patients with high blood pressure. There was a 34.9 percent rise in suicides, 28.5 percent rise in accidental deaths not related to cars, and a 44 percent rise in deaths from falls on birthdays. Psychologist Professor Richard Wiseman, from the University of Hertfordshire, said， “It seems to be a reliable finding. There are two cases — one is the case that suggests you eat too much and you are getting over excited and that causes you to die.” He said continuously, “The other is a placebo ( 安 慰 剂 ) effect. You_are_knifeedged_on_death. And you kept yourself going until your birthday. You think ’That’s it. I’ve had enough. I’m out of here.’” Dr. Lewis Halsey of the University of Roehampton said, “One interesting finding is that more suicides happen on birthdays, though only in men. Perhaps men are more likely to make a statement about their unhappiness when they think people will be taking more notice of them.” The study is published in the journal Annals of Epidemiology. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，60 岁以上人群在生日那天死亡率升高，并分 析了原因。 5．Which of the following can properly be put at the beginning of Paragraph 1? A．Be happy on your birthday. B．Be ready to care for others. C．Be cautious about what you eat. D．Be careful when blowing out candles. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知，生日那天的死亡率更高。D 项意为 “吹生日蜡烛时要小心”，承接下文，可以放在第一段的开头。故答案选 D。 6．Which of the following explanations for the birthday death is TRUE? A．More women tend to kill themselves on birthdays. B．Strokes rise on birthday in both men and women. C．Eating too much and getting much excitement make you die on birthday. D．Unhappiness gets you to be conscious of the importance of noticing others. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第三段第四句可知，在生日那天死亡的原因包括吃得太 多和过度兴奋。故答案选 C。 7．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 mean? A．You’re soon dying. B．The knife is very dangerous. C．You’ve broken down. D．The edge of the knife is sharp. 解析：选 A 句意理解题。根据画线句后的“And you kept yourself ...I’m out of here.’” 可知，此处应指你离死亡已经不远，但你强撑着身体，想等到生日那天享完了福再死。故画 线句意为“你不久就要死去”。故答案选 A。 8．Where is the passage most likely to be taken from? A．A textbook. B．A storybook. C．A magazine. D．An advertisement. 解析：选 C 文章出处题。根据最后一段可知，这篇文章应选自杂志。故答案选 C。 C (2016· 长 沙 四 校 高 考 模 拟 卷 二 )Earlier this year, the social media website Facebook announced that it would work with several news organisations — including The New York Times, The Guardian, and the BBC — to place news stories directly into users’ personal Facebook webpage. Stories published using Facebook Instant Articles will load more quickly and keep the style of the original publisher, who will keep all the advertising income the stories earn at least for now. The deal shows how important social media has become to news organisations, and is a clear sign of how the world of news is changing and has been for a while. When Google News began in 2002, many saw it as the death of the newspaper. It had no human editor. Instead Google used and still uses a secret computer program that selects and displays news stories according to the reader’s personal interests. More recently, Associated Press and Yahoo! have been publishing computer written articles. Both use special software to automatically produce stories about company financial results and sports reports — areas where the quality of writing is felt to be of secondary importance to the accuracy of the data. Should we be worried about such developments? I think we should. One concern is that Facebook, Google and other social media websites see journalism as a sideline, a way of putting people in front of advertisements. It isn’t their primary function — so if it stops making them lots of money, they’re likely to stop doing it. There’s also a concern that computer written articles are not actually journalism at all, because what a human news team produces is actually quite complex. A well written news story puts information in context, offers a voice to each side of an argument and brings the public new knowledge. Though economics and speed of delivery mean readers will probably choose a computer written story over a carefully shaped article — at least for daily news — I don ’ t think computers will be writing any in depth articles for a while yet. 语篇解读：脸谱网启用新闻发布平台，合作媒体包括《纽约时报》、《卫报》和英国广播 公司(BBC)。 9．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To report on a new computer service offered by Facebook. B．To advise readers against reading computer written news. C．To express concerns about recent trends in online news. D．To describe the process of online news reporting. 解 析 ： 选 C 写 作 意 图 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 的 “Should we be worried about such developments? I think we should.”可知，作者写本文是为了表达对这一发展趋势的担心。故 选 C。 10．Computer written news reports have so far focused on sports and finance because ________. A．these are the most popular topics for online readers B．there are fewer journalists specialising in these areas C．information on these topics is more easily available D．writing style is less important than accuracy in these areas 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Both use special software ...secondary importance to the accuracy of the data.”可知，新闻之所以主要报道金融和体育运动方面， 是因为它们对写作方式要求不高。故选 D。 11．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Journalism. B．Advertising. C．Facebook. D．Business. 解析：选 A 代词指代题。根据第三段第二句可知，作者认为它们把新闻业当副业；接 下来说“它不是它们的主要功能”。故本处“It”指的是新闻业(journalism)。故选 A。 12．In Paragraph 4, which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of a well written news article? A．The information presented is up to date. B．The author’s opinion is clear. C．Different views on the topic are presented. D．The language used is vivid. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，一篇好的新闻报道会反映各方的心 声，呈现不同的观点。故选 C。 [特色训练一] 阅读理解题材分类练、板块提速练 阅读理解提速练(一) 科普知识类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016·临沂质量检测)There’s more evidence that what’s good for your heart is good for your head. A new study shows that people who run, swim or do other moderate intensity (中等强度的) exercise have brains that look, on average, 10 years younger than the brains of couch potatoes. “Our study showed that for older people, getting moderate intensity exercise may be protective, helping them keep their brains work better ， ” said Dr.Clinton Wright of the University of Miami, who led the study. But it’s not necessarily easy. Walking, golf, bowling and yoga didn ’t count, and people need to start before they begin showing memory loss, Wright’s team reported in the journal Neurology. The study of nearly 900 people who exercise regularly showed that 90 percent fell into the lowintensity group. These people are part of a larger group taking part in a bigger study called Northern Manhattan Study. They were asked how long and how often they exercised during the past two weeks. Five years later, they were tested for memory and thinking skills and got a brain MRI. Seven years after that, they took the memory and thinking tests again. The 10 percent who said they took part in moderate intensity exercise scored better on the tests. These included running, climbing, swimming, riding bicycles and so on. “We found that those with moderate heavy activity had higher scores and slower decline than inactive patients when comparing the results，” the study team wrote. Many studies have shown that exercise may not prevent Alzheimer’s (早老性痴呆病) but may delay it. The findings fit in with a study that found two years of exercising, eating healthier food and brain training can promote people’s memory function. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者认为中等强度的锻炼使人的大脑更年轻。 1．According to the study, moderate heavy exercise ________. A．makes people’s heart better than their heads B．helps people keep a younger brain C．makes people ten years younger D．makes people look like potatoes 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句和第四段可推知，中高度锻炼能使人的大 脑更年轻。故选 B。 2．What’s TRUE about the study? A．Most people surveyed took lowintensity exercise. B．Only 900 people took part in the bigger study. C．Highintensity exercise is better. D．Ten people scored best on the test. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，参与研究的人中大部分都进行低强 度锻炼。故选 A。 3．How did the study team come to the conclusion? A．By observing people exercise. B．By using examples. C．By making a comparison. D．By doing a brain MRI. 解析：选 C 写作手法题。根据全文内容可知，研究小组通过对低强度锻炼人群和中高 强度锻炼人群进行对比从而得出结论的。故选 C。 4．What’s the best title for this passage? A．How to keep healthy B．Ways to make your brain work better C．To exercise or not D．Moderate exercise keeps your brain younger 解析：选 D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要论述了适当的锻炼能使大脑更年轻。 故选 D。 B (2016·福建省五校高中毕业班统一考试) A new study has discovered that meditation (冥 想 ) and oxygen sport together reduce depression (抑郁). The Rutgers University study found that this mind and body combination, done twice a week for only two months, reduced the symptoms for a group of students by 40 percent. “We are excited by the findings because we saw such a meaningful improvement in both clinically depressed and nondepressed students，” said lead author Dr. Brandon Alderman. “It is the first time that both of these two behavioral ways have been looked at together for dealing with depression.” Researchers believe the two activities have an interactive effect in combating depression. Alderman and Dr. Tracey Shors discovered that a combination of mental and physical training (MAP) enabled students with major depressive disorder not to let problems or negative thoughts defeat them. Rutgers researchers say those who participated in the study began with 30 minutes of focused attention meditation followed by 30 minutes of oxygen sport. They were told that if their thoughts drifted to the past or the future they should refocus on their breathing, enabling those with depression to accept momenttomoment changes in attention. Shors, who studies the production of new brain cells in the hippocampus — part of the brain involved in memory and learning — says scientists have shown in animal models that oxygen sport exercise keeps a large number of certain cells alive. The idea for the human intervention (干预) came from her laboratory studies, she says, with the main goal of helping individuals acquire new skills so that they can learn to recover from stressful life events. “By learning to focus their attention and exercise, people who are fighting depression can acquire new learning skills that can help them process information and reduce the overwhelming recollection of memories from the past，” Shors says. “We know these treatments can be practiced over a lifetime and that they will be effective in improving mental health ， ” said Alderman. “The good news is that this intervention can be practiced by anyone at any time and at no cost.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇科技说明文。Rutgers 大学的研究者们找到了一种新的减缓抑郁 症的方法，这个方法可以在任何时间，任何地点，不用花费一分钱进行，让我们来了解一下 吧。 5．What made the research so different? A．Adopting a way of meaningful talk. B．Combining the two ways to treat depression. C．Treating depression with special medicine. D．Comparing the depressed with the nondepressed. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项研究与其他研究不同的原因 是它结合了两种方式来治疗抑郁症。故 B 项符合题意。 6 ． The underlined word “combating” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by “________”． A．fighting B．identifying C．distinguishing D．examining 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据第一段的内容可知，这项新的研究发现了可以减轻抑郁 症的方法，那就是把冥想与有氧运动结合在一起。由此可推知，combat 的意思可能为“防 止，减轻，战斗”，故 A 项符合题意。 7．What did the participants do in the research? A．They did oxygen sport half an hour before thinking. B．They thought quietly and then took exercise. C．They took exercise longer than they thought. D．They took exercise while thinking quietly. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，此项研究中的参与者们先冥想再做 有氧运动，故 B 项符合题意。 8．What is Shors’ main purpose of her studies? A．To find out certain brain cells of humans. B．To study the production of new brain cells. C．To offer people a new method to treat stress. D．To decide the links between stress and exercise. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据最后三段内容可知，Shors 研究的主要目的是给人们提 供解压的新方法。故 C 项符合题意。 C (2016·河北省衡水中学高三一调考试) How do you pay for your coffee? Is it with change? I use my tapandgo card. I don’t even need to enter my PIN number or a signature to authorize payment. It’s quicker and everybody in the queue is happy. Contactless payments are gaining popularity. Those concerned about security will be pleased to know that the amount of money you can spend in one go is limited — in the UK it’ s currently￡30. But if the card is used a few times in a row, a PIN number will be needed. If a thief gets hold of your card and goes on a spending spree (狂欢), your bank covers you against fraud (欺诈罪)．However, if someone steals your banknotes, that’s your bad luck! For those who are always forgetting where they put their cards, there’s a new solution: wearable tech: clothing and accessories that have been combined with electronic technology. Kenneth Cukier, an economist and technology expert, says, “When you want to make a payment just wave your arm in front of the terminal and leave the coffee shop with your latte. They don’t have to take their cards out of their wallets, use their phones or their watches.” And new ways of spending money are not stopping there. The future is all about biometrics. Very convenient if you are at the beach or a festival — there’s a new system in development which will make it possible to read the unique maps of veins (静脉) under the surface of your finger, and use them to authenticate payments — or prove that it ’ s you making the payments. So spending money is becoming easier all the time. And the temptation to buy more stuff (东西) increases. But it’s worth bearing in mind that earning the money in the first place will still require the same effort. Back to work then! 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。随着科技的不断发展，支付方式也越来越多。但安全问 题一直是大家所关注的话题。文章为此介绍了几种新的安全便捷的支付方法。 9．What is the main point of Paragraph 2? A．The security of contactless payments. B．The responsibility of the lost money. C．The popularity of modern payments. D．The procedure of contactless payments. 解析：选 A 段落大意题。根据第二段第二句并结合第二段其余的内容可知，本段举例 讲述了免触支付这种支付方式的安全性。故 A 项正确。 10．What can we learn about biometrics? A．It is already in use in some fields. B．It will be safer than other ways. C．It looks more like a rare map. D．It depends on your fingerprints. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第四段可知，生物计量学支付方式需识别所有者的手指 静脉独特的示意图。由此可推知，它比其他支付方式更安全。故 B 项正确。 11．What is the intended tone of the author in the last paragraph? A．Anxious. B．Relieved. C．Concerned. D．Humorous. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。在最后一段中，作者讲述花钱越来越容易了，因此购物的欲 望会增长。但需要牢记：处于第一位的挣钱仍然需要同样的付出，买完东西赶快回去上班吧。 由此可推知，作者以一种非常幽默的口吻告诫读者树立正确的消费观。故 D 项正确。 D Have you ever found yourself in this situation: You hear a song you used to sing when you were a child — a bit of nostalgia (怀旧) or “blast from the past”， as we say. But it is not a distant childhood memory. The words come back to you as clearly as when you sang them all those years ago. Researchers at the University of Edinburgh studied the relationship between music and remembering a foreign language. They found that remembering words in a song was the best way to remember even one of the most difficult languages. Here is what they did. Researchers took 60 adults and randomly divided them into three groups of 20. Then they gave the groups three different types of “listenandrepeat” learning conditions. Researchers had one group simply speak the words. They had the second group speak the words to a rhythm, or beat. And they asked the third group to sing the words. All three groups studied words from the Hungarian language for 15 minutes. Then they took part in a series of language tests to see what they remembered. Why Hungarian, you ask? Researchers said they chose Hungarian because not many people know the language. It does not share any roots with Germanic or Romance languages, such as Italian or Spanish. After the tests were over, the singers came out on top. The people who learned these new Hungarian words by singing them showed a higher overall performance. They did the best in four out of five of the tests. They also performed two times better than those who simply learned the words by speaking them. Dr. Katie Overy says singing could lead to new ways to learn a foreign language. The brain likes to remember things when they are contained in a catchy 3, or memorable 4, tune 5. Dr. Ludke said the findings could help those who struggle to learn foreign languages. On the University of Edinburgh ’ s website Dr. Ludke writes, “This study provides the first experimental evidence that a listenandrepeat singing method can support foreign language learning, and opens the door for future research in this area.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文，主要讲述了一项有关音乐和外语学习之间存在关系 的研究。 12．The “song” mentioned in the first paragraph is intended to ________. A．recall the past B．attract the readers C．introduce the topic D．compare the childhood with the present 解析：选 C 推理判断题。本文开头通过“song”举例导入话题，从而引出下文对于音 乐和外语学习之间关系的研究。故 C 项正确。 13 ． According to the passage, which language doesn ’ t share the same root with Germanic or Romance languages? A．Hungarian. B．Spanish. C．Italian. D．English. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第五段第二、三句可知，匈牙利语与其没有相同的词根。 故 A 项正确。 14．Based on the last two paragraphs, we can conclude that ________. A．singing is the best way to learn a language B．the brain probably works best when the foreign language learners sing the words C．a listenandrepeat method is very effective for any language learner D．Dr.Katie Overy and Dr.Ludke disagree with each other 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第六段第一句和第七段中的引号部分可知，唱歌有助于 找到学习外语的新途径，有证据表明边听边重复的歌唱方法对外语有帮助。故 B 项正确。 15．In which situation can the finding of the research be applied? A．A mother is going to teach her baby how to speak. B．A child is going to have his first music lesson. C．A student is going to learn a new English song. D．An American is going to learn some Chinese. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，此项研究对于外语学习者非常有 用。故 D 项正确。 阅读理解提速练(二) 人物故事类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016·福建省普通高中毕业班单科质量检查) This happened when I was ten. We were having Halloween Day at school, and I wanted to be a pirate (海盗) because of a movie I had seen. My girl cousin, who was a year younger than me, had decided to be a boy for Halloween, so my aunt called my room to borrow some of my clothes. The next morning they came to our house early before school. She came running to me and told me that she was going to be a boy for Halloween. I told her that I didn’t care, and then she told me that I was going to be a girl. I told her she was crazy, but she said that she had overheard our mothers talking and that her mom had brought some of her clothes for me. As soon as I walked into the living room, I knew she wasn’t lying. There was a wig (假发) on the coffee table, and my mom and aunt were both smiling at me. I shook my head and told them NO WAY before they even said a word. My mom said to me, “Don’t be a baby, Dave. It was a great costume idea and you would look cute dressed as a little girl.” My aunt said that it would be really adorable, since my cousin was going to be dressed as a boy. I told them I wouldn’t do it! I was still refusing when my aunt was putting makeup on me, and I was wearing a pink party dress, the blonde wig with pigtails, ankle socks and Mary Jane shoes. My cousin wore one of my sweatshirts, a pair of my jeans, a baseball cap and my sneakers. We were sent to school like that, where I spent a depressing day. My cousin loved it, but I’d never been so embarrassed. I still don’t like Halloween to this day! 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者十岁过万圣节时，本想扮作海盗，可母亲却将他扮 作女孩，作者觉得很尴尬，所以作者至今仍然不喜欢过万圣节。 1．When Dave’s girl cousin came running to him, she was sure ________. A．Dave would be dressed as a pirate B．she would be dressed as a boy C．Dave would argue with his mum D．she had to buy some clothes for Dave 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，当作者的表妹向作者跑来时，她就 知道自己要扮作男孩了。故选 B。 2．The detailed description of the two kids’ costumes indicates ________. A．the two kids were beautifully dressed that day B．dressingup in advance was a bit complicated before the festival C．the psychological hurt was deeply left in the author’s mind D．the mums made full preparations for that Halloween 解析：选 C 推理判断题。文章开头提到这件事发生在作者十岁时，但对当时的穿戴作 者现在仍记忆犹新；由此结合最后一段“I still don’t like Halloween to this day！”可知， 这件事对作者伤害很深，作者至今还耿耿于怀，难以忘记。故选 C。 3．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Goodbye forever, Halloween B．My crazy cousin C．Halloween, my dream D．Sweet childhood memories 解析：选 A 标题归纳题。根据文章内容尤其是最后一段可知，因为作者十岁过万圣节 时被扮作女孩觉得很尴尬，所以至今仍然不喜欢万圣节，可见这件事深深地伤害了作者；由 此可推知，作者讨厌万圣节，希望以后再也不过这个节日。故选 A。 B (2016·山西省重点中学协作体高考适应性考试) In 1885, the Republic of France, important friend during the American Revolution, donated the largest statue in the world, Liberty Enlightening the World, to the United States of America. The statue would celebrate its century of independence. To ship it, the statue was broken down into 350 pieces. And now, spread across Bedloe’s Island in New York Harbour, it sat in 214 wooden packing boxes. The problem was that New York had no money to reassemble it. Six other cities, less affected by the recent economic decline, had the money and bid to build it. But a Hungarian immigrant, Joseph Pulitzer, the owner of America’s biggest newspaper called the World, wouldn’t let “Liberty” go. When he heard that the Statue of Liberty was about to die from lack of funds, he saw his chance. Pulitzer set the fundraising goal of the World at $100,000. In its pages he laughed at the rich, thus increasing the paper’s appeal among workingclass people, and firmly planted the idea that the statue was a monument not just for New York City but, indeed, for all of America. Perhaps Pulitzer’s cleverest trick was the promise to publish the name of every single contributor in the pages of the World, no matter how small the contribution. The editorial that opened the fundraising campaign set its tone. He wrote: “The World is the people’s paper and it now appeals to the people to come forward and raise the money for the statue’s base.” The statue, he said, was paid for by “the masses of the French people. Let us respond in like manner.” The circulation of the World increased by almost 50,000 copies. African American newspapers joined in the effort, encouraging their readers to contribute to a monument that would, in part, celebrate the end of slavery. So the money poured in, as singledollar donations from grandmothers and pennies from the piggybanks of schoolchildren. On August 11, 1885, the front page of the World announced ，“ ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS！” The goal had been reached, even slightly beyond, thanks to more than 120,000 contributions. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。自由女神像是法国送给美国人民的礼物，由于资金问题， 女神像的装配出了问题。美国报业大亨 Pulitzer 为此做了很多努力，最后他终于为自由女神 像筹集了足够的资金。 4．What does the underlined word “reassemble” (Para. 1) probably mean? A．Put together. B．Take apart. C．Transport. D．Repair. 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据第一段可知，自由女神像是法国送给美国人民的礼物， 为了运送它，女神像被分解成 350 块，装在 214 个木箱里。问题是纽约没有钱来把它重新装 配起来。故画线词“reassemble”与 put together 意思相近，表示重新组装。故 A 项正确。 5．Which of the following was the greatest move in Joseph Pulitzer’s success? A．Attacking the rich people. B．Celebrating the end of slavery. C．Printing every contributor’s name in the World. D．Persuading children to donate their pocket money. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句并结合第二、三段可知，为了不让自由女 神像因资金短缺而落入他人之手，Pulitzer 发起筹募资金活动，同时还做了一些其他努力。 其中最伟大的一项就是把每位捐款人的名字都公布在《世界报》上。故 C 项正确。 6．What did Joseph Pulitzer try to convey to his readers about the Statue of Liberty? A．It was a symbol of independence. B．It was a monument for the whole USA. C．It was a wonder in the building history. D．It was a favor from the rich French people. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，关于女神像，Pulitzer 想对读者传 达的思想就是它是全美国的纪念碑。故 B 项正确。 7．What was the main purpose of Joseph Pulitzer’s efforts? A．To protect the Statue of Liberty. B．To win workingclass readers over. C．To expand the circulation of his paper. D．To raise money for the Statue of Liberty. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的“Pulitzer set the fundraising goal” 并结合第三至五段内容可知，Pulitzer 所做的努力就是为自由女神像筹集资金。故 D 项正确。 C Every evening Sylvie left her grandmother’s house at 5：30 to bring their cow home. The old animal spent her days out in the open country eating sweet grass. When the cow heard Sylvie’s voice calling her, she would hide among the bushes, unwilling to go home. This evening it had taken Sylvie longer than usual to find her cow. The child hurried the cow through the dark forest, following a narrow path that led to her grandmother’s home. “Hello, little girl，” a young man called out cheerfully. “I’ ve been hunting for birds, but I’ve lost my way.”The young man explained he was a scientist, who searched for birds. “Do you put them in a cage？” Sylvie asked. “No，” he answered, “I shoot them and deal with them with special chemicals to preserve them.” “I saw a white heron (苍鹭) not far from here two days ago. It’s a very rare bird. Have you seen it, too？” he asked Sylvie. Sylvie’s heart began to beat fast. She knew that strange white bird! The young man was staring at Sylvie. “ I would give $10 to the person who showed me where the white heron is.” Sylvie had a plan that she would get the $10 for her grandmother and make the young man happy. Her plan was to climb to the top of a tall pine tree to see where the white heron had hidden its nest. The pine tree seemed to grow taller, the higher that Sylvie climbed. Suddenly a bird with broad white wings flew past Sylvie and landed on a pine branch below her. The white heron sat on its nest in a nearby tree. Sylvie gave a long sigh. She knew the wild bird’s secret now. Slowly she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine tree. About an hour later Sylvie returned. Both her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the kitchen. The splendid moment to speak about her secret had come. But Sylvie was silent. She could not tell the heron’s secret and give its life away. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了小女孩 Sylvie 最终因为她的善良而没有把白苍鹭 的栖息地告诉年轻的科学家的故事。 8．Where would Sylvie usually meet the cow every evening? A．In the open country. B．Among the forest. C．On a narrow path. D．In the bushes. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，Sylvie 是在灌木丛中遇到这头奶 牛。故 D 项符合题意。 9．What was the young scientist’s job according to his introduction? A．Collecting birds. B．Raising birds. C．Observing birds. D．Protecting birds. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句可推知，这个年轻的科学家的工作可能 是收集各种鸟类标本。故 A 项符合题意。 10．What had Sylvie planned to do about the white bird? A．Make good friends with it. B．Prevent it from being caught. C．Find its nest but keep it secret. D．Find it for money and the man. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句可知，因为钱和这个年轻人，Sylvie 想找 到白苍鹭。故 D 项符合题意。 11．What saved the white bird’s life at last? A．Grandmother’s sympathy. B．The white bird’s beauty. C．Sylvie’s kindness. D．The young man’s generosity. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容可知，当 Sylvie 找到白苍鹭的巢的 位置，回到家之后，她决定不把这个秘密告诉这个年轻人，因为她不想让白苍鹭丢掉性命。 由此可推知，Sylvie 是一个善良的小女孩。故 C 项符合题意。 D (2016·江西省百校联盟高三第一次联考) The best family vacation that I ever had was going on a road trip to Myrtle Beach. The trip was for 2 weeks during the March break from school. This trip was probably about 20 years ago so it was before the time of things like portable video games and being able to watch movies in the back seat. So to pass the many hours of travel my brother and I had to entertain ourselves and each other. My mum would set the back seat up so that it was our own little playroom. She would pack everything up so that we had a big level area to play in. We would play cards and board games. When it got to the point where we_were_at_each_other’s_throats we would be sent back to our own side of the seat and would be forced to either nap or read by ourselves until we could be friendly to each other again. I can remember us playing for quite some time when we turned the back seat into a spaceship and traveled around the earth. Another time we turned it into a kitchen and had a bakeoff (食品烘烤赛). But the thing that I remember the most and that gave us many hours of enjoyment was using each other’s faces as silly Plasticine (普莱斯蒂辛橡皮泥) and making funny faces. We would see how far we could stretch each other’s mouths open, see how thin we could make the other’s eye by pulling on it. We would keep going until one of us begged for mercy because we had to give our faces a rest. So while I can remember us having a great time on the beach, laughing a lot trying to put the tent up in the rain, what I remember the most of that trip and what always makes me smile the most is remembering the pain that our faces would be in after the trip. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者回忆了小时候在没有电子游戏、不能在坐车时看电 影的旅途中打发时间的方式。 12．What did the author do when traveling to Myrtle Beach? A．Watch movies. B．Play video games. C．Have fun with his brother. D．Pack things up to amuse himself. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。由第二段中的“to pass the many hours of travel my brother and I had to entertain ourselves and each other”可知答案。 13．What does the author mean by saying “we were at each other’s throats”？ A．We were fighting with each other. B．We used up our skills. C．We were quite out of breath. D．We were about to fall asleep. 解析：选 A 句意猜测题。下文的“... until we could be friendly to each other again”说 明画线部分的意思应为“互相打斗，激烈争吵”。 14．What impressed the author most during the trip? A．Playing cards and board games. B．Pulling each other’s faces and eyes. C．Having a cooking competition. D．Playing with silly Plasticine. 解 析 ： 选 B 推 理 判 断 题 。 由 第 四 段 中 的 “But the thing that I remember the most ...hours of enjoyment was using each other’s faces ...by pulling on it.”可知，旅途中作 者印象最深的是和弟弟彼此拉对方的脸或者眼来做鬼脸。 15．Which of the following titles would best suit the passage? A．An Unforgettable Family Travel B．What Is the Most Meaningful Journey C．The Good Old Days Never to Be Forgotten D．How to Kill Time while Traveling in the Past 解析：选 D 标题归纳题。结合文章内容看，本文主要叙述的是小时候在没有便携式游 戏机、不能在后座看电影的情况下，作者一家去旅游时，作者在途中消遣的方式，故 D 项做 本文标题最佳。 阅读理解提速练(三) 社会文化类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016·广东省五校协作体高三联考) Recently, my teenage son gave me a great insight into my writing career. He plays the online multiplayer game Minecraft, in which players build vast structures while battling the occasional zombie night. “How do you win the game？” I asked him. He rolled his eyes, the way only teens can. “There is no winning the game, mom，” he said. “It’s about the experience. It’s all about the journey.” Well said, Evan. I so often forget this truth. In writing, there is no arriving. There’s always the drive to write a better article, blog post, poem, or novel, next time. There is no “done”． What sights do you want to see on your journey? Where do you want to be sure to go? These are the questions I’m asking myself as I consider my plans for next year. If we’ve written well, what we leave behind will be part of our legacy, hopefully helping others long after we’re gone. I find that thought comforting. You could make your way to new signatures in magazines, or even to new places on the map. I have a friend who was flown to Denmark to meet with Lego because they liked his writing. I recently read about a woman whose writing got her a position in Singapore from CocaCola. So here’s a writing journey for all of us that’s full of breathtaking sights, unexpected turns, wonderful friends, and opportunities to grow and improve our craft. As we enter the new year, I’m going to try to remember my writingcareer focus — the places I want to be sure to visit on my way. Most of all, I’m going to work on letting go of my feelings of “falling behind” or not being “there” yet, and try to enjoy every moment of my wonderful writer’s life. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了写作重要的不是结果，而是过程，我们应享 受写作过程中的每一刻。 1．What got the author thinking about her writing career? A．Her son’s playing games online. B．Her son’s words. C．Her experience of a journey. D．Her son’s winning the game. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句和第四段后两句可推知，作者儿子的话使 她重新思考自己的写作生涯。故答案选 B。 2．The author mentioned Lego and CocaCola to show that ________. A．writings should appeal to companies B．there are great writers in wellknown companies C．writers should go to new places on the map D．great writers can make a difference 解析：选 D 推理判断题。第一个例子是指，作者的朋友飞到丹麦去见乐高公司的员工， 因为他们喜欢他的作品；第二个例子是指，一位妇女的写作作品使得她在新加坡的可口可乐 公司获得了一席之地；由此并结合倒数第二段可推知，作者提到 Lego 和 CocaCola 旨在说 明伟大的作家能够产生重要影响。故答案选 D。 3．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．My Smart Son B．My Writing Career C．The Writing Journey Matters D．My Son Teaches Me Much 解析：选 C 标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，儿子的话使作者领悟到写作过程才是最重要 的，并且她打算今后要珍惜写作过程中的每一刻。C 项“写作过程很重要”概括了文章大意， 适合做标题。故答案选 C。 B As anyone who freelances (做自由职业) knows, there are lots of advantages of working at home alone. But there are drawbacks too, like the potential loneliness. No wonder coworking spaces are becoming so popular: They permit selfemployed individuals to feel like they are part of all office environment, while making them get some work done too. But renting a coworking space does cost money. Now a Swedish project is aiming to change that by turning people ’ s underused homes into temporary co working spaces, available to freelancers for free. Hoffice was started by freelancers Christofer Gradin Franzen and Johline Zandra about a year ago in Stockholm when they invited a few people into their home office to work together. It was a great success, and the project has since spread to a number of cities in Europe, North and South America, Australia, India and Japan. Anyone can sign up and offer their home space as a free coworking space, or go to find a Hoffice near them. On a Hoffice day, everyone arrives and starts work at a certain hour. After 45 minutes, everyone gets up to take a break, stretch, do qigong or yoga for 10 to 15 minutes. Afterwards, people can gather around again, and restate their intentions and goals for the rest of the work day, as a way to motivate each other. Meals can be eaten together at a certain hour, potluck style (家常饭) or by bringing your own lunch. This process creates an encouraging and supportive work environment. As some freelancers describe, “By working at Hoffice, we give ourselves and each other the gift to spend our days in a social working environment, where we are extremely productive without ignoring our other human needs. We also make sure to give us and each other what we need to feel calm, happy, inspired and creative during the working day.” So Hoffice is not just about sharing space; it’s also about a free exchange of ideas. And perhaps the best thing is that Hoffices are free to use. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种可以给自由工作者提供免费集体工作场 所的工作模式——Hoffice。自由职业者在 Hoffice 办公不仅避免了孤独，而且工作效率高、 心情愉快；Hoffice 的这种工作模式已传播到世界各国的多个城市，并越来越受人们的欢迎。 4．Hoffice was started to ________. A．change people’s attitude to work B．encourage people to be more social C．improve people’s working conditions D．provide a coworking space for free 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句可知，Hoffice 的出现是为了给自由职 业者们提供免费的集体工作场所。故选 D。 5．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 3? A．How people respond to Hoffice. B．How a Hoffice day works. C．What people share at Hoffice. D．What Hoffice means to people. 解析：选 B 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，本段主要介绍了在 Hoffice 工作室， 人们是如何进行日常工作的。故选 B。 6．Some freelancers’ descriptions of Hoffice suggest that they ________. A．benefit a lot from the working style B．work longer than before C．expect more people to join them D．can’t be separated from each other 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句可知，自由职业者在 Hoffice 这种环 境中工作，工作效率高、心情愉快；由此可推知，在 Hoffice 这样的环境中工作，他们受益 很多。故选 A。 7．What do we know about Hoffice according to the text? A．It is becoming increasingly popular. B．It has been around for quite a few years. C．It has created many new job opportunities. D．It is suitable for people from all walks of life. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句可知，Hoffice 这种工作模式已经传播到世 界各国的多个城市，变得越来越受人们欢迎。故选 A。 C (2016·江西南昌十校高三第二次模拟考试) Singapore’s schools have become global role models, with high results in international tests. But now they want to move beyond this — towards something that encourages creativity and what they term “holistic (全面的) education”． Minister for Education, Heng Swee Keat, says this is “less about content knowledge”， but “more about how to process information”. He describes this challenge of innovating as being able to “tell truths from untruths, connect seemingly different things, and create knowledge even as the context changes”． This strategy aims to prepare today’s students for the demands of the next 20 years. It means that schools are under more pressure, and will be given more freedom, to come up with creative ways to teach students. So instead of the traditional images of highpressure Asian schools, with rows of heads buried in books, they are trying different approaches to learning. To put this into practice, on a sunny April morning, 80 students from one of Singapore’s top schools were traveling outdoors. The nine to tenyearolds from Rosyth School were on a “learning journey” in a park, with science topics and values such as caring for the environment. “We are conducting a biopsy (活组织检查) to find out why a bee, a fish, a bird and a plant mysteriously died，” said student Darren Ong. “Is it because of human actions？” They photographed “evidence” on smartphones and digital cameras, getting facts on plant and animal species on their iPads. “In one activity, I can cover three topics，” said science teacher Lin Lixun. “They can really learn through handson experience and putting things into action，” said moral education teacher, Joslyn Huang. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。新加坡的学校向来以优异的考试成绩在国际上闻名。但 是，如今新加坡的学校不再仅仅满足于考试成绩的领先，他们开始推行一种旨在培养学生创 造力的“全面教育”。 8．According to the passage, what are Singapore’s schools famous for? A．Test results. B．Strict management. C．Teaching quality. D．The learning environment. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。由第一段第一句可知，新加坡的学校在国际考试中向来成绩 优异，并因此成为全球学校学习的榜样，故 A 项正确。 9．What does Singapore’s “holistic education” lay emphasis on? A．Students’ moral behavior. B．Students’ content knowledge. C．Students’ creative ability. D．Students’ handson experience. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。由第一段中的“encourages creativity”及第二段中的“less about content knowledge ... this challenge of innovating”可知，新加坡的“全面教育”强调 的是对学生创造力的培养，故 C 项正确。 10．The 80 students from Rosyth School conducted a biopsy to find out ________. A．how to improve the environment B．how to protect animals and plants C．relationships between human behavior and climate change D．relationships between human actions and some anim als and plants’ death 解析：选 D 细节理解题。由倒数第二段可知，这些学生进行活组织检查的目的是找出 一些动植物的死因与人类活动之间的关系。 11． The author tells us about Singapore ’ s schools ’ different ways of learning by ________. A．giving examples B．making contrasts C．listing figures D．analyzing cause and effect 解析：选 A 写作手法题。文章第三段提到，新加坡的学校打算尝试新的教学方式；接 着第四、五段举了 Rosyth School 组织学生到户外学习的例子。由此可知，作者是通过举例 的方式来说明新加坡在教育方面的新尝试。 D (2016·聊城模拟)You signed up for soccer, and played every game of the season. Sure, you’re not the best player on the team, but most days you gave it your all. Do you deserve a trophy (奖杯)? If the decision is up to Carol Dweck, the answer would likely be no. She ’ s a psychology professor at Stanford University, California. She says a player doesn’t have to be the best to get a trophy. But those who receive an award should have to work for it. She suggests trophies go to the most improved player, or the one who contributed most to the team spirit, as well as to those who play the best. “The trophy has to stand for something，” Dweck told TFK. “If we give a trophy to everyone, then the award has no value.” Dweck argues that giving kids trophies for particular reasons, such as improving in a sport, teaches kids that adults value hard work and trying our best. Others say that there’s no harm in giving awards to all kids who play a sport, regardless of how they played or whether or not they improved. “I think we should encourage kids’ participation in sports，” says Kenneth Barish, a psychology professor at Weill Cornell Medical College, in New York City. “A trophy is one way to encourage kids’ efforts.” Barish argues that when we single_out only the best or even the most improved players with a trophy, we are teaching kids the wrong lesson. We are sending the message that winning is everything. “Winning is only part of the equation (等式)，” Barish told TFK. “Playing sports also teaches kids about teamwork and the importance of exercise.” There will be plenty of opportunities for kids to learn about competition as they get older, says Barish. They’ll soon realize that only one soccer team wins the World Cup and only one football team wins the Super Bowl. For now, he thinks there’s nothing wrong with letting all kids who play a sport feel like winners. That means trophies for everyone. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。如果孩子参加体育比赛，那么是不是每个人都该得到奖 杯呢？文章就这个问题给出了两种不同的看法。 12．According to Carol Dweck, which player should receive a trophy? A．Tony, the most attractive player of the soccer team. B．David, a soccer player who is both clever and funny. C．Peter, who is ready to help his partners to score goals. D．Jim, a soccer player who tries his best to win the game. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，斯坦福大学的心理学教授 Carol Dweck 认 为，获奖的运动员未必是最好的运动员。她认为，进步最大的、对团队精神贡献最多的和表 现最佳的运动员都应获奖。Peter 具有团队精神，故 C 项正确。 13．Which of the following statements would Kenneth Barish agree with? A．There is no sense in giving a trophy to everyone. B．Kids fond of playing sports should be rewarded. C．Kids should be given trophies for trying their best. D．It is necessary to encourage kids’ participation in sports. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第五段可知，纽约市威尔康乃尔医学院的心理学教授 Kenneth Barish 认为，我们应该鼓励孩子参加体育活动，颁发奖杯就是一种激励方式。 14 ． The underlined phrase “single out” in Paragraph 6 probably means “________”． A．honour B．choose C．value D．stress 解析：选 B 词义猜测题。根据第六段可知，Barish 认为，当我们挑选出最佳球员或进 步最大的球员并授予他们奖杯的时候，我们给孩子们传递了一个错误的信号：获胜就是一切。 因此画线短语“single out”意为“挑出”。 15．Which shows the correct structure of the text? 解析：选 B 篇章结构题。本文的第一段为导语，导入讨论的话题。第二、三段陈述了 斯坦福大学的心理学教授 Carol Dweck 的主要观点：反对人人获奖。下文(第四段至第七段) 陈述的是纽约市威尔康乃尔医学院的心理学教授 Kenneth Barish 的观点，即赞成人人获奖。 因此 B 项清晰地展示了本文的结构。 阅读理解提速练(四) 应用广告类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016·潍坊市高三上学期期末统考) Venus, the Wildest Adventure in 3016! A trip to the moon, to Mars? You are out. Venus (金星) is your choice! Our spaceship carries you there at the speed of light! Amazing Venus Facts Temperature range: ALWAYS about 450 degrees Celsius. Great for barbecues! Seasons: No seasons. Always visit during best season! Gravity strength: 0.91 of Earth’s gravity. Makes you lighter and more alive than ever! Water: NONE. All boiled away. Day length: 1 day＝243 Earth days. Longest days in solar system, so fun never ends! Rate of turning: 0.002 km/second. Turns in opposite direction of the earth, so able to see sun rise in the west and set in the east. Year length: 1 year＝224.7 Earth days or 0.62 of an Earth year. Rate of revolution: 35.03 km/second. Atmosphere： △Very thick. △96% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, and 0.1% water vapor. △Can’t support life: Suffocating carbon dioxide, thick clouds of sulfuric acid, and gases create greenhouse effect so very hot and no water. *Your Accommodations* ◎You will travel on a hightech rocket ship that will transport you from Earth to Venus in a mere 2.4 minutes by traveling at the speed of light. This trip will cost only $750,000. ◎Our two hotels are very luxurious and are super strong，allowing you to lie on the ground without being crushed by the pressure of the atmosphere. They are called Venus Heaven and Rocket Palace，and the cost to stay is only $200 per night. You'll get your money’ s worth at these two hotels，receiving free meals every day. To hook a trip，call 1－800. 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，介绍了 3016 年组织的一次到金星的冒险旅行并介绍了 金星的一些情况。 1．What would you see if you faced east on Venus? A．The rising sun. B．The circling earth. C．The setting sun. D．The full moon. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据 Amazing Venus Facts 部分第六段第二句可知，在金星 上面向东方可以看到日落。故 C 项符合题意。 2．During the trip to Venus, you would pay nothing for ________. A．service B．food C．the spaceship D．the hotel 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据 Your Accommodations 部分第二段最后一句可知，在去 金星旅行期间，你的食物不需要付费。故 B 项符合题意。 3．Which section of a magazine is the text from? A．Fashion circle. B．News report. C．Modern art. D．Future world. 解析：选 D 文章出处题。根据文章的题目 Venus, the Wildest Adventure in 3016！可知， 这次旅行发生在一千年之后，由此可推知，这是未来的事情。故 D 项符合题意。 B Ecofriendly Car Racer Can you image a car racer is so ecofriendly that its tyres are made from potatoes, its body is created from hemp (大麻) and rapeseed oil and it runs on fuel made from wheat and sugar beet? The oneseater racing car called Eco One is built by experts from Warwick University, who hope that Eco One will be adopted by the automotive industry. It is sold at ￡ 41,000. Pollutionsensitive Dress Don’t be caught outside unaware of pollution levels in the air. The pollutionsensitive EPA Dress by Stephanie Sandstrom notices pollution in the air accordingly. This dress — which is actually quite pretty — looks like you pull it from the bottom of the dirty laundry pile when the air is dirty. It might protect your health by advising you to stay indoors for the day, but it won’t do you any favor if you’re meeting with clients. Ecofriendly Umbrella Traditional umbrellas come with a fixed surface. Although it’s changeable, you cannot replace it easily.This ecofriendly design is more flexible.It ’ s actually only an umbrella skeleton without any surface, which can be folded, so you can put anything such as newspapers, plastic bags or whatever you want to serve as the protecting surface. Ecofriendly Moss (苔藓) Carpet It’s said that walking on fresh grass increases your blood circulation. The Moss Carpet, created by Nguyen La Chanh, looks at getting the grass to your feet. The mat includes ball moss, island moss and forest moss. The humidity (湿度) of the bathroom makes sure that it grows well. And that’s why you need to place it there and not anywhere else. 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了四款环保型科技产品。 4．According to Paragraph 1, we can find Eco One ________. A．can seat one passenger and one driver B．is mainly made from some kinds of plants C．can’t be afforded by the public at present D．will take the place of the traditional car industry 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段的第一句可知，Eco One 是主要由植物制成的环 保型产品，故选 B。 5．Why is EPA Dress designed? A．To advise people to stay at home as often as possible. B．To make women look pretty even in the polluted air. C．To stop people from meeting their clients if necessary. D．To keep users informed of the polluted levels in the air. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The pollutionsensitive EPA Dress by Stephanie Sandstrom notices pollution in the air accordingly.”可知，EPA Dress 有助于让使 用者了解到空气的污染程度。故选 D。 6．Compared with traditional umbrellas, the Ecofriendly Umbrella ________. A．is changeable B．can be folded C．hasn’t any surface D．is made of newspapers 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Traditional umbrellas ... It’s actually only an umbrella skeleton without any surface, which can be folded”可知答案。 7．Where does the text probably come from? A．A personal blog. B．A health report. C．An official document. D．A science report. 解析：选 D 文章出处题。文中主要介绍了四款环保型科技产品，故可推知其最有可能 摘自科学报告。 C (2016·威海两校高三质检) EP Portable Heater We all know that the cost of heating our homes will continue to be significant burden on the family budget. Now millions of people are saving on their heating bills with the EP portable heater. With over one million satisfied customers around the world, the new EP heats better and faster, saves more on heating bills, and runs almost silent. The EP has no exposed heating parts that can cause a fire. The outside of the EP only gets warm to the touch so that it will not burn children or pets. The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room. With other heaters you’ll notice that you get sleepy when the heat comes on because they are burning up oxygen. The advanced EP also heats the room evenly,_wall to wall and floor to ceiling. It comfortably covers an area up to 350 square feet. Other heaters heat rooms unevenly with most of the heat concentrated to the center of the room. And they only heat an area a few feet around the heater. With the EP, the temperature will not vary in any part of the room. The EP comes with a 3year warranty (保修) and a 60day satisfaction guarantee. If you are not totally satisfied, return it at our expense and your money will be given back to you. Now we have a special offer for 10 days, during which you can enjoy a half price discount and a free delivery. If you order after that, we reserve the right to either accept or reject order requests at the discounted price. Take action right now! 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了一种新型的便携式取暖器。与其他取暖器相 比，它有很多优点。 8．What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2? A．The safety of the EP. B．The heat of the EP. C．The appearance of the EP. D．The material of the EP. 解析：选 A 段落大意题。根据第二段可知，这种取暖器不会引起火灾，不会烫伤孩子 和宠物，显然是在谈它的安全性。故选 A 项。 9．From the passage, we can learn that the EP ________. A．runs without any noise B．doesn’t burn up oxygen C．makes people get sleepy fast D．is unsuitable for children and pets 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room.”可知，这种取暖器不会消耗室内的氧气。故选 B 项。 10．The underlined word “evenly” in Paragraph 4 probably means “________”． A．continuously B．separately C．equally D．quickly 解析：选 C 词义猜测题。根据第四段可知，此处把新型取暖器和其他产品进行对比， 它可以在墙面之间、从地面到天花板把整个房间都加热，不像其他产品，只加热附近的小片 区域。因此可以推断，此处应该是指“均匀地”加热整个房间。故选 C 项。 11．The main purpose of the passage is to ________. A．compare the functions of different heater brands B．advise people to save on heating bills C．report the new development of portable heaters D．persuade people to buy the product 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据整篇文章可知，这是一个广告，目的是介绍产品的优点， 并向读者推销该产品。最后两段是在说服人们去购买此产品。故选 D 项。 D (2016· 烟 台 3 月 诊 断 )Donating blood is a simple thing to do, but it can make a big difference in the lives of others. The donation process from the time you arrive until the time you leave takes about an hour. The donation itself is only about 8－10 minutes on average. The steps in the process are： Step 1: Registration 1．Our staff and volunteers will sign you in and go over basic eligibility (资格) and donation information. 2．You will read information about donating blood, and will be asked to show a donor card, driver’s license, or other form(s) of ID. Step 2: Health History & MiniPhysical 1．You will answer some questions during a private and confidential interview about your health history and places you have traveled. 2．We will check your temperature, pulse, blood pressure and hemoglobin (血红蛋白) level present in a sample of blood. Step 3: The Donation 1．We will clean an area on your arm and insert a brand new clean needle for the blood draw. This feels like a quick pain and is over in seconds. 2 ． The actual donation takes about 8 － 10 minutes, during which you will be seated comfortably. Certain donation types, such as platelets (血小板) or red cells can take up to 2 hours. 3．When approximately a pint of blood has been collected, the donation is complete and a staff person will place a bandage on your arm. Step 4: Refreshments 1．After donating, you should have a snack and something to drink in the refreshments area. You can leave the site after 10 － 15 minutes and continue with your normal daily activities. 2．Enjoy the feeling of accomplishment knowing that you have helped save lives. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍献血的四个步骤：登记、询问，检查健康情况， 献血及献血之后的恢复。 12. Which of the following can be a proper title for the passage? A．The process of blood donation B．The benefits of blood donation C．The importance of blood donation D．The preparations for blood donation 解析：选 A 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文中心句为第一段最后一句“The steps in the process are”；且由下文四个步骤可知，本文主要介绍献血的四个步骤。故选 A。 13．During the Registration, a blood donor will be asked to ________. A．go over his basic donation information B．show something to prove his identity C．answer some questions about his health history D．have his temperature and blood pressure checked 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据 Step 1: Registration 部分第二点可知，在登记的时候， 献血者会被要求出示相关证件来证明自己的身份。故选 B。 14．What is the right order of the events in Step 3? a．clean an area on the donor’s arm b．let the donor sit comfortably c．place a bandage on the donor’s arm d．draw the blood e．insert a needle A．a, b, d, e, c B．b, a, c, e, d C．c, b, a, e, d D．b, a, e, d, c 解析：选 D 事件排序题。根据 Step 3: The Donation 部分的内容并结合常识可知，献 血的顺序为：让献血者坐下→清洁献血者胳膊上某个地方→插入干净的针头→进行抽血→抽 血之后用绷带包扎献血者的胳膊。故选 D。 15．What should one do after donating blood? A．Eat and drink something. B．Leave the site immediately. C．Take exercise right now. D．Return to work after two days. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据 Step 4: Refreshments 部分第一点第一句可知，献血之 后献血者应该吃点东西并且喝点东西。故选 A。 阅读理解提速练(五) 生态环保类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016· 江 南 十 校 联 考 )Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment. “We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it，” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA. But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grassroots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many, many times ， ” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day. According to US government reports, emissions ( 排 放 ) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “green thinking” has become part of practices. Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution. Twentyfive years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. “Until we do that, nothing else will change! ” says Bruce Anderson. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。介绍了环保意识在美国从无到有，逐渐增强，环保教育 势在必行。 1.According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about ________. A．the social movement B．recycling techniques C．environmental problems D．the importance of Earth Day 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“’We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it’”可知，1970 年以 前美国人对环境问题所知甚少。 2．Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from? A．The grassroots level. B．The business circle. C．Government officials. D．University professors. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的“especially millions of grassroots Americans are taking part in the movement”可知，数以百万计的草根美国人才是支持环保 的中流砥柱。 3．What have Americans achieved in environmental protection? A．They have cut car emissions to the lowest. B．They have settled their environmental problems. C．They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities. D．They have reduced pollution through effective measures. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第三段所列举的那些数字可知，美国政府多管齐下，污 染问题大为缓解。 4 ． What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph? A．Education. B．Planning. C．Green living. D．CO reduction. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容推断，环保意识教育至关重要。另外， “education programs for environment”是提示。 B There will be more plastic than fish in the world’s oceans by 2050. That is what a new report from the World Economic Forum and Ellen MacArthur Foundation warns. If the current trend continues, the report said, oceans will contain one ton of plastic for every three tons of fish in 2025. By 2050, plastics will weigh more than fish. The problem is that each year at least 8 million tons of plastics end up in oceans around the world. This is the same as dumping the contents of one garbage truck into the ocean every minute. Not all plastic ends up in the ocean because someone throws a plastic bottle into the water. Plastic containers and other trash thrown onto streets and sidewalks often are swept into oceans. Unlike other types of trash in the ocean, the plastic never biodegrades. There is a way to slow the amount of plastics going into the oceans — people can recycle more. Currently only about 14 percent of plastics are recycled. Research in Europe shows as much as 53 percent of plastics could be recycled using available technology. The report says that another solution is using less plastic for packaging products. But that is not likely to happen. “Given plastic packaging ’s many benefits, both the possibility and desirability of a sharp reduction in the volume of plastic packaging used is clearly low，” the report said. But the authors note reducing the use of plastics should be tried “where possible”. For decades, scientists warned that plastics are killing fish. Research shows that fish are dying from choking after eating plastics. “ Another cause of death is that plastics cause intestinal blockage and starvation，” the environmental group said. 语篇解读：本文是一篇科普报道。到 2050 年全球海洋中的塑料数量将超过鱼的数量。 本文主要报道了塑料垃圾对人类和鱼类造成的危害以及研究人员提出的一些处理建议。 5．Why is the garbage truck mentioned in Paragraph 1? A．To explain how plastics end up in the ocean. B．To warn people against the ocean pollution. C．To clarify the seriousness of the problem. D．To point out some details of the report. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第一段尤其是最后一句可知，海洋里每年的塑料废物多 达八百万吨。所以作者用这种直观细化的方法来阐述海洋塑料垃圾问题的严重性。故 C 项正 确。 6．Why is plastic more harmful than other types of trash? A．Because there is too much of it. B．Because it poisons the ocean water. C．Because it is from different sources. D．Because it never breaks down. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，塑料垃圾比其他垃圾危害更大是因 为它们不可降解。故 D 项正确。 7．What is the author’s attitude to the suggested solutions? A．Pessimistic. B．Hopeful. C．Interested. D．Convinced. 解析：选 A 观点态度题。根据第二段中最后五句可知，塑料的循环使用比例较低，而 减少商品的塑料包装也不太可能，由此可知作者对所提的建议持悲观态度。故 A 项正确。 8．What can we infer from the text? A．People are not aware of the problem. B．Recycling is limited by lack of technology. C．Plastic packaging has become part of our life. D．Fish in the ocean will be replaced by plastics. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可推知，想要减少使用塑料包装很难， 因为它已成为日常生活的一部分。故 C 项正确。 C (2016·福建省普通高中毕业班单科质量检查) Want to help fight global warming? Take off your tie, says the Italian health ministry. It has urged employers to let their staff dress casually at work in the summer so that the air conditioning can be turned down. “Taking your tie off immediately lowers the body temperature by 2 or 3 degrees centigrade，” the ministry said in a statement. “ Allowing a more sensible use of air conditioning brings about electricity savings and protects the environment.” It called on all public and private offices to let employees wear no tie during heat waves like the one that has brought Africalike temperatures to many parts of Italy this week. The move echoes (回应) a similar action from Italy’s biggest oil group, ENI, which told its staff earlier this month they need not wear a tie at work. The tie makers, however, were left hot_under_the_collar. “Italy confirms that it is a strange country，” Flavio Cima said angrily in a letter to financial daily Il Sole 24 ORE under the headline: “I, tie maker, am responsible for global warming.” “We can now happily continue with our lifestyle, using cars, consuming fuel, heating and cooling our homes at leisure. On one condition: we should not wear a tie while we do so，” he wrote. “I should have listened to my friends and become an oil producer instead.” Italy is one of the European Union ’s worst performers on the pollution front and is among the EU countries expected to exceed ( 超 出 ) their greenhouse gas emission ( 排 放 ) targets. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。解掉领带可以让体温下降 2 或 3 度，所以许多公司鼓励 员工不戴领带上班，以抵制全球气候变暖；但是，这种主张遭到了领带制造商的反对。 9．What’s the purpose of the move of taking off ties? A．To dress casually. B．To fight global warming. C．To keep the body temperature. D．To improve working conditions. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Want to help fight global warming? Take off your tie”可知，解掉领带是为了抵制全球变暖，故 B 项正确。 10．Who first encouraged employees to take off ties? A．ENI. B．Flavio Cima. C．A financial daily. D．The Italian health ministry. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“ENI, which told its staff earlier this month they need not wear a tie at work”可知，ENI 公司最早鼓励员工上班时不戴领带，故 A 项正 确。 11．What does the underlined part “hot under the collar” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Angry. B．Speechless. C．Delighted. D．Puzzled. 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据第四、五段的内容可知，包括 ENI 在内的许多公司，都 鼓励员工不戴领带上班；根据常识可以判断，此举势必造成领带制造商的商品滞销；结合第 七段的“Flavio Cima said angrily in a letter”可以判断，画线部分意为“愤怒的”，故 A 项 正确。 12．Which of the following is TRUE about Flavio Cima? A．He stands by the oil group. B．He agrees with the ministry. C．He admits his responsibility. D．He argues against taking off ties. 解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据第六、七段的内容可知，对于鼓励员工不戴领带上班一 事，作为领带制造商的 Flavio Cima 非常生气；据此可以判断，他对不戴领带上班的观点有 异议，故 D 项正确。 D Thrift stores are a refuge (避难所) for countless items from landing in garbage piles. Value Village, for example, saves more than 650 million pounds of clothing from landfills (垃 圾填埋场) each year, making it one of the largest recyclers of used garments in the world. Their stores give a second life to 1.8 million pounds of clothes every day, which is equal to 600 mid sized cars. Almost 100 percent of clothing and textiles are recyclable, yet 85 percent of them end up in landfills. It’s estimated that the average person throws away 70 pounds of clothing a year. Lindsay Coulter is the so called “Queen of Green” with the David Suzuki Foundation, educating people on how to live a greener life by making changes around the house. She says that donating or shopping at thrift stores is an excellent way to exercise all three of the three R’s: reduce, reuse and recycle. She says, “Whether it’s a purse or a pair of shoes, it’s really worth considering going to thrift stores as another point of contact to help reduce your consumption.” Coulter points out that since landfills are airtight, textiles take longer to break down. “I’d imagine things like an old towel, a rag or an old T shirt will last a really long time，” she says. The beauty of thrift shopping is that the supply is never ending, so if you don’t find what you’re looking for one day, it’s likely to show up in no time. One person who knows this quite well is Jodi Jacyk, costume specialist in the Department of Theatre and Film at the University of British Columbia. She says the majority of items for the university ’ s productions are purchased second hand. Because of her shrinking budget, items like clothing and shoes are thrifted from Value Village. “We are constantly thrifting and we reuse costumes for many years.Thrift shopping is a much easier, cheaper way to do things，” she says. The next time you need to lighten your closet, take the opportunity to go thrift shopping to lighten both your carbon footprint and your financial burden at the same time. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种环保的生活方式，即去慈善商店捐或购 买二手衣物。 13．What is a “thrift store” according to the text? A．It deals with daily garbage. B．It sells second hand items. C．It exchanges new clothes. D．It donates used items. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句“She says that donating ...reduce, reuse and recycle.”可知，慈善商店是收纳并出售二手货的店。 14．What do we know about Jodi Jacyk? A．She doesn’t budget carefully. B．She complains a lot about her job. C．She is a fan of thrift shopping. D．She is known as “Queen of Green”． 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第四段的“One person who knows this quite well is Jodi Jacyk”和“We are constantly thrifting and we reuse costumes for many years.”可推知， Jodi Jacyk 热衷于在慈善商店里购物，是这项活动的粉丝。 15．What is the author’s attitude toward thrift shopping? A．Conservative. B．Cautious. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 解析：选 D 观点态度题。根据最后一段的内容可推知，作者是支持这种到慈善商店里 购物的环保行为的。 阅读理解提速练(六) 时文报道类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2017·广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试)It is a live celebration of the lasting power of letter writing! Letters Live, which started in December 2013, was held at the Freemasons ’ Hall in London from March 10 to 15. The show invited various great performers who read remarkable letters that had been written around the world over the centuries. “Bringing letters alive through outstanding performances is one of the most powerful ways in which the joy and pain and humor and tragedy of being human can be shared，” Jamie Byng, managing director of Canongate Books publishing firm, told the Nowness video channel. British actor Benedict Cumberbatch agreed. “Letters are windows into the love, beauty, pain and humor of their creators and receivers，” he told The Guardian. “Letters Live makes us stop and imagine the lives behind the letters read and where they came from. It’s a privilege to read this most ancient of communications live to an audience.” This year, the movie Sherlock star treated the audience by playing the part of a 17year Tom Hanks. He put on the young actor’s voice when he read his letter to the Hollywood director George Roy Hill, a letter that urged Hill to “discover” him. The letter revealed that two time Oscar winner Hanks ’ teenage dream was not to “ be a big time Hollywood superstar” but to one day own a Porsche car and call his favorite US actor Robert Redford his nickname “Bob”． Other famous faces at the event included Carey Mulligan, who played a fictional laundry worker, a female activist fighting for women ’ s rights in the 2015 movie Suffragette. The British actress once again played the role of a suffragette, when she read a very enthusiastic letter demanding the vote for women. The suffragette sent a precious 1913 note to The Daily Telegraph newspaper. “Everyone seems to agree upon the necessity of putting a stop to Suffragist anger, but no one seems certain how to do so，” Mulligan read out. “There are two, and only two, ways in which this can be done. Both will be effectual. One, kill every woman in the UK. Two, give women the vote.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。随着通讯科技的发展，写信这种联系方式已经在人们 的生活中逐渐淡去，但是信件包涵强大的寓意和情感。作者希望通过这次庆祝活动来激活人 们对写信的认识。 1．What was Cumberbatch’s attitude towards Jamie Byng’s opinion? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Optimistic. D．Cautious. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第四段内容尤其是第一、二句可推知，Benedict Cumberbatch 对 Jamie Byng 的观点持支持态度。B 项意为“积极的”，符合题意。 2．Which of the following was a dream of Tom Hanks as a child? A．To become an actor. B．To call himself “Bob”． C．To win Oscar Awards. D．To have a famous car. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句可知，Tom Hanks 年少时的梦想之一是 拥有一辆名车。故 D 项符合题意。 3．A “suffragette” is a woman who ________. A．sends a valuable note to newspaper B．reads out a letter to the audience C．advocates women’s right to vote D．plays a famous role in a movie 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第六段第一句可推知，“suffragette”是指提倡妇女参 政论的人，故 C 项符合题意。 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Famous People Gathering B．Letters of Great Performers C．Letters Brought to Life D．Rights Given to Women 解析：选 C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文讲述作者支持“写信”这种联系方式， 并介绍在这次庆祝活动中很多名人都把以前的信件念给听众听。C 项“把信件带到生活中” 适合做本文标题。故 C 项符合题意。 B At least 20 people died and hundreds were injured in a bridge collapse in the eastern Indian city of Kolkata Thursday. Witnesses said many people and vehicles, including two buses carrying more than 100 passengers, were under the bridge when it fell. They also said construction workers had set up camps near the bridge site where they would sleep and cook. Before rescue teams arrived, local residents and firefighters used their bare hands to try to rescue people trapped under the debris. The collapsed bridge is in a busy commercial area of Kolkata. Its location has made it difficult for rescue operations. Access to the area is blocked on both sides by buildings, and the streets are blocked with heavy traffic. Reuters ( 路 透 社 ) reports that the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee, rushed to the scene of the collapse. She said that rescuing those trapped is her “top priority”. Banerjee said those responsible for the disaster will be punished. Yet she faces questions about the safety of the construction project. The Telegraph newspaper reported last November that Banerjee wanted the bridge — already five years overdue — to be completed by February. Project engineers said they were concerned over whether this would be possible, the newspaper said at the time. Construction workers had been on a strict schedule to complete the bridge. The disaster could affect the West Bengal election next month. An Indian company, IVRCL, was building the 2kilometer bridge, its website said. IVRCL’s director of operations said the company was not sure of the cause of the disaster. 语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。在星期四印度东部城市 Kolkata 发生了大桥坍塌事故， 造成多人受伤或死亡。本文就路透社对相关负责人及建筑公司的采访进行了报道。 5．Why were so many people killed or injured in the accident? A．The rescue work responded too slowly. B．Many people were under or near the bridge. C．The bridge was under construction. D．Construction workers had set up camps there. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，造成伤亡是因为当时很多行人及车 辆在桥下或在桥附近。故 B 项正确。 6．What does the underlined word “debris” probably mean? A．Buildings. B．Disasters. C．Vehicles. D．Ruins. 解析：选 D 词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句可知，在救援队到来之前，当地居民和消 防队员赤手尽力营救被困在废墟中的受害者。由此可知，画线词应意为“废墟”，与 ruin 同义。故 D 项正确。 7．What can we learn about the bridge? A．It should have been completed five years ago. B．Project engineers were unwilling to cooperate. C．It was designed by a company called IVRCL. D．The cause of the disaster has been discovered. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段第五句“...Banerjee wanted the bridge — already five years overdue — to be completed by February.”可知，大桥本应该在五年前完成。故 A 项正确。 C (2016·太原市高三模拟考试)“Walt Disney World is banning selfiesticks from its theme parks because selfiesticks have become a growing safety concern for both our guests and cast，” Disney World spokeswoman Kim Prunty said. Under a new policy, which takes effect Tuesday, the poles won ’t make it past the bag check at any Disney World theme park. The sticks also won’t be allowed in Disney World water parks or Disney Quest, a gaming attraction at Downtown Disney. Selfiesticks will also become forbidden at Disneyland Resort in California on June 30. The prohibition begins at Disney’s parks in Paris and Hong Kong on July 1. Guests will be checked for the equipment during the routine bag check that happens near the parks ’ entrances. They will have an option of turning in their selfiesticks for pickup later or to go back to their cars or hotel rooms to keep them. Visitors will be told of the policy in locations such as the parking lots and at the resort’s hotels. The prohibition will be added to the park rules post on Disney World’s website. The issue has been building at Disney. Previously, the sticks were prohibited from its rides, and “no selfiesticks ” signs were at select rides, such as Big Thunder Mountain Railroad at Magic Kingdom. Cast members have given oral warnings to rule breakers. Selfie stick users put smartphones and cameras on the ends of poles to extend their reach, frequently capturing themepark moments through selfportraits. The tools have been banned in public places — including some museums and stadiums — worldwide for obstructing views or causing safety issues. Disney World already prohibits items such as skateboards, inline skates, wagon, folding chairs and glass containers, according to its official website, which also lists “other items that we determine may be harmful”． Universal Orlando has banned selfie sticks and other loose items from certain thrill rides at Universal Studios and Islands of Adventure theme parks, but it has not set parkwide bans. 语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道,主要讲述了迪斯尼乐园禁止其各大主题公园使用自拍杆 的相关情况。 8．Which of the following objects has already been banned in Disney theme parks before the new policy takes effect? A．Smartphones. B．Folding chairs. C．Cameras. D．Containers. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，在新政策生效前，迪斯尼主题公司已 禁止使用的物品中有折叠椅。故 B 项正确。 9．According to the ban, if the guests are found carrying selfiesticks during the routine bag check, they may ________. A．abandon them at the bag check B．get fined and pick them up later C．turn them in to the police D．put them in the trunk of their cars 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，游客可将其放到车子的后备箱。故 D 项正确。 10．The underlined word in the fifth paragraph probably means “________”． A．changing B．broadening C．blocking D．narrowing 解析：选 C 词义猜测题。根据第五段最后一句及常识可推知，高高举起的自拍杆将会 遮住游客的视线且存在安全隐患，故画线词“obstructing”意为“阻碍”。block 意为“阻 止”，与其意思最接近。故 C 项正确。 11．According to the passage, it can be inferred that ________. A．the ban on the use of selfiesticks is aimed at ensuring security B．previously guests can take photos with selfiesticks on thrill rides C．the staff in Disneyland will inform visitors of the ban only orally D．Universal Orlando has banned selfiesticks parkwide 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第一段并结合第五段最后一句“The tools have been banned ... causing safety issues.”可知，迪斯尼乐园禁用自拍杆是为了保证游客安全。故 A 项正确。 D (2016·太原市高三模拟试题二)As a star computer scientist, Cristina Fonseca had lots of job offers, but she turned them all down. She decided to start her own business Talkdesk. She lives in Portugal but does business all over the globe by using software. The global economy works well for such people. But the world of work has been less kind to other young folks. Florence Moreau, a young architect in Paris, had the double misfortune to leave university in 2009, when the world economy was on its knees; and to be French. “I really need a fulltime, permanent job，” she says. Under France’s 3,800page labour code, workers on permanent contracts (合同) receive generous benefits and are extremely hard to get rid of. So French firms have all but stopped hiring permanent staff: Fourfifths of new employees are on shortterm contracts. Ms Moreau has had eight jobs, none lasting for longer than 16 months. With a small child at home, she has to keep looking for the next one. “It’s tiring，” she sighs. Joblessness matters. The longer people are out of work, the more their skills and their selfconfidence atrophy,_the less appealing they look to potential employers and the more likely they are to give up. Trade unions often favour a minimum wage. This can help those who already have jobs, but if it is set too high it can crowd out those with the fewest skills and the least experience, who tend to be young. A labour system where companies can hire and fire easily is urgently needed. Making it easier for young people to start their own business is essential, too. They may be full of energy and open to new ideas. Also, there is a huge mismatch everywhere between the skills that many young people can offer and the ones that employers need. Ms Fonseca says she cannot find the right talent for Talkdesk. As economies grow more complex, demand for practical skills will keep rising. The world’s schools are not even close to meeting it. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了目前严峻的就业形势及其原因。 12．Why can’t Moreau find a permanent job? A．Employers don’t want to give workers good welfare. B．She didn’t finish university studies. C．The world economy is booming. D．The French government hasn’t taken any measures for unemployment. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第三段第四、五句可推知，Moreau 找不到永久工作的 原因是雇主不想给工人好的福利。故答案选 A。 13．What does the underlined word “atrophy” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Increase. B．Shrink. C．Overcome. D．Survive. 解析：选 B 词义猜测题。根据语境再结合常识可知，人们失业时间越长，他们的技能 和自信就会越萎缩，对潜在的雇主就越没有吸引力，更有可能放弃。由此可推知，画线词 “atrophy”应与 shrink 意思相近，意为“萎缩”。故答案选 B。 14．What can we learn about Cristina Fonseca? A．She does business only in Portugal. B．When seeking a job, she was refused many times by employers. C．Her company is not related to information technology. D．She can’t find the talents she wants. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知，Fonseca 女士没能找到她想要的 人才。故答案选 D。 15．Which measure is actually useless for unemployment? A．Make labour rules more flexible. B．Train students to gain skills. C．Raise the minimum wage. D．Encourage young people to start companies. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。该题提问的是哪种措施对失业无用。根据文章最后四段可推 知，提高最低工资对解决失业问题是无用的。故答案选 C。 阅读理解提速练(七) 人物传记类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016·湖北省黄冈中学第一次联考) Edmund Halley was an English scientist who lived over 200 years ago. He studied the observations of comets (彗星) which other scientists had made. The orbit of one particular comet was a very difficult mathematical problem. He could not figure it out. Neither could other scientists who dealt with such problems. However, Halley had a friend named Isaac Newton, who was a brilliant mathematician.Newton thought he had already worked out that problem, but he could not find the papers on which he had done it. He told Halley that the orbit of a comet had the shape of an ellipse (椭圆形)． Then Halley set to work. He figured out the orbits of some of the comets that had been observed by scientists. He made a surprising discovery. The comets that had appeared in the years 1531, 1607, and 1682 all had the same orbit. Yet their appearance had been 75 to 76 years apart. This seemed very strange to Halley. Three different comets followed the same orbit. The more Halley thought about it, the more his thought that there had been three different comets as people thought. He decided that they had simply seen the same comet three times. The comet had gone away and had come back again. It was an astonishing idea! Halley felt certain thought to make a prediction of what would happen in the future. He decided that this would appear in the year 1758. There were 53 years to go before Halley’s prediction could be tested. In 1758 the comet appeared in the sky. Halley did not see it, for he had died some years before. Ever since then that comet had been called Halley’s comet, in his honour. 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记。文章主要讲述了科学家哈雷以及他的发现。 1．Halley made his discovery ________. A．by doing experiments B．by means of his own careful observation C．by using the working of other scientists D．by chance 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句可知，哈雷的发现是从其他科学家的 观察中得出来的。 2．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Edmund Halley was an American scientist. B．Halley made his discovery by doing experiments. C．Isaac Newton was a famous mathematician. D．The orbit of a comet had the shape of a round. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。从文章首句可知 A 项错误；从第一段第二句可知，B 项错误； 根据牛顿告诉哈雷彗星的轨道是椭圆形的，可排除 D 项。 3．Edmund Halley figured out the orbit of________. A．some different comets appearing several times B．the same comet appearing at different times C．three different comets appearing at the same time D．several comets appearing at the same time 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据文章的第四段的第四句及上文提到的看到彗星的时间分 别是 1531 年、1607 年、1682 年可判断正确答案为 B。 4．This passage in general is about________. A．Halley and other scientists B．the orbit of a comet C．Newton and Halley D．Halley and his discovery 解析：选 D 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述了科学家哈雷以及他的发现。 B (2017·湖南省十三校高三联考) Billboard Music Awards of the Year 2015 goes to Taylor Swift, a singersongwriter, who has shaped and inspired the American music industry with her success. When Taylor Swift first came to public notice, she was a 17 yearold newcomer who loved singing to her own guitar. She was far more enthusiastic than skilled, but apparently threw spark of superb talent. Four years later, Swift has become a multi awards winner, with the biggest selling albums. For her consummate performance, Taylor Swift was named Billboard magazine’s woman in 2011. She is the youngest artist to receive honors and several Billboard Music Awards, among them Top Country Album for the fivetime platinum (白金) selling Speak Now, her third album that was released that year. “ Taylor has shown the power of good songwriting with music of styles ，” said Bill Werde, Billboard’s editorial director. “And at such a young age, Taylor has already made a major impact on music and has been an unbelievable role model for promising artists and young woman everywhere.” Swift is used to breaking chart records and winning honors since her career started. She followed that up in 2008 with Fearless, which established her as a skilled songwriter with several hits, including Love Story, You Belong With Me and White Horse. Not surprisingly, the 6 time platinum Fearless is the most awarded album in country music history in the US and her overall worldwide sales now reach 20 million albums and 40 million songs downloads. Swift has spent the past year on the Speak Now World Tour in support of her third album, and now she’s getting ready to go further. According to a recent interview with The New Yorker magazine, Swift has so far written about 10 songs for a 2016 album. She said the new album is about feelings of growing up and becoming an adult. “They’re sad if I’m being honest，” Swift told The New Yorker. “They’re about my heartbreaks and my moving on. But more importantly, they are about achieving contentment. You’re not always going to be ridiculously happy as you grow up.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记，主要介绍了 Taylor Swift ——一个非常有音乐天赋的 女孩，获得了众多奖项，尽管年纪轻轻，但是她在音乐上所取得的一系列成就震撼了整个乐 坛，成为激励艺人及年轻女性的楷模。 5．As a newcomer in the shown business, Taylor Swift was considered to be ________. A．a skilled songwriter B．an outstanding artist C．an energetic director D．a promising talent 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段尤其是最后一句可知，Taylor Swift 第一次走进 观众视野时就展现出了过人的才华。故选 D。 6 ． The underlined word “consummate” in Paragraph 3 can best be replaced by “________”． A．confident B．professional C．excellent D．different 解析：选 C 词义猜测题。联系上下文并结合语境可知，美国乡村音乐歌手 Taylor Swift 年纪轻轻就已成为国际巨星，她在乐坛的表现可谓成绩斐然。由此可知，画线词应意为“杰 出的，极好的”，excellent 的意思与之最接近。故选 C。 7．What can we learn from the passage? A．Speak Now is Taylor Swift’s third album. B．Fearless marked the beginning of Swift’s career. C．Swift’s new album is about feelings of grownups. D．Swift has gained Billboard magazine’s woman twice. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，Speak Now 是 Swift 的第三张专 辑，故 A 项正确。 8．This passage is mainly about “________”． A．A Rising Music Genius B．Taylor’s Heartbreaks in Growth C．An Interview with Taylor Swift D．Billboard Music Awards in America 解析：选 A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了尽管 Taylor Swift 年纪轻轻， 但是她在音乐上所取得的一系列成就震撼了整个乐坛，成为激励艺人及年轻女性的楷模。故 A 项“一个冉冉升起的音乐天才”符合文章大意。故选 A。 C (2016·广州综合测试二)The United States of America was founded in 1776 after the 13 independent American states rose up against the ruling British, defeated them in the American Revolutionary War, and signed the Declaration of Independence, the document which declared the creation of the new country. The men who led the revolution, drafted the Declaration of Independence, and wrote the first American laws are known as “founding fathers”. Benjamin Franklin, whose picture is on the US 100dollar note, was appointed to prepare the Declaration that was eventually signed by the other founding fathers. Franklin was born in 1706 in Boston to a soap maker named Josiah Franklin. His father could not afford full schooling for all his children, but Benjamin loved books and worked in his elder brother’s printing business before starting a newspaper called the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729. He wrote and drew cartoons for the newspaper. In addition, he worked to improve living conditions in the city: introducing street lights, cleaning the roads and building libraries. In the 1740s, Franklin retired from his newspaper and turned to science with great success. He was a very smart man and his work on electricity, including the “kite experiment” which confirmed the nature of lightning, made him famous throughout the world. Franklin earned the title of the “First American” for his efforts to unite the 13 American states, and to win their independence. This part of the story starts in London. He was sent to the city to persuade the British to treat the American states more fairly. It was here that he began interacting with important political thinkers and activists of the time and developing his own political ideas. Following his return to America in 1761 he became much more active in American politics and in the battle against British rule. After the United States of America was established, Franklin held several important positions such as the first United States Postmaster General, Ambassador to France and President of Pennsylvania. He is also famous today for his wise sayings, including “a penny saved is a penny earned” and “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”． 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记，主要讲述了美国开国元勋之一 Benjamin Franklin 一 生中的重大事件，尤其是他对美国社会政治发展方面所做出的杰出贡献以及在其他领域取得 的成绩。 9．How did Franklin begin developing his own political thinking? A．By discussing ideas with political activists in Britain. B．By persuading the 13 American states to unite. C．By fighting against British rule in America. D．By writing articles for his own newspaper. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第四段可知，Franklin 被派往伦敦以劝服英国人更公平 地对待美国；结合最后一句可知，Franklin 通过在伦敦和政治思想家、积极分子交流形成了 自己的政治理念。故 A 项正确。 10．What can be inferred about Franklin from the article? A．His most important contribution was in science. B．He was the leader of the “founding fathers”． C．He was successful in many different areas. D．He came from a very wealthy family. 解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据第三、四段可知，Franklin 在文化、科学、政治等诸多 领域都取得了成功。故 C 项正确。 11．What is the correct order for the following events from Franklin’s life? a．He started a newspaper business. b．He carried out the kite experience on electricity. c．He worked for his brother in a printing company. d．He was appointed the Ambassador to France. e．He helped write the Declaration of Independence. f．He visited England to discuss independence. A．e，c，a，b，f，d B．c，a，b，f，e，d C．a，c，f，b，d，e D．f，d，a，b，c，e 解析：选 B 事件排序题。根据第三段可知，他最先在哥哥的印刷厂工作，然后于 1729 年创建了一份报纸；接下来在 18 世纪 40 年代(1740s)成功完成风筝实验；而后在美国独立之 前他被派去英国谈判；之后帮助起草《独立宣言》；在美国独立之后成为驻法国大使，所以 正确顺序应为 c，a，b，f，e，d。故 B 项正确。 12．What is the article mainly about? A．The American Declaration of Independence. B．Franklin’s contributions to American society. C．The American War of Independence. D．Benjamin Franklin’s early life. 解析：选 B 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了美国开国元勋 Benjamin Franklin 对美国社会发展所做出的巨大贡献。故 B 项正确。 D Reuel Tolkien (1892－1973), the British linguist, writer. He created a fantasy novel “The Lord of the Rings” the wellknown trilogy (三部曲)． Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa. When he was 4 years old, his father died and his family moved back to England. Tolkien graduated from Oxford University when he was 23 years old, and participated in the First World War. During the war, Tolkien suffered from “trench fever” and stayed in the hospital until the end of World War Ⅰ. It was the days in the hospital that he began his writing career first. After the war, Tolkien became a linguist. He was an editor of the “New English Dictionary” of 1918－1920. However, he was more researching into AngloSaxon language which makes his extensive contacts in Britain and the Nordic spread all over the folklore and mythology. In 1937, Tolkien completed his first work “The Hobbit”．Although this was a fairy tale, it was also suitable for adults to read. Because of good sales, the publisher Allen & Unwin convinced Tolkien to write its sequel.This encouraged Tolkien to complete his most famous works the epic (史诗) trilogy “The Lord of the Rings”. The works of writing went on for almost a year with the support from his good friend Lewis. At the beginning “The Lord of the Rings” was similar works for children, but after that writing style quickly became serious and dark. “The Lord of the Rings” was one of the most popular literary works in the 20th century in terms of sales and readers’ evaluation. Tolkien’s influence is important, for the success of “The Lord of the Rings” makes the fantasy novels of this literature genre (体裁) develop rapidly. 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了《指环王》的作者 Reuel Tolkien 的生平。他早 年丧父，后来参加了第一次世界大战。战时患上“战壕热”，在医院期间他开始了他的写作 生涯。 13．When did Tolkien take part in World War Ⅰ？ A．1896 B．1915 C．1916 D．1937 解析：选 B 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句中的“Reuel Tolkien (1892－1973)”以及 第二段的第三句可知，Reuel Tolkien 生于 1892 年，他 23 岁时参加了第一次世界大战；据此 可以判断，他是在 1915 年参加第一次世界大战的，故 B 项正确。 14．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Tolkien’s father died of “trench fever”. B．Tolkien wrote the “New English Dictionary” himself. C．“The Lord of the Rings” was finished about half a year. D．Tolkien began his writing career in the hospital. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句“It was the days in the hospital that he began his writing career first.”可知，Tolkien 是在医院开始他的写作生涯的，故 D 项正确。 15．The underlined word “evaluation” in the last paragraph is close to the meaning of ________. A．opinion B．value C．interest D．hobby 解析：选 A 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子可知，“The Lord of the Rings”是二 十世纪最受欢迎的文学作品之一，这是读者和书商的评价；据此可以判断，画线词意为“评 价”，故 A 项“观点，看法”正确。 阅读理解提速练(八) 史地常识类 (共 4 篇，限时 30 分钟) A (2016·江西省八所重点中学联考)When it comes to body art, most of us think of tattoos, which are permanent pictures drawn on the body using colored ink. Tattoos are often used to show one’s skin and beliefs. However, tattoos and other kinds of body art are also used for very important and ceremonial reasons. The most widely used form of body art is henna ( 花 染 料 ) painting. Painting the body with henna is practiced in a number of Asian and African countries. The leaves of the henna plant are used to paint the skin a reddishbrown color. People in Morocco, a country in Africa, use henna paint to protect themselves from evil spirits and prevent bad luck. In Sudan, henna represents happiness. Sudanese women paint henna on their bodies and hair to show how much they love their husbands. The more henna painting on a woman, the more she loves her husband. Men in Sudan also paint their bodies with henna leaves on their wedding day. Henna painting is an old tradition, but nowadays it is also becoming popular in some other parts of the world. In India, people also use henna to paint beautiful and detailed patterns on their bodies. This art form has been practiced in India for centuries, mainly among women. It is commonly seen at Indian celebrations, and brides will have their hands and feet painted a few days before their wedding. Traditionally, the darker the paint is, the longer their love for their husband will last. The color rubs off after some time, so it is important for the women to paint themselves as dark as possible. Some young women in Western countries have become interested in it as a way to make themselves beautiful. In this way, traditional art forms become popular in modern society. In Australia, the Aboriginals use colored clay to paint their faces and bodies for special dances and celebrations. For them, body art is an important part of celebrations. They also use body art to communicate and to express their creativity. In fact, the same kind of clay is also used to make art in caves and on rocks. Some cultures have been practicing body art for thousands of years. Learning about these unique forms of cultural expressions is an interesting way of finding about other cultures and societies. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文身作为一种人体艺术，有着悠久的历史。在世界各地， 人们对于文身有着不同的讲究。文章重点介绍了世界上一些国家中关于文身的风俗习惯。 1．According to Paragraph 1, what are tattoos? A．An Indian art. B．A modern invention. C．A form of body art. D．Permanent colored ink. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，当人们一谈到人体艺术，大多数人 会想到文身；再结合第一段最后一句可知，文身也是一种人体艺术。故 C 项正确。 2．Where do Sudanese women paint henna? A．On their faces only. B．On their hair and bodies. C．On their hair only. D．On people’s bodies during dances. 解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第二段第六句“Sudanese women paint henna on their bodies and hair ...”可知，苏丹妇女会在身上和头发上涂花染料。故 B 项正确。 3．Brides in India paint their bodies ________. A．to show their love B．to keep them safe C．to make them popular D．to enjoy special dances 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段第四句可知，印度新娘涂染身体是为了表达对丈 夫的爱。故 A 项正确。 4．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．In Morocco, people use henna painting to express their creativity. B．Sudanese men and women paint themselves only before wedding day. C．In India, people use henna to paint their bodies because it can last forever. D．Australian Aboriginals use the same clay on their bodies and in their artwork. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句和最后一句可知，澳大利亚土著居民在他 们的身体上以及艺术作品上所使用的黏土是相同的。故 D 项正确。 B Preparations are underway around the world for Chinese New Year and celebrations in China will be mirrored across the planet wherever the Chinese diaspora calls home. Here are some Chinatowns for those outside of China wishing to mark the day. London Although it may not be as large or as long built as others, having only become a center for the Chinese community during the 1950s, London ’ s Chinatown is a perfectly formed little firework that knows how to see the year with a bang. Decorated with red lanterns (灯笼), London’s Chinatown has shows with acrobatics (杂技), martial arts (武术), dance and opera nearby. San Francisco San Francisco’s Chinatown is perhaps the most famous in the United States. The city was the main entrypoint for Chinese who had crossed the Pacific to the USA during the early 19th century. Between the Grant Avenue and the Stockton Street, this historic area is a local treasure, attracting more visitors per year than the Golden Gate Bridge. Bangkok With more than 100yearold history, the Thai capital’s Chinatown contains complex streets offering all kinds of tasty treats, clothes, toys and antiques. Sunday market days are such a good time to get the full atmosphere of the neighborhood.The area is also known for its gold dealers, whose shops line the road. Mauritius Found in Port Louis, this Mauritian Chinatown shows the island nation ’ s rich multicultural diversity. Established in the early years of the 20th century by settlers from China, its tiny shops and restaurants serve locals and visitors. During the Chinese Spring Festival, the most exciting sight is the dragon dances on Rue Royale when Chinese musicians and dancers perform the traditional lion dances through the streets. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。春节来临之际，全球的华人都准备庆祝这一传统节日。 本文介绍了海外几处唐人街的相关情况。 5．According to the text, which of the following has the longest history? A．London’s Chinatown. B．Bangkok’s Chinatown. C．San Francisco’s Chinatown. D．Mauritius’s Chinatown. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。伦敦的唐人街建于 20 世纪 50 年代；旧金山的唐人街始于 19 世纪早期；曼谷的唐人街有 100 多年的历史；毛里求斯的唐人街建于 20 世纪早期。对比这 四个时间可知，旧金山的唐人街是最早的，因此历史最悠久。 6．What’s special about Bangkok’s Chinatown? A．It is wellknown for its gold business. B．It is crowded with Chinese restaurants. C．It was the major entrance for the Chinese. D．It is where you can enjoy fireworks. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据对曼谷唐人街情况的介绍中的最后一句“The area is also known for its gold dealers, whose shops line the road.”可知，曼谷的唐人街因黄金交易而出 名。 7．If you want to enjoy the dragon dances, you can go to ________. A．the Chinese community in London B．the Sunday market in Bangkok C．the Grant Avenue in San Francisco D．Rue Royale in Port Louis, Mauritius 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据对毛里求斯唐人街的情况的介绍中最后一句中的“the most exciting sight is the dragon dances on Rue Royale”可知，要想看舞龙表演应去毛里求 斯的皇家大道。 C Everglades National Park (大沼泽地国家公园) is located in the state of Florida. It is the largest wilderness in the entire country and makes up 25% of the wetlands in the state. The park is home to several rare and endangered species. It is also the third largest national park in the US, after Death Valley and Yellowstone. Each year, about 1 million tourists visit the park. On a global level, it has been announced as a World Heritage Site. Unlike most other national parks, Everglades National Park was created to protect an ecosystem (生态系统) from damage. In 1947, President Harry Truman spoke at the official opening of Everglades National Park, saying the goal of creating the park was to protect forever a wild area that could never be replaced. 10,000 different islands make up Everglades National Park. Each of these islands is lived by natural wildlife. The Everglades is home to about 15 species that are endangered. In addition, more than 350 bird species and 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish live within the park. The Everglades is also home to 40 species of mammals and 50 reptile species. There are many ways to explore the Everglades. Visitors can see alligators (短吻鳄) while hiking the Anhinga Trail. The Everglades is one of the only places on Earth where freshwater alligators and saltwater crocodiles live in the same area. Visitors using airboats are likely to see large groups of birds. Some visitors might enjoy riding bicycles through Shark Valley. Others may want to move slowly through waters where they can see insects and wildlife closely. According to experts, changes to the Everglades are becoming a danger to several different kinds of wildlife. They say it is a result of actions the US government began more than 50 years ago, and settlers began even earlier. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了作为世界文化遗产之一，位于美国佛罗里达 州的大沼泽地国家公园。 8．In the first paragraph, we’re mainly told that ________. A．Florida is famous for its wetlands B．the US has three important national parks C．Everglades National Park is of great value D．Everglades National Park is popular with visitors 解析：选 C 段落大意题。在第一段中，作者从多个角度来突出大沼泽地国家公园的重 要性，即强调它的价值所在。 9．How does the author describe the richness of wildlife in the park? A．By listing figures. B．By personally experiencing. C．By making a comparison. D．By carrying on a study. 解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第三段中提到的“more than 350 bird species” “300 species of fresh and saltwater fish” “40 species of mammals”和“50 reptile species”可知， 作者是通过列举数据来描述大沼泽地国家公园野生动物的丰富性的。 10．From the passage, we know that ________. A．in fact Everglades National Park is a big island B．visitors are not allowed to stay in the water in the park C．President Harry Truman first suggested setting up the park D．the park is among the few places where alligators and crocodiles live together 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第三句可知，大沼泽地国家公园是为数不多 的短吻鳄和鳄鱼居住在一起的一个地方。 11．What would be further discussed if the passage is continued? A．What the government has done to protect the park. B．How the park’s environment was badly changed. C．What readers can do to help to save the wetlands. D．How important endangered wildlife is to the world. 解析：选 B 推理判断题。最后一段谈到“the US government”和“settlers”的行为对 大沼泽地国家公园造成了破坏， 而至于如何破坏的没有具体展开。由此可推断， 接下来文 章最有可能谈大沼泽地国家公园的环境是如何被破坏的。 D (2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质量检查) We talk about people being “colourblind” but very few of us are. Even those who describe themselves as colourblind are normally just colour lack. A strongly colourblind person will still be able to tell 20 different colours, compared to the 100 or so that normalsighted people see. Pingelap, a tiny island in the Pacific, is a beautiful spot but one that has a genetic trouble. It is known as colourblind Island because so many people who live on this remote island can only see in black and white. Not being able to see in colour is bad enough. But one islander, Herrol, who ’ s a fisherman, also struggles in full sunlight because all he sees is a painful burntout image. “I find it difficult to go outside in the sun，” he says, “because when it’s sunny I cannot see to do my work.” But if being truly colourblind is rare, why is it that around 10% of the population of Pingelap live in a totally black and white world? Well, we know that in 1780 the population of Pingelap was all but wiped out by a tsunami (海啸). As few as 20 people survived, one of whom was the king. It’s believed he had a genetic fault that causes colourblindness and he passed this fault on to his many generations. There is one advantage. Herrol can see well, really well, in the dark. So when it gets dark, Herrol and his friends get in their boats and hunt flying fish. They hang up flaming torches and the fish are attracted to the flames. “This type of fishing is fun ， ” Herrol says, “especially if we catch plenty. So even though it’s hard work we enjoy it.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。Pingelap 岛因很多居民是色盲而闻名。由于统治该岛的 国王是色盲，他将这一基因遗传给了后代。 12．What is Pingelap famous as? A．A tiny island. B．A beautiful island. C．A mentally troubled island. D．A colourblind island. 解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，Pingelap 因为岛上很多居民是色盲 而出名，故 D 项正确。 13．What can we infer about Herrol? A．He may stay at home when it’s sunny. B．He is interested in burntout images. C．He likes taking photos very much. D．He doesn’t live in Pingelap any more. 解析：选 A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句 Herrol 所说的话可知，Herrol 发现在 阳光下他无法看清东西，所以无法工作；据此可以判断，阳光充足时他可能会待在家里，故 A 项正确。 14．Why are about onetenth of people in Pingelap seriously colourblind? A．Because Pingelap often suffers from tsunamis. B．Because the king had an unlucky marriage. C．Because the king’s genetic fault played a role. D．Because the king made a serious mistake. 解析：选 C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句“It’s believed he had a genetic fault that causes colourblindness and he passed this fault on to his many generations.”可知， 该岛的国王是色盲，他将这一基因遗传给了后代，故岛上很多人是色盲，故 C 项正确。 15．What would be the best title for the text? A．The island of colourblindness B．The disadvantage of Herrol C．The history of Pingelap D．The advantage of colourblindness 解析：选 A 标题归纳题。通读全文尤其是第二段的第二句可知，本文主要介绍了色盲 岛——Pingelap，故 A 项最适合做本文标题。