【英语】2018届二轮复习高考英语阅读理解特征及技能指导学案（42页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习高考英语阅读理解特征及技能指导学案（42页）

‎2018届 二轮复习 高考英语阅读理解特征及技能指导 NMET “阅读理解部分要求考生能够读懂比较熟悉的日常生活话题方面的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告，以及书报杂志中一般性话题的短文材料。”该部分是对英语知识运用的考察，它是全卷篇幅最大、内容最多、计分最高、区分度最明显的一种题型。因此考生很必要全面掌握其特点，并掌握一定的应试技巧。以下结合高考阅读理解特征，谈谈相关的英语阅读技能。‎ 一、高考英语阅读理解命题原则与思路大揭秘 命题原则：‎ ‎1. 阅读总量不少于2000个单词，篇数不少于四篇； ‎ ‎2. 题材尽量多样化，包括日常生活，传说，人物，社会，文化，史地，科技，政治，‎ 经济等；‎ ‎3. 体裁尽量避免单一化，应包括记叙文，描写文，说明文，议论文，应用文等。‎ 命题思路：‎ ‎　　１．选篇：坚持多样化的原则。记叙文，说明文，应用文和议论文各占一定的比例。在 内容上强调贴近生活的原则，重视实用性。当代阅读教学的主流越来越受思想中关于“超越 语言本身”的观点和做法的影响，这就是说，阅读能力必须涉及“解决现实生活问题”这个 十分重要的因素。‎ ‎２．语言：能够体现当代英语的特点，用词浅显，简练，生动活泼，语句富于变化，能 有效避免冗长沉重。常用词的深层或引申意义也处理得比较恰当，既不限于教材原义，又不涉及过于生僻的用法。‎ ‎３．语篇逻辑：经得起推敲，与学生的阅读智能水平相吻合。‎ 二、阅读理解考查内容与形式大揭秘 ‎《考试大纲》对阅读理解的主要要求是： ‎ ‎1．掌握所读文章的主旨和大意以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；‎ ‎2．既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；‎ ‎3．既理解字面意思，也理解根据字面意思可以推断出来的没有明确说出的深沉含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；‎ ‎4．既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；‎ ‎5．既能根据文章所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生自己应有的常识去理解。‎ 阅读理解主要考查形式主要有四大类： ‎ ‎1．细节理解题。即要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。这一题型 常见的命题方式有：事实认定题、排序题图形辨认题、数字运算题等。‎ ‎2．推理判断题。这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。‎ ‎3．主旨大意题。该类题主要考察学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。‎ ‎4．词义猜测题。 即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。‎ 三、2008年英语高考阅读理解形式特点大揭秘 ‎2008年全国高考16套试题阅读理解的设置基本上同往年一样：5篇阅读理解，20个小题，共2000词左右。江西2008年第一次自主命题，其阅读理解题考察形式也同往年高考阅读理解题考察形式一致。据省教育厅最新消息，2006年江西英语高考仍然是自主命题，题型及考察形式与2008年一样。‎ 四、2008年英语高考阅读理解内容特点大揭秘 ‎2008年全国高考16套试题阅读理解的题材仍然体现了来源于实际生活、紧贴时代、反映英美文化等特点。内容涉及人物、动物、故事、新闻、教育、广告、哲理、生态、环保、科普、史地、节日、社会、卫生等方面。‎ ‎2008年全国高考16套试题阅读理解的体裁分为叙述文、说明文、应用文和议论文四种。从整体来看，80篇阅读文章中有叙述文39篇（占48.75%），说明文19篇（占23.75%），议论文和应用文各有11篇（占13.75%）。这样看来，叙述文和说明文的比例大于议论文和应用文，当然局部还有各自的偏向性。下面是对2008年全国高考部分地区试题阅读理解体裁和题材的列表，以供参考。‎ ‎ 体裁和题材 篇目 试题出处 A B C D E 全国卷I、II 叙述文/宠物 叙述文/新闻 应用文/广告 叙述文/家庭生活 叙述文/哲理 全国卷III 叙述文/故事 叙述文/文化 叙述文/新闻 叙述文/生态 议论文/哲理 江西卷 叙述文/故事 议论文/哲理 应用文/广告 说明文/科普 议论文/教育 山东卷 叙述文/教育 叙述文/新闻 叙述文/新闻 应用文/广告 说明文/科普 湖南卷 叙述文/故事 叙述文/教育 叙述文/人物 应用文/小费 说明文/科普 辽宁卷 说明文/科普 叙述文/人物 应用文/广告 议论文/社会 说明文/体育 重庆卷 叙述文/故事 应用文/广告 说明文/教育 议论文/哲理 议论文/哲理 题型方面，2008年的阅读理解命题基本上仍然可以归纳为传统的主旨大意题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题。从整体来看，细节理解题约占46%，推理判断题约占36%，主旨大意题占10%，词义猜测题约占8%。‎ 下面把今年全国各地的高考阅读理解题题型大致列出，以供参考。‎ ‎ 题型 个数 试题出处 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 全国卷I、II ‎9‎ ‎8‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ 全国卷III ‎11‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ 北京卷 ‎10‎ ‎7‎ ‎1‎ ‎2‎ 上海卷 ‎4‎ ‎8‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ 江西卷 ‎8‎ ‎8‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ 江苏卷 ‎9‎ ‎7‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ 广东卷 ‎9‎ ‎7‎ ‎1‎ ‎3‎ 湖南卷 ‎11‎ ‎6‎ ‎1‎ ‎2‎ 湖北卷 ‎11‎ ‎6‎ ‎1‎ ‎2‎ 辽宁卷 ‎11‎ ‎8‎ ‎1‎ 福建卷 ‎8‎ ‎7‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ 安徽卷 ‎7‎ ‎10‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ 天津卷 ‎11‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ 山东卷 ‎11‎ ‎7‎ ‎1‎ ‎1‎ 浙江卷 ‎7‎ ‎8‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ 重庆卷 ‎9‎ ‎7‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ 合计 ‎146‎ ‎116‎ ‎32‎ ‎26‎ 五、英语高考阅读理解答题技能大揭秘 I. 技能点揭秘之一: 细节理解题解题技能 在2008年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考察，无一例外。‎ 细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。‎ 常见的命题方式通常有：‎ ‎1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；‎ ‎2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT；‎ ‎3. 以According to… 开头提问方式；‎ ‎4. 以填空题的形式，如：‎ ‎（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised . ‎ ‎（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that .‎ ‎（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .‎ ‎（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit . ‎ ‎（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that . ‎ ‎（6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to . 等等 ‎5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。‎ 做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。‎ 要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ 了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。‎ 高考有没有瞬间大幅度提分的可能？‎ 请先看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题的第36题，是一个完形填空题. 在此我只列出它的四个选项,试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在3秒之内选出正确答案?‎ ‎36. A. worried B. sad C. surprised D. nervous 正确答案是C, ABD都是一个人状态不好的倾向词，而C则为中性词，表述态度不一致者是答案。.如果你知道了这个秘诀，可以解决很多类似的完型填空题!‎ 看一下辽宁卷2010年完形填空真题的第52题:‎ ‎52. A. Largely B. Generally C. Gradually D. Probably 正确答案是C, ABD都是含义不肯定的副词，排除表述不明确的选项,答案就水落石出了. 如果你知道了这个秘诀，你更是可以解决很多类似的完型填空题! 试想一下,知道了全部36个完形秘诀之后,您的分数会怎么样呢?‎ 请再看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题阅读理解题的第56题，在此我只写出它的题干和四个选项.也试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在5秒之内选出正确答案?‎ ‎56. From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers .‎ ‎ A.worked very hard for centuries ‎ B.dreamed of having a better life ‎ ‎ C.were poor but somewhat content ‎ D.lived a different life from their forefathers 正确答案是C, 选项中表述的内容前后相互矛盾的是答案! 思路很简单，如果你掌握了其中的秘诀，抛开文章，你也可以很快选出正确答案. 掌握此类瞬间解题秘诀，不仅缩短了答题时间，还能保障近乎100%的准确率！‎ ‎ 无论任何人，在考试中，总会遇到吃不准选项的题，或可以称之为不会做的“难题”,那么，如果遇到“难题”，你会怎办？是放弃？不可能，怎么着也要“猜”出一个答案!那么，是“瞎猜”吗？如果是“瞎猜”，其正确率仅是25%，是可想而知的低！那么，如何“猜”才能有高的准确率呢？如果我告诉你N个秘诀,让你在做“难题”时，猜出的答案的准确率由25%提高至95%，甚至是100%,你愿意继续看下去吗?‎ ‎35. A. eat up B. deal with C. throw away D. send out ‎35题在B和C模棱两可处到底选哪个? 当然选范围大的,能包括另一个的,即选B.‎ 再举个例子，假如2010年辽宁卷高考英语完形填空的47题,不知选哪个, 怎么办？‎ As I found out, there is, 46 , often no perfect equivalence(对应)between two 47 in two languages. My aunt even goes so far as to 48 that a Chinese “equivalent” can never give you the 49 meaning of a word in English!‎ ‎47. A. words B. names C. ideas D. characters 很简单，选A，勿须有任何的犹豫,为什么？复现法则!‎ 吴军英语高分密码会告诉你具体原因以及更多的解决“难题”的秘诀,都是非常的简单和直接.请记住!遇到“难题”，即使“猜”答案，也要“猜”的有理有据,切勿盲目的“猜”!‎ ‎  The moment he was about to 47 the hospital, he saw on the desk the 48 new book ,just as he had left it one 49 ago.‎ ‎  48. A much B still C hardly D quite 很简单，选B，为什么？答案高频词汇倾向归纳让你笑逐颜开!‎ 高频形容词 副词: suddenly, even, finally, first, last, again, also, however, though, although, yet, instead, even though, but, still等.‎ 单项选择 13条经典实战技巧,助你避开语法的干扰轻松得高分;‎ 完型填空 11个重要特点,10种判断技巧,彻底解决一错错一串、发挥不稳定两大难题;‎ 阅读理解 9大要点,9种提高方法轻松解决 做题慢准确率低等难题;‎ 短文改错 6大应试策略,6大提高方法让你拿分如探囊取物;‎ 书面表达 “黄金写作模型”,精辟独到的讲解,写出让阅卷老师无可挑剔的高分作文!‎ 有的 细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。‎ 值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。‎ 细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：‎ ‎1．描写类细节题 描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。‎ 例题：（2008年全国高考—上海卷A篇）‎ You either have it, or you don’t—a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?‎ Scientists say we’re all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use is, we lose it.‎ ‎“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. “However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they never develop the skills.”‎ Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:‎ ‎●If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.‎ ‎●If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.‎ ‎●Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.‎ Now you need never get lost again!‎ ‎65. Scientists believe that_______.‎ A. some babies are born with a sense of direction.‎ B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older C. people never lose their sense of direction D. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth ‎66. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?‎ A. They never have a sense of direction without maps B. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.‎ ‎68. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to ________.‎ A. ask policemen for directions.‎ B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs D. count the number of landmarks that you see 答案与解析：65.选D。根据第二段首句可知：科学家认为我们生来就有方向感。‎ ‎66.选C。根据第三段首句可知，七岁大的小孩就具备了辨别方向的能力。‎ ‎68.选B。根据Jim Martland所给的第三条建议中的“… by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you.”即可得出答案。‎ ‎2．数据计算题 此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。‎ 例题：（2008年全国高考—安徽卷D篇）‎ ‎…‎ Tuition Fees (学费) Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui @ waikato．ac．nz. Accommodation (住宿) You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@ waikato．ac．nz ‎…‎ ‎69. You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.‎ A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000‎ 答案与解析：选B。本篇是介绍新西兰Waikato大学的广告。从Tuition Fees (学费)：Tuition fees are different from department to department．generally from$5，000 to$6，000 a year. For further information：tui @waikato.ac.nz . Accommodation(住宿)：You can have a room in a ‎4- bedroom fiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person. For further information：acc @ waikato．ac．nz．可知答案为B。$5000(学费)+$100(住宿费)x12(months)+$150(生活费)x12=$8000．‎ ‎3．排序题 这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾法定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。‎ 例题： （2008年全国高考—浙江卷D篇）‎ ‎…‎ People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store. If you're looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.‎ ‎…‎ ‎54. Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?‎ a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list.‎ c. Find the things you want. D. Go to a self-checkout stand.‎ A. abdc B. bacd C. acbd D. bcad 答案与解析：选B。细节理解题。由本段的描述可以确定第一件事是Make a shopping list（列购物清单，明确买什么）。最后一件事是Go to a self-checkout stand（去付款台（自动）付钱），排除A、 C，然后再看ab的先后顺序，排除选项D。本题也可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。‎ ‎4．信息寻找题、广告阅读题 信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。‎ 广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。‎ ‎（1）补全成分法 省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。‎ ‎（2）联想推测法 在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。‎ 为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：‎ Tel. =telephone number ‎ Ph. =phone Add (r). =address ‎ co. =company Ltd=Limited Max=maximum Min=minimum hr=hour t=time fig=figure ft=foot ‎ ml=mile doz=dozen Mt=Mountain P=page prof. =professor Dr. =doctor s=south n=north ‎ w=west Sta=Station ‎ pop=popular vs=versus Xmas=Christmas info=information ‎ VIP=very important persons hrs=hours aft=after ad=advertisement ‎ p/t=part time exp=experienced ‎ PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)‎ 例题： （2008年全国卷I、II C篇） ‎ Welcome to Adventureland!‎ Everyone loves Adventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you to explore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visit will be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched, longing to come back. What are you going to do this time?‎ The Travel Pavilion Explore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.‎ Visit the Amazon jungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, the Berber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who will tell you about their lives, and things they make. You can try making a carpet, making nets, fishing …‎ The Future Tower This exhibition shows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then. Spend some time in our space station climb into our simulator (模拟装置) for the Journey to Mars!‎ The Nature Park This is not really one park but several.‎ In the Safari Park you can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers; see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the Ocean Park to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still the Aviary to see…‎ The Pyramid This is the center of Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps? For all these things and many more, visit our underground shopping centre. Come here for information and ideas too.‎ ‎63. The Travel Pavilion is built to help visitors ________.‎ A. realize the importance of traveling B. become familiar with mountain countries C. learn how to make things such as fishing nets D. learn something about different places in the world ‎64. If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit _____________.‎ A. the Travel Pavilion B. the Future Tower C. the Safari Park D. the Pyramid ‎65. If you want to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likely go?‎ A. The Pyramid B. The Nature Park. ‎ C. The Future Tower D. The Travel Pavilion 答案与解析：63. 选D。运用“题干定向法”捕捉相关信息。根据The Travel Pavilion部分第一句“Explore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.”，便可知该活动有助于游客了解世界各地风情。‎ ‎64. 选B。根据The Future Tower 这一标题和内容梗概，其中特别有一句“It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then.”，不难发现只有该项能够让人们了解未来社会的发展。‎ ‎65. 选A。本题考察了考生信息寻找能力和细节处理能力。根据最后一段第二句告诉我们The Pyramid提供一些游客必须品。第三句则暗示The Pyramid是购买旅游纪念品的理想场所。‎ ‎5. 图文转换题 此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。‎ 例题：（2004年全国高考—北京卷A篇）‎ The Home of My People ‎ When Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce ‎ chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always broke those agreements and demanded more land. ‎ ‎ Other chiefs refused to go along with the government’s plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people lived in the Wallowa Valley（present-day Oregon）. ‎ ‎ “In order to have all people understand how much land we owned, ”he once explained, “my father planted poles around it and said: ‘Inside is the home of my people…It circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. ’”‎ ‎ But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move. ‎ ‎ Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in. ‎ ‎56. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of today’s Nez Perce Reservation? ‎ A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar. ‎ C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. ‎ ‎57. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map? ‎ A. They were in the state of Oregon. ‎ B. They have become a historic site. ‎ C. They have become much smaller. ‎ D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley. ‎ 答案与解析：56. 选D。此题考察学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点（有■标志）。可以看到Chief Looking Glass Camp位于Nez Perce Reservation（范围以内）的南部。‎ ‎57. 选C。从地图中我们可以看到，Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地（粗线范围内）比现在的Nez Perce保留区（阴影部分）大多了。‎ ‎6．表格理解题 表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容，看懂行和列分别代表的意义，在正确理解的基础上才能做出正确的选择。通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点，而有些信息与题干无关，如通篇阅读，既缺少针对性又浪费时间，一般采用“首读题干法”为上策，即先读题目要求，带着问题在表格里查找相关信息，去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系，这就需要对各数据进行分析，找出隐含规律，此时常用“文表分析法”来提示其规律。‎ Country or Area Manufacturing Resources Development Commerce and Services Others Total A ‎7220‎ ‎380‎ ‎89520‎ ‎1370‎ ‎98490‎ B ‎20490‎ ‎40‎ ‎5170‎ ‎1070‎ ‎27310‎ C ‎29370‎ ‎120‎ ‎36300‎ ‎1010‎ ‎66800‎ D ‎36570‎ ‎68130‎ ‎12090‎ ‎120‎ ‎116910‎ E ‎7160‎ ‎840‎ ‎19520‎ ‎710‎ ‎28320‎ The above chart shows Japanese direct investment in Asian countries or areas (A、B、C、D, and E) from 1951 till 2003. The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion. In resources development, Japan didn’t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore. In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia.‎ ‎1.We learn from the passage that the “A” in the chart stands for _____.‎ A. China B. Singapore C. Indonesia D. Hong Kong ‎2.In total, Japan invested about 70 billion dollars more in Hong Kong than in ____.‎ A. Singapore B. Indonesia C. Taiwan D. China ‎3.Japanese investment in resources development in Singapore was _____times that in Taiwan.‎ A. three B. four C. five D. six ‎4.In manufacturing, Indonesia ranked ________.‎ A. first B. second C. third D. fourth ‎5.According to the chart, we know _______ attracted Japan most.‎ A. manufacturing B. resources development ‎ C. commerce and services D. others 答案与解析：考查学生理解图表和结合文字叙述摄取有关信息的做题能力。此题首先要清楚A、B、C、D、E所代表的国家或地区。从“The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, ”可以知道A、E代表香港和中国大陆，从后一句“but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion.”可以进一步确定A代表香港，E代表中国大陆。从“In resources development, Japan didn’t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore.”可以知道C是新加坡，B是台湾，D无疑就是印度尼西亚了，从最后一句“In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia”也可得到印证。确定了这五个国家和地区，问题就迎刃而解了。答案：1-5 DDAAC ‎ ‎7．代词指代题解题技能 代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。‎ 例题1：（2008年全国卷C篇）‎ ‎…‎ The theory is supported by the facts that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars –seems too little for a car worth many times more. ‎ Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.‎ ‎ “We have more important things to do, ” he said.‎ ‎52. The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to . A. criminals B. pigeons 　　C. the stolen cars 　　D. demands for money ‎ 答案与解析：选D。从文中最后一段可知，they 应当对应该段前面的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。该部分大意为“媒体一报道这些事件之后，发案率有所下降。即使demands for money的势头有所上升，陈表明，捉住罪犯也没什么希望，因为他们（警察）有更重要的事要做。”。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—天津卷E篇）‎ ‎…‎ Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable (可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves (涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.‎ ‎54. What does the underlined word “this” refer to?‎ A. Great contributions to the society B. Long-time study of the subject matter. C. Various statements about problem solving. D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.‎ 答案与解析：选B。这里的this指代前面的内容，从本段的第一句可以看出，其指代的是Long-time study of the subject matter。‎ II. 技能揭秘之二: 推理判断题解题技能 这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。‎ 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。‎ ‎　　这种问题的提问方式通常有： 　　(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that . / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that .‎ ‎(2) We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that…‎ ‎(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that . 　　(4) The author implies that by the year 2080, . 　　(5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should . ‎ ‎(6) The author mentions the fact that…to show .‎ ‎(7) This passage would most likely be found in _________?‎ ‎(8) The author’s attitude toward …is _________?‎ ‎(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?‎ ‎　　这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：‎ c) 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。‎ a) 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。‎ b) 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。‎ d) 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。‎ e) 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。‎ 以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型： ‎ ‎1．细节推断题 要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。‎ 例题：(2008年全国卷I、II B篇)‎ MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border(边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security(安全) rules.‎ The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing ‎ the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.‎ ‎…‎ ‎59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _______. ‎ A. an American living in Township 15   ‎ B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs station D. an American working in a Canadian church 答案与解析：选A。根据第一段中的cost a US citizen $ 10,000可以推断出Richard Albert是美国人，working in a Canadian church与第二段后两句事实不符。‎ ‎2．因果推断题 要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。‎ 例题1：(2008年全国卷I、II B篇)‎ ‎60. Albert was fined because he ________ ‎ A. failed to obey traffic rules.‎ B. broke the American security rules.‎ C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. ‎ D. damaged the gate of the customs office.‎ 答案与解析：选B。从第一段得知Albert被海关罚了$10,000是因为breaking Washington’s strict new security(安全) rules。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—福建卷A篇）‎ Paul Zindel’s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.‎ Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel’s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel’s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats-have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.‎ ‎57. Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize? A. His books were widely read by children. B. His books were interesting and helpful to ‎ adults. C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature. D. He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.‎ 答案与解析：选C。从第二段第一句中的后半句…but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults（成人）及倒数第二句前半句Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements,可知Paul Zindel是当代文学领域中最早期的作家之一,2002年美国文学协会授予他Margaret A. Edwards Prize以表彰他毕生的成就。综合两部分考虑，可知选项C正确。从倒数第二句后半句and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature.排除选项D。‎ ‎3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题 高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：‎ ‎（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。‎ ‎（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。‎ ‎（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。‎ 例题1：（2008年全国高考—安徽卷E篇）‎ Parents should stop blaming themselves because there’s not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager (十几岁的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.‎ I’ve seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself (懒散地躺) on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I don’t know what to do with him these days,” she said. “He’s forgotten all the manners we taught him.” ‎ He hasn’t forgotten them. He’ s just decided that he’ s not going to use them. She confessed (坦白) that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.‎ Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I don’t like your dress; it’s ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.‎ ‎“Where did we go wrong?” her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents. 73. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as ______.‎ A. lazy B. quiet G. unusual D. rude 74. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters ‎ ______.‎ A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after them C. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them ‎75. What is the author’s opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?‎ A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it. B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change. C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers. D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.‎ 答案与解析：73. 选D。 此题属于“人物性格推断题”。从文中第二段“One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman.”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话“He’s forgotten all the manners we taught him.”可以看出：一位严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是很不礼貌。‎ ‎74. 选D。此题属于“人物心情处境推断题”。最后一段，“‘Where did we go wrong?’ her parents are now very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。‎ ‎75. 选A。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，文中第一句话“Parents should stop blaming themselves because there’s not a lot they can do about it.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—北京卷C篇）‎ How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?‎ ‎…‎ The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.‎ ‎… 64. How would the author describe the animals’ life in zoos?‎ A. Dangerous. B. Unhappy. C. Natural. D. Easy. 答案与解析：64. 选B。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，由本段中的第一句话keeping ‎ animals in cages in unnatural environments，以及后文当中的The animals are kept together in small spaces, 和 a sign of unhappiness and pain. 可以推断出作者认为动物园中的动物的生活不幸福。‎ ‎4．篇章结构推断题 根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。‎ 例题1：（2008年全国高考—湖北卷A篇） ‎ ‎　Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy. 　　Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. 　　… 59. How does the writer explain birds’ singing? A. By comparing birds with human beings. B. By reporting experiment results. C. By describing birds’ daily life. D. By telling a bird’s story.‎ 答案与解析：由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—浙江卷C篇） ‎ In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.‎ First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength…‎ ‎…‎ I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. ‎ ‎52. How is the text organized?‎ A. Topic—Argument—Explanation ‎ B. Opinion—Discussion--Description C. Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples ‎ D. Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion ‎ 答案与解析：选D。本题考查对语篇的结构理解。本文为记叙文的一般结构，本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历。作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦，工资低和工作条件差（The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.），中间三段举例描述，最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论（By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.）。‎ ‎5．文章结论推断题 由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。‎ 例题：（2008年全国高考—广东卷D篇）‎ In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word " queue" (排队). He spoke of the French and their "habit of standing in a queue". Forty years later Paris was the best place to wait in line. However, queuing became popular in Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that ‎ it was a queue for something to buy. This was the source of many Second World War jokes:‎ Shopkeeper to customer: Excuse me, miss, are you pregnant (怀孕)?‎ Customer: Well, I wasn’t when I joined the queue.‎ Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain) can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing - as compared to twelve months looking for things we have lost. But things may be changing.‎ ‎…‎ But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine o’ clock the next morning without going into the shop.‎ ‎71. We can infer from the passage that ________.‎ A. queue management doesn’t work well B. there is still queuing in England C. we don’t see much queuing in Paris D. the French like queuing more than the British 答案与解析：.选B。文章结论推断题。文章最后说了“But some people just like queuing.”，该句表明在英国还是有人喜欢排队，因此排队仍然存在。‎ ‎6．预测题 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。‎ 常见的与预测相关的问题主要有：‎ What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?‎ What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?‎ What would… do in the end?‎ 对于这类问题的判断， ‎ 做这类题时应常常要纵览全文，把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述），作者往往在前文提出几个要解决或说明的问题，提出几种观点看法，然后在下文一一解释说明，考生可通过文章，找出作者已经阐明了哪些问题或观点，然后接下去文章将会如何发展便一目了然了。‎ 例题1：（2004全国卷I B篇）‎ Giving Back ‎ Fair Way The Westborough High School golf team had taken the official photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough instructor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. “ No one would have known, “ said Woburn’s instructor, Bob Doran. For Rota, it wasn’t a difficult decision: “The prize wasn’t ours to take.” ‎ ‎60. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end? ‎ A. Took photos of Doran. ‎ B. Had a meeting with Doran. ‎ C. Returned the prize to the organizer. ‎ D. Apologized to Woburn High School. ‎ ‎61. Greg Rota’s decision shows that he was . ‎ A. honest B. polite ‎ C. careful D. friendly ‎ 答案与解析：60.选C。文章思路结局题。这篇阅读的主题是Give Back （归还，回报），全文有三篇小短文，都是围绕这一主题展开的，这是其中的一篇。此题属于“结局推断题”。其结果文章并没有明显地表白，完全由人物的说话来推断。由fair way (公平，公正)，尤其是最后一句 it wasn’t a difficult decision: “ The prize wasn’t ours to take.” 可知，Rota 发现了记分错误，并决定把本不属于自己的奖还回组委会。‎ ‎61.选A 。此题属于“人物性格推断题”。Greg Rota 知道奖品本不该属于自己时就马上决定退回奖品，说明他很诚实。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—上海卷C篇）‎ I THIRST Each day water-related diseases kill 3,900 of world’s children.‎ Across the world, 1.1 billion people have no access to clean drinking water. More than 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation.(卫生设备)‎ The combination proves deadly. Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world. Safe drinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate, inequality between men and women, and poverty.‎ ‎…‎ Here are three ways you can help:‎ 1) Write Congress ‎…‎ 2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organization ‎…‎ 3) Support nonprofit water organizations Numerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related to ‎ drinking water and sanitation. Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows: some organizations are large, other small-scale, some operate worldwide, others are devoted to certain areas in Africa, Asia, or Latin America. Support them generously.‎ ‎75. What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?‎ A. A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.‎ B. A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.‎ C. Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.‎ D. A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.‎ 答案与解析：选B。这是一篇广告，要求为全世界缺水或饮用水不安全的人捐献一份爱心。本题是一道预测题。根据最后一段Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows:… 一句可预测下一段将为读者提供的是“非赢利性组织名单”，以便捐献爱心的人和他们取得联系。因此正确答案选B。其他三个选项都与本广告的目的不符，故都排除。‎ III. 技能揭秘之三: 主旨大意题解题技能 高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确 获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。‎ 在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：‎ ‎(1). What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?‎ ‎(2). The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.‎ ‎(3). The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…‎ ‎(4). The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.‎ ‎(5). What is mainly discussed in the text?‎ ‎(6). What is the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?‎ ‎(8) The purpose of this passage is . ‎ ‎(9). Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?‎ ‎(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?‎ ‎(11) The passage mainly focuses on .‎ 从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。‎ ‎●怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意 ‎——主题句定位法 文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。‎ 但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。‎ 文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：‎ ‎1. 正三解形写作法 即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。‎ 新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。‎ 例题：(2008年全国高考—重庆卷E篇)（备注：所有高考题均保留原题号。）‎ In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.‎ ‎… 71. What does this passage mainly talk about?‎ A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.‎ B. Opinions about competition are different among people.‎ C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.‎ D. Failures are necessary experience in competition. 答案与解析：选B。文中第一句便提出了中心论点。‎ ‎2. 倒三角形写作法 即主题句出现在文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。‎ 例题1：(2004年全国卷IV A篇)‎ The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.‎ Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.‎ Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.‎ Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”‎ ‎56.The text mainly talks about _____.‎ A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist 答案与解析：选C。文章第一段谈到Diane Fossey大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传措施。前面三段都是为最后一段作铺垫的, 从最后一段“It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.”可知，最主要的目的还是要人们保护大猩猩。‎ 例题2：On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.‎ ‎1. What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ A. Keep away from the Internet. ‎ B. Surf the net.‎ C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.‎ D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.‎ 答案与解析：选C。最后一句“The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.”（因特网在我们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用）是全文的主题句。A项（远离网络）与主题不符。B项（上网）过于笼统。D项（网上娱乐）只不过是短文中的一个细节，不全面。‎ ‎3. 圆形写作法 即首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。‎ 例题：Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. ‎ People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. ‎ There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. ‎ At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.‎ ‎1.The passage is mainly about . ‎ A. How to Play Lacrosse ‎ B. Lacrosse in Canada ‎ C. The History of Lacrosse ‎ D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada ‎ 答案与解析：选D。作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。‎ ‎4. 菱形写作法 即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。‎ 例题： (2008年全国高考—江苏卷C篇)‎ The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.‎ During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.‎ ‎… 67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.‎ A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival 答案与解析：从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本 文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选A。 5. 正方形写作法 即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。‎ 例题1：(2008年全国高考—安徽卷C篇)‎ Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.‎ Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a ‎ good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you. 65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. ‎ A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China 答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论 握手是怎样产生的。‎ ‎67. The main purpose of the text is ______.‎ A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad 答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。本文没有明确的主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。明显的主题句。通读全文后可知，文章主要是给我们介绍了握手的一些具体事实。由此可知答案B正确。‎ 例题2：(2008年全国高考— 山东卷A篇）‎ Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen. With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools. They sought a university that offered the teenager’s intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe. ‎ ‎“The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn’t alone in his worries. On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer ——“That’s not a problem here,” ——Mahoney began to feel uneasy.‎ ‎“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just don’t buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. “Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus. “Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.”‎ But getting accurate information isn’t easy. Colleges must report crime statistics(统计数字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous. “The truth may not always be serious,” warms S. Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nation’s leading campus safety watchdog group.‎ To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions. 60. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campuses C. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids’ campus ‎ safety 答案与解析：选D。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文紧紧围绕 “关注大学校园安全问题（Concerns about kids’ campus safety）”。‎ ‎●怎样选择或拟定文章的标题 对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？‎ 首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体 现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。‎ 其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，‎ 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。‎ 再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。‎ 最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.‎ 话题：Stamps 控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names 标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names 例题1：(2008年全国高考—江西卷A篇)‎ He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …‎ The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?”‎ Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)…‎ ‎59．What would be the best title for the passage? ‎ ‎ A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas ‎ B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive? C．A Christmas Story D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children?‎ 答案与解析：选A。通览全文，由第一段首句“He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches”，第二段首句“The questions from children these days are harder than ever.”以及第三段首句 “Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控).”，不难看出本文主要讲述圣诞老人的辛苦。A选项最恰当。文中没有谈及B选项内容，C选项标题范围太大,没有针对性，D选项没有概括文中内容。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国卷III A篇）‎ Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender’s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.‎ But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She’d ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I’d delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.‎ One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘)‎ My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.‎ ‎41. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?‎ A. A childhood Dream. B. A Mother’s Love. C. A Graduation Party. D. A Special Birthday.‎ 答案与解析：选B。本题考察了篇章理解和主旨概括能力。结合整篇，尤其是最后一段不难看出母亲对女儿的一片良苦用心。“母爱”这一标题简洁、形象又能突出本文主题。‎ IV. 技能揭秘之四: 词义猜测题解题技能 历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course 在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3．“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4．“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5．超纲生词。如： NMET2002《大纲》之外的和熟词新意的生词达57个，NMET2003年除52个专有名词和15个注汉字的生词外，还有52个生词 (含熟词生义)。‎ 有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。‎ 该类题常见的考查形式有：‎ A. The phrase “…”in the sentence could be replaced by ____.‎ B. The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ____.‎ C. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?‎ D. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”?‎ E. The word “…” most nearly means ____.‎ 对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍十种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。‎ ‎1．构词法猜词 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。‎ 例题1：（2008年全国高考—重庆卷D篇）‎ ‎…‎ The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. …‎ ‎68. The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in Paragraph 4 means ____________. A. far-away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret 分析：选A。由合成词out-of-the-way的原意以及下句中的isolation一词，可知灯塔在一个“孤零零”的地方。‎ 例题2：（2004年全国高考—重庆卷D篇）‎ ‎…‎ Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest ‎ they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”‎ ‎70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .‎ A. value B. result C. performance D. connection 分析：选B。运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。‎ ‎2．利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。‎ 例题1：Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night.‎ 分析：通过这些并列句可以看出prowl与look for food 是同义近义词，词义也应该是“寻找食物”。‎ 例题2：(2003全国卷C篇)‎ ‎…Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. … ‎ ‎65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?‎ A. To encourage people to raise questions.‎ B. To cause difficulty in understanding.‎ C. To provide a person with an explanation.‎ D. To limit people’s imagination.‎ 答案与解析： 由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。‎ ‎3．利用反义词猜词 对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。‎ 例题1：Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.‎ 分析：此句是把Jane与她姐妹对比。Jane生性腼腆，不爱交际，而她姐姐却与之相反，那就是“爱交际的”了，这也就猜出gregarious的词义了。‎ 例题2：In many nations there are two financial extremes (极端), from penury to great wealth.‎ 分析：penury: the state of being very poor; poverty (贫穷; 贫困)‎ 例题3：(2002全国高考卷E篇)‎ A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.‎ ‎…‎ ‎74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?‎ A. A party designed by specialists.‎ B. A plan requiring careful thought.‎ C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.‎ D. A demand made by guests.‎ 答案与解析：根据前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。‎ ‎4．利用上下文语境猜词 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。‎ 例题1：（2008年全国高考—湖南卷B篇） ‎ ‎…Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. "We’ve collected foreign coins for years – since our families went on holiday to Tenerife." she explains. "That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in. …‎ ‎60. The underlined word "pesetas" in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _____. A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin ‎ 答案与解析：选D。由原文中的Euro (欧元，欧洲统一货币)可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—江西卷D篇）‎ ‎…The plants are about one meter apart. The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got.‎ ‎…‎ ‎68．In the first paragraph ,the word “pruning” means . 　　A．regular cutting of the plants 　　B．frequent watering 　　C．regular use of chemicals 　　D．growing the plants high in the mountain 答案与解析：选A。由此段中的 ① The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.②Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. 便可猜出Pruning的词义为“剪枝．修剪”。‎ 例题3：（2008年全国高考—上海卷B篇）‎ ‎…‎ ‎“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” ‎ ‎…‎ ‎70. The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_____”.‎ A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet 答案与解析：选B。有时可以通过因果关系的语境来判断，因果关系的语境，通常由 because, so, therefore, so/such…that…等连词来体现。本文中，在Kim看来．因为对方（Williams）是自己的上司，告诉上司去做什么，会显得不礼貌(rude)、自负（too confident）。‎ 例题4：（2008年全国高考—山东卷A篇）‎ ‎…‎ ‎“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just don’t buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. …‎ ‎58. The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _______‎ A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expect 答案与解析：选C。buy原意为“买，购买”，在此处根据语境可知意为“相信”。从本段第一句话可知，Mahoney持怀疑态度。后面列举的。400,000这个数字也表示出他的不相信。‎ 特别提醒：在做英语阅读理解题时，一定要注意熟词生义！这类猜词题也常见于各年高考题当中。熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有数量的规定，不得超过3％；其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。‎ ‎5．利用定义和解释猜词 有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。‎ 例题1：Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.‎ 分析：通过后面的定义解释：Wrestling 是“两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”，可以猜出wrestling是“摔跤；摔角”。‎ 例题2：Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.‎ 分析：antibiotic: a medical substance, such as penicillin produced by living things and able to stop the growth of, or destroy, harmful bacteria that have entered the body (抗生素; 抗生菌)‎ 例题3：(2002年全国高考卷B篇)‎ ‎“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.‎ ‎62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?‎ A. Growing interest in organic food.‎ B. Better quality of organic food.‎ C. Rising market for organic food.‎ D. Higher prices of organic food.‎ 答案与解析：由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。‎ ‎6．利用例证猜词 为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。‎ 例题1：I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.‎ 分析：通过例句“每次遇到乞丐，她都会给一些硬币”可以猜测出“Generous”的词义应该是“慷慨的”。‎ 例题2：You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English, Foreign Language Teaching In School, or English Learning. ‎ 分析：通过后面的举例：《英语世界》，《中小学外语教学》，《英语学习》，说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。‎ ‎7．根据复述或同等关系猜测词义 为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。‎ 同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。‎ 例题1：（2008年全国高考—江苏卷E篇）‎ William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. ’’‎ ‎74.The underlined word "mingled" in the last paragraph most probably means________. A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy 答案与解析：选B。由“a mingled yarn”后文的“good and ill together”重复说明可以 知道mingled含义和mixed（混合的）最接近。‎ 例题2：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.‎ 分析：由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。 　　 需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely等副词或短语出现。‎ 例题3：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. ‎ 分析：此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。‎ 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。‎ ‎8．利用词义搭配关联猜词 任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。‎ 例题：I wish this medicine may really cure my backache. ‎ 分析：通过cure前面的“这种药”和后面的“我的背疼”，很容易地判断出 cure的词义为“治好”。‎ ‎9．根据语义转折猜词 有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。‎ 例题（2008年全国高考—广东卷B篇）‎ ‎…Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.‎ Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? …‎ ‎60. The underlined word "cultivated" (paragraph 1) roughly means _______.‎ A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed 答案与解析：选D。从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是“swallowed down”，而是慢慢培养的。从第二段第一句“Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop?”也可以得到启发。‎ 例题2：（2008年全国高考—北京卷D篇）‎ ‎…‎ However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.‎ ‎…‎ ‎71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_____”. A. try very hard B. take our time C. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful 答案与解析：选A。由However从句当中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take special pains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简单，那么自然要费力去想了。由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项。‎ ‎10．利用经验和常识猜词 例题1：Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.‎ 分析：通过“年轻的Hoover去世了”，根据我们的常识猜测出一千多人参加的应该是他的“葬礼”。‎ 例题2：All the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake.‎ 分析：凭经验我们知道：强烈地震会使房子倒塌。据此很容易猜出collapsed是“倒塌”的意思了。‎ 例题3：（2004年全国高考—北京卷C篇）‎ ‎…‎ ‎“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”‎ ‎ (2004年北京高考题)‎ ‎63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to ___________ .‎ A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear ‎ 答案与解析：根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear。‎ 最后提醒考生，掌握了一定的生词推测技巧后，也不要去“死抠”个别词，除了人名、地名等一些专有名词不必去细究每一处，那些一时难以断定其意思却又不妨碍理解或答题的生词，大可不必理会。‎ 当然，做完题之后，可以查阅字典，一方面可以检测自己的推断是否正确，另外，可把一些单词、短语记在专门的本子上，以后经常积累并复习这些词汇（注：最好连同文章中的句子一起摘抄下来）。这样对今后的阅读将会有一定的帮助。因为考试没有很多时间去推测大量的单词，平时一定要尽可能地去积累并熟背大量的单词、短语，经典句子甚至文章。‎ 六、英语高考阅读理解备考建议：‎ 首先，在平时要加强阅读。养成每天朗读的习惯以增强记忆，最好还要非常熟练地背一些文章，这样有助于增强语感；有了语感，对篇章的理解就会加强。对初学者，朗读与背诵尤为重要，但实际上对于任何层次上已经熟练掌握外语的人，经常练习朗读同样非常必要；但为培养阅读能力，还是要求尽量做到默读。另外阅读时还要注意：尽可能减少回读，不要用手或用笔指着文章逐词阅读。不要边读边翻译，也不要边读边分析句型搭配，要尽量学会用英语思考问题。要养成良好的阅读习惯，并每天看一到两篇短文，注重对文章主旨的理解，在平时逐步培养分析、判断、归纳和概括的能力。不少同学喜欢找一些阅读理解的书，但我们要明白阅读理解能力的提高不是靠做题来提高的，而是要通过一定阅读量的输入，阅读理解能力的培养和提高都不能单靠课堂，不能靠做题，而是在很大程度上靠课外阅读。‎ 其次，考生要培养一定的阅读兴趣。阅读能力与兴趣有关，阅读的兴趣越高，动机愈强，越有利于广泛阅读、提高技能、培养和改善阅读习惯。兴趣是阅读爱好者的内在动因，但兴趣并非与生俱来，而需经过后天培养发展。我们不仅要学会阅读，还要乐于阅读，从被动到主动。‎ 再次，丰富的词汇、扎实的基础语法知识(特别是构词法知识、句法分析能力等)都是必不可少的。没有一定的词汇量就不能进行大量的阅读，太多的生词障碍还会造成一定的心理障碍，随着词汇量的扩大，语义、句法知识的增强和阅读技能的提高，阅读速度逐渐同理解速度同步发展，读得越好，理解也越快。另外，长句的出现必然对我们的句法分析能力提出更高的要求，长句往往是初学者在阅读理解中的拦路虎，所以，倘若我们具备准确找出长句 最后，我们要努力使自己的语言基础扎实。语言基础是指已掌握的语言知识和言语技能。阅读技能是言语技能的一部分，是可以通过语言学习来掌握的，而且言语技能的提高对阅读能力的提高也有重要促进，反之，阅读能力提高对其他言语技能的发展会发生一定的核心的能力，有些问题就能迎刃而解。促进作用。所以阅读能力是不可能离开语言基础而发展的，语言基础好，阅读技能发展就快，因而从提高语言基础着手，进一步培养阅读能力是必要的。‎ 此外，我们还应在一定量的阅读基础上，再进行一定量的专项训练，注意对文章的阅读方法、技巧进行归纳，才能确定正确的解题思路和练习有效的解题技巧。这里提醒大家一句，阅读理解一般要遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”这一分析原则，任何阅读技巧一般都要以此为依据，千万不要凭空想象，以自己的观点、看法代替作者的观点、看法。‎ 一般地，我们可以以文章为中心，沿着“文章—题目—文章”的思路解题。一开始做阅读理解题就先读短文，寻找话题，抓住大意，留心每篇文章的标题、首句和尾句，理顺脉络，并且要注意文章中的承接语，借助于它们的提示，分析段落结构，分清层次，确定文章的主题思想和细节。其次再读题目，一一看清阅读选项，分清试题种类；若是客观理解题，要仔细研究相关句子和段落，抓住支撑的有用信息；若是主观理解题，必须依靠原文，按事实，挖掘文章内涵，进行合理推断；我们还可以以快速阅读为基础，灵活交替运用浏览、跳读，句意揣摩和细读等技巧。另外，可以话题为主线，可以题目内容特点为着眼点，从而扣住解题的关键。任何事物都有其特点，抓住了特点就抓住了问题的关键。‎ 七、学习成果综合检测 ‎1.‎ Most people agree that the direct, assertive(过分自信的) American personality is a virtue, but it sometimes surprises foreigners. In many cultures, respect for older people or those in positions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings. But in the U.S, children often argue with their parents, students may disagree with their teachers, and citizens may express opposition to the actions of the government. If the soup has a fly in it or the meat is too tough to chew, the diner can complain to the waiter, if the boss makes a mistake, an employee will politely point it out.‎ Some straight talk about the American character must include the admission that Americans have their faults. The extremely competitive nature of Americans is probably their worst fault. Of course, competition isn’t always bad. As a matter of fact, it promotes excellence by encouraging individuals and businesses to try to do their best. But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people to do things that are unkind and even dishonest. Also, Americans admire what is practical, fast, efficient, and fresh. Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices that have greater respect for more traditional, leisurely ways of doing things. On the other hand, people from other cultures may dislike the practical, challenging American lifestyle.‎ Despite culture differences, most foreigners give Americans credit for their virtues. Americans are generally viewed as friendly, adaptable, energetic, and kindhearted. Most newcomers to the U.S. like Americans, and the feeling is usually mutual. Perhaps the greatest American virtue is a deep interest in new ideas and new people. In a nation of immigrants, the foreigner does not remain an outsider for long.‎ ‎1.In order to show the respect for older people,. .‎ A. people from some other cultures will always express their true feeling B. people from some other cultures may sometimes hide their true feeling C.Americans always show their true feelings D.Americans usually argue with them ‎2.Why is the extremely competitive nature considered as one of American faults?‎ A.Because people from other cultures fear competition.‎ B.Because only American people own it.‎ C.Because it will make people forget leisure.‎ D.Because it may sometimes urge people to do something bad.‎ ‎3.It can be inferred from the passage that . .‎ A.American people are more critical of everything than people from other cultures B.the author believes that American character has more faults than virtues C.the author admires American virtues as they are viewed as competitive and anti traditional D.it is difficult for newcomers to get on with Americans ‎4.The passage mainly talks about . .‎ A. American virtues B. American characters C. American faults D. American lifestyles ‎2.‎ Every day 25 million U.S. children ride school buses. The safety record for these buses is much better than for passenger cars; but nevertheless, about 10 children are killed each year riding on large school buses, and nearly four times that number are killed outside buses in the loading zones. By and large, however, the nation’s school children are transported to and from school safety.‎ Even though the number of school bus accidents is not large, the safety of children is always of intense public concern. While everyone wants to see children transported safely, people are divided about what needs to be done-particularly whether seat belts should be compulsory.‎ People in favour of seat belts on school buses-many of them parents and medical organizations-argue that seat belts are necessary not only to reduce fatality and injury, but also to teach children lessons about the importance of using them routinely in any moving vehicle. A side benefit, they point out, is that seat belts help keep children in their seats, away from the bus driver.‎ People who object to seat belt installation suggest that children are already well protected by the school buses that follow the Nation Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) safety requirements set in 1977. They also believe that many children won’t wear seat belts anyway, and that may damage the belts or use them as weapons to hurt other children.‎ A new Research council report on school bus safety suggest that there are alternate safety devices and procedures that may be more effective and less expensive. For example, the study committee suggested that raising seat backs four inches may have the same safety effectiveness as seat belts.‎ ‎ The report sponsored by the Department of transportation at the request of Congress, re views seat belts extensively while taking a broader look at safety in and around school buses.‎ ‎5.According to the passage, the “school bus” is . ‎ A. the bus offered by the school and different from the public bus B. the bus that has no difference from the public bus C. the bus that is driven by the students D. the bus that is not safe ‎6.According to the passage, who has the greatest degree of control of the school buses “safety”?‎ A.A new Research Council. B. The Department of Transportation.‎ C. The Medical Organization. D. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.‎ ‎7.It may be inferred from this passage that . .‎ A. many of the opponents(反对者) of seat belt installation are parents and officials of the Department of Transportation B. proposals of seat belts on school buses would be seriously considered C. an alternate safety device (raising seat backs four inches) may be taken into consideration D. The Department of Transportation may either take the idea of seat belts or other measures when it reviews the whole situation ‎8.The title below which best expresses the idea of the passage is .‎ A. Making School Buses Even Safer for Children B. Seat Belts Needed on School Buses C. Alternate Safety Devices and Procedures D. Safety in and around School Buses ‎3．‎ In the age of reality television, success isn’t the only way to the public eye. Failure can also create fame, just like William Hung, 21, a native of Hong Kong.‎ Hung recently has made an agreement with US-based entertainment firms Koch Records and Fuse Music Network. They will publish a full-length record, titled “The True Idol” on April 6.‎ The idol is a civil engineering student at the University of California at Berkeley. He did a version of Ricky Martin’s “She Bangs” on the television show “American Idol 3”, on January 27. The Fox TV singing contest searches for pop stars among ordinary people. In the case of Hung, however, his act was so bad that the judges cut him off in mid-act.‎ Hung’s response? “I already gave my best, so I have no regrets at all.” That’s good, because any common person would have found plenty to regret: The off-key singing. The blue Hawaiian shirt worn with pants pulled up too high. The terrible dancing. The hips jerking (摇摆) to a beat that did not belong to the song, maybe not even to this planet. It was, by all accounts, bad.‎ But, it was this very bad act that sold well.‎ Marc Juris, president of Fuse, explained it this way: “Every one of us is happily guilty of singing our favorite song at the top of our lungs with complete freedom,‎ ‎ completely off-key and completely unworried. That’s what William did and immediately won the hearts of America.”‎ Whatever it is, for the moment it’s big. Three websites devoted to Hung have gone up on the Internet in the past few weeks. Versions of his performance have been remixed with hip hop and techno-music and have made it to the top 10 request list at a Chicago radio station.‎ So, what does Hung think of this?‎ ‎“There were all these people saying things about me. A lot were saying I was very courageous and that I was great on the show, but some didn’t have much respect for me and some were kind of mean.”‎ Now he says he’s not so sure whether to distance himself from the glamour (魅力) or to accept it. Returning to normal hasn’t been easy.‎ ‎9.What is the main idea of this passage?‎ A. Sometimes an idol behaves quite foolishly. ‎ B. Hung’s performance attracted the public eye.‎ C. How an unsuccessful person became famous. ‎ D. Success sometimes does not require hard work.‎ ‎10.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?‎ A. William Hung. B. Hung’s bad act. C. Hung’s website. D. The public’s opinion.‎ ‎11.Which of the following shows the correct order of what happened to Hung?‎ a.The entertainment firms made an agreement with Hung.‎ b.The judges cut Hung off in mid-act in the singing contest.‎ c.Hung became popular among Americans.‎ d.Hung gave a terrible performance though he tried his best.‎ e.Three websites put Hung’s funny performance on the Internet.‎ A. d, b, e, c, a B.a, c, d, b, e C.a, d, b, c, e D.d, b, a, e, c ‎4．‎ The poorer mental function seen among alcoholics, many of whom also regularly smoke cigarettes, may be partially due to the long-term effects of nicotine, new research suggests. ‎ ‎“People who are also smokers are at a much higher risk,” Dr. Jennifer M. Glass, of the University of Michigan’s Addiction Research Center, said. In her ‎ study, “cigarette smoking was negatively related to IQ ‎ and thinking,” she said. This finding may seem ‎ counterintuitive, since many smokers attest (证明) to ‎ feeling more alert and focused after smoking. Indeed,‎ research shows that improved mental functioning is one ‎ of the immediate effects of nicotine exposure. Chronic ‎ smoking, however, is known to have the opposite effect. ‎ Studies show that up to 87 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes. Yet, few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a factor that might explain the cognitive deficits reported among alcoholics. ‎ To investigate that association, Glass and her colleagues examined brain function among 172 men from the same community, including 103 men who abused alcohol. ‎ The team found that men with higher scores on the lifetime alcohol problems scale (LAPS) and those who reported a higher number of pack-years of smoking both had lower IQ scores. ‎ Upon further investigation, the researchers found that smoking also appeared to be independently associated with weaker verbal (语言表达能力) and visual-spatial reasoning (形象化和空间推理能力). Thus, though smoking did not account for all of the decreased neurocognitive functioning observed among the alcohol abusers, it did seem to account for some of the effects, the report indicates.‎ ‎12. Some people don’t think that cigarette smoking will reduce their IQ and thinking ability because ‎ A. they lack common knowledge. ‎ B. this finding doesn’t agree with their feelings.‎ C. they like smoking too much.‎ D. some researchers have opposite ideas.‎ ‎13. What’s the purpose of the study that was carried out by Glass and her colleagues?‎ A. To study if cigarette smoking can cause the cognitive deficits among alcoholics.‎ B. To show that smoking and drinking has much connection with IQ and thinking ability.‎ C. To show that smoking and drinking has little connection with IQ and thinking ability.‎ D. To prove that smoking has no connection with drinking.‎ ‎14. Which of the following is true?‎ A. Smoking can make mental functioning better for a long time.‎ B. Glass and her colleagues studied 275 persons in all to investigate the connection.‎ C. Half percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes.‎ D. Smoking can also influence a person’s weaker verbal and visual-spatial reasoning.‎ ‎15. The passage mainly tells us that .‎ A. smoking and drinking can lessen IQ and thinking ability.‎ B. how smoking and drinking influence IQ and thinking ability.‎ C. people should give up smoking and drinking immediately.‎ D. why some people have weaker verbal and visual-spatial reasoning.‎ ‎5．‎ Thousands of years ago people guessed the time of day by watching the sun. Later，they found it was easier to tell the exact time by looking at the shadows. Thus，the sundial(日晷) was invented.‎ The sundial proved a useful timepiece in sunny weather. However，another type of timepiece was necessary for cloudy weather and night time. A sand glass was another common measurer of time. Two glass bottles were connected by a very small ‎ opening. The top bottle was filled with sand，which dropped slowly into the bottom one in a certain period of time. Hourglasses were widely used then. Three—minute sand glasses are still used in many homes to time the boiling of eggs.‎ The real ancestor of modern clocks was the water clock. In China, an early water clock was made up of several bowls. Water trickled (滴) from one bowl to another to keep the clock going. Visitors to the Beijing Palace Museum can still see the old water clocks showing the time there.‎ In the Middle Ages a waterless clock was invented which worked by means of weights. To keep the weight falling at the same speed，a system of wheels was invented. The pendulum(钟摆) was soon developed to control the speed of the wheels. Thus the modern form of clock came into being.‎ ‎16. From the passage we can know that .‎ A. The sundial was invented according to the theory that shadows will change regularly at different time.‎ B. The sundial was invented 2000 years ago.‎ C. The sundial proved a useful timepiece in different weather.‎ D. A sand glass was more useful than a sundial to measurer time.‎ ‎17.Three minute sand glasses are still used in many homes .‎ A.to boil eggs B.to measure the time of boiling eggs C.to hold the boiled eggs D.to have eggs boiled ‎18.Which of the following is the correct picture of a sand glass?‎ ‎19.If you visit Beijing Palace Museum, you .‎ A.will see the old water clocks broken B.will find the time shown by the old water clocks is wrong C.can find the old water clocks still telling the time there D.will find the old water clocks have gone ‎20.In the Middle Ages the weight falling speed of a clock was kept by .‎ A.several bowls B.a system of wheels C.a system of pendulum D.several springs 学习成果综合检测答案：‎ ‎1.选B。细节理解题。文章首段第二句提到“In many cultures respect for older people or those in positions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings”.由此可知：出于对长者尊敬，许多国家的人们往往不会表达自己的真实感受，故选项B正确.‎ ‎2. 选D。细节推断题。文章第二段第五句话指出“But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people... unkind and even dishonest”,也就是说，极端的竞争性有时会使人误入歧途，由此可知D正确答案。‎ ‎3.选A。因果推断题。 文章首段中几个例子论证了美国人直率的性格，从中我们不难推断出，美国人比其他外国人更善于批判，故A为正确答案。本文论述了美国人性格的三个方面，其中坦率和对新事物的兴趣是作者赞赏的，都被视为virtue,故排除B，第三段第二句话指出“Americans are generally viewed as friendly, adaptable, energetic, and kinkhearted”,由此可排除C；根据最后一段内容可推断出，美国人并不难相处，所以选项D也不对。‎ ‎4. 选B。主旨大意题。本文主要阐述了美国人的性格，作者在第二段第二句中提到“The extremely competitive nature... their worst fault”,以及第二段倒数第二句也提到“Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices...”,由此可知文章并非全在说美国人的优点，故可排除A；文章虽在第二段两处提到美国人的缺点，但不是主要内容，故C也可排除；选项D显然不对.‎ ‎5.选A。词义猜测题。从第一段“school buses”之后的解释说明，可以知道选项A正确。‎ ‎6.选D。细节理解题。此题是问谁最有权控制学校班车的安全。文章第四段讲道:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration在1977年制定的安全措施很好地保护了校车中孩子们的安全。据此可以推知，该机构有权就校车安全问题制定相关规定，它是最有权威的，所以答案应该是D。A属非官方，B指交通部，但文中只指出它能“review”，并未指出或暗示它能“控制”；C不属于交通方面，故不对。‎ ‎7.选B。文章结论推断题。文章最后一段讲到，在国会的要求下，交通部发起的这份调查报告要求详尽地考察座位安全带问题，同时要广泛调查校车：内部以及周围的安全环境。因此选择B。但是文章并未说明交通部要采取什么措施，所以D不确切。第三段说，家长是使用安全带的支持者，所以A不对。第五段只指出有一种替代方法，但并未指出它会被考虑执行。所以C不对。‎ ‎8.选A。主旨大意题。通篇文章讲的是学生乘坐校车的安全问题。许多人赞成并要求采取更安全的措施。所以答案应该选A。C较具干扰性，它虽然也涉及到bus safety，但不是作者所要表达的最直接的愿望，而且文章也并未就具体的措施做出定夺。B太片面，因为文章不只讨论了安全带问题。D的说法太泛太空，不具体。‎ ‎9.选C。主旨大意题。 文章第一段“…success isn’t the only way to the public eye. Failure can also create fame:”即表明文章的主旨大意。‎ ‎10.选B。代词指代题。根据下文即可推知it应是Hung的表演。‎ ‎11.选D。排序题。用“首尾定位法”，可快速确定应选D。‎ ‎12. 选B。细节理解题。从原文第二段，“This finding may seem counterintuitive, since many smokers attest to feeling more alert and focused after smoking.”“这一发现似乎和我们的直觉正好相反，因为很多人都觉得在抽完烟后反应会更敏捷，注意力更集中。”中，可知选项B正确。 ‎ ‎13.选A。细节推断题。从原文第三段，“Yet, few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a factor that might explain the cognitive deficits reported among alcoholics.”和第四段 “To investigate that association, Glass and her colleagues examined…”中，可知选项A正确。‎ ‎14. 选D。细节理解题。从原文最后一段，“Upon further investigation, the researchers found that smoking also appeared to be independently associated with weaker verbal and visual-spatial reasoning.”“经过进一步的调查研究，研究者们发现抽烟还会直接影响一个人的语言表达能力、形象化和空间推理能力。”可知选项D正确。‎ ‎15.选A。主旨判断题。文中开始便告诉我们“尼古丁对人体神经的长期影响在某种程度上是嗜酒成瘾者智力下降的主要原因，因为他们中很多人同时也是老烟民。”，接着又引用了詹尼弗·M·格拉斯博士的话“既喝酒又抽烟的人面临更大的危险。”然后下文就叙述了一些研究者对于喝酒和抽烟对人的影响的研究，但并没有讲如何影响。由此可见选项A正确。‎ ‎16. 选A。细节推断题。从原文第一段“Later，they found it was easier to tell the exact time by looking at the shadows. Thus，the sundial(日晷) was invented.”中，可以推测选项A正确。其它选项都与原文中的信息不符。‎ ‎17. 选B。细节理解题。 由第二段最后一句 “Three—minute sand glasses are still used in many homes to time the boiling of eggs.”可知选项B正确。‎ ‎18. 选B。图文推断题。 由第二段 “Two glass bottles were connected by a small opening”可知选项B正确。‎ ‎19. 选C。细节理解题。由第三段最后一句 “Visitors to the Beijing Palace Museum can still see the old water clocks showing the time there.”可知选项C正确。。‎ ‎20. 选B。细节理解题。 由最后一段第二句 “To keep the weight falling at the same speed，a system of wheels was invented.”可知选项B正确。‎