专题06+阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题（讲）-2019年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题06+阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题（讲）-2019年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

‎【构建知识体系】‎ 词义猜测题 考点1 猜测词义题 考点2猜测短语题 考点3 猜测指代题 考点4 猜测句意题 ‎2016-2018年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ 第一节 主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。‎ 说明文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。‎ 说明文 文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。‎ 记叙文 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。‎ 说明文 第二节 主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2017‎ 第一节 文章主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎7‎ ‎5‎ ‎2‎ 记叙文 救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。‎ 文章讲述了为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，联合国教科文组织 把4月30号定为了国际爵士乐日。然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人联接起来，爵士乐应该也随之进步。‎ 说明文 文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ 科普说明文 第二节 文章讲述了三年前，作者对露营一无所知，也不认为自己会喜欢露营。然而后来有过几次露营的经历，作者和他的家人开始爱上了露营，甚至为露营购买了设备齐全的房车。作者认为露营是回归大自然的一个方式，也建议读者找到适合自己的回归自然的方式。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2018‎ 第一节 本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎8‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。‎ 记叙文 议论文 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。‎ 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。‎ 科普说明文 第二节 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。 ‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2016-2018年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ B 主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。‎ 记叙文 C 主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。‎ 说明文 D 主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。‎ 记叙文 ‎2017‎ A 介绍了4‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎5‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ 则有关戏剧的广告。分别介绍了四个用不同语言演绎莎士比亚戏剧的文化盛事。‎ B 作者用深情追忆了自己和Paul Newman因为志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。‎ 记叙文 C 本文比较详尽地介绍了新型交通工具——陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。‎ 说明文 D 文章通过两位科学家的研究发现，植被也有奇特的自我保护和协作抗击害虫的方式。‎ 科普说明文 ‎2018‎ A 本文是一篇广告布告类说明文。文中讲述了家长和孩子一起挑选可以参加的活动。文中分别对这些活动的名称，活动内容，活动特色和活动组织工作人员还有活动的价格进行了详细的描述。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎6‎ ‎7‎ ‎1‎ B 本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。‎ 说明文 C 据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report 说明文 报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。‎ D 这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。‎ 议论文 ‎2016-2018年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎10‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ B 文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。‎ 记叙文 C 介绍了苹果节的一些情况。‎ 说明文 D 讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。‎ 议论文 ‎2017‎ A 介绍了旧金山消防车旅游的四个旅游项目：旧金山酒庄之旅，五十年代怀旧之旅，万圣节幽灵之旅和假日花灯展之旅。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎1‎ B The Plaza Theater，一座带着一座城市记忆的剧院，由于种种原因，要面临关门歇业。临关门前，老板选了一部合适的老电影播放。伤心的观众眼含不舍的泪水。‎ 记叙文 C 生物链中任何一个环节出了问题都会对生态造成灾难性的破坏。黄石公园由于人类活动导致灰狼几近消失，幸亏当地政府采取措施引进灰狼，亡羊补牢，逐渐恢复了生态平衡。‎ 科普说明文 D 主要介绍了为老年人研制的一款电动汽车。‎ 说明文 ‎2018‎ A 文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎8‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ B 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。‎ 说明文 C 这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。‎ 新闻报道 D 议论文 文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。‎ ‎【考纲解读】‎ 考试大纲 要求 考纲解读 要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。‎ 考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。‎ 主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。‎ ‎【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向 ‎1.C【2018·全国I】‎ Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade, industrialization. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400;‎ ‎ and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.‎ ‎ Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.‎ ‎29. Which of the following best explains "dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？‎ A. Complex. B. Advanced.‎ C. Powerful. D. Modem.‎ ‎【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。 ‎ ‎2.B【2018·全国II】‎ Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.‎ Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.‎ When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.‎ If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding ‎ the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.‎ ‎26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?‎ A. A dessert. B. A drink.‎ C. A container. D. A machine.‎ ‎3.D【2018·全国III】‎ Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.‎ I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)‎ For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.‎ We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.‎ ‎32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?‎ A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.‎ C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.‎ ‎【高考预测】‎ 纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2019年全国高考试题还会 ‎①Ⅰ卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.6。‎ ‎②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。‎ ‎【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点　‎ 考点一 猜测词义题 ‎【例1】B【2018·浙江】‎ ‎ Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. ‎ ‎ Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.‎ ‎ Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today ‎ The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The ‎ stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.‎ ‎ Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.‎ ‎25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Bans on plastic bags.‎ B. Effects of city development.‎ C. Headaches caused by garbage.‎ D. Plastic bags hung in trees.‎ ‎【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。 ‎ 规律方法1： 如何解决猜测词义题？‎ 此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转 化法和合成法，高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题主要集中表现为派生和合成两种形式。有的题需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ B【河北衡水中学2019届高三上学期期中】‎ At your next meeting, wait for a pause in conversation and try to measure how long it lasts.‎ Among English speakers, chances are that it will be a second or two at most. But while this pattern may be universal, our awareness of silence differs dramatically across cultures.‎ What one culture considers a confusing or awkward pause may be seen by others as a valuable moment of reflection and sign of respect for what the last speaker has said. Research in Dutch and also in English found that when a silence in conversation stretches to four seconds, people start to feel uneasy. In contrast, a separate study of business meetings found that Japanese people are happy with silences of 8.2 seconds — nearly twice as long as in ‎ Americans’ meetings.‎ In Japan, it is recognized that the best communication is when you don’t speak at all. It’s already a failure to understand each other by speaking because you’re repairing that failure by using words.‎ In the US, it may originate from the history of colonial (殖民地) America as a crossroads of many different races. When you have a complex of difference, it’s hard to establish common understanding unless you talk and there’s understandably a kind of anxiety unless people are verbally engaged to establish a common life. This applies also to some extent to London.‎ In contrast, when there’s more homogeneity, perhaps it’s easier for some kinds of silence to appear. For example, among your closest friends and family it’s easier to sit in silence than with people you’re less well acquainted with.‎ ‎8. What does the underlined word “homogeneity” in the last paragraph mean?‎ A. Similarity. B. Contradiction.‎ C. Diversity. D. Misunderstanding.‎ ‎【8题详解】‎ 词句猜测题。根据下文的举例可知，越亲密的人，越容易出现沉默，因此推断画线句句意是：相比而言，当有更多相似时，也许沉默更容易出现。故画线词意思与similarlity意义相近。故选A。‎ 考点二 猜测短语题 ‎【例2】C【浙江省2018年11月高考英语】‎ I start every summer with the best of intentions:to attack one big book from the past, a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious. Often the pairings of books and settings have been purely accidental: "Moby Dick" on a three-day cross-country train trip: “The Magic Mountain” in a New England beachside cottage with no locks on the doors, no telephones or televisions in the rooms, and little to do beyond row on the salt pond. Attempting "The Man Without Qualities" on a return to Hawaii, my native state, however, was less fruitful: I made it through one and a quarter volumes (册), then decided that I'd got the point and went swimming instead.‎ But this summer I find myself at a loss. I’m not quite interested in Balzac, say, or “Tristram Shandy.” There’s always War and Peace, which I've covered some distance several times, only to get bogged down in the "War" part, set it aside for a while, and realize that I have to start over from the beginning again, having forgotten everyone’s ‎ name and social rank. How appealing to simply fall back on a favorite-once more into “The Waves” or “Justine,” which feels almost like cheating, too exciting and too much fun to properly belong in serious literature.‎ And then there’s Stendhal’s “The Red and the Black,” which happens to be the name of my favorite cocktail (鸡尾酒) of the summer, created by Michael Cecconi at Savoy and BackForty. It is easy to drink, and knocking back three or four seems like such a delightful idea. Cecconi's theory: "I take whatever’s fresh at the green market and turn it into liquid." The result is a pure shot of afternoon in the park, making one feel cheerful and peaceful all at once, lying on uncut grass with eyes shut, sun beating through the lids...‎ ‎28. What do the underlined words "get bogged down" in paragraph 2 mean?‎ A. Get confused. B. Be carried away.‎ C. Be interrupted. D. Make no progress.‎ ‎【解析】‎ ‎【分析】‎ 这是一篇记叙文。作者喜欢暑期旅游读书，并和我们分享了自己读书的体会。‎ 规律方法2：如何解决猜测短语题?‎ 猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它 的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ B【安徽省黄山市普通高中2019届高三11月“八校联考”】‎ In a recent announcement, Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）said that they have joined forces to offer free online courses in an effort to attract millions of online learners worldwide.‎ Beginning this fall, a number of courses developed by teachers at both universities will be offered online through a new $60 million program, known as edX. “Anyone with an Internet connection anywhere in the world can use our online courses,” Harvard President Drew Faust said during a meeting to announce the plan.‎ MIT has offered a program called OpenCourseWare for ten years that makes materials from more than 2,000 classes free online. It has been used by more than 100 million people. In December, the school announced it also would begin offering a special certificate, known as MITx, for people who complete certain online courses. Harvard ‎ has long offered courses to a wider population through a similar program.‎ The MITx will serve as the foundation for the new learning platform.‎ MIT President Susan Hockfield said more than 120,000 people signed up for the first MITx course. She said Harvard and MIT hope other universities will join them in offering courses on the open-source edX platform.‎ ‎“Fasten your seatbelts,” Hockfield said.‎ Other universities, including Stanford, Yale and Carnegie-Mellon, have been experimenting with teaching to a global population online.‎ The Harvard-MIT program will be monitored by a not-for-profit（非盈利的）organization based in Cambridge, to be owned equally by the two universities. Both MIT and Harvard have provided $30 million to start the program. They also plan to use the edX platform to research how students learn and which teaching methods and tools are most successful.‎ ‎7. The underlined part in the text probably means “ ”.‎ A. Get ready for the difficulties B. Get ready for this educational change C. Get prepared to complete the online courses D. Get prepared to make materials for the edX courses ‎【解析】‎ 本文为新闻报道类文体。文章报道了Harvard和MIT联手向全球免费提供网上课程的事情。‎ 考点三 猜测指代题 ‎【例3】B【辽宁省大连八中2019届高三上学期统练二】‎ I spent most my twenties working for the National Park Service, and I lived a wide variety of government housing, including several shabby but appealing old houses where the wild creatures outnumbered humans. Sometimes I wondered, lying awake at night, how many hearts beat inside those walls. With all that lovely national park habitat protected for their use, why did the animals need to live in my house?‎ My latest essay “The indoor wilds at outdoor parks,” revisits my experiences with wild (non-human!) roommates and officemates in Rocky Mountain National Park. At first, they were considered annoying but not ‎ dangerous. Attitudes changed dramatically when hantavirus (汉他病毒) came on the scene, and suddenly those cute, non-housebroken deer mice became a threat. When I moved on to Canyonlands National Park, I found that every effort had been made to seal off my house from four-footed intruders. These efforts mostly worked and later employees moved into new housing. But somehow a rat still managed to chew its way through the floor and drown itself in my toilet. I’m not even going to get started about my coworkers, experiences with other much scarier animals.‎ The Beaver Meadows Vistor Center in the story was designed by Tailiesin Associated Architects, Frank Lloyed Wright’s firm, after Wright’s death. Working there, I always thought the building was strange. I recently revisited the building while researching a children’s book I am writing about the park. I think I get it now, at least a little.‎ ‎4. What does the underlined word “their” in Paragraph 1 refer to?‎ A. Some park visitors’. B. Endangered animals’.‎ C. The author’s coworkers’. D. The author’s wild roommates’.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 本文是一篇记叙文，作者之前一直在自然保护区里和野生动物生活在一起，一些动物感染病毒，人们对它们的态度就发生了变化。 ‎ 规律方法3：如何解决猜测指代题？‎ 此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则——代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代 要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ C【山东省师大附中2019届高三上学期第二次模拟考试】‎ Sometimes we may find that every week there are a lot of new stories about how climate change is affecting the planet, or new plans to battle its effects. But the concept itself isn't new at all --- in fact, scientists have been exploring questions about climate change for almost 200 years.‎ The idea of “greenhouse gases” goes back to 1824, when Joseph Fourier wondered what was regulating the earth's temperature. Fourier concluded that the atmosphere must be responsible for containing the heat absorbed from ‎ the sun and described it as a box with a glass lid: As light shines through the glass, the inside gets warmer as the lid traps the heat. As Fourier's ideas spread, it came to be called “the greenhouse effect”.‎ Scientists continued to study the greenhouse effect. Not until a Swedish chemist named Svante Arrhenius came along, did scientists understand how global warming actually works. After years of work, Arrhenius determined that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere did in fact have a direct effect on global temperatures.‎ Arrhenius found that CO2, and other gases trap radiation, which warms the atmosphere. Arrhenius was the first to suspect that burning coal could contribute to the greenhouse effect. But Arrhenius welcomed the warming effect on the planet. At a lecture later that year, Arrhenius noted that creatures of a warmer earth “might live under a milder sky and in less barren surroundings”.‎ While Arrhenius' findings won him the 1903 Nobel Prize in chemistry, scientists kept debating whether the greenhouse effect was increasing until 1950, when researchers finally began to find strong data supporting it. By the end of the 1950s, American scientists had been sounding the alarm on the long-term consequences of climate change. Climate change research has come a long way since Fourier first described the greenhouse effect – still, maybe Arrhenius should have been more careful of what he wished for.‎ ‎8. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The atmosphere.‎ B. The greenhouse effect.‎ C. The climate change.‎ D. The heat from the sun.‎ ‎【8题详解】‎ 词义猜测题。根据第二段Fourier concluded that the atmosphere must be responsible for containing the heat absorbed from the sun and described it as a box with a glass lid:得知科学家Fourier得出结论大气层要为保存太阳发向地球的热量负责，把大气层描述成一个带着玻璃盖子的盒子。故选A。‎ 考点四 猜测句意题 ‎【例4】When international aid is given，steps must be taken to ensure(确保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended.The way to achieve this may not be simple.It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly ‎ to people in another nation.The United Nations Organization(UNO) could undertake to direct the distribution of aid.Here however rises the problem of costs.Also tied with this is time.Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.‎ More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster，it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times.A common proverb says，“Give me a fish and I eat for a day，teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying，it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves.For example，a country could share its technology with another.This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even a small country is ‎ able to help less developed nations.Sometime what is taken for granted，like the setting up of a water purification plant or the administration of a school，could be useful for countries which are looking about to solve common problems.It does not cost much to share such simple things.Exchange students could be attached for a number of months or years and learn the required craft while on the site.They can then take their knowledge back to their homelands and if necessary come back from time to time to clear doubts or to update themselves.Such aid will be truly helpful and there is no chance of it being temporary or of it falling into the wrong hands.‎ Many countries run extensive courses in all sorts of skills.It will not cost much to include deserving foreigners in these courses.Besides giving effective help to the countries concerned，there is also the buildup of friendships to consider.Giving direct help by giving materials may be effective in the short run and must continue to be given in the event of emergencies.However，in the long run what is really effective would be the sharing of knowledge. (2013·江西，B)‎ ‎62．What does the author try to express in the underlined sentence? ‎ A．Providing food is vital.‎ B．Learning to fish is helpful.‎ C．Teaching skills is essential.‎ D．Looking after others is important.‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意理解题。划线句子的意思是“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”，教授技巧和知识更重要。‎ 规律方法4：如何解决猜测句意题？‎ 此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题 时只要通过阅读文章，对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ D【重庆市（区县）2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试11月调研】‎ A study, conducted by David Evans of the World Bank and Anna Popova of Stanford University, looked at 19 programs around the world in which individuals were given cash transfers from the government, either as a handout or as a “reward” for something like getting kids to school on time or taking them to the doctor for checkups．‎ Evans and Popova looked at the impact those cash transfers had on the family budget and whether or not they led to an increase in spending on alcohol and cigarettes ．What they found was that they almost always led to a reduction in a family’s alcohol and tobacco purchases．‎ The news may surprise some people, but it’s true, and the researchers have several theories about why．‎ One theory is that the cash transfer made things possible that once seemed impossible ． Investing in their kids’ education or buying healthier and more expensive foods may be within reach now, but without the cash handout, these goals weren’t even a possibility．So families cut back on other expenses (like alcohol and tobacco) to make those dreams a reality．‎ Another theory is that people just generally seem to do what they’re told．If they are given money and told to use it for their family’s welfare, in most cases, they will do just that．And that leads to the third theory: These cash transfers are usually given to women, and studies show that when women control the purse strings, more money is spent on taking care of their children．‎ Whatever the reason for the trend, the data is clear—families that receive cash handouts don’t waste the money on booze and cigarettes as was previously thought ． Instead, they typically use that money for the benefit of their families．And that’s money well spent．‎ ‎14. In paragraph 5, when the author said “women control the purse strings”, he just meant “ ”．‎ A. women are told what to do B. women are given the money C. women know what to do with the money D. women have the final word for money ‎【14题详解】‎ 猜测句意题。根据横线句前一句“These cash transfers are usually given to women…”可知当汇款给了女性以后，通常都会有比较好的结果。故划线句指“女性控制花钱的话语权”。故D项正确。‎