专题19 阅读理解——说明文类-2018年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列

专题19 阅读理解——说明文类-2018年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列

专题19 阅读理解——说明文类 方法与技巧 题型介绍：‎ 材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。‎ 命题形式：‎ 命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。‎ 方法概述 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡‎ ‎【试题特点】 ‎ ‎　　① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡ ‎ ‎　　② 贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡ ‎ ‎　　③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡‎ ‎ (4)科学方法图示判断题 ‎ 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。‎ 命题方式 考点一、细节事实理解。‎ 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。 细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。‎ 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问 ‎1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? ‎2.Which of the following is not mentioned? ‎3.All of the following are true except... ‎4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？‎ ‎1.直接事实题 ‎ 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：‎ A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.‎ This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.‎ This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.‎ Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .‎ A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B ‎【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。‎ ‎2.间接事实题 ‎ 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。‎ Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.‎ Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.‎ ‎“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won ‎ the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.‎ Q：Which of the following is NOT true?‎ A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.‎ B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.‎ C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.‎ D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.‎ ‎【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 ‎ ‎3、数据推算。‎ If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .‎ A.$100　 B.$300　 C.$350　 D.$400 ‎ 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：‎ ‎1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。‎ ‎2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。‎ ‎3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。‎ 考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。‎ 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容 ‎1.短文的标题（title,headline）； ‎2.短文或段落的主题（subject）； ‎3.中心思想(main idea)； ‎4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。 二、此类题的设问方式 ‎1.What would be the best title for the text? ‎2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? ‎3.What is the passage mainly about? ‎4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考点三、推理推断。‎ 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。 此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有： ‎1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. ‎2.What can be inferred from the Passage? ‎3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? ‎4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. ‎5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. ‎6.The writer implies that__________. ‎7.It can be inferred that__________. ‎8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. ‎9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. ‎10.From the text we can conclude that__________. ‎11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. ‎12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? ‎13.The author is inclined to think that__________. ‎14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________. ‎15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? ‎16.In the writer’s opinion,... 考点四、词义、句义猜测。‎ 词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。 此类题的设问方式主要有 ‎1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by... ‎2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests... ‎3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to... ‎4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。‎ ‎1.定义法。如:‎ Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.‎ 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火”。‎ It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.‎ 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。‎ The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.‎ 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。‎ ‎2.同位法。如:‎ They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.‎ 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。‎ We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.‎ 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。‎ ‎3.对比法。如:‎ She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。‎ ‎4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:‎ Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?‎ possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。‎ ‎5.因果法。如：‎ The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。‎ 体验高考 ‎1.【2017·全国新课标I】D A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic ‎ tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.‎ ‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.‎ ‎ Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. ‎ ‎ The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink. ‎ ‎32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?‎ A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.‎ C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.‎ ‎33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The tube. B. The still.‎ C. The hole. D. The cup.‎ ‎34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?‎ A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.‎ C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.‎ ‎35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .‎ A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole C. the open air D. beneath the sheet ‎【答案】‎ ‎【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ ‎32.D 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包，系在腰间。说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，portable表示“轻便的;手提的”，故选D。‎ ‎34.C 细节题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock“放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去”，故选C。‎ ‎35.D 推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里。所以水滴是凝聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高同学们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。这类试题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测、以及对it/they/them等代词的确指对象的判断等。‎ 做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，考生要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，要掌握以下六种解题技巧：‎ 技巧 1 定义法：一般通过定义/定语从句/词组或同位语从句来确定词义。 ‎ 技巧 2 对比法：利用文中的反义词、表对比关系的词猜测词义。 ‎ 技巧 3 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。 ‎ 技巧4 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。 ‎ 技巧5 构词法：在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。 ‎ 技巧6 根据文段中出现的同义、近义或反义词的意思进行判断。 ‎ 技巧7 根据句子结构进行判断。 ‎ 技巧8 根据文章的背景进行判断。 ‎ 技巧9 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。‎ 本篇阅读中的第33小题就属于词义猜测题。考生可以根据技巧9 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义来选择正确答案。划线短语the water catcher很简单，考生一看就知道是“获得水的物品”的意思，在蒸馏器整个装置中，接水的东西就是杯子，这根据常识也知道的，因此很容易错选为D选项。如果考生仔细读划线短语所在的句子Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity就会发现一个关键的单词productivity。productivity表示“生产效率，工作效率”，杯子接水是它本来的功能，不会因为环境变化而加快聚水或减慢聚水。在潮湿的地方挖洞是因为潮湿的土中含有的水相对丰富，水蒸气蒸发凝成水珠就快些，这和水杯完全没有关系。所以结合上下文可知，the water catcher指的是蒸馏器整个装置。‎ ‎2. 【2017·全国新课标II】C ‎ Terrafugia Inc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.‎ Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.‎ ‎ Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The govemment has already permitted z&xxkthe company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety siandards.‎ Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and ‎ complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition,a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.‎ ‎28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.‎ C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.‎ ‎29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?‎ A. It causers traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate.‎ C. It is very expensive. D. It bums too much fuel.‎ ‎30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?‎ A. Cautious B. Favorable.‎ C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.‎ ‎31. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s Fist Flight C.Pilots’Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述Terrafugia公司，研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。‎ 21. 主旨大意题。根据“The wehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知，本段主要是对Transition的构架进行了介绍。故选A。‎ 22. 细节理解题。根据“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000”可知，因为Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。‎ 23. 细节理解题。根据“he govemment has already permitted z&xxkthe company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf”可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。‎ ‎3. 【2017·全国新课标II】D When a leafy plant is under attack ，it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983,two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.‎ ‎ Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.‎ ‎ Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the attackers . zxx|k Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.‎ ‎ In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.‎ Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. ‎ ‎ Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.‎ ‎32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises.     B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly    D. It sends out certain chemicals. 33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3? A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.‎ ‎34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .‎ A.predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary ‎35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A.The word is changing faster than ever.‎ B.People have stronger senses than before C.The world is more complex than it seems D.People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.‎ ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。首先提出，当多叶植物受到攻击时，不会坐以待毙这一论点，并围绕这一论点展开叙述。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs ，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。‎ 21. 细节理解题。根据“reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。‎ 22. 词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，（ ），然后这些攻击者就会成为植物的午餐，根据语境，故选C。‎ 23. 细节理解题，根据“ In study after study,　it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,　but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”，可知，植物在必要的时候会通过分泌化学物质，通知周围的植物保持警惕。故选D。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文33题属于词义猜测题。我们可以根据后句“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”中的lunch,说明攻击者会成为午餐以及“When a leafy plant is under attack ，it doesn’t sit quietly植物受到攻击时，不会坐以待毙”，故the tables are turned意为“The plants get ready to fight back.植物准备反击”。本题属于典型的理由上下文语境推测。‎ 近几年高考阅读中猜测词义考查方法多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测将会越来越多。根据上下文语境作出判断：有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义域解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。‎ ‎4. 【2017·新课标III】C After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone‎ ‎National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.‎ Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.‎ The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf – grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’ s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’ s beavers.‎ As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.‎ ‎ The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.‎ ‎28.What is the text mainly about?‎ A. Wildlife research in the United States.‎ B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.‎ C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.‎ D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.‎ ‎29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?‎ A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.‎ ‎30.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？‎ A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income.‎ C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.‎ ‎31.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？‎ A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。因为人类活动影响到灰狼数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而造成植被遭到大量破坏。‎ ‎【名师点睛】词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解中常见的题型，一般考查对生词的猜测、熟词生义词的猜测、短语的猜测、代词的指代以及句子的理解。要求考生掌握构词法，还要学会利用上下文语境、利用定义、解释、举例和对比转折等线索来进行判断推测。而构词法也是一种猜词的办法，比如通过前缀：dis-， un-，im-等等，如本题中的displace。‎ ‎30. A细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；而且红狐和海狸也不断减少，由此推断灰狼的消失引起了当地生态的破坏。‎ ‎31. B推理判断题。根据文章末段末句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，是很值得推广的。‎ ‎5.【2017·新课标III】D The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.‎ ‎ Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.‎ ‎ Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.‎ ‎ These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”‎ ‎ “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”‎ Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. “For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in ‎30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.‎ ‎ “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”‎ ‎32.What is the purpose of the Drivel AB?‎ A.To explore newmeans of transport.‎ B.To design new types of cars.‎ C.To find out older driver`s problems.‎ D.To teach people traffic rules.‎ ‎33.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?‎ A.It keeps them independent.‎ B.It helps them save time.‎ C.It builds up their strength.‎ D.It cures their mental illnesses.‎ ‎34.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?‎ A.Improve their driving skills.‎ B.Develop driver-assist technologles.‎ C.Provide tips on repairing their cars.‎ D.Organize regular physical checkups.‎ ‎35.What is the best title for the text?‎ A.A new Model Electric Car B.A Solution to Traffic Problem C.Driving Service for elders D.Keeping Older Drivers on the Road ‎【文章大意】为了了解老年司机所面临的问题，科研人员研制出DriveLAB，目的是能够帮助他们延长驾龄，从而保持积极、健康生活方式，而不依赖别人。‎ ‎34. B推理判断题。根据文章最后三段内容可知，研究人员希望能够通过研制一些司机辅助技术来帮助老年司机延长驾龄、享受更多独立的生活。‎ ‎35. D主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科研人员通过把电动车改装成一款 “DriveLAB”来研究如何帮助解决老年司机在开车时候遇到的问题，以便延长他们独立生活的时间，提高他们的生活质量。‎ ‎【名师点睛】主旨大意题可分为篇章主旨和段落主旨。开门见山提出主题是大多数文章的写作方法，新闻报道、调查报告、科普性文章大都采用演绎法，本文就属于科技报告类，在文章开头提出了中心，然后详细介绍这种技术，由此可以判断文章的中心话题。‎ ‎6.【2017·北京卷】C Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.‎ The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work.‎ But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.‎ That’s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.‎ The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.‎ Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.‎ Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.‎ Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.‎ ‎63．The first two paragraphs suggest that ____________.‎ A．a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trend B．the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention ‎ C．anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasons D．information about measles spreads quickly ‎64．Herd immunity works well when ____________.‎ A．exemptions are allowed B．several vaccines are used together C．the whole neighborhood is involved in ‎ D．new regulations are added to the state laws ‎65．What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?‎ A．The overuse of vaccine.‎ B．The lack of medical care.‎ C．The features of measles itself.‎ D．The vaccine opt-outs of some people.‎ ‎66．What is the purpose of the passage?‎ A．To introduce the idea of exemption.‎ B．To discuss methods to cure measles.‎ C．To stress the importance of vaccination.‎ D．To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.‎ ‎【答案】63 A 64 C 65 D 66 C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及解释了为什么会发生这样的情况。‎ ‎63.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend.麻疹患者的数量虽然小，但是他们却是一种危险趋势的前沿，因此可知答案为A。‎ ‎64.细节理解题。根据第三段But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in.可知只有群体中所有人都参与进来了群体免疫才会有用，因此答案选C。‎ 考点：医学疾病类文章阅读 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 作者态度及写作意图推断 每一篇文章都会包含作者的某种观点和态度，只不过有的直截了当，有的含而不露，有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现。此类题可细分为作者态度题(表明作者的好恶)和作者观点题(表明作者对某事物的看法)。准确把握作者的情感和态度，需要注意以下几点： ‎1.作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。 ‎2.漠不关心类词语往往不对,既然写文章就不会不关心。 ‎3.不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度。 ‎4.当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性来判断。 ‎5.作者的观点一般与文章的主旨相关联。 ‎ ‎6.绝对化或语气过于强烈的选项常常是错误的,如:strong, complete, entire等。‎ 比如66题，本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会有这样的情况，最根本原因还是那些不注射疫苗的人导致的，故本文的目的是强调疫苗的作用，选C。‎ ‎7.【2017·北京卷】D ‎ Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”‎ ‎ A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor ‎ is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. ‎ ‎ The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.‎ ‎ Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.‎ ‎67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .‎ A. run out of human control B. satisfy human’s real desires C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician ‎68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .‎ A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B achieve their original goals independently C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches ‎69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .‎ A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots’ affecting the world ‎70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?‎ A. It will disappear with the development of AI.‎ B. It will get worse with human interference.‎ C. It will be solved but with difficulty.‎ D. It will stay for a decade. ‎ ‎【答案】67 A 68 A 69 D 70 C ‎68.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。‎ ‎69.推理判断题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。‎ ‎70.推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。‎ 推理判断题的解题方法 ：‎ 推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。‎ 任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。‎ ‎8. 【2017·天津卷】A Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.‎ Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horrors and burn with shame.‎ What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.‎ Clicking “send” too soon Don’t waste your time trying to find out if the receivers has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.‎ Writing the wrong time The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(I.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).‎ Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you’d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant ‎ conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.‎ Sending an offensive message to it’s subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you’re discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity tic hear up any difficulties you may have with this person.‎ ‎36. After realizing an email accident, you are likely to feel _______.‎ ‎ A. curious B. tired C. awful D. funny ‎ ‎37. If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________.‎ A. apologise in a serious manner B. tell the receiver to ignore the error C. learn to write the name correctly D. send a short notice to everyone ‎38. What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email?‎ A. Try offering other choices.‎ B. Avoid further involvement.‎ C. Meet other staff members.‎ D. Make a light-hearted apology.‎ ‎39. How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?‎ A. By promising not to offend the receiver again.‎ B. By seeking support from the receiver’s friends.‎ C. By asking the receiver to control his anger.‎ D. By talking to the receiver face to face.‎ ‎40. What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. Defining email errors.‎ B. Reducing email mistakes.‎ C. Handling email accidents.‎ D. Improving email writing.‎ ‎【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了因为失误而发错信息的补救方法。‎ ‎36.【答案】C 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎37.【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据第二个标题句Writing the wrong time后面内容Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(I.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).可以拍判断出：你在邮件上写错了名字，最好以认真的方式道歉，故选A。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎38.【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据第三标题句Clicking “reply all” unintentionally下面内容的最后一句话：‎ In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down在这种情况下，远离键盘让大家冷静下来，即避免进一步的牵涉。故选B。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎39.【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：据最后最后一个标题句下面内容In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry，在这种情况下尽快的去当面说声和道歉，故选D。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎40.【答案】C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：前三段内容通过问问题和说明情况以及引出主题，处理邮件问题的四个具体方法可以判断出本文主要讲的是处理邮件问题。故选C。‎ 考点：考查主旨大意。‎ ‎【名师点睛】这是一篇说明文，题目比较简单的，考查细节题为主。可以使用信息筛选法做题。为了节省时间，可以用先看题目，带着题目在文中寻读的方法找到主题句，理解并找出正确答案。如36题，题目问：在你意识到你的邮件问题时你可能会感到_____，而文章中第二段就是题干信息，后面就是答案，答案是很明显的。‎ ‎9. 【2017·江苏卷】A CHRONOLOGICA ‎—The Unbelievable Years that Defined History DID YOU KNOW…‎ · In 105AD paper was invented in China?‎ ‎ When Columbus discovered the New World?‎ ‎ The British Museum opened in 1759?‎ CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time, from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the internet. Along the way are tales of kings and queens, hot air balloons…and monkeys in space.‎ ‎ Travel through 100 of the most unbelievable years in world history and learn why being a Roman Emperor wasn’t always as good as it sounds, how the Hundred Years’ War didn’t actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortunate record.‎ ‎ CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history, beautifully illustrated and full of unbelievable facts. While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great, this book also gives ab account of the lives of lesser-known individuals including the explorer Mungo Park and sculptor Gutzon Borglum.‎ This complete but brief historical collection is certain to entertain readers young and old,and guaranteed to present even the biggest history lover with something new!‎ ‎56.What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the next? A. A biography.  B. A travel guide.‎ C. A history book.   D. A science fiction.‎ ‎57.How does the writer recommend CHRONOLOGICA to readers?‎ A. By giving details of its collection. B. By introducing some of its contents.  C. By telling stories at the beginning.  D. By comparing it with other books.‎ ‎【答案】56. C 57. B ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍了一本关于历史的书籍，这本书记录了不同时代、世界各地的历史事件和史实。作者提到了很多书里面的内容来向读者推荐本书。‎ ‎56. D 推理判断题。根据第四段“CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history, ...‎ this book also gives ab account of the lives of lesser-known individuals”可知，CHRONOLOGICA是一本有关历史的书籍。‎ ‎ 【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 推断文章出处是高考英语阅读中一个比较常见的考点。主要考查考生能否从内容特点、文体特点、语言风格等判断出所读文章的具体出处。比如，如果所读材料具有较强的时效性或新闻性，则可能出自新闻报道；如果所读材料侧重历史事实，且措辞严谨，则可能出自历史教科书；如果所读材料中涉及工作要求、工资待遇、联系电话等，则可能出自招聘广告；如果所读材料轻松、休闲，则可能出自旅游杂志或休闲杂志等。第56题属于这一类题目。根据文章中出现的历史事件不难推断出CHRONOLOGICA是一本历史书。‎ 考点：考查信息类短文阅读 ‎10. 【2017·江苏卷】B Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Adrances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.‎ ‎ This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kieindorfer,a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Femake Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their errs, when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—around that served as their regular “feed me!” call.‎ To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.‎ ‎ It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their errs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.‎ This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.” As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?” Kleindorfer asks.” Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”‎ ‎58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“ ”.‎ ‎ A. be the worst B. be the best C. be the as bad D. be just as good ‎59.What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?‎ ‎ A. Similarities between the calls moms and chicks. B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.‎ ‎ C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals. D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.‎ ‎60.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .‎ ‎ A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training ‎ C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎【答案】58.B 59.A 60.C ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。‎ ‎58. B词义猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子中的“But”可知，上下句是转折关系，婴儿虽然能辨别妈妈的声音，转而谈到胎教，根据第二段“when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers”可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟时候的鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。说明鸟儿在胎教方面的能力是很好的。‎ ‎59. A细节理解题。根据第二段“Femake Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their errs”可知，研究发现是对澳大利亚两种会鸟鸣的鸟儿进行了记录，根据第三段“the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird.”可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除D项。根据倒数第三段“A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.”可知，A项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 猜测词义题概况 ‎ 词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。‎ ‎　　一、题型特点与命题方式：‎ ‎　　此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。‎ ‎　　【命题趋势】‎ ‎　　1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。‎ ‎　　2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。例如第65题。‎ ‎　　3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。‎ ‎　　【设问形式】‎ ‎　　The underlined word “…” in the second(third…) paragraph refers to(means) ______.‎ ‎　　By saying that “…” in the first(second…) paragraph, the author means that ______.‎ ‎　　In paragraph …, “…” can be replaced by “______”.‎ ‎　　The meaning of “…” in paragraph… is related to ______.‎ ‎　　Which of the following has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)?‎ The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____.‎ ‎ 解题思路 ‎　　做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 模拟新题精选 ‎1. 【江西省莲塘一中、临川二中2018届高三上学期第一次联考】B Do you wear your school uniform in your school life? Believer it or not, there are quite a few advantages of wearing school uniforms. The idea may seem disagreeable at first, but considering all the positive effects coming from wearing uniforms you would be more likely to enjoy them.‎ Teachers love school uniforms because it helps provide an orderly learning environment. Having students dressed in uniforms may teach them how to present themselves in a neat and professional manner. It gives students the opportunity to learn how to dress like young ladies and gentlemen. And they can focus their attention on academies rather than style.‎ Purchasing school uniforms is easy and needs less hesitation and consideration. No matter what the school’s policy is, there are only specific essential pieces to the wardrobe(服装)that are necessary, so it won’t break the bank. A few wardrobe items can last a long time. Parents could also enjoy an easy morning, as it will take less time to chose a set of clothes for the school day.‎ Students wearing uniforms will feel less pressure about what to wear or not to wear when their classmate are dressed similarly. Getting dressed before school becomes less of a chore when students are limited in their choices, so there shouldn’t be any trouble about choosing an outfit for the day and getting ready quickly. Some students may not like the lack of individuality(个性)with a uniform, but some school dress code policies may offer them the opportunities to show their unique styles.‎ Uniforms today are also becoming trendier and can be seen in many areas of pop culture. Celebrities and fashion designers are using uniforms as inspiration for new looks which also appeal to students.‎ ‎4. Teachers think that wearing school uniforms___________.‎ A. is just a tradition that students should follow B. makes students feel less pressure in study C. helps students put more effort into their studies D. makes students lose their independence and identity ‎5. The underlined part “it won’t break the bank” in Paragraph 3 probably means “_________”.‎ A. a school uniform doesn’t cost a lot of money B. a school uniform should be worn every day C. parents will have to go to the bank many times D. parents who work in a bank can afford the uniform ‎6. We can infer from the text that school uniforms______________.‎ A. are not popular with fashion designers B. were not accepted by parents in the past C. will be designed by students themselves D. will be more fashionable in the future ‎7. The author’s attitude towards students’ wearing school uniforms is _________.‎ A. negative B. supportive C. doubtful D. unclear ‎【答案】4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B ‎ ‎【解析】本文为介绍说明文。文章介绍了穿校服的好处，以及对未来校服的展望。‎ ‎4. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的And they can focus their attention on academics rather than style.可知，老师认为穿校服可以让学生将注意力放在学习上。故选C。‎ ‎5. 词义猜词题。根据第三段中的No matter what the school’ s policy is, there are only specific essential(基本的) pieces to the wardrobe（服装） that are necessary, 可知，校服不会很贵。故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 阅读理解在每套英语试题中都占有很重要的分值，需要大家特别重视。解答阅读理解时，一般遵循先读文章后的题目，标识出关键词（信息点），带着问题去阅读，做到心中有数，这样能够提高做题效率；在阅读过程中，将题目答案的原文信息源做好标识，这样能够做到自己的答案有凭有据，有助于提高自己的做题信心、有利于回头的自我检查。如第1小题 Teachers think that wearing school uniforms ________________.（老师们认为穿校服会……），根据第二段中的And they can focus their attention on academics rather than style.（他们会把注意力集中在学习上而不是衣服风格上）可知，老师认为穿校服可以让学生将注意力放在学习上。由此可将答案定位于此，并做好题号标识，作为第一小题的答案依据。此外，大家在日常学习过程中，一定要加强词汇积累，只有词汇基础雄厚了，阅读过程中的障碍才会少。‎ ‎2.【江西省莲塘一中、临川二中2018届高三上学期第一次联考】C When most of us hear the word chocolate, the verb that comes to mind is probably “eat”, not “drink”, and the most proper adjective would seem to be “sweet”. But for about 90 percent of chocolate’s long history, it was strictly a beverage(饮料), and sugar didn’t have anything to do with it.‎ The Origin of Chocolate Many modern historians have estimated that chocolate has been around for about 2000 years,‎ ‎ but recent research suggests that it may be even older. In the book The True History of Chocolate, authors Sophie and Michael Coe prove that the earliest linguistic (语言学的) evidence of chocolate consumption dates back three or even four thousand years.‎ Valuable and Fashionable Chocolate Beverage It’s hard to discover exactly when chocolate was born, but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start. For several centuries in pre-modern Latin America, cacao beans were considered valuable enough to use as currency. 100 beans could purchase a good turkey hen, according to a 16th-century Aztec document.‎ Sweetened chocolate didn’t appear until Europeans discovered the Americas and sampled (品尝) the native cuisine(烹饪). Chocolate didn’t suit the foreigners’ taste at first — one described it in his writings as “a bitter drink for pigs” — but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain. By the 17th century, chocolate was a fashionable drink throughout Europe, believed to have nutritious, medicinal functions. But it remained largely a privilege of the rich until the invention of the steam engine made mass production possible in the late 1700s.‎ The Birth of Solid Chocolate In 1828, a Dutch chemist found a way to make powdered chocolate. His product became known as “Dutch cocoa”, and it soon led to the creation of solid chocolate. In 1847, Joseph Fry created the first modern chocolate bar. By 1868, a little company called Cadbury was marketing boxes of chocolate candies in England. Milk chocolate hit the market a few years later.‎ Prosperous Chocolate Industry In America, chocolate was so valued during the Revolutionary War that it was used instead of wages. Even now, statistics show that the humble cacao bean is still a powerful economic force. Chocolate manufacturing is a more than 4-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and the average American eats at least half a pound of the stuff per month.‎ ‎8. The earliest chocolate was most probably____________.‎ A. a dish B. a candy C. a bar D. a drink ‎9. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.‎ A. The history of chocolate is at most 4,000 years B. People around the world could buy things with chocolate C. Chocolate was well paid attention to since it was born D. An American at least eats a pound of chocolate per month ‎10. Why did chocolate suit the Spanish’s taste so quickly?‎ A. Because chocolate was so tasty and bitter B. Because chocolate was sweetened with honey of cane sugar C. Because chocolate was believed to be a source of nutrition D. Because chocolate became a fashionable beverage ‎11. Which one shows the correct order according to the time of their appearing?‎ A. Chocolate beverage---chocolate bar—chocolate candies---milk chocolate B. Chocolate bar—chocolate beverage---chocolate candies---milk chocolate C. Chocolate bar—chocolate candies—milk chocolate—chocolate beverage D. Chocolate beverage---chocolate candies---chocolate bar---milk chocolate ‎【答案】8. D 9. C 10. B 11. A ‎9. C ‎【名题点睛】推理判断题--- 4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。‎ 根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ ‎【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。‎ ‎【答案定位】。根据Valuable and Fashionable Chocolate Beverage中的首句“…but it’sclear that it was cherished from the start”可知巧克力从诞生起就受到人们的珍爱。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干It can be inferred from the passage that _________☞文章内容Valuable and Fashionable Chocolate Beverage中的首句“…but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start ‎【答案】it was cherished from the start ☞C选项Chocolate was well paid attention to since it was born. ☞关键词 cherished和well paid attention to。‎ ‎10. B ‎.推理判断题。由第六段的第二句“…but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain”可知巧克力饮料被混合蜂蜜或蔗糖变甜以后，就迅速受到西班牙人的欢迎。分析选项，可知B项符合题意。‎ ‎11. A推理判断题。由文章叙述巧克力历史的过程可知巧克力饮料是最早的形式；再根据倒数第二段中三个事件发生的事情和最后一句可知A项是按时间顺序叙述巧克力的演变史。选A ‎3. 【河北省保定市2018届高三上学期期末调研】C If you’ve ever looked at a computer screen for hours on end, you probably know what it feels like when your eyes are tired and your head is tense.‎ What you are likely experiencing is digital eye strain (劳损). It could also lead to dry eyes. But are screens criminals behind needing glasses? Not necessarily, according to Melanie Schmitt, an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin.‎ There has been an increase in cases of nearsightedness, but scientists don’t know if screens do the damage. “Several other factors can cause the phenomenon of nearsightedness, one of which is too much time spent indoors. Looking at a screen for too long can cause eye strain, but it doesn’t have any long lasting consequences,” Schmitt says.‎ A recent study by researchers in Madrid did find that LED lights—those used in screens—contributed to retina (视网膜) damage in the eyes of rats. However, more research is necessary to determine if the same effect occurs in humans.‎ You’re sure to feel the consequence of not taking screen breaks throughout the day. In order not to have digital eye strain, eye doctors say that you d best take a 20-second break to look at something 20 feet away every 20 minutes. It also works a little bit if you adjust your computer to remove a glare or use eye drops to keep your eyes wet.‎ ‎“I always tell patients and parents that come in to see me the importance of getting children outside to play and be exposed in natural lighting,” Schmitt says. “This goes for adults, too.‎ ‎ Going outside is an opportunity for the eyes to rest from near-work and look at distance instead.”‎ ‎8. What will happen if you fix your eyes on a computer screen too long?‎ A. You’ll feel tired all over.‎ B. You’ll have a bad headache.‎ C. You’ll suffer from eye injury.‎ D. You’ll lose your eyesight temporarily.‎ ‎9. In Schmitt’s opinion, which of the following can cause nearsightedness?‎ A. Staying indoors too long.‎ B. Using LED lights.‎ C. Taking screen breaks.‎ D. Using eye drops often.‎ ‎10. What’s the best way to prevent digital eye strain?‎ A. To keep eyes wet all the time.‎ B. To follow the 20/20/20 rule.‎ C. To avoid doing much near-work.‎ D. To sit as far from the computer as possible.‎ ‎11. What would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Are Screens Criminals Behind Needing Glasses?‎ B. A Recent Study on Eye Damages C. How to Protect Your Eyes Timely?‎ D. An Increase in Cases of Nearsightedness ‎【答案】8. C 9. A 10. B 11. A ‎【解析】本文属于科普知识。如果对着电脑屏幕上看了几个小时，你的眼睛会疲劳，你可能经历是数字眼劳损。它也可能导致干眼症，导致你戴眼镜，这些就是导致你的眼受伤。为了避免出现数字眼疲劳，眼科医生建议最好每隔20分钟花20秒钟休息一下，看20英尺以外的东西，或者用眼药水来保持眼睛湿润等都会起作用。‎ ‎9. A ‎ 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Several other factors can cause the phenomenon of nearsightedness, one of which is too much time spent indoors.”可知一些因素会导致近视眼的现象，其中之一是在室内呆的时间太久。分析句意可知A项（在室内待太久）符合题意，故选A。‎ ‎10. B 细节理解题。根据第五段“In order not to have digital eye strain, eye doctors say that you d best take a 20-second break to look at something 20 feet away every 20 minutes”为了避免出现数字眼疲劳，眼科医生说你最好每隔20分钟花20秒钟休息一下看20英尺以外的东西。分析选项可知B项符合题意，故选B项。‎ ‎11. A 主旨大意题。本文主要叙述了由于人们长时间地使用电脑，让人的眼睛受到了伤害，眼干，眼疲劳。于是在第二段提出了“But are screens criminals behind needing glasses?” 回答是“Not necessarily”。于是从第三段一直到最后一段，Schmitt给我们进行了分析并加以证实，只要按照医生的建议就可避免戴眼镜了。分析选项，可知A项符合题意，故选A。‎ ‎4. 【河北省保定市2018届高三上学期期末调研】D Henderson Island is a coral island raised above the South Pacific Ocean. No people live on it. The island is 9.6 kilometers long and 5.1 kilometers wide. It has an area of 37.3 km2. Henderson Island became a World Heritage Site in 1988 because of its bird life.‎ All the four kinds of special land birds (Henderson Crake, Henderson Fruit Dove, Henderson Lorikeet and Henderson Reed-warbler) can only be seen on Henderson Island. There are also fifteen non-local seabirds. Other local things include nine kinds of plants (of the sixty-three kinds on the island), four kinds of land snails (蜗牛) (of the sixteen kinds), and one butterfly (the only kind on the island).‎ Although no people live on Henderson Island, archaeological evidence suggests that a small Polynesian (波利尼西亚) group lived here between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries until it disappeared. The reasons for its disappearance are unknown, but are probably related to the similar disappearance of the Polynesians on Pitcairn Island. The Hendersonians would have depended on them for many of the basics of life.‎ On January 29, 1606, Henderson Island was discovered by Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queiros, who named it San Joao Baptista. On January 17, 1819, the island was rediscovered by ‎ British Captain Henderson of the British Fast India Company, and named Henderson Island. On March 2, 1819, Captain Henry King, sailing on the Elizabeth, landed on the island to find the Union flag already flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship on a tree, and for some years the name of the island was Elizabeth or Henderson.‎ In the early 1980’s, American businessman Arthur M. Ratliff expressed interest in buying Hendersons Island, and establishing a small settlement with an airstrip, farm and large houses. But the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office refused it at last, after environmentalist groups persuaded them to protect the natural ecology and environment of the island.‎ ‎12. What contributes to Henderson Island becoming a World Heritage Site?‎ A. Its unique land birds.‎ B. Its special wildlife.‎ C. Its beautiful coral.‎ D. No living people on it.‎ ‎13. Who first came to Henderson Island?‎ A. British Captain Henderson.‎ B. British Captain Henny King.‎ C. A small Polynesian group.‎ D. Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queiros.‎ ‎14. Henderson Island got its present name .‎ A. after it was first discovered on January 29, 1606‎ B. after it was rediscovered on January 17, 1819‎ C. until Henry King sailed on Elizabeth and landed on it D. until in 1988 it became a World Heritage Site ‎15. Ratliff’s offer to buy the island was turned down because .‎ A. the British Commonwenlth office disagreed B. his small settlement caused damage to it C. he wanted to buy it at a lower price D. environmentalists convinced officers to take it as reserve ‎【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D ‎12. A 推理判断题。根据第一段“Henderson Island became a World Heritage Site in 1988 because of its bird life.”和第二段中的“All the four kinds of special land birds (Henderson Crake, Henderson Fruit Dove, Henderson Lorikeet and Henderson Reed-warbler) can only be seen on Henderson Island.”可知亨德森岛于1988因其鸟类的生活成为世界文化遗产。四种特殊的陆生鸟类只能在亨德森岛上看到的。由此可判断出亨德森岛成为世界遗产是因为其独特的陆鸟。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选 A。‎ ‎13. C ‎【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。答案需要从文章的archaeological evidence suggests that a small Polynesian (波利尼西亚) group lived here between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries … 进行推断。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第三段中的“archaeological evidence suggests that a small Polynesian (波利尼西亚) group lived here between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries ….”考古证据表明，一小群玻利尼西亚人在十二到十五世纪期间住在这里。由此可知一小群波利尼西亚人是最早来这儿的。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干Who first came to Henderson Island? ☞文章内容archaeological evidence suggests that a small Polynesian (波利尼西亚) group lived here between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries ‎【答案】archaeological evidence suggests that a small Polynesian (波利尼西亚) group lived here between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries.☞C选项A small Polynesian group. ‎ ‎【名师点睛】推理判断题之（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。‎ 根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ ‎14. B ‎15. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知：在1980年代早期，美国商人Arthur M. Ratliff表达了购买亨德森岛的兴趣，并建立一个小居住地，有机场跑道、农场和大房子。但是英国外交和联邦事务部在环保组织说服他们保护该岛的自然生态和环境之后，最终拒绝了这个请求。由此可知D项符合题意，故选D项。‎ ‎5. 【广东省肇庆市2018届高三毕业班第二次统一检测】C The night before your interview, the beating of your heart is so fast. You feel anxious, nervous and uneasy. Your imagination can make you feel like that. You’re confused if you are able to drag the time to finish everything or you wish to stop it because there are a lot of “what ifs” in your mind.‎ Well, you call those feelings “interview nerves”. It’s normal for all people who have little experience to feel this. So how can you release nervousness in this situation? Actually there are some techniques to calm those anxious nerves.‎ Firstly, practice and prepare. Practice makes perfect. The more you are interviewed, the more confident you will be. If you have failed once, it doesn’t mean it’s the end of your world. Everybody has a lot of chances. All you’ve got to do is understand the reasons why you like the job.‎ Secondly, you should get your interview skills ready ahead of time. So, in terms of that, you must know the background of the company and the position that you’re applying for. Ask yourself: “Am I suitable for this kind of job? And do I have any extraordinary skills that I can show to them?” Think of some possible questions that you’re going to face and find good answers to those questions.‎ Thirdly, give only the facts and don’t tell your life story to them. Give associated answers to the questions. If they want to know about you, you could tell them something that is related to the job which you’re applying for. In addition, you may also practice an interview with another person.‎ Last but not least, find someone who could share their experience with you and help you create a realistic interview situation. Experience is a better teacher, most people say. Learn from other people’s experience. And one more thing, interview coaching actually has competitive advantages. Find a professional coach in your area. It can cost a little bit but it’s worth it for the personalized coaching that you’re going to receive.‎ ‎8. The underlined words “what ifs” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean _____.‎ A. ideas B. chances C. excuses D. questions ‎9. Why do we feel nervous and anxious before an interview according to the text?‎ A. We aren’t well prepared. B. We have no special skills.‎ C. We have failed once. D. We imagine too much.‎ ‎10. In order to make your job interview more competitive, you should _____.‎ A. learn to be more aggressive during the interview B. have a good knowledge of the background of the company C. tell interviewers all about yourself whether it is questioned or not D. ask an experienced friend to go along with you ‎11. What’s the best title for the text?‎ A. How to Prepare for Your Job Interview B. How to Get Rid of Your Fear C. What Are the “Interview Nerves”?‎ D. What to Say During an Interview ‎【答案】8. D 9. D 10. B 11. A ‎【解析】众所周知，工作面试前人们都会紧张不安、焦虑，实际上有一些技术能安抚那些焦虑的神经。本文介绍了一些应对工作面试的技能。‎ ‎8. D 词义猜测题。根据第四句中You’re confused你感到困惑，可知，你大脑中有许多问题。所以划线词的意思是“许多问题”，故选D。‎ ‎9. D ‎10. B 细节理解题。根据第四段中you should get your interview skills ready ahead of time. So, in terms of that, you must know the background of the company and the position that you’re applying for。可知，为了使你的工作面试更具有竞争性，你一定要熟悉公司的背景。故选B。‎ ‎11. A 主旨大意题。工作面试前人们都会紧张不安、焦虑，实际上有一些技术能安抚那些焦虑的神经。本文介绍了一些应对工作面试的技能。故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心 要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。本题第4小题是主旨大意题。工作面试前人们都会紧张不安、焦虑，实际上有一些技术能安抚那些焦虑的神经。本文介绍了一些应对工作面试的技能。故选A。‎ ‎6. 【江西省红色七校2018届高三第一次联考】C Crossing your legs is an extremely common habit; most people don't even notice that they're doing it when they sit down. While you may find it comfortable to sit with one knee crossed over the other, it might be causing health problems that you are not aware of.‎ A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure. The reason for this is that the blood in your legs has to work against gravity to be pumped back to your heart and that crossing one leg over the other increases resistance, making it even harder for the blood to circulate. This causes your body to increase your blood pressure to push the blood back to the heart. You won't feel any immediate effects, but repeated, drawn-out increases in blood pressure can cause long-term health issues. So, planning to sit for a long period of time? Don't keep your legs crossed.‎ Crossing your legs at the knee can also cause pressure on the major nerve in your leg that passes just below your knee and along the outside of your leg, explains Richard Graves, a medical expert. This pressure can cause numbness and temporary paralysis (麻痹) of some of the muscles in your foot and leg, preventing you from being able to raise your ankle—what we know as that “pins and needles” sensation. While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two, repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.‎ So next time you sit down, try to get yourself in the habit of sitting with both of your feet on the floor. Not only will it help your posture and stability, but it will also save your health in the long run.‎ ‎28. What can we learn about crossing one's legs?‎ A. It is a very bad social habit.‎ B. It is usually practiced deliberately.‎ C. It can make others feel uncomfortable.‎ D. It can do harm to people's health.‎ ‎29. According to the study, sitting with your legs crossed can______.‎ A. resist gravity effectively B. affect your blood pressure C. lead to heart attacks easily D. improve the function of legs ‎30. In the third paragraph "pins and needles" probably means______.‎ A. serious muscle injuries B. being a little nervous C. slight sharp pains D. being highly flexible ‎31. What is the main purpose of the text?‎ A. To give readers some advice. B. To compare common habits.‎ C. To evaluate effects of an experiment. D. To introduce research methods.‎ ‎【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A ‎【解析】本文主要是给读者一些建议。‎ ‎28. D 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句While you may find it comfortable to sit with one knee crossed over the other, it might be causing health problems that you are not aware of.可知交叉双腿会损害人的健康。故选D。‎ ‎29. B 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure.可知坐在你的腿会影响你的血压。故选B。‎ ‎30. C ‎31. A 主旨大意题。So next time you sit down, try to get yourself in the habit of sitting with both of your feet on the floor. Not only will it help your posture and stability, but it will also save your health in the long run.可知本文主要是给读者一些建议。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。最常见的就是利用上下文语境、常识推断词义。切记要抓住所需推断词汇前后的含义，从而找到正确答案。本题第3小题是词义猜测题。根据第三段的最后一句While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two, repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.尽管不适的感觉可能只持续了一两分钟，但是反复交叉你的腿，直到他们感觉麻木会导致永久性的神经损伤。可知上句what we know as that “pins and needles” sensation.的意思是：就像我们所说的，“如坐针毡”的感觉。由此可知划线部分的意思是“轻微的刺痛”，答案为C。‎ ‎7.【江西省红色七校2018届高三第一次联考】D Imagine looking at something and being able to move it just by using your brain!That is exactly what the new technology called BrainGate can do —with the help of a robotic arm,anyway.‎ BrainGate is the idea of Professor John Donoghue and his team of researchers at the Brown Institute for Brain Science,USA. BrainGate is attached directly to the brain. First of all,gold wires are put into the part of the brain that controls movement. These are then connected to a small computer chip(芯片) . When the person thinks about different movements,this creates electrical signals,which are picked up by the chip. After this,the signals that are created by the brain are sent back to a computer,which changes the signals into movements. Finally,the ‎ computer uses the robotic arm to carry out these movements. BrainGate can already be used to write an e-mail or play computer games,just by brain power.‎ The technology has already cost millions of dollars to develop and when it is available for use,it will probably cost thousands of dollars per person. There are still many challenges ahead for Donoghue and his team. They are currently planning a mini wireless version,which will allow people to be connected to the computer at all times. Donoghue also dreams of using this technology to help disabled people who can't move their arms or legs. He plans to connect BrainGate directly to their own paralysed limbs(瘫痪的胳膊或腿) .This will mean that the person can control their own body again,without relying on a robotic arm.‎ This research is attracting the military's (军方的) attention as well. However,it is easy to understand why scientists might be concerned about how thought-controlled machines could be used by the military.‎ ‎32. What does the underlined word “These” refer to?‎ A. Movements. B. Thoughts. C. Brains D. Wires.‎ ‎33. What is one of BrainGate's disadvantages?‎ A. It needs improvement. B. It produces few movements.‎ C. It is too expensive. D. It is difficult to control.‎ ‎34. How will Donoghue help disabled people?‎ A. By developing a wireless version.‎ B. By replacing their limbs with robotic ones.‎ C. By making BrainGate smaller.‎ D. By attaching BrainGate to their bad limbs.‎ ‎35. What does the military think of thought-controlled machines?‎ A. They could lead to disasters. B. They would face fierce competition.‎ C. They could be useful. D. They would be in mass production.‎ ‎【答案】32. D 33. C 34. D 35. C ‎【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了思想控制器——大脑之门。利用该装置，人们可以通过大脑直接控制机械手臂的运动。‎ ‎32. D篇章结构题。根据第二段中的gold wires are put into the part of the brain that controls movement …then connected to a small computer chip可知，首先是把一些金线跟控制运动的那 ‎ 部分大脑连接，然后再把“这裝线”跟一个小的 电脑芯片连接。故选D。‎ ‎33. C推理判断题。根据第三段中的The technology has already cost millions of dollars to develop and when it is available for use,it will probably cost .thousands .of dollars per person 不难 看出，该技术十分昂贵，可能会限制它的使用。故选C。‎ ‎34. D细节理解题。稂据第三段中的Donoghue also dreams of using this technology to help disabled people who can* t move their arms or legs. He plans to connect BrainGate directly to their own paralysed limbs 可知，Donoghue 打算把 大脑之门直接连接到残疾人瘫痪的四肢上。故选D。‎ ‎8. 【河南省豫北豫南名校2018届高三上学期第二次联考】C The traditional British pub is part of the scenery of British life. At a recent count, there are around 50000 of them in the UK, some of which date back to as far as the 5th and 6th centuries. The oldest---Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St. Albans---was established in 795.‎ Because of their abundance, the names pubs take were designed to be memorable---but more than that, they were designed to be visual. Outside any traditional pub worthy of its title, you’ll find a hanging signboard with a unique illustration(插图)that represents the name of the business. The practice is so well established that even new pubs copy it. But why do they exist at all?‎ The first British pub signs were created in the 12th century and were simple representations of beer containers and other brewing-related equipment used to inform passersby that establishments sold beer. This was Britain in the dark ages, when education was in short supply. Since most of the population were unable to read, pub signs were used to inform would-be customers that they could find a drink inside.‎ The earliest uses of pub names would reference the sign directly. People would arrange to meet “at the sign of the Eagle and Child” rather than “at the Eagle and Child.”‎ Today the tradition remains unchanged largely out of respect for the past, but many pub signs do have some functionality. Remote country pubs often use signboards to point the way to their doors from more trafficked(可贩卖的)paths. It’s a part of British culture that’s rapidly ‎ disappearing---more than 20,000 pubs have closed since 1980—but for now there are still more than enough around that you can take a moment to appreciate the history and symbolism behind a pub’s sign the next time you see one.‎ ‎8. What is special about British pub signs?‎ A. They copy famous art B. They show British life C. They have unique pictures D. They include the history of the pub ‎9. The first British pub signs were mainly used to ____.‎ A. inspire passersby B. inform passersby C. educate passersby D. entertain passersby ‎10. Modern British pub signs are different from the earliest ones in ___________.‎ A. size B. style C. material D. purpose ‎11. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. The history of British pubs B. The importance of British pub signs C. Why British pubs have illustrated signs D. Why British pubs are unpopular nowadays ‎【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. C ‎9. 推理判断题。根据Since most of the population were unable to read, pub signs were used to inform would-be customers that they could find a drink inside.得知最初酒吧的标牌是为了通知潜在的顾客进店喝一杯的。故选B。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。根据Today the tradition remains unchanged largely out of respect for the past, but many pub signs do have some functionality.得知现代英国酒吧的标牌实用性更强。所以酒吧标牌的目的与以前不同。故选D。‎ ‎11. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容得知本文讲述了英国酒吧标牌带插图的原因。故选C。‎ ‎【解题剖析】‎ ‎4 C【解题剖析】此题属于主旨大意中的（2）主旨类。概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第二段中的you’ll find a hanging signboard with a unique illustration(插图)that represents the name of the business. 第三段中的The first British pub signs were created in 最后一段中的but many pub signs do have some functionality.可知，本文讲述了英国酒吧标牌带插图的原因。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干What is the text mainly about?.☞文章内容①you’ll find a hanging signboard②The first British pub signs were created.③but many pub signs do have some functionality.☞概括总结☞英国酒吧标牌带插图的原因☞标题 ‎ ‎【答案】根据①②③总结概括文章☞C选项Why British pubs have illustrated signs ‎9. 【河北省五个一联盟2018届高三上学期第二次模拟】C Imagine this scene: it’s blowing outside, and you snuggle (蜷伏) up on the sofa under a warm quilt, chatting and recalling with your closest friends.‎ That content, cosy feeling has a name in Danish —hygge. And, as Denmark recently won the title of “the happiest country in the world”, the concept of hygge is known to more and more people interested in finding ways to understand this concept.‎ Hygge —originally from a Norwegian word meaning well-being — doesn’t have an exact equivalent (等同物) in English. It’s often translated as coziness, or as blogger Anna West told the BBC, “coziness of the soul”. But, as professor Maren Spark explains, “Hygge was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”‎ Basically, hygge involves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones. Danish winters are long and dark and so achieving hygge is particularly relevant during this season. A typical Hygge activity during winter could be enjoying delicious homemade food and light-hearted conversation with friends —preferably in the warm glow of candlelight, or maybe ‎ sipping a glass of wine in the hot tub after a day spent skiing.‎ However, hygge isn’t only limited to the cold winter months —it can also describe that warm, fuzzy feeling you get after a walk through a forest with friends on summer’s day or a family barbecue in the park. Hygge is meant to be shared.‎ ‎8. The author asks the readers to imagine the scene in the first paragraph to .‎ A. help the readers to calm down B. introduce the topic of the passage C. present the main idea of the passage D. remind the readers of their past memories ‎9. What do the underlined words by Maren Spark mean?‎ A. The translation of the word “hygge” is not good enough.‎ B. Only Danish speakers know what “hygge” means.‎ C. “Hygge” is easy to translate but hard to feel.‎ D. We can get the true meaning of “hygge” by feeling it.‎ ‎10. Which of the following can be best described as a “hygge” activity?‎ A. Skiing in the cold winter months.‎ B. Living through long dark winters.‎ C. Taking afternoon tea with friends.‎ D. Walking alone in the forest.‎ ‎11. The author writes this passage to .‎ A. explain B. persuade C. comment D. advertise ‎【答案】8. B 9. D 10. C 11. A ‎9. 推理判断题。由doesn’t have an exact equivalent (等同物) in English.可知“Hygge was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”的意思是Hygge只可意会不可言传，选D。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。由Basically, hygge involves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with ‎ your loved ones.可知Hygge意味着舒适和分享，和朋友一起喝下午茶最符合这个意境，选C。‎ ‎11. 写作意图题。文章通过举例说明丹麦语hygge的意思，并且表明Hygge只可意会不可言传，需要用心去感受。所以作者写这篇文章的目的是为了解释，选A。‎ ‎10. 【安徽省皖南八校2018届高三第二次联考】D China is embracing an era of sharing economy. After sharing bikes, sharing books are the next trend. The book-sharing program at Sanxiaokou Xinhua Bookstore in Hefei, capital of Anhui province, has been running for several months since its launch on July 16, 2017. Customers are encouraged to borrow up to two books, from all books available in this store, for free via an app, pay 99 yuan online as the deposit and return the books within 10 days.‎ A survey of 601 app users conducted by the company in late July found that more than 90 percent of the readers said they may want to keep some of the borrowed books permanently, but they don't want to visit the store again to complete the purchase. When another nine stores joined the book-sharing program in August, the ability to purchase the borrowed books was made available on the app.‎ Zhao Shiping, a manager of the Sanxiaokou store, said that the daily customer flow in the first week of the book-sharing program was about 7,000 while the figure for the same period last year was 5,000 to 6,000. So, book-sharing will reduce barriers for book purchasing and increase customer flow, which will increase the business value of the bookstore, its brand value and increase its value as a partner for companies outside the book sales sector.‎ In addition to bookstores, banks have also joined the trend of book-sharing. Two branches of China Everbright Bank introduced book loan service at the end of this July. The service is free for seven days and 0.1 yuan is charged after that and 0.5 yuan after 21 days. Readers can return borrowed books to any branch of the bank.‎ This book-sharing project, a cooperation between Everbright Bank and an app called Youshugongdu, which translates as "let's read books together", will be expanded to other outlets to turn each outlet into a small community library with 1,000 to 2,000 books.‎ ‎12. What’s the text mainly about?‎ A. Banks begins to sell books B. People tend to share books online C. A book-sharing program has been running D. Bookstores and banks join book-sharing economy ‎13. Which group is benefit of books-sharing according to Paragraph 3?‎ ‎①Increasing the customer flow ‎②Bringing convenience to the bookstores ‎③Reducing the barriers for book purchasing ‎④Increasing the brand value of the bookstores A. ①②③ B. ①②④‎ C. ①③④ D. ②③④‎ ‎14. How much should you pay for borrowing a book from the China Everbright Bank for two weeks?‎ A. ￥0.1 B. ￥0.7‎ C. ￥1.4 D. ￥7‎ ‎15. Where does the text most probably come from?‎ A. A newspaper B. A science fiction C. A technology guide D. A teaching research paper ‎【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. A ‎12. D 主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段bookstores, banks have also joined the trend of book-sharing. Two branches of China Everbright Bank introduced book loan service at the end of this July.可知本文主要讲述书店和银行联手，推行图书共享计划，共创图书共享经济。故选D.‎ ‎13. C 细节推理题。根据第三段book-sharing will reduce barriers for book purchasing and increase customer flow, which will increase the business value of the bookstore, its brand value and increase its value as a partner for companies outside the book sales sector.图书共享能减少图书采购的障碍，增加客户流量，增加书店的商业价值，其品牌价值，并增加其作为图书销售部门以外公司的合作伙伴的价值。①③④都正确，故选C.‎ ‎14. B 细节推理题。根据倒数第二段The service is free for seven days and 0.1 yuan is charged after that and 0.5 yuan after 21 days.可知7天内免费，之后每天收费0.1元，21天后每天收费0.5元。‎ 如果是借书2周应该是7天免费，另外7天每天0.1元，0.1×7＝0.7，故选B.‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 细节理解题属直接解答性问题，是阅读理解题中最简单的一种，多数属中低难度的题。但高考所占的比例大，应特别引起注意。事实和细节题的命题特点是：对文章或某一段落中的一些特定细节或文章重要事实的理解，一般包括直接理解题和语义转化题。直接理解题能在原文直接找到答案，而语义转化题则需要将题目信息与原文信息加工或整理后才能得出结论。‎ 做细节理解题具体方法与步骤如下：‎ ‎1.略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨； ‎ ‎2.按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实； ‎ ‎3.将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如小题2考查共享图书的好处，根据第三段book-sharing will reduce barriers for book purchasing and increase customer flow, which will increase the business value of the bookstore, its brand value and increase its value as a partner for companies outside the book sales sector.图书共享能减少图书采购的障碍，增加客户流量，增加书店的商业价值，其品牌价值，并增加其作为图书销售部门以外公司的合作伙伴的价值。①③④都正确，故选C.小题3考查借书两周的付费情况，根据倒数第二段The service is free for seven days and 0.1 yuan is charged after that and 0.5 yuan after 21 days.可知7天内免费，之后每天收费0.1元，21天后每天收费0.5元。如果是借书2周应该是7天免费，另外7天每天0.1元，0.1×7＝0.7，故选B.‎