UNIT 1 A LAND OF DIVERSITY（03悦学知识）2018年高考英语一轮复习（人教选修8）

UNIT 1 A LAND OF DIVERSITY（03悦学知识）2018年高考英语一轮复习（人教选修8）

‎1. compare v.‎ ‎(1)～A and B|～A with/to B 比较；对比 ‎ ☞It is interesting to compare their situation and/with ours.‎ ‎ 把他们的状况与我们的相比很有意思。‎ ‎(2)～with/to sb/sth 与……类似(或相似)‎ ‎ ☞This school compares with the best in the country.‎ ‎ 这所学校可与全国最好的学校媲美。‎ ‎(3)～A to B 表明……与……相似；将……比作……‎ ‎ ☞A teacher’s work is often compared to a candle.‎ ‎ 教师的工作常被比作蜡烛。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ (1)compare notes(with sb.)(与……)交换看法(或意见等)‎ ‎ He is now comparing notes with his coworkers about the job.‎ ‎ 他现在就工作问题正与同事交换意见。‎ ‎ (2)beyond/without/past compare 无与伦比；举世无双 ‎ She is lovely beyond compare.zx.x.k ‎ 她真是可爱得无与伦比。‎ ‎ (3)compared to/with 与……相比(在句中担任状语)‎ ‎ Compared with/to our parents，we are indeed very fortunate.‎ ‎ 与我们的父辈相比，我们确实很幸运。‎ ‎【易混辨析】compare和contrast compare 侧重比较两个或更多东西的异同优劣，强调相同或类似之处。‎ contrast 指比较两个或更多东西之间的差异，侧重不同点。‎ ‎ ☞Compare this with that，and you will see which is better.‎ ‎ 将这个与那个比较一下，你就会知道哪个比较好了。‎ ‎ ☞Her actions contrasted sharply with her promises.‎ ‎ 她的行动与她的诺言有天壤之别。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①Michael’s new house is like a huge palace，________ (compare)with his old one.‎ ‎②Most people work because it’s unavoidable.By________，there are some people who ‎ ‎ actually enjoy work.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①compared【解析】句意：与旧房子相比，迈克尔的新房子看起来就像是一座大宫殿。compared ‎ to/with表 ‎ 示＂与……相比＂，在句中担任状语。‎ ‎2. range n.‎ ‎(1)[C，usually sing.]～(of sth.)一系列 ‎ ☞There is a full range of activities for children.这里有给孩子们提供的各种活动。‎ ‎(2)[C，usually sing.](变动或浮动的)范围，界限，区域 ‎ ☞Several cars are available within this price range.在这个价格范围内，有好几种汽车可供选购。‎ ‎(3)[C&U]视觉(或听觉)范围 ‎ ☞It came within my range of vision.该物体进入了我的视野。‎ ‎(4)[C&U] 射程；射击距离 ‎ ☞The gun has a range of five miles.这炮的射程为五英里。‎ ‎(5)[C] 山脉 ‎ ☞I’m lucky enough to have a chance of admiring the view of the great mountain range of the Alps.‎ ‎ 我非常幸运能有机会欣赏雄伟的阿尔卑斯山脉景色。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ within/in range(of sth.)在可及的范围内，在视觉(或听觉)范围内 ‎ out of range(of sth.)超出……的范围；在视觉(或听觉)范围以外 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎——你能击中树梢上的那只鸟吗？‎ ‎—Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree？‎ ‎——击不中，它在射程之外。‎ ‎—No，it’s________ ________ ________.‎ ‎【答案】out of range ‎3. distinction n.差别；区分；卓著；特点；(给学生的)优等评分 ‎(1)[C]～(between A and B) 差别；区别；对比 ‎ ☞I can’t see any distinction between these two cases.‎ ‎ 我看不出这两个案例有什么不同。‎ ‎(2)[U] 优秀；杰出；卓越 ‎ ☞He is a writer of real distinction.他是一位真正才智超群的作家。‎ ‎(3)[U] 区分；分清；辨别 ‎ ☞The new law makes no distinction between adults and children.这项新法规对成人和孩子同样适用。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ (1)draw/make a distinction between 对……加以区别 ‎ without distinction 无差别地，一视同仁地 ‎ (2)distinct adj.截然不同的；清楚的；明白的；明显的 ‎ be distinct in...from...在某方面与……不同 ‎ (3)distinguish v.区分；辨别；成为……的特征 ‎ be distinguished from不同于； 与……加以区别 ‎ distinguish oneself(as...)使自己与众不同； 使自己出名；使自己受人青睐 ‎ ☞Those two suggestions are quite distinct from each other.这两个建议截然不同。‎ ‎ ☞There is a distinct improvement in your spoken English.你的英语口语有明显的进步。‎ ‎ ☞What was it that distinguished her from her classmates？是什么使得她有别于班上的其他同学？‎ ‎ ☞We should make a distinction between right and wrong.我们应该分清是非。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①Schools________ ________ ________ ________(没有区分)boy and girl students nowadays.‎ ‎②用恰当形式填空 This new suggestion is a/an ________(distinction) improvement from the one I originally made.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①make no distinction between ‎②distinct　句意：这个新建议比我原来提出的有显著的改进。distinct表示＂明显的＂。‎ ‎4. means n.手段；方法(单复数相同)‎ ‎ ☞As is known to us，radio and television are important means of communication.‎ ‎ 无线电和电视是重要的通信手段。‎ ‎ ☞All possible means have been tried，but not a means has worked.‎ ‎ 所有可能的方法都尝试过了，但是没有一种方法奏效。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ a means of communication 一种通信/交流工具 ‎ by means of...用……办法；借助…… ‎ ‎ by this means 用这种方法 ‎ by all means 务必，一定，当然可以 ‎ by any means 无论如何，以一切可能的手段 ‎ by no means 绝不，无论如何也不 ‎ 温馨提示 ‎ (1)by no means放在句首时，句子用部分倒装语序。‎ ‎ ☞By no means am I satisfied with my present income.‎ ‎ 我对目前的收入一点也不满意。‎ ‎ (2)means用作＂方式；方法＂时单复数同形。若是all means ‎ 作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若是every/a means作主语，‎ ‎ 谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎(1)表达＂用这种方法＂，用 with this method/in this way/by this means。‎ ‎(2)表达＂(做)……的方法＂， 用 means/way/method of (doing) sth.；way to do sth.；approach to (doing) sth.。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ Ⅰ. 用介词填空 ‎①The farmers thought of ways________ protect/________ protecting their trees.‎ ‎②People can communicate with each other________means of the Internet.‎ ‎③Each of them suggested a different approach________the problem.‎ ‎④I guess he will carry out his new plan________this method.‎ Ⅱ. 句型转换 ‎ She is by no means an experienced teacher.‎ ‎ →By no means ________________.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎5. majority n.大多数，大半 ‎ ☞She was chosen by a thin majority of 15.‎ ‎ 她以15票的微弱多数票而当选。‎ ‎ ☞The majority is/are doing his/their best.‎ ‎ 大多数人都尽心尽力。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ ‎ (1)the majority 单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。‎ ‎ (2)＂the majority of＋可数名词复数＂作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ ‎ (3)＂the majority of＋不可数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎ ☞The majority of my friends have gone abroad.‎ ‎ 我的大多数朋友都出国了。‎ ‎ ☞The majority of the team has/have arrived.‎ ‎ 大部分队员都到了。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ major adj. 较大的；较多的；主要的 vi. 主修n. 主修课 ‎ major in 主修 ‎ minority n. 少数 ‎ the majority of　大多数……‎ ‎ by/with a majority 以多数，大半 ‎ be in the/a majority 占大部分/大多数 ‎ a majority over sb 超过某人的票数 ‎【图解助记】‎ ‎ 图解majority及其相关词 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①The majority of the boys ________________(反对) the idea.‎ ‎②The majority of the food ________________(被冲走)by the flood yesterday.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①are against ②was carried away ‎6. elect vt.选择；决定做某事；选举某人 ‎ ☞She elected an art course because she was interested in art.‎ ‎ 因为她对艺术感兴趣，所以选择了艺术课。‎ ‎ ☞Like men，women have the right to elect and to be elected.‎ ‎ 妇女享有同男子平等的选举权和被选举权。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ elect to do sth.决定做某事 ‎ elect sb.as选举某人当……‎ ‎ election n.选举 温馨提醒　‎ 在“elect sb.＋职务”表达中，表示职务的名词不加冠词。这类名词常见的有monitor，mayor，chairman，president，captain，head，dean等。‎ ‎☞They elected him chairman of the organization.‎ ‎ 他们选他为该组织的主席。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 单句语法填空。‎ ‎①Increasing numbers of people elect ________ (work) at home nowadays.‎ ‎②We wonder who will win the next ________ (elect).‎ 单句改错。‎ ‎③Obama was elected the president for the second time in November 2012.‎ ‎____________________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】①to work　②election　③去掉第一个the ‎7. percentage n.百分比；百分率 ‎ a percentage of后接名词时，其后面谓语动词的单复数要与所接名词相符合。‎ ‎ ☞What percentage of the earth is covered by oceans？‎ ‎ 地球的百分之几被海洋覆盖着？‎ ‎ ☞What percentage of the students were absent？‎ ‎ 缺席的学生占百分之几？‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ the percentage of...……的百分比，作主语时，谓语动词用 ‎ 单数形式。‎ ‎ ☞The percentage of the students who are admitted to ‎ ‎ universities is 70%.‎ ‎ 被大学录取的学生的百分比是70%。‎ ‎【易混辨析】‎ percent ‎＂百分之……＂，相当于＂%＂，其前一般有具体数字 percentage ‎＂百分比；百分率＂，不用具体数字修饰，常用high，low，large，small修饰，提问时一般用what ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①他已经完成了百分之八十的作业。‎ ‎ Eighty percent of his homework________ ________ ________.‎ ‎②大部分客人已经来了。‎ ‎ ________ ________ ________ ________the guests________come.‎ ‎【答案】①has been finished　②A large percentage of；have ‎8. live on 继续存在；继续生存 ‎ ☞Our government took measures to make this custom live on.‎ ‎ 我们的政府采取措施使这个风俗延续下去。‎ ‎ ☞Mozart is dead but his music lives on.‎ ‎ 莫扎特人已作古，但他的音乐却万世流传。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ live on sth.以……为食；靠……生活(on 是介词)‎ ‎ live for 为……而活着 ‎ live by 靠（手段、方式）为生 ‎ live up to 达到；符合；不辜负 ‎ live with sth.忍受某事 ‎ live out 实践；实现 ‎ live a …life 过着一种……的生活 ‎ live through sth.经历(灾难或其他困境)而幸存 ‎【巧学妙记】‎ The old man lived by collecting waste things rather than on government welfare to live out the rest of his life.‎ 那位老人靠捡废品而不是靠政府的救济金来度过他的余生。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用live短语填空 ‎①The operation turned out to be very successful，and the old man ________ for another ten years.‎ ‎②The scientist’s name will ________ from generation to generation for his great contribution to modern science.‎ ‎【答案】‎ generation to generation可推知科学家的名字会继续流传(live on)下去。‎ ‎9. make a life习惯于新的生活方式、工作等；谋生 ‎ 表示“谋生”的说法常见的有：‎ ‎ make/earn a/one’s living ‎ support oneself ‎ feed for oneself ‎ ☞Mr.Bob made a life by selling newspapers.‎ ‎ 鲍勃先生靠卖报为生。‎ ‎ ☞They went to the West and decided to make a life there.‎ ‎ 他们去了西部地区，决定去适应新生活。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ life相关短语：‎ ‎ come to life 突然苏醒；突然开始工作；突然变得活跃 ‎ live/lead a...life 过着……的生活 ‎ bring…back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气 ‎ come back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气 ‎ full of life 充满生气 ‎ start/make a new life 开始新生活 ‎ put an end to one’s life： kill oneself 自杀 ‎ lose one’s life 失去生命 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①他们在中国定居，习惯了新的生活方式。‎ ‎ They settled down in China and________ ________ ________ for themselves.‎ ‎②新来的教师给我们把法语讲得生动活泼。‎ ‎ The new teacher really________ ________ ________ ________ for us.‎ ‎【答案】①made a life　 ②brought French to life ‎10. keep up坚持；维持；使不低落；继续；持续；沿袭(风俗、传统等)‎ ‎ ☞We sang as we marched to keep our spirits up.‎ ‎ 我们一面行进一面唱歌以保持高昂的情绪。‎ ‎ ☞It costs a lot of money to keep up a car.‎ ‎ 要保养一部车子需要很多钱。‎ ‎ ☞Keep up your courage！鼓足勇气！‎ ‎ ☞People there still keep up old customs.‎ ‎ 那儿的人们仍然沿袭古老的风俗。‎ ‎ ☞I don’t think I can keep this up any longer. 我认为这事我再也坚持不下去。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ keep短语：‎ ‎ keep back(与……)保持距离；抑制；隐瞒 ‎ keep off不接近 keep out挡住；使不进入 ‎ keep away from避开 keep up with赶上；跟上 ‎ keep one’s word /promise履行诺言 ‎ keep...from (doing) sth阻止某人做某事 ‎ keep in touch with与……保持联系 ‎ keep to坚守；遵守；坚持 ‎ keep...in mind记住 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用适当的介词或副词填空。‎ ‎①We will reach the goal if we keep ________ the plan.‎ ‎②The captain tried his best to keep our spirits ________.‎ ‎③He told the boys playing football to keep ________ the grass.‎ ‎④Keep the children away ________ the machine.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ① to　 ②up　 ③off　 ④from ‎11. delight n.‎ ‎(1)不可数名词＂高兴，愉快＂；可数名词＂乐事，令人高兴的事情＂。‎ ‎ ☞She won the game easily，to the delight of all her fans.‎ ‎ 她很轻松地赢得了这场比赛，令她所有的粉丝都很高兴。‎ ‎ ☞This guitar is a delight to play.这个吉他弹起来很惬意。‎ ‎(2)用作及物动词＂使高兴，愉快＂。‎ ‎ ☞His coming delighted all of us.他的到来使我们都很高兴。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ （1）英语中有一些抽象名词，在一定的语境下可以转化为表示具体意义 ‎ 的名词，前面可以加不定冠词，即抽象名词具体化，可以这样用的名词还有：‎ ‎ success(成功的人/事)；failure(失败的人/事)；surprise(令人惊讶的人/事)；‎ ‎ shame(带来耻辱的人/事)；comfort(令人感到安慰的人/事)；‎ ‎ worry(令人感到烦恼的人/事)；beauty(美人或美丽的事)；‎ ‎ envy(令人羡慕的人/事)；shock(令人感到震惊的人/事)；‎ ‎ regret(令人感到遗憾的人/事)；pleasure(令人感到高兴的人/事)…‎ ‎ ☞I want to give you a surprise.我想给你一个惊喜。‎ ‎ （2）delight相关的短语：‎ ‎ be delighted at/by...因……而高兴 be delighted with...喜欢……‎ ‎ take/find delight in...以……为乐 be in high delight 非常高兴 ‎ to one’s delight 使某人高兴的是……＝to the delight of sb.‎ ‎ with delight 高兴地 ‎ ☞I am delighted at the news.听到这个消息我很高兴。‎ ‎ ☞You can find delight in reading.你可以以读书为乐。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①使我高兴的是我可以为上海世博会做些事情了。‎ ‎ ________ ________ ________，I can do something for the Shanghai World Expo.‎ ‎②把我的压岁钱捐给贫穷儿童是件很惬意的事情。‎ ‎ Donating my lucky money to the poor children is________ ________.‎ ‎③在新年晚会上，所有的孩子又唱又跳，非常高兴。‎ ‎ In the New Year’s party，all the children are singing and dancing，________ ________ ________.‎ ‎【答案】①To my delight　 ②a delight　 ③in high delight ‎12. applicant n.申请人 ‎ ☞There were five applicants for the position.有5个人申请那个职位。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ apply vi.申请；适用　vt.应用；运用 ‎ apply for 申请；请求 ‎ ☞He has applied for a post in England.他已申请在英国供职。‎ ‎ apply to 适用于 ‎ ☞What you said doesn’t apply to me.你所说的并不适合我。‎ ‎ apply oneself to 致力于；集中精力做……‎ ‎ applied adj.应用的；适用的 ‎ application n.应用；申请；申请表 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 补全句子 我哥哥在北京申请了一份不错的工作。‎ My elder brother________ ________ ________ ________ ________in Beijing.‎ ‎【答案】applied for a wellpaid job ‎33. customs n. 海关；关税；进口税 ‎ custom 风俗；习惯；传统 ‎ customer n. 顾客；客户 ‎ ☞She was stopped at the Customs and questioned.她在海关被拦住接受了问话。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 要记住customs表＂海关＂后面必须跟s，否则就是错误。并且表海关时，‎ 常和the在一起，customs 首字母要大写。表关税时，首字母不大写。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①His father is ________________(海关官员).‎ ‎②I think ________________(这些有趣的古老风俗) should be preserved.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①a customs officer ②these interesting old customs ‎14.occur vi.发生，出现；存在于 ‎ ☞Thunderstorms often occur in summer.‎ ‎ 雷雨常发生于夏天。‎ ‎ ☞An accident occurred to him.‎ ‎ 他发生了意外事故。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ sth occurs to sb 被想到……；发生在某人身上 ‎ ‎ sth strikes sb ‎ sth come to sb 某人突然想起……‎ ‎ It occurs to sb that-clause ‎ It strikes sb that-clause ‎ ☞It occurred to me to visit my parents.我突然想去探望父母。‎ ‎ ☞A good idea comes to me.我突然想到一个好主意。‎ ‎ 注意：occur通常和介词to搭配，表示＂某人想起，想到＂。‎ ‎【易混辨析】‎ occur ‎＂发生、想到、突然想起＂，当＂发生＂讲时，相当于happen，指偶然事件的＂发生＂。‎ occur结构中主语不能是人，而是想到的事情或it。‎ take place ‎＂发生、举行、举办＂，一般指非偶然性事件的＂发生＂‎ come about ‎＂发生、产生＂，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句 break out ‎＂发生、爆发＂，常指战争、灾难、疾病等事件的发生 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)选词填空：occur to/come about/take place ‎①The idea ________ him in a dream.‎ ‎②How did it ________ that he knew where we were.‎ ‎③The celebration will ________ on Sunday.‎ ‎【答案】①occurred to　②come about　③take place ‎(2)补全句子 ‎①________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(我从未想过)you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.‎ ‎②________ ________ ________ ________(我突然想起)I forgot to turn off the computer.‎ ‎【答案】①It never occurred to me that 　②It hit/struck me that ‎15. indicate vt.指出，指示，指明，表明；暗示 ‎ indicate sth.to sb.向某人指出某物 ‎ indicate that...示意，表明 ‎ as...indicate正如……所示 ‎ ☞A signpost indicated the right road for us to follow.‎ ‎ 一个路标给我们指出了应走的正确道路。‎ ‎ ☞Please indicate clearly which color you require.‎ ‎ 请标明您要求的颜色。‎ ‎ ☞A red sky at night often indicates fine weather the next day.‎ ‎ 夜空呈红色往往预兆第二天天气晴朗。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ There is a great deal of evidence ________ (indicate) that music activities engage different parts of the brain.‎ ‎【答案】indicating ‎16. hire vt.租用；雇用　n.租用；租金 ‎ ☞The bookshop usually hires its books out to those who like to read them.‎ ‎ 书店通常把书租给喜欢读书的人。‎ ‎ ☞The cost includes the hire of the hall.费用包括礼堂租金。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ let out sth.on hire 出租某物 be in the hire of sb.为某人所雇用 ‎ work for hire 当雇工 a hired farmhand 雇农 ‎ For Hire 空车(出租车的标示) for/on hire 出租 ‎【易混辨析】hire，employ与rent hire 指租交通工具(如car、bicycle、taxi、boat)，rent比hire较长期的租用，而且较偏重租金方面。‎ employ 是较正式的用语，一般指大公司聘用职员，如employ a teacher、employ a clerk、employ a manager等。‎ rent 只可用于物件(尤其建筑物类)，常指房屋(或部分)或较大型工具，如house、flat、room、auditorium、hall、stall等。‎ ‎ ☞She hasn’t been employed (＝has not had a job) for six months now.她现在已半年没有工作了。‎ ‎ ☞Is that your own computer，or do you rent it？这电脑是你自己的，还是租来的？‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ It is said that the headmistress________(hire)three months ago will soon________(fire).‎ ‎【答案】hired； be fired　句意：据说三个月前受聘的那位女校长很快就要被解雇。hire表示＂雇用＂；fire表示＂解雇＂。第一个空是过去分词作定语表示被动，第二个空用被动语态表示被解雇。‎ ‎17. authority n.权威；权力；当局；官方 ‎ ☞He is an authority on English.他是英语方面的权威。‎ ‎ ☞You don’t have any authority for entering this house.It’s private.‎ ‎ 你们没有权力进入这所房子，这是住宅。‎ ‎ ☞The authorities have taken measures to protect the trees.‎ ‎ 当局已经采取措施保护这些树。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ abuse one’s authority 滥用职权 ‎ be an authority on 在……方面是权威 ‎ by the authority of 蒙……的许可 ‎ have authority over 对……有权力 ‎ in authority 权力；当权(地位)‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 补全句子 ‎①家长对他们的孩子具有法律权益。‎ ‎ Parents________legal________ ________their children.‎ ‎②这里谁管事？‎ ‎ Who is ________ ________here？‎ ‎③他是法国文学方面的权威。‎ ‎ He is________ ________ ________French literature.‎ ‎④他们无权封闭河道。‎ ‎ They________ ________ ________ ________close the canal.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①have；authority over　②in authority　③an authority on　④have no authority to ‎18. reform vt.& vi.改革；革新；改造　 n.[C，U]改革；改造；改良 ‎☞They’ve reformed the education system to fit in with the new situation.他们改革了教育制度，以适应新的形势。‎ ‎☞The reform in teaching methods is warmly welcomed by students.教学方法的改革受到了学生们的热烈欢迎。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ reform the healthcare system 改革医疗保健制度 ‎ reform oneself　改过自新 ‎ education reform　教育改革 ‎ a reform in teaching methods　教学方法的改革 ‎【跟踪典例】 ‎ 我尽量使他改过自新，但是徒劳无功。‎ I tried________ ________ ________，but in vain.‎ ‎【答案】to reform him ‎19. grasp vt.抓住；领会　n.(常用单数)紧抓；领会；能力所及 ‎ ☞Make sure you grasp the rope with both hands.‎ ‎ 一定要用双手抓紧绳索。‎ ‎ ☞They failed to grasp the full significance of his remarks.‎ ‎ 他们没有领会他的话的全部意义。‎ ‎ ☞She grasped at his coat as he rushed past her.‎ ‎ 他从她身边冲过去时，她使劲抓住了他的上衣。‎ ‎ ☞Peace was not completely beyond his grasp.‎ ‎ 和平并非完全是他力所不及的事。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ （1）grasp sb.by the shoulders/arm/hand ‎ 抓住某人的肩膀/胳膊/手 ‎ grasp a chance/an opportunity抓住机会 ‎ grasp at sth.尽力抓住……‎ ‎ （2）have a good/poor grasp of...对……理解得很好/差 ‎ within one’s grasp为某人力所能及的；为某人所能理解的 ‎ beyond one’s grasp＝beyond the grasp of sb.‎ ‎ 为某人所不能理解的；为某人力所不及的 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①她时刻准备着抓住任何机会去提高英语。‎ ‎ She is ready to________ ________ ________to improve her English.‎ ‎②看来你对这个题目理解得很透彻。‎ ‎ You seem to________ ________ ________ ________ ________the subject.‎ ‎【答案】①grasp any opportunity　②have a good grasp of ‎20. nowhere adv.无处；到处都无 ‎ ☞This animal is found in Australia，and nowhere else.这种动物生长在澳大利亚，别处没有。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ get/go nowhere毫无进展 nowhere to be found/seen哪儿也找不到/看不到 nowhere in sight不可能看见 get sb.nowhere(让某人)毫无进展 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①我们仅有1美元，远不够去买那些可口的食物。‎ ‎ We only had $1 and that was________ ________ ________ to buy some delicious food.‎ ‎②我们就此事讨论了一上午，结果毫无进展。‎ ‎ We discussed it all morning but________ ________.‎ ‎③如果你事事都为你儿子去做，就会让他毫无进展。‎ ‎ If you do everything for your son，you’ll________ ________ ________.‎ ‎21. consist of 由……组成(或构成)，用主动语态 ‎ ☞Our team consists of 15 members. 我们那一队由十五位选手组成。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ consist in 存在于，在于 ‎ consist with 并存；一致；符合 ‎  be made up of ... 由……组成 ‎ ☞Happiness consists in good health.‎ ‎ 幸福寓于健康。‎ ‎ ☞As is known to all，theory should consist with practice.‎ ‎ 众所周知，理论应与实践相一致。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①考试分两部分：笔试和口试。‎ ‎ The exam consists________two parts： a written test and an oral.‎ ‎②在许多美国大学里，获得一个学位需要学习36门课程，每门课程则需一学期。‎ ‎ In many American universities，the total work for a degree _______ _______thirtysix courses，each________for one semester (学期).‎ ‎③Our class is made up of 30 boys and 20 girls.‎ ‎→Our class ________ ________ 30 boys and 20 girls.‎ ‎【答案】①of ②consists of；lasting ③consists of ‎22. team up with 与……合作或一起工作 ‎ ☞They team up with another family to rent a house.他们与另一家合租一所房子。‎ ‎ ☞The two companies have teamed up to produce new software.‎ ‎ 两家公司联手生产新软件。‎ ‎ ☞He teamed up with a friend and set up a trade business.他与一个朋友联合，做起了买卖。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ cooperate with 与……合作 ‎ ☞If you can cooperate with each other，everything ‎ ‎ should run smoothly.如果你们能互相配合，一切都会顺利的。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 他情愿独自经商，而不愿与人合伙。‎ He preferred to go into business alone rather than to________ ________ ________anyone else.‎ ‎23. mark out画线；标出……的界限；选出；选定 ‎ 常用于被动语态，且常与介词for 连用，即mark sth. out for sb. 表示“为某人选定某事”。‎ ‎ ☞A volleyball court had been marked out on the grass.‎ 排球场已经在草坪上画了出来。‎ ‎ ☞This is the study plan marked out for the firstyear students.‎ ‎ 这是为一年级学生制订的学习计划。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ mark down记下；(商品)减价；给低分 ‎ mark for life留下终生的伤痕 ‎ mark up提高；标记 ‎ ‎ mark with以……为标记；以……表明 ‎ make a mark做记号 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①城市的很多街道已被标出来要拓宽。‎ ‎ Many streets in this city have been________ ________for extension.‎ ‎②The children went out together and marked ________a tennis court on the lawn.‎ ‎24. take in ‎(1)包括；囊括；包含 ‎ ☞You can also take in some of the notable architectural monuments.‎ ‎ 你也可以将一些著名的纪念性建筑包括在参观的项目中。‎ ‎(2)欺骗；蒙骗 ‎ ☞Don’t be taken in by his charm—he’s ruthless.‎ 不要被他那迷人的风度所蒙蔽，其实他冷酷无情。‎ ‎(3)理解；领会；记住 ‎ ☞I couldn’t take in the meaning of the word.‎ 我不能够理解这个词的含义。‎ ‎(4)吸入，吞入(体内)‎ ‎ ☞Fish take in oxygen through their gills.‎ 鱼用鳃吸取氧气。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ take down取下；记下；拆卸 ‎ take on开始雇用；呈现；受欢迎 ‎ take back收回；使回想起 ‎ ‎ take off脱下；起飞；开始成功 ‎ take for认为；误认为 take...as...把……理解为/当作 ‎ take over接管；接任 take out带……出去 ‎ take apart拆开 take up占据；开始做 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①变色龙可以变成周围环境的颜色。‎ ‎ The chameleon can________ ________the colours of its background.‎ ‎②给我开了一些止痛药片。‎ ‎ I was given some pills to________ ________the pain.‎ ‎【答案】①take on　 ②take away ‎25. a great/good many许多；很多 ‎ ☞Today a great many students were absent.‎ ‎ 今天有不少学生缺席。‎ ‎ ☞A great many problems have arisen.‎ ‎ 许多问题已经出现了。‎ ‎ ☞A great many of us don’t like speaking English in class.‎ ‎ 我们当中许多人不喜欢在课堂上讲英语.‎ ‎ ☞A great many of the guests joined the picnic in the courtyard.‎ ‎ 许多客人加入到院子里的野餐.‎ 注意：a great many后一般不用of，但后接代词或所修饰的名词前有定冠词the，后接指示代词these，those，物主代词my，their等时，需接of。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ＂许多＂的表达法：‎ ‎ many (of the) ‎ ‎ a great/good many (of the) +可数名词复数+复数谓语 ‎ a large/big/great number of ‎ large/big/great numbers of many a＋可数名词单数＋单数谓语 ‎ much (of the) ‎ a great/ good deal of +不可数名词+单数谓语 a large amount of ‎ ‎ a lot of 可数名词复数+复数谓语 ‎ ‎ lots of + 不可数名词+单数谓语 ‎ plenty of ‎ a large quantity +可数名词复数/不可数名词+单数谓语 ‎ large amounts of +不可数名词+复数谓语 ‎ masses/quantities of+可数名词复数/不可数名词+复数谓语 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 选词填空 ‎ a great many a good many of a great deal of ‎①The song has been sung by________students.‎ ‎②I am in a position to save you________time.‎ ‎③________the students come from Shanghai.‎ ‎【答案】①a great many　 ②a great deal of ③A good many of ‎1. California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.‎ ‎ 加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，却是人口最多的州。‎ ‎(1) the third largest是序数词修饰最高级，意为＂第三大＂。形容词或副词的最高级前面可用序数词修饰，表 ‎ ‎ 示＂第几大/长……＂。‎ ‎ ☞The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长河。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ one of the/among the＋最高级＋名词复数，表示＂最……之一＂。‎ ‎ ☞China is one of the oldest countries in the world.中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。‎ ‎(2) 句中的population意为＂人口＂，还可指＂全体居民＂。population作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形 ‎　　式，但表示＂population＂中的一部分＂成员＂时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。‎ ‎ ☞The population of Australia is more than twenty million.澳大利亚的人口大约是2000多万。‎ ‎ ☞One third of the population of this country are farmers.这个国家三分之一的人口是农民。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ①表示某一地区＂有多少人口＂用have a population of。‎ ‎ ②表示某一地区＂人口多或少＂用large/small，不用many/few。‎ ‎ ③问某一地区＂有多少人口＂用What is the population of...？‎ ‎ /How large is the population of...？‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①补全句子 ‎ Do you know what is ________ ________ ________(非洲的第二长河)river？‎ ‎②用恰当形式填空 ‎ The population of Jiangsu ________ ________(grow)to more than twice what it was in 1949.The figure is now approaching 74 million.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎2. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA，having attracted people from ‎ ‎ all over the world.‎ ‎ 加州的与众不同之处也在于它是美国最具多元文化特征的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。‎ ‎ having attracted people from all over the world为现在分词的完成式担任后置定语，修饰名词state，其作用相当于非限制性定语从句which has attracted people from all over the world ‎。分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎ ☞This new book，(which deals with)dealing with West Africa，was written by professor Smith.‎ ‎ 这是关于西非的一本新书，是史密斯教授写作的。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ 现在分词还可以充当补足语、状语和表语。‎ ‎ ☞I see someone coming out of the room.我看见有人正从房间里出来。‎ ‎ ☞The students came out of the classroom, laughing and talking.‎ ‎ 学生们说着、笑着走出了教室。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①(真题改编·山东)________ (eat)at the cafeteria before，Tina didn’t want to eat there again.‎ ‎②________(see)the film twice，I decided to go to the party instead.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎②Having seen ‎3. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California，no one really knows.‎ ‎ 最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在称之为加利福尼亚的地区的，谁也说不清楚。‎ what we now know as California是一个由what引导的名词性从句，作arrive in的宾语。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ 1. 名词性从句中what与that的区别：‎ ‎ that在名词性从句中不作成分；what在句中作成分。‎ ‎ ☞What he said sounds reasonable.(what作said的宾语)‎ ‎ ☞That our team has won the game has been proved.(That在主语从句中不作成分)‎ ‎ 2. 名词性从句中what与which的区别：‎ ‎ 指代前文已经提到过的对象或范围时，用which，否则用what。‎ ‎ ☞There are many books available.I don’t know which to read.(which指的是前文 ‎ 提到的books的其中一本)‎ ‎ ☞What book do you want to buy？(前文没有提及买什么书或哪一类书)‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ ________ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.‎ ‎4. However，it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.‎ ‎ 然而，可能至少在15000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。‎ ‎ 本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。It is likely that...[＝sb/sth be likely to do (sth)]意思是＂某人、物可能做某事＂。‎ ‎ ☞It is likely that the sports meet will be put off till next week.‎ ‎ ＝The sports meet is likely to be put off till next week.‎ ‎ 运动会有可能推迟到下周举行。‎ ‎☞An accident is likely to happen if you are not careful enough.如不小心，你就可能出事故。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ (1)likely常指从表面迹象来判断有可能，作＂可能的＂的意思解释时常用 ‎ 作表语形容词，主要句法结构有：‎ ‎ sb/sth＋be＋likely＋to do sth；It is likely＋that-clause。‎ ‎ (2)possible表示客观上的可能性，possible常构成的结构有：It is possible(for sb)to do sth；‎ ‎ It is possible＋that-clause。possible作定语时，有时解释为＂合适的＂。‎ ‎ (3)probable表示＂可能发生或实现的＂，比possible的可能性大。常构成的句型有：‎ ‎ sth is probable；It is probable＋that-clause。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用likely，possible，probable完成句子 ‎①They are ________ to be angry with him.‎ ‎②I will do everything ________ to help you.‎ ‎③The home team，far ahead，is the ________ winner.‎ ‎【答案】①likely　②possible　③probable ‎(2)句型转换 You are likely to have forgotten all about it.‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】It is likely that you have forgotten all about it. zx.x.k ‎5. In addition，many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans.‎ ‎ 此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死。‎ ‎(1)本句是一个简单句，过去分词短语brought by the Europeans作后置定语修饰diseases。过去分词短语作定 ‎ ‎ 语时通常后置，而单个的过去分词作定语时通常放在被修饰的名词之前。‎ ‎ ☞What’s the language spoken in that area？那个地区讲的是什么语言？‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message________(hide)within the work.‎ ‎ (2)本句中in addition意为＂此外＂，在句中作状语。‎ ‎ ☞A new security system was installed.In addition，extra guards were hired.‎ ‎ 新的安全系统已经安装。此外，还多雇了一些保安。‎ ‎ ☞When Diane fell，she hurt her arm and，in addition，broke her glasses.‎ ‎ 黛安妮摔倒时，摔伤了胳膊，还摔坏了眼镜。‎ ‎ ☞In addition to giving a general introduction to computer，the course also provides practical experience.‎ ‎ 课程除了对电脑知识作一般介绍外，还提供实际操作的机会。‎ ‎(3)die from死于(事故、灾难等外因)‎ ‎ ☞His grandfather died from an earthquake.他爷爷死于地震。‎ ‎ ☞Her uncle died from a traffic accident.她叔叔死于一起交通事故。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 翻译句子 ‎①越来越多的人死于癌症。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎②车祸受害人因伤死亡。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】①More and more people die of cancer. ②The accident victim died from injuries.‎ ‎6. That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.‎ 这就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。‎ ‎ This/That is why... 意为＂这/那就是……的原因＂，其中why引导的从句在句中作表语，从句表示结果；This/That指代上文提到的事实。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ 句型 意义 引导词功能及从句意义 That’s why...‎ 那就是……的原因 why引导表语从句，从句表示结果 That’s because...‎ 那是因为……‎ because引导表语从句，从句表示原因 The reason why...is that...‎ ‎……的原因是……‎ why引导定语从句并在从句中作状语；that引导表语从句(切记此处不可用because)，that从句表示原因 The reason that (which)...is that...‎ ‎……的原因是……‎ that(which)引导定语从句并在从句中作主语或宾语；第二个that引导表语从句，从句表示原因 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①Tom was ill. That was ________ he was absent from class.‎ ‎ 汤姆病了，那就是他旷课的原因。‎ ‎②Tom was absent from class. That was ____________ he was ill.‎ ‎ 汤姆旷课了，那是因为他病了。‎ ‎③The reason ________ Tom was absent from class was ________ he was ill.‎ ‎ 汤姆旷课的原因是他病了。‎ ‎④The reason ________ Tom made up for being absent from class was ________ he was ill.‎ ‎ 汤姆为旷课编造的理由是他病了。‎ ‎【答案】①why　 ②because　 ③why; that ④that/which; that ‎7. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period，it was the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.‎ 虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到(美国)，但是更大批量的中国移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。‎ ‎ 本句的核心结构为强调句型：It is/was...that...，强调了主语the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast。强调句型It is/was...that/who...的用法归纳如下：‎ ‎(1)强调句型可以强调除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。一般说来，如果被强调部分是人时，用连词that或who；如果被强调部分是物，只能用连词that。强调句型应避免使用when，where，which 等连词。‎ ‎ ☞It was playing computer games that cost the boy a lot of time he ought to have spent on his lessons.‎ ‎ 玩电脑游戏用掉了这个孩子本来应该花在功课上的许多时间。‎ ‎ ☞It is during his spare time that Tom has been studying the situation for several months.‎ ‎ 几个月以来，汤姆一直利用自己的空闲时间研究局势。‎ ‎(2)that/who后的动词的人称和数的变化要与前面的名词或代词一致。‎ ‎ ☞It was I who/that was to blame.该受责备的人是我。‎ ‎ ☞It was only I who am willing to go to see the film.愿意去看电影的人只有我。‎ ‎(3)强调句型的一般疑问句形式：‎ ‎ ☞Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out？第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？‎ ‎ ☞Is it Mr.Li who guided the company through the difficulties？是李先生带领公司渡过难关的吗？‎ ‎(4)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：‎ ‎ ☞Where is it that you are going for your holidays？你打算到哪儿去度假？‎ ‎ ☞How was it that you climb to the top of that building？你是如何爬上楼顶的？‎ ‎(5)强调句型中的特殊形式： It is not until...that.../It is because...that...‎ ‎ ☞It was not until he entered the classroom that he realized that he had forgotten to do the homework.‎ ‎ 直到走进教室，他才意识到忘了做作业。‎ ‎ ☞It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t go to work. 是因为她妈妈病了她才没有去上班。‎ ‎(6)在强调句型中，作主语的关系代词who/that可以省略。‎ ‎ ☞It is he(that/who)worked out the maths problem.是他算出了这道数学题。‎ ‎ ☞It is I (that/who)am teaching them the English song.是我在教他们唱这首英语歌曲。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ It was with the help of the local guide ________ the mountain climber was rescued.‎ ‎8. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups，but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.‎ 人们认为，过不了多久，多种民族的混合将会非常大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或者文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。‎ ‎ it在句子中作形式主语，形成＂It(形式主语)＋is＋过去分词＋that从句(真正主语)＂句式；It’s said/ reported/ announced/ believed that...＂据说/据报道/据宣布/大家认为……＂。‎ ‎ ☞It is reported that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow. 据报道，明天将有一场大雪。‎ ‎ ☞It is hoped that the cost of medical care can be cut down.人们希望医疗费能够降低。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ It’s said/reported/announced/believed that...可转化为 ‎ sb./ sth.be said/reported/announced/believed to do...‎ ‎ ☞It is reported that the famous scientist is from Canada.‎ ‎ →The famous scientist is reported to be from Canada.‎ ‎ 据报道，那位著名的科学家来自加拿大。‎ ‎ 注意：用于＂It is＋v.ed＋that...＂结构的常见动词还有hope，‎ ‎ think，suppose，suggest，require，announce等。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎_______is believed that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger and more prosperous economy.‎ ‎9. To make the crossing between these two great countries seemed as if it would take no time at all！‎ ‎ 从一个大国穿越到另一个大国看起来似乎毫不费时！‎ ‎ 本句是一个主从复合句，不定式作主语，seemed后跟的是as if引导的状语从句。seem的意思是＂似乎，好像，仿佛，看来＂，现将其用法归纳如下：‎ ‎ seem (to be)＋名词/形容词 ‎ seem＋不定式(不定式有时用进行式或完成式)‎ ‎ seem＋like＋名词 ‎ It seems that...看起来……，似乎……‎ ‎ There seems (to be)...似乎有……‎ ‎ It seems as if/though...似乎……(从句常用虚拟语气，如果所述情况实现的可能性较大，则从句用陈述语气)‎ ‎ ☞It seems as if somebody is calling you.好像有人在叫你。(陈述语气)‎ ‎ ☞It seems as though he were very stupid.他似乎很笨。(虚拟语气)‎ ‎ ☞Mary seems (to be) a very clever girl.玛丽看上去是一个非常聪明的女孩。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 补全句子 ‎①你好面熟，我似乎在什么地方见过你。‎ ‎ You look familiar to me.I seem________ ________ ________you somewhere.‎ ‎②According to the shopping list，there________ (seem)a dozen socks.‎ ‎【答案】①to have seen ‎ ②seem to be　there seem(s) to be...＂似乎有……＂，seem的单复数形式由后面的名词决定。‎ ‎10. Apparently he’d been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram’s brakes failed，the ‎ ‎ conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.‎ ‎ 他曾经目睹了一起可怕的交通事故：一辆轨道车刹车失灵，售票员控制不了局面，这辆轨道车连同拉车的马一起从山上滑了下来，很明显这让他感到震惊。‎ ‎(1)本句的主句是apparently he’d been shocked。when引导时间状语从句，该从句含有in which引导的定语从 ‎ 句，修饰accident。in which引导的定语从句中又有三个并列分句：a tram’s brakes failed，the conductor could ‎ ‎ not control the situation和the tram slipped down the hill。‎ ‎(2)现在分词短语dragging the horses with it在此作伴随状语。现在分词(短语)在句中作状语还可表示时间、‎ ‎ 条件、原因、方式、结果等，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。‎ ‎ ☞She greeted me，smiling.她笑着与我打招呼。‎ ‎ ☞He left，saying nothing.他什么也没说就离开了。‎ ‎【巧学助记】‎ ‎ 现在分词(短语)与其逻辑主语是主谓关系；过去分词(短语)与其逻辑主语是动宾关系。‎ ‎ ☞Not having enough hands，we turned to them for help.由于没有足够的人手，我们向他们寻求帮助。‎ ‎ ☞Taught by the teacher，they had made great progress.在老师的教导下，他们取得了很大的进步。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ ________(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.‎ ‎【答案】 Ignoring　句意：忽视这两项研究结果的差异将会是你所犯的最严重错误之一。句子缺少主语，ignore的逻辑主语是you，两者是主谓关系，因此用动名词作主语。‎ ‎11. Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them.‎ ‎ 悲惨的境遇对他们来说似乎是一种惩罚而谈不上公正和自由。‎ ‎ rather than 表示＂而不是＂，是一个并列连词，常用于＂平行结构＂中，它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。 ‎ ‎(1)连接两个名词或代词 ‎ ‎ ☞He is an explorer rather than a sailor.与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 ‎ ‎(2)连接两个形容词 ‎ ‎ ☞The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 ‎ ‎(3)连接两个介词短语 ‎ ☞We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.‎ ‎ 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 ‎ ‎(4)连接两个动名词 ‎ ☞She enjoys singing rather than dancing.她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 ‎ ‎(5)连接两个不定式 ‎ ‎ ☞I decided to write rather than(to)telephone.我决定写信而不打电话。 ‎ ‎ ☞Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad，he sold them at half price.‎ ‎ 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。(注：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。) ‎ ‎(6)连接两个动词 ‎ ‎ ☞He ran rather than walked.他是跑来的，而不是走来的。 ‎ ‎(7)连接两个分句 ‎ ☞We should help him rather than he should help us.是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ would do...rather than do.../would rather do...than do...宁愿做……而不愿做……‎ prefer to do...rather than do...更愿意做……而不愿做……‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 翻译句子 ‎①她宁愿死也不愿背叛国家。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎②我更愿意在家呆着，不想去购物。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①She would die rather than betray her country.(She would rather die than betray her country.)‎ ‎②I prefer to stay at home rather than go shopping.‎ 名词性从句用作主语、宾语和表语 ‎ 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句(Predictive Clause)和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。‎ 一、名词性从句的常用连接词 ‎1. 常用连接词的语法特征 ‎ 引导名词性从句的关联词有：连词三个、连接代词五个、连接副词四个。‎ 词形 词义 在从句中所作的成分 连词 that ‎×‎ ‎×‎ if/whether 是否 ‎×‎ 连接代词 who(ever)‎ ‎（无论）谁（主格）‎ 主语、表语、宾语 whom(ever)‎ ‎（无论）谁（宾格）‎ 表语、宾语 whose(ever)‎ ‎（无论）谁的（所有格）‎ 定语 what(ever)‎ ‎（无论）什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语 which(ever)‎ ‎（无论）哪个 主语、宾语、定语 连接副词 when 什么时候 状语 where 在哪里 状语 why 怎样，怎么 状语 how 为什么 状语 ‎2. 常用连接词的选择标准 ‎(1)根据常用连接词的意义选择，无意义时则选that。‎ ‎(2)根据常用连接词的语法功能，在句中不作任何成分时则选that，whether，if。‎ 二、名词性从句的分类：‎ ‎1.主语从句 ‎ 主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子；通常位于句末，句首则采用it作形式主语。注意，what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。‎ ‎(1) 常以it作形式主语的句型有： ‎ ‎①It is＋形容词＋that...‎ ‎ ☞It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 ‎ ‎②It is＋名词词组(no wonder，an honour，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，common knowledge，a surprise，‎ ‎ a fact，etc.)＋that...‎ ‎ ☞It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遗憾我们不能去。‎ ‎③It is＋过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.)＋that...‎ ‎ ☞It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted.‎ ‎ 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。‎ ‎④It appears/seems that...|It happens that...|It occurred to me that...|It turned out that...‎ ‎ ☞It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果发现没人记得这地址。‎ ‎⑤It doesn’t matter that...|It makes no difference that...‎ ‎ ☞It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。‎ ‎(2)当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 ‎ ‎ ☞Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？他们明天不来很要紧吗？‎ ‎(3)当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。‎ ‎ ☞How strange it is that the children are so quiet！孩子们这么安静真奇怪！‎ ‎2.宾语从句 ‎ 主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。 ‎ ‎(2)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有 ‎ 第一个that可以省略。‎ ‎①Glancing at her scornfully，he told her(that) the dress was sold.‎ ‎ 他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。‎ ‎②The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.‎ ‎ 老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。‎ ‎(2)表示＂心理活动＂的形容词：afraid，anxious，aware，ashamed，annoyed，certain，confident，content，‎ ‎ convinced，determined，disappointed，glad，happy，proud，pleased，sure，surprised，satisfied，thankful，worried等可以后接宾语从句。‎ ‎①He was afraid that he would lose.他担心会输。‎ ‎②I am sure that I put the money in the box.我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。‎ ‎(3)若主句谓语动词为think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy，guess，imagine等，其后的宾语从 ‎ 句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式，这种现象称为＂否定转移＂‎ ‎ 现象(此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never，seldom，hardly，little无此用法)。‎ ‎①I don’t think his decision is wise in reality.实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。‎ ‎②I don’t believe that he is a dishonest man.我认为他是个诚实的人。‎ ‎(4)在think，believe，imagine，suppose，guess，hope等动词以及I’m afraid之后，可以采用so代替一个肯 ‎ 定的宾语从句，也可以采用not代替否定的宾语从句。‎ ‎①—Do you believe the news stories？＂你相信这个新闻故事吗？＂‎ ‎ —I believe so.＂我相信。＂‎ ‎②—Has Anne got into university？＂安妮上大学了吗？＂‎ ‎ —I am afraid not.＂恐怕是没有。＂‎ ‎3.表语从句 ‎ 在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。‎ ‎(1)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。‎ ‎①句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。‎ ‎ ☞The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.‎ ‎ 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。‎ ‎②句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that引导。‎ ‎ ☞The result is that many of them become fat. 结果是他们中许多人发胖了。‎ ‎③由why引导的从句作主语时。‎ ‎ ☞Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible.‎ ‎ 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。‎ ‎(2)as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语 ‎ 气，也可采用直陈语气。‎ ‎①It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。‎ ‎②She treats him as if he were a stranger.她待他如陌生人。‎ 三、名词性从句考点归纳：‎ ‎1.名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。‎ ‎①I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。‎ ‎②She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。‎ ‎2.it充当形式主语或宾语：‎ ‎ 在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。‎ ‎①It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 ‎ ‎②I find it strange that she doesn’t want to travel.她竟不想旅游，我觉得很奇怪。‎ ‎3.在名词性从句中 that与what的差异：‎ ‎ what在从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示＂(＝the thing or things that...； whatever)……的事物； 无论什么；凡是……的事物＂。that本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that常常省略。‎ ‎①What you have done might do harm to others.你所做的事或许对别人有害处。‎ ‎②I spent what little time I had with my family.我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。‎ ‎③No one knows what will happen next.谁也不知道下一步有什么事。‎ ‎④I think(that) you will like the stamps.我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。‎ ‎4.whether和if的差异：‎ ‎（1）引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能采用whether。‎ ‎ ☞Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.‎ ‎ 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ ‎（2）介词宾语只用whether引导。‎ ‎ ☞He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling.‎ ‎ 他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。‎ ‎（3）当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。‎ ‎ ☞Whether he will come or not，I am not sure.我无法确认他是否会来。‎ ‎（4）whether经常与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not。‎ ‎ ☞I don’t know whether or not he’ll come.我不知道他是来还是不来。‎ ‎（5）后接动词不定式时只能用whether。‎ ‎ ☞Can you tell me whether to go or to stay？你能否告诉我是去还是留？ ‎ ‎（6）动词discuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。‎ ‎ ☞We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。‎ ‎5.宾语从句和主句的时态呼应：‎ ‎（1）当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。‎ ‎ ☞Will you tell me how I can keep fit？能告诉我如何保持健康吗？‎ ‎（2）当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态。‎ ‎ ☞Jack told me that he had been there twice.杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。‎ ‎（3）当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时，仍然采用一般现在时。‎ ‎ ☞Long ago，people knew that there are four seasons in a year.‎ ‎ 很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。‎ ‎6.连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever引导名词性从句的含义：‎ ‎（1）whoever的用法：‎ ‎①(＝the person or people who...)……的那个人 ‎ ☞Whoever said that？到底谁讲的这话？‎ ‎②(＝any person who...)……的任何一个人 ‎ ☞Tell whoever you like； it makes no difference to me.‎ ‎ 你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁——对我来说都无所谓。‎ ‎（2）whatever的用法：‎ ‎①(＝any or every)任何；每一 ‎ ☞Take whatever action is needed.采取任何必要的措施。‎ ‎②(＝anything or everything)任何事物；一切事物 ‎ ☞You must do whatever is best for you.什么对你最有利你就得做什么。‎ ‎③(表示做什么或发生什么都没关系，因为结果都一样)无论什么，不管什么 ‎ ☞You have our support，whatever you decide.不管你做何决定，都会得到我们的支持。‎ ‎（3）whichever的用法：‎ ‎①(表示什么特征或品质在作决定时重要)……的那个；……的那些 ‎ ☞Take whichever hat suits you best.挑个最适合你戴的帽子。‎ ‎②无论哪个；无论哪些 ‎ ☞Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 ‎ ‎7.虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用：‎ ‎（1）主语从句 ‎ ☞It is necessary that he(should)come to see us.他有必要来看望我们。‎ ‎（2）宾语从句 ‎ ☞The teacher suggested that we(should)have a rest.老师建议我们休息一会儿。‎ ‎（3）表语从句 ‎ ☞My suggestion is that we(should)read English newspapers to improve our English.‎ ‎ 我的建议是我们应该阅读英文报纸来提高我们的英语水平。‎ ‎8.it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 ‎ it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that，被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。‎ ‎①It’s a pity that he missed the opportunity to travel abroad.他错过了去国外旅游的机会，真是可惜。‎ ‎②Who was it that won the World Cup in 2014？谁赢得了2014年的世界杯？ ‎ 介绍地点的说明文 ‎ 描写一个地方时，在整体介绍的基础上，要突出这一地方最独特的方面，尽可能使你所描写的地方给读者留下独一无二的深刻印象。‎ ‎1．如果你描写的地方是名山大川、园林等，那么描写的重点是其形、色、态等自然风光方面的特点；‎ ‎2．如果你描写的是名胜古迹或文化气息浓厚的地方，那么描写的重点应该是历史古迹、社会价值等方面的 ‎ ‎ 特点；‎ ‎3．如果你描写的是一个城市，那就要向读者清晰地描述这个地方的地理位置、人口状况、资源特色等地方 ‎ 特征；‎ ‎4．注意把握时态，在此类写作中，各种时态可以兼用。‎ ‎1．位置 ‎ ...lies near/behind/in front of/by the side of/between/among/...‎ ‎ ...stands at the foot of/on the top of ...‎ ‎ Standing on the top of the mountain，...has seen many views in this area.‎ ‎2．人口 ‎ ...has a small population of ...‎ ‎ ...is a developing country, with a population of 130 million.‎ ‎ The population here is increasing year by year.‎ ‎3．面积 ‎ Tian’anmen Square, one of the largest city squares in the world, covers an area of ...‎ ‎ Tian’anmen Square, covering an area of ..., is one of the largest city squares in the world.‎ ‎4．历史 ‎ ...has a history of over ...years.‎ ‎ Built in the 16th century, the building has witnessed many comings and goings in history.‎ ‎5．名胜 ‎ In Beijing, there are many places of interest, such as ...‎ ‎ ...in Beijing is one of the most well-known places of interest in the world.‎ ‎ ...is the biggest city in ...which has many places of interest, among which is ...‎ ‎ ‎