【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题非谓语动词学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题非谓语动词学案

‎2020届二轮复习语法专题非谓语动词学案 ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎[思维导图]‎ Ⅰ.谓语动词和非谓语动词 ‎1．若提示词为动词，句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，就该填谓语动词，此时要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，有时还需考虑虚拟语气。‎ ‎2．若提示词为动词，句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，就该填非谓语动词，就要确定是v.－ing形式，v.－ed形式，还是不定式。一般来说，v.－ing形式表示主动、进行；v.－ed形式表示被动、完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。‎ Ⅱ.非谓语动词的用法 一、非谓语动词作状语 ‎1．动词不定式作状语 ‎(1)动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do，so as to do，to do等，但so as to do不能置于句首。‎ In order to pass the exam，he worked hard.‎ 为了通过考试，他努力学习。‎ ‎(2)动词不定式作结果状语时常用于too...to do，enough to do，so/such...as to，only/just to do结构中。‎ He is such a good teacher as to be respected by all his students.‎ 他是个如此好的老师，以至于受到他所有学生的尊敬。‎ He rushed to the station，only to find that the train had left.‎ 他匆忙赶到火车站，却发现火车已经开走了。‎ ‎(3)在be happy/glad/sorry/sad/surprised to do sth结构中作原因状语。‎ He was surprised to be informed of the news.‎ 被告知这一消息，他感到吃惊。‎ ‎2．分词作状语 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。‎ ‎(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主动关系。‎ Hearing the news，they got excited.‎ 听到这个消息，他们很兴奋。‎ ‎(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。‎ Given the right kind of training，these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.‎ 如果给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。‎ 二、非谓语动词作定语 ‎1．动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。‎ She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)‎ 她总是第一个到，最后一个离开。‎ Have you got a letter to write？(动宾关系)‎ 你有一封信要写吗？‎ Do you have the ability to read and write in English？(同位关系)‎ 你有用英语读写的能力吗？‎ ‎2．分词作定语 ‎(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing，being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。‎ The lecture，starting at 7：00 p．m.last night，was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.‎ 讲座于昨晚七点开始，随后是用望远镜观察月球。‎ The houses being built are for the teachers.‎ 正在建的房子是给老师的。‎ The broken glass is Tom’s.‎ 这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。‎ ‎(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done，doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。‎ boiling water 正沸腾的水　boiled water 开水 ‎3．动名词作定语 动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。‎ a walking stick＝a stick for walking 手杖 a sleeping car＝a car for sleeping 卧铺车 三、非谓语动词作补足语 ‎1．后接动词不定式作宾补语的动词及动词短语 ‎(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：‎ advise 建议　　allow 允许　　ask 询问；要求 beg 恳求 cause 导致 encourage 鼓励 permit 准许 forbid 禁止 force 强迫 intend 打算 invite 邀请 order 命令；要求 persuade 说服 prefer 更喜欢 require 需要；要求 teach 教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉 want 想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait for 等待 call on 号召；要求　depend on 依靠 She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.‎ 她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则，并要求每个人都遵循这些规则。‎ ‎(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth He is said to have been cheated in the street.‎ 据说，他在大街上被骗了。‎ The accident is reported to have killed two people.‎ 据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。‎ ‎2．非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补 ‎(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：‎ I saw him leave a few minutes ago.‎ 我看见他几分钟前离开了。‎ As I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.‎ 当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。‎ I’d like to see the plan carried out.‎ 我想看到这个计划被执行。‎ ‎[名师指津] “感官动词＋宾语＋接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语” 在变为被动语态时需加to。‎ The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)‎ 有人看见小偷进了银行。‎ ‎(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：‎ ‎①make＋宾语＋ The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.‎ 老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。‎ He tried to make himself understood.‎ 他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。‎ ‎②let＋宾语＋ Don’t let your child play with matches.‎ 别让你的孩子玩火柴。‎ Let the work be done immediately.‎ 工作要马上去做。‎ ‎③ He had the fire burning all the night.‎ 他让火燃烧了一夜。‎ He had his wallet stolen on his way home.‎ 在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。‎ ‎④ She got her bike running very fast.‎ 她把自行车骑得飞快。‎ I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.‎ 我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。‎ ‎3.动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况 ‎ (2)keep ‎(3)find ‎(4)catch sb doing sth 撞见某人正在做某事 ‎4．“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构 ‎(1)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行 He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.‎ 他躺在草地上，眼望着天空。‎ ‎(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成 With his hair cut，he looked much younger.‎ 理了发，他看起来年轻多了。‎ ‎(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生 With a lot of homework to do，I can’t go skating with you.‎ 因为有很多作业要做，我不能和你一起去滑冰。‎ 四、非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语 ‎1．非谓语动词中作主语的有不定式和动名词 ‎(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。‎ To see is to believe.‎ 眼见为实。‎ It is right to give up smoking.‎ 戒烟是正确的。‎ ‎[名师指津] 在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。‎ It is generous of him to contribute so much.‎ 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。‎ It was important for us to live a low－carbon life.‎ 过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。‎ ‎(2)动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语。‎ Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.‎ 听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。‎ It is no good coming before that.‎ 在那之前来没有用。‎ ‎[名师指津] 下面句型中常用动名词作主语：‎ It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth ‎2．非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式，注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”；而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到……的”。‎ ‎3．非谓语动词作宾语 ‎(1)不定式作宾语 ‎►常跟不定式作宾语的动词：‎ 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse，manage，care，pretend 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer，promise，choose，plan；agree，ask/beg，help ‎►动词tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。‎ Please tell me when to start the project.‎ 请告诉我何时开始这个项目。‎ ‎►在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。‎ We think it our duty to protect the environment.‎ 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。‎ ‎(2)动名词作宾语 ‎►常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：‎ 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon；admit，delay/put off，fancy 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice；deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid/avoid，imagine，risk；can’t help (禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape ‎►由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始认真做某事)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。‎ It’s time I got down to thinking about that essay.‎ 我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。‎ ‎►下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．You don’t have to run fast or for long________(see) the benefit.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　to see　[考查非谓语动词。此处意为：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。应该使用不定式形式表示目的。]‎ ‎2．You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________(die) early by running.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　dying　[考查非谓语动词。此处作介词of的宾语，故填动词die的－ing形式dying。]‎ ‎3．The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice________(improve) water quality.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　to improve　[考查不定式作目的状语。根据“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种玉米而不种水稻”的目的，可知用动词不定式作目的状语。]‎ ‎4．I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.(2018·浙江高考)‎ 答案　visiting　[考查非谓语动词。remember doing sth“记得做过某事”‎ ‎，为固定搭配。]‎ ‎5．I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid________(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　looking　[考查非谓语动词。avoid后接v.－ing形式作宾语，故填looking。]‎ ‎6．Once his message was delivered，he allowed me ________(stay) and watch.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　to stay　[考查非谓语动词。allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事。]‎ ‎7．I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________(take)．(2018·天津高考改编)‎ 答案　taken　[句意：我需要一个新护照，因此我得照张相片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。宾语my photograph与take为被动关系，且表示让他人去做这件事，因此用过去分词作宾补，即have sth done结构，意为“让某事被做”。]‎ ‎8．While regularly eating out seems to ________(become) common for many young people in recent years，it’s not without a cost.(2018·浙江高考)‎ 答案　have become　[考查时态。根据后面的时间状语in recent years可知，此处应该用现在完成时。]‎ ‎9．Sixteen years earlier，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring________(cook) a meal.(2017·浙江高考)‎ 答案　to cook　[分析句子结构可知，句中已经有了谓语动词removed，所以此处要用动词不定式作目的状语。]‎ ‎10．Fast food is full of fat and salt; by________(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　eating　[by在此处表示“通过”，是介词，后面接动名词形式作宾语。]‎ ‎11．But unlike her school friends，16－year－old Sarah is not spending half－term________(rest)．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　resting　[spend time (in) doing sth为固定搭配。]‎ ‎12．They are required________(process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　to process　[require sb to do sth“需要某人做某事”。]‎ ‎13．My ambassadorial duties will include________(introduce) British visitors to the 120－plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　introducing　[include后需跟动名词作宾语。]‎ ‎14．The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，________(use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　using　[第二句句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连接词，use与主句主语之间存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。]‎ ‎15．But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter________(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　permitted　[因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。]‎ ‎16．For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something________(eat)! (2016·四川高考)‎ 答案　to eat　[句意：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！不定式to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。]‎ ‎17．When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough________(cool) the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　to cool　[“be＋形容词＋enough＋动词不定式”为固定结构。]‎ ‎18．Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people________(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　living　[句中已有谓语动词arranges，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名词people之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式。]‎ ‎19.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is ‎ their ability to “air condition” a house without________(use) electric equipment.(全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　using　[介词without之后的动词要用动名词形式。]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Wang Sicong，the son of Chinese billionaire Wang Jianlin，was reported to__have__received(receive) 80，000 yuan for offering a four－Chinese－character answer on a pay－for－knowledge platform.(2019·杭州二中模拟)‎ ‎2．China Railway Corp.has launched a series of services for passengers which involve self－service counters，free smartphone apps and ubiquitous(随处可见的)travel notices，thus saving(save) much time for the passengers.(2019·金华一中模拟)‎ ‎3．As it was too deep to__climb (climb)down，I hanged my gun to one of the men and slid down it.(2019·宁波模拟)‎ ‎4．If your friendship is going through huge tests，you may find yourself confused，lonely，and angry at the same time.Here are simple ways to__keep(keep) your nearly lost friendship alive.(2019·绍兴模拟)‎ ‎5．They are taking great trouble to support the bike，with my mother even carrying (carry) a first－aid box.(2019·湖州模拟)‎ ‎6．The video filmed (film) by a fellow passenger was posted on Weibo.(2019·舟山模拟)‎ ‎7．Every day，she sets about doing housework as soon as she comes back home from work，putting (put) everything in good order.(2019·台州模拟)‎ ‎8．My mom and dad tried to help by giving (give) me simulated (模拟的) interviews one after another.(2019·丽水一模)‎ ‎9．Digging through kids’ school bags，looking up all the assignments，sitting beside them going through each item，and finally having (have) all the homework checked with a name signed is a daily routine for most Chinese parents，as required by teachers.(2019·温州一模)‎ ‎10．However，in the arranged (arrange) marriages of the old days of China，there were ‎ indeed quite a lot of brides who cried over their unsatisfactory marriage and even their miserable life.(2019·宁波联考)‎ Ⅱ.语法填空 In the summer of 1819，James Buchanan，the 15th President of the US，became engaged to(与……订婚)Ann Coleman，the daughter of 1.________ wealthy businessman in Pennsylvania.He spent very little time 2.________her during the first month of their engagement，3.________(extreme) busy at his law office.Then a rumor(谣言)spread 4.________he was marrying her only for her money，which 5.________(believe) to be untrue，but Ann took it to heart.In November，after several 6.________(pain) weeks，Ann wrote to Buchanan that the engagement was off.On December 9，she died from 7.________(take) drugs，which was a suicide(自杀)．Buchanan felt very sad.When Ann’s family didn’t allow him 8.________(see) her body or attend her funeral，he became sadder.He disappeared for some time but eventually returned to his work in Lancaster.After Ann’s death，Buchanan made his 9.________(announce) that he would never marry.He really 10.________(keep) his word and remained the only bachelor president in American history.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　1819年，布坎南曾与安妮·柯尔曼订婚，但因谣言，这项婚约告吹。后来女方服药过量而死亡，从此布坎南也终身未婚，成为了美国历史上唯一一位单身的总统。‎ ‎1．a　[考查冠词。根据句意Ann Coleman是一位富商的女儿，前面没有提到过，所以是用不定冠词a。]‎ ‎2．with　[考查介词。根据语境“布坎南没有花太多时间陪伴安妮”可知，应填介词with。]‎ ‎3．extremely　[考查副词。根据后面的busy可知，本空是来修饰busy的，所以填副词形式extremely。]‎ ‎4．that　[考查同位语从句的引导词。根据语境可知，spread后为同位语从句，而且从句意思完整且不缺句子成分，故填引导词that。]‎ ‎5．was believed　[考查动词的语态和时态。句子描述的是过去的事情，且句子主语与谓语动词之间是被动关系，故句子谓语动词用一般过去时的被动语态。]‎ ‎6．painful　[考查形容词。这里pain是用来修饰weeks的，所以应该用形容词形式painful。]‎ ‎7．taking　[考查非谓语动词。根据前面介词from可知，本空作的是from的宾语，所以填taking。]‎ ‎8．to see　[考查非谓语动词。allow sb to do sth是固定短语，意为“允许某人做某事”。]‎ ‎9．announcement　[考查名词。根据前面的his可知，这里应该填名词announcement。]‎ ‎10．kept　[考查动词的时态。根据前文可知，这里讲的是过去的事，所以应该用一般过去时。]‎