专题05+生态环保类（真题训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题05+生态环保类（真题训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题05 生态环保类 真题训练 Passage 1（2017·新课标卷III）‎ ‎ After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.‎ Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.‎ The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.‎ As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.‎ ‎ The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.‎ ‎28. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. Wildlife research in the United States.‎ B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.‎ C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.‎ D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.‎ ‎29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?‎ A. Tested. B. Separated. ‎ C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.‎ ‎30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?‎ A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income.‎ C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.‎ ‎31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?‎ A. Doubtful. B. Positive. ‎ C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.‎ ‎【话题解读】本文是一篇有关生态平衡的说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。‎ ‎28.D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。‎ ‎30.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。‎ ‎31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。‎ Passage 2（2017·江苏卷）‎ ‎ Old Problem, New Approaches ‎ While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.‎ ‎ When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: ＂There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.＂ Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.‎ ‎ Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity（连体） to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds prevent starvation during the wet season.‎ Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel ‎ calculates that he has stored about 200, 000 m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.‎ Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.‎ In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its of "100 ideas to save the planet＂.‎ More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.‎ Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.‎ ‎65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ____________.‎ A. adaptation is an ever-changing process ‎ B. the cost of adaptation varies with time C. global warming affects adaptation forms D. adaptation to climate change is challenging ‎66. What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?‎ A. The project receives government support. ‎ B. Different organizations work with each other.‎ C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation. ‎ D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.‎ ‎67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?‎ A. Storing ice for future use.‎ B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.‎ C. Changing the irrigation time.‎ D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.‎ ‎68. What do we learn from the Peru example?‎ A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.‎ B. The global warming tread cannot be stopped.‎ C. This country is heating up too quickly.‎ D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.‎ ‎69. According to the author, polluting industries should ____________.‎ A. adapt to carbon pollution B. plant highly profitable crops C. leave carbon emission alone ‎ D. fight against carbon pollution ‎70. What’s the author’s preferred solution to global warming?‎ A. Setting up a new standard.‎ B. Reducing carbon emission.‎ C. Adapting to climate change. ‎ D. Monitoring polluting industries.‎ ‎ 【话题解读】文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。‎ ‎65.A【解析】one-size fit all意为＂通用的，万全之策＂，句意：不存在通用的适应性方法。下句Nevertheless表转折，再根据＂there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost＂可知，没有放之四海而皆准的方法，即适应是需要根据情况不断做出调整，而非一成不变的。‎ ‎66.C【解析】根据第三段中的＂Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.＂可知，Rezwan会从危机中看到机遇，会充分利用现有条件。‎ ‎68.D【解析】根据倒数第四段中的＂By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.＂和倒数第三段中的＂painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice＂可知，将墙壁涂成白色是利用了光的反射原理，这样可以缓解气候变暖。‎ ‎69.D【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense...＂可知，作者不赞成＂我们已经在与碳污染的斗争中失败了＂这样的说法，说明作者建议污染企业行动起来。‎ ‎70.B 【解析】根据最后一段中的＂But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.‎ ‎＂可知，作者认为，最合理的方法仍然是减少二氧化碳的排放。‎ Passage 3 （2016·北京卷）‎ California Condor’s Shocking Recovery California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.‎ In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.‎ Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.‎ So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.‎ ‎ Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. ‎ ‎ Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital ‎ for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”‎ ‎63. California condors attract researchers’ interest because they _________.‎ A. are active at night B. had to be bred in the wild C. are found only in California D. almost died out in the 1980s ‎64. Researchers have found electrical lines are _________.‎ A. blocking condors’ journey home ‎ B. big killers of California condors C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away ‎65. According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning _________.‎ A. makes condors too nervous to fly ‎ B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’ blood D. makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds ‎66. This passage shows that _________.‎ A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B. Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem ‎【话题解读】加州兀鹰是北美最大的鸟类，翼展可达3米。20世纪80年代，由于触电和铅中毒，加州兀鹰几乎绝迹。现在，正通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰。‎ ‎63.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“As they go in to rest for the night”排除A；根据第二段“In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖)”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B；根据第二段“more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚州有condors，排除C，故选D。‎ ‎65.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death”可知，摄入大量铅会刺激兀鹰的神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。‎ ‎66.C【解析】推理判断题。根据“just under eight years”可知，在野外生存的兀鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，排除B。故选C。‎ Passage 4（2016·江苏卷）‎ El Nino, a Spanish term for ＂the Christ child＂, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.‎ The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nino in 1997-98 helped ‎ American’s economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.‎ But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought(干旱) in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.‎ The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ Simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers(下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.‎ ‎61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It is named after a South American fisherman.‎ B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.‎ C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.‎ D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.‎ ‎62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?‎ A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.‎ B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.‎ C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.‎ D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.‎ ‎63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that _________.‎ A. more investment should go to risk reduction B. governments of poor countries need more aid C. victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D. recovery and reconstruction should come first ‎64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?‎ A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.‎ B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.‎ C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.‎ D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.‎ ‎【话题解读】本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。‎ ‎61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。‎ ‎62.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on ‎ balance, than they lose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。C项正确。‎ ‎64.D 【解析】目的意图题。根据最后一句＂Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.＂各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。‎ Passage 5(2015·新课标卷II)‎ Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot "greener" toward the environment. "We didn't know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.‎ But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. "The understanding has increased many, many times," says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.‎ According to US government reports, emissions (排放) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of "green thinking" has become part of practices.‎ Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.‎ Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, it's hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. "Until we do that, nothing else will change!" says Bruce Anderson.‎ ‎1.According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about_________.‎ A. the social movement B. recycling techniques C. environmental problems D .the importance of Earth Day ‎2.Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?‎ A. The grass-roots level. B. The business circle.‎ C. Government officials. D. University professors.‎ ‎3.What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?‎ A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.‎ B. They have settled their environmental problems.‎ C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.‎ D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.‎ ‎4.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?‎ A. Education. B. Planning. ‎ C. Green living. D.CO reduction.‎ ‎【话题解读】这是一篇说明文，介绍环保意识在美国从无到有，逐渐增强，环保教育势在必行。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】考查细节理解。依据第一段第二句"We didn't know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it"得知1970年以前美国人对环境问题所知甚少。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】考查推理判断。依据第二段后半部分推断，美国政府多管齐下，污染问题大为缓解。A项错在lowest,B项错在have settled, C项错在forty。‎ ‎4.A 【解析】考查推理判断。依据最后一段内容推断，环保意识教育至关重要。‎