专题09阅读理解-说明文类-2017年高考英语备考优生百日闯关系列

专题09阅读理解-说明文类-2017年高考英语备考优生百日闯关系列

专题9 阅读理解——说明文类 方法与技巧 题型介绍：‎ 材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。‎ 命题形式：‎ 命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。‎ 方法概述 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡‎ ‎【试题特点】 ‎ ‎　　① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡ ‎ ‎　　② 贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡ ‎ ‎　　③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡‎ ‎ (4)科学方法图示判断题 ‎ 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学—科—网系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。‎ 命题方式 考点一、细节事实理解。‎ 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。 细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题学@科@网范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。‎ 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问 ‎1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? ‎2.Which of the following is not mentioned? ‎3.All of the following are true except... ‎4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？‎ ‎1.直接事实题 ‎ 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：‎ A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.‎ This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.‎ This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.‎ Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .‎ A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B ‎【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。‎ ‎2.间接事实题 ‎ 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。‎ Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.‎ Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin ‎ has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.‎ ‎“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.‎ Q：Which of the following is NOT true?‎ A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.‎ B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.‎ C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.‎ D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.‎ ‎【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 ‎ ‎3、数据推算。‎ If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .‎ A.$100　 B.$300　 C.$350　 D.$400 ‎ 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：‎ ‎1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。‎ ‎2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。‎ ‎3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。‎ 考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。‎ 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容 ‎1.短文的标题（title,headline）； ‎2.短文或段落的主题（subject）； ‎3.中心思想(main idea)； ‎4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。 二、此类题的设问方式 ‎1.What would be the best title for the text? ‎2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? ‎3.What is the passage mainly about? ‎4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考点三、推理推断。‎ 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。 此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有： ‎1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. ‎2.What can be inferred from the Passage? ‎3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? ‎4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. ‎5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. ‎6.The writer implies that__________. ‎7.It can be inferred that__________. ‎8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. ‎9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. ‎10.From the text we can conclude that__________. ‎11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. ‎12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? ‎13.The author is inclined to think that__________. ‎14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________. ‎15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? ‎16.In the writer’s opinion,... 考点四、词义、句义猜测。‎ 词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。 此类题的设问方式主要有 ‎1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by... ‎2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests... ‎3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to... ‎4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。‎ ‎1.定义法。如:‎ Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.‎ 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火”。‎ It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.‎ 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。‎ The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.‎ 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。‎ ‎2.同位法。如:‎ They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.‎ 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。‎ We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.‎ 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。‎ ‎3.对比法。如:‎ She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。‎ ‎4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:‎ Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?‎ possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。‎ ‎5.因果法。如：‎ The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。‎ 体验高考 ‎1.【2016·北京】C California Condor’s Shocking Recovery ‎ California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.‎ ‎ In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.‎ Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.‎ So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.‎ Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. ‎ This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. ‎ ‎ Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”‎ ‎63.California condors attract researchers’ interest because they .‎ A.are active at night B.had to be bred in the wild C.are found on in California D.almost died out in the 1980s ‎64. Researchers have found electrical lines are .‎ A.blocking condors’ journey home ‎ B. big killers of Califorbnia condoras C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away ‎65. According to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning .‎ A.makes condors too nervous to fly ‎ B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ blood D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds ‎66. The passage shows that .‎ A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B.Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D.researchers have found the final answers to the problem ‎【答案】‎ ‎63. D64. B65. D66. C ‎ ‎64. B细节理解题。根据第三段“ Electrical lines have been killing them off...Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。‎ ‎65. D段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。‎ ‎66. C推理判断题。根据“just under eight years”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。‎ 考点：环保类短文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。 推理判断题的解题方法 ‎ ： 推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。 任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。‎ ‎2.【2016·浙江】C A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.‎ Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground---and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).‎ Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t like ‎ Dove chocolate.‎ ‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort ---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”‎ ‎50. According to some developmental psychologists, ‎ A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game.‎ B. scientific research into babies; games is possible C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment ‎51. We learn from Paragraph 2 that ‎ A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B. scientists and babies often interact with each other C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do ‎52. Children may learn the rules of language by ‎ A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology C. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents’ behaviors ‎53. What is themain idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.‎ B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ ‎54. What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?‎ ‎ A. Convincing. B. Confused. C. Confidence. D. Cautious.‎ ‎51. D考查细节理解。根据文章第二段的句子overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。‎ ‎52. C考查细节理解。根据文章第三段的句子For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。‎ ‎53. B考查细节理解。根据最后一段的句子viewing childhood development as scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好的了解科学，故选B。‎ ‎54. D考查推理判断。根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点some psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 阅读理解有时理解文章的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。‎ 句子1：It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.‎ 这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用It is likely that这个句型，还有knowing…作伴随状语，后面的分句是nor+倒装句的结构。‎ 句意：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事实，他们也没有被清楚的教过。‎ 句子2：For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.‎ 这句话使用强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering,‎ ‎ and finally overturning a theory,这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面还有宾语从句。‎ 句意：例如，它可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿会接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意见和愿望的想法。 ‎ 考点：考查说明类短文阅读 ‎3. 【2016·江苏】 B ‎ Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.‎ ‎ In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.‎ Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence. ‎ Develops in children before their general cognitive（认知的）skills,at least when compared with chimps..In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.‎ ‎58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?‎ ‎ A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.‎ B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.‎ C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.‎ D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.‎ ‎59. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____.‎ ‎ A. have the instinct to help others B. know how to offer help to adults C. know the world better than chimps D. trust adults with their hands full ‎60. The passage is mainly about ____.‎ ‎ A. the helping behaviors of young children B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature D. the development of intelligence in children ‎【答案】58.A 59.A 60.C ‎ ‎59.A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.和第四段第一句There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.可知只有18个月的孩子就知道去帮助他人，而且帮助他人的做法并不是父母亲教的，属于人类的本能。故A项正确。‎ ‎60.C 主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。ABD都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文属于主旨大意题。本文使用了正方形写作法。即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明显。自然段多的文章，则比较好联系中心句，找一个和中心句最贴近的选项），文章段落的中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。掌握了找主题句或中心句的方法，就可以依据主题句或中心句归纳主题。‎ 考生要特别注意： 首段陷阱。‎ 即首段虽然貌似主题句或中心句，但却没有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次，或者是作者设置的几个需要读者判定的文意。这样的信息用来做主题句或中心句就会落入陷阱。以本文为例：本文的第一段只是一个导入的段落，从第一段中猩猩的自私行为导入到第三段中人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎4.【2016·江苏】C El Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.‎ The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.‎ But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.‎ The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship ‎ may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.‎ ‎61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It is named after a South American fisherman.‎ B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.‎ C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.‎ D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.‎ ‎62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?‎ A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.‎ B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.‎ C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.‎ D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.‎ ‎63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.‎ A. more investment should go to risk reduction B. governments of poor countries need more aid C. victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D. recovery and reconstruction should come first ‎64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?‎ A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.‎ B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.‎ C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.‎ D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.‎ ‎【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。‎ ‎63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.根据ODI的观点，为应对厄尔尼诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺现象的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。故A项正确。‎ ‎64.D 目的意图题。本文主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。再根据最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文属于阅读理解中的目的意图题。作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言､行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度｡  ‎ 本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.既然最贫穷的国家最不可能从厄尔尼诺这样的灾难中得到弥补，那么我们要把减少损失放在首要位置。从本句的措词中可以看出本文正是要敦促我们要为可能发生的厄尔尼诺做好准备。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎ ‎5. 2.【2016·全国新课标I】D The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a ‎ person's needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some ‎ traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and ‎ suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.‎ Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.‎ Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.‎ 32. What does the author say about silence in conversations?‎ A. It implies anger.‎ B. It promotes friendship.‎ C. It is culture-specific.‎ D. It is content-based.‎ 33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?‎ A. The Chinese.‎ B. The French.‎ C. The Mexicans.‎ D. The Russians.‎ 34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?‎ A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.‎ B. Break it while treating patients.‎ C. Evaluate its harm to patients.‎ D. Make use of its healing effects.‎ 35. What may be the best title for the text?‎ A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to Be Silent C. Silence to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold ‎【答案】‎ ‎32-35.C A D B ‎33.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中 what may be implied is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before ‎ continuing可知中国人认为谈话时人们的沉默是在思考谈话内容。‎ ‎34.D细节理解题。根据末段末句A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients 可知，作者建议护士要利用沉默的好处来护理病人。故选D 。‎ ‎35.B主旨要义题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B 。‎ 考点：社会生活类短文阅读 ‎ ‎6. 4.【2016·全国新课标II】C Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ ‎ Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”‎ ‎ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.‎ ‎ People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.‎ ‎ BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.‎ ‎9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?‎ ‎ A. To explain what they are. ‎ B.To introduce BookCrossing.‎ C. To stress the importance of reading. ‎ D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.‎ ‎10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2refer to?‎ ‎ A. The book. B.An adventure. ‎ C.A public place. D. The identification number.‎ ‎11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?‎ ‎ A. Meet other readers to discuss it. B.Keep it safe in his bookcase. ‎ C. Pass it on to another reader. D. Mail it back to its owner.‎ ‎12. What is the best title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A new Trend ‎ C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D. A Website Links People through Books ‎【答案】9. B 10. A 11. C 12. D ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文属于说明文，介绍了BookCrossing.com所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。‎ ‎9.B 目的意图题。作者在第一段中提出读书也是一个社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起阅读讨论所读内容，增强相互之间的理解。接着在最后一句提出BookCrossing.com,说明作者提到读书小组的目的正是为了介绍网站BookCrossing.com。故B正确。‎ ‎10.A 代词指代题。根据本句“....hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”那些留下书的人希望自己的书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。故A正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文考查了代词指代题。根据本句“....hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”留下书的人希望自己的书 能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。‎ 阅读的时候我们可以根据上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：      ‎ However, the question that "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are ‎ seriously thinking about it. ‎ ‎     首先，it指上句中的the question，而the question又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题，所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。‎ 考点：考查说明文阅读 ‎7.【2016·全国新课标III】C ‎ If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.‎ ‎ It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has ‎ caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.‎ ‎ Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.‎ ‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ ‎ At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.‎ ‎ Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.‎ ‎8. What can people do at the apple events?‎ ‎ A. Attend experts’ lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families.‎ ‎ C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples.‎ ‎9. What can we learn about Decio?‎ A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.‎ ‎ C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.‎ ‎10. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3mean?‎ ‎ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.‎ C.A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.‎ ‎11. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A. To show how to grow apples.‎ B .To introduce an apple festival.‎ C. To help people select apples.‎ D. To promote apple research.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：作者向人们介绍了一个节日－－Apple Day。由于这个节日翡翠受欢迎，现在已经演变成“苹果月”了。在英国，人们在十月份庆祝该节日，持续大约一个月的时间。‎ ‎8. D细节理解题。根据第二段“Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.”可知，参加相关的庆祝活动的人们可以品尝各种各样的苹果，故选D。‎ ‎9. C推理判断题。故选C。‎ ‎10. B猜测词义题。根据第二段“to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio”可知，Decio是许多仍然存在的经典苹果种类之一，根据“which is more of a curiosity than anything else”可知，人们品尝它是出于好奇心，故选B。‎ 考点：生活故事类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 故事类文章是高考阅读理解常选材料之一。这类文章常通过叙述突出人物性格特征或讲述个人经历与感悟，以及逸闻趣事。文章的要素有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。 解题技巧： 1、高考选用的此类文章常常为幽默类或情感类故事，其目的或阐明某种观点，或抨击某种陋习，或赞扬某种品德，所以要关注作者表达的个人感悟，提出的个人意见，或故事中出其不意的变化，而这些往往体现文章中心或写作意图，属于必考点。例如第11题，考查写作意图。作者向读者介绍了一个节日—Apple Day，并推荐人们参加有关的活动。 2、该类文章语言流畅、有趣，命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。这类文章同学们常有文章易懂，题目不易做的感觉。要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。切不可在个别难懂的词句上停留太久，耽误时间。 3、对整篇短文内容有了一定的了解后，要马上看短文后的问题，带着问题去选择或判断答案。要确定所需查找的信息范围，并注意所查找信息的特点。例如：如果问题或选项涉及到人名、地名，就应该找首字母大写的单词；如果问题或选项涉及时间、日期、数字，就应该寻找具体的数据。‎ ‎8.【2016·天津】C ‎ When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.‎ ‎ These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage ‎ boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”‎ ‎ Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.‎ ‎ The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”‎ ‎46. What do we know about John?‎ A. He enjoyed his career and marriage.‎ B. He had few childhood playmates.‎ C. He received little love from his family.‎ D. He was envied by others in his childhood.‎ ‎47. Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as _____.‎ A. a description of personal values and social values B. an analysis of how work was related to competence C. an example for parents’ expectations of their children D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men ‎48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by _____.‎ A. recording the boys’ effort in school B. evaluating the men’s mental health C. comparing different sets of scores D. measuring the men’s problem solving ability ‎49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react B. Having a thin edge C. Clear and definite D. sudden and rapid ‎50. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. competent adults know more about love than work.‎ B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.‎ C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.‎ D. Independence is the key to one’s success.‎ ‎47.D考查推理判断。根据第二段的句子Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，可知，第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。‎ ‎48. C考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子The researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores，可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。‎ ‎49. C考查词义猜测。根据第四段的句子The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly ‎ sharp（这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是令人惊讶地明显），结合下面一句进一步可知，这里sharp的意思是“明确的，一定的”。故选C。‎ ‎50. B考查推理判断。根据最后一段的句子One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how too love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work，可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活是基本的。故选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】这篇文章内容和学生自己的生活密切相关，而且是通过调查研究的方式给出，更加有说服力，虽然是考试题，学生应该有兴趣阅读，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。‎ 做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的49题，要求判断sharp的含义，这个词不是陌生的单词，高中教材上出现过，它的意思是“锋利的，尖锐的，敏捷的，聪明的”，但是代入后，发现这些意思都不符合，而结合所在句子，特别是下文的Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.可知和上文的观点是一致的，也就是这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是令人惊讶地明显。答案也不难得出。‎ ‎9. 13.【2016·上海】（B）‎ ‎ Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2008 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.‎ ‎ 3.5℃‎ This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.‎ ‎2℃‎ To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.‎ ‎ 1.5℃‎ This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.‎ ‎ 0.8℃‎ This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃ point.‎ ‎0℃‎ The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.]‎ ‎70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.‎ A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020‎ B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries C. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol D. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming ‎71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?‎ A. The human population would increase by one third.‎ B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.‎ C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.‎ D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.‎ ‎72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.‎ A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃‎ C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃‎ ‎【答案】70. D 71. D    72. B    ‎ ‎71.D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions;可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段To meet this minimum goal可知最小的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。‎ ‎72.B 细节理解题。根据第四段1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就可以避免他们被淹没。故B正确。‎ 模拟新题精选 ‎1. 【河南省豫南九校2017届高三下学期质量考评（五）】C Have you ever wondered when dogs first became “man’s best friend” and the world’s favourite pet? If you have then you’re not alone. When and where dogs first began living side-side with humans are questions that have stirred hot debate among scientists. There are a few hard facts that all agree on. These include that dogs were once wolves and they were the first animal to be domesticated(驯养) by humans. They came into lives some 15000 years ago, before the dawn of agriculture.‎ Beyond that, there is little agreement. The earliest bones found that are unquestionable dogs and not wolves date from 14,000 years ago. However, 30,000-year-old skulls have been discovered in France and Belgium that are not pure wolf and some scientists think could be dogs.‎ With such puzzling evidence, many scientists are now turning to DNA to find out when and where dogs were first domesticated. In one research project, tens of thousands of blood samples have been taken from street dogs around the world. The plan is to compare them with those of wolves. It’s even possible to analyse DNA from ancient bones. Tiny pieces of the 30,000-year-old skulls mentioned earlier are currently being studied, and another DNA study has already shown that ancient dogs preserved in the Alaskan ice-fields evolved from Asian wolves, not American ones.‎ Indeed, the ancient DNA may turn out to be more informative than the DNA of living dogs. Because dogs have accompanied humans around the world for thousands of years, their current distribution may tell us very little of their origins. This is why different groups of scientists believe that dogs variously originated in eastern Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, Europe or Africa.‎ But why were the animals domesticated in the first place? The most recent theory is that dogs domesticated themselves, initially living in and around our ancient villages to eat any food thrown out. Today, this is a way of life still shared by three -quarters of a billion unowned dogs worldwide.‎ ‎28. Which is the only statement generally agreed on by scientists studying dogs?‎ A. They originally were used as farm animal B. They evolved from wolves found in Europe C. They helped the development of agriculture D. They were the first animal to be kept as pets ‎29. Why does the writer first mention the 30,000-year-old animals skulls?‎ A. To show that dogs were much larger in the past B. To prove that dogs developed from Asian wolves C. To suggest that dogs may have evolved much earlier D. To argue that dogs were first kept in France and Belgium ‎30. How did scientists determine the origins of the ancient dogs found in Alaska?‎ A. By examine the animals’ DNA B. By analyzing the age of their bones C. By studying the shape of their skulls D. By comparing them with modern dogs ‎31. Why did dogs start living with humans?‎ A. Because they were attracted by food B. Because they were trapped by humans C. Because they couldn’t survive in the wild D. Because they were trained to protect villages ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎28.D ‎29.C ‎30.A ‎31.A ‎29.C细节理解题。通过题目中出现的“30,000-year-old animals skulls”定位到第二自然段“However, 30,000-year-old skulls have been discovered in France and Belgium that ‎ are not pure wolf and some scientists think could be dogs.”可知狗出现的时间最早可追溯到30,000年前，而不是14,000之前。故选C。‎ ‎30.A细节理解题。通过题目中关键词Alaska 定位文中第三自然段最后一句话“another DNA study has already shown that ancient dogs preserved in the Alaskan ice-fields evolved from Asian wolves”可知是用DNA检测的，故选A。‎ ‎31.A细节理解题。由最后一段“The most recent theory is that dogs domesticated themselves, initially living in and around our ancient villages to eat any food thrown out”可知狗的自我驯养是因为被村民扔出的食物所吸引。故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 事实询问题，这类试题通常以疑问词what/who/when/where/why/how引起的特殊问句，就文章中某一词语、某一句子、某一段落或某一具体细节和事实进行提问。解答此类试题首先要弄清题目和每一个选项的含义，然后按题目要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案来源。同时要注意题目和文章中的暗示作用，特别注意辨别各种信息，确认各种信息。30.A细节理解题。通过题目中关键词Alaska 定位文中第三自然段最后一句话“another DNA study has already shown that ancient dogs preserved in the Alaskan ice-fields evolved from Asian wolves”可知是用DNA检测的，故选A。‎ 考点：考查说明文阅读 ‎2. 【河南省豫南九校2017届高三下学期质量考评（五）】D When Taking an Uber-Should You Tip or Not?‎ ‎ Taking an Uber car may no longer be a direct driver-passenger and guilt-free experience. The ride-sharing experience is about to get awkward.‎ ‎ With the wide application of the Internet, Uber, a new approach to your destination instead of taking an ordinary taxi, has become more popular recently. However, benefits won’t come without its fair share of drawbacks.‎ Uber drivers are a part of the so-called sharing economy: They use their own vehicles, receive customer reviews via the app’s five-star rating system and make their own hours. Unlike other services, Uber claimed that drivers all over the country could clearly alert customers that tipping is not included. Those drivers that expect to be tipped can make their wishes known. But the company is holding to its official no-tip-required line, according to its website. “Once you arrive ‎ at your destination, your fare is automatically charged to your credit card on file—There’s no need to tip.” Although drivers value their independence—the freedom to push a button rather than punch a clock, lack of a clear policy, however, leaves Uber drivers in a vulnerable(脆弱的) position: If they ask a customer for a tip or put up a sign, that customer could give the driver a low star-rating, and the driver could finally be deactivated from the app.‎ But has the company done a good job working with customers? Some observers say that this new grey area for tipping will create awkwardness about whether they should tip or not—something most Uber customers have not had to deal with until now. Uber did not respond to customers’ comment, just leaving their rating in the air（ignoring it）.‎ Providing an option to tip on an app sends a clear message to customers to reach into their pockets. Nearly 30% people would be more likely to leave a tip if they were presented with a “no tip” button, according to Guinn’s 2015 survey of roughly 500 people. When people are presented with three tip choices—20%, 25% or 30%—they’re more likely to choose the middle option even if it’s more than the traditional 20%, according to a separate 2014 analysis of 13 million New York City taxi rides. ‎ If the service is twice as expensive during a rain storm or public transport delay, the customer has the right not to tip. However, if the driver is extra helpful or avoids traffic to reach your destination in a more timely manner, you could give an extra tip, says Uber, who will leave tipping options in the hands of the consumer rather than the app.‎ ‎32. Compared with taxi drivers, Uber drivers ______.‎ A. enjoy more freedom and choices B. support the company’s practice C. clock up the miles while driving D. receive customers reviews directly ‎ ‎33.The underlined word “deactivated” in Paragraph 4 probably means ______.‎ A. removed         B. degraded         C. tracked         D. charged ‎34.From the survey we can conclude most customers ______.‎ ‎    A. would probably tip if there is an option ‎    B. usually do as the “no tip” sign suggests ‎    C. tip because of Uber drivers’ good service ‎ ‎    D. are disappointed to reach into their pockets ‎35.What causes the awkwardness between Uber drivers and their customers?‎ ‎    A. Customers take advantage of the new grey area for tipping.‎ ‎    B. There is no specific policy from the Uber to follow.‎ ‎    C. It’s up to customers to decide the drivers’ earnings.‎ ‎  D. Customers tend to pay least among the 3 choices.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎32.A ‎33.A ‎34.B ‎35.B]‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍乘坐优步汽车，需不需要给小费。 32.A细节理解题。根据文章第三段的句子“They use their own vehicles, receive customer reviews via the app’s five-star rating system and make their own hours.”可知，和普通的司机相比，优步的司机有更多自由和选择。故选A。 33.A词义猜测题。根据文章第三段的句子“If they ask a customer for a tip or put up a sign, that customer could give the driver a low star-rating, and the driver could finally be deactivated from the app.”如果他们要顾客 付小费或张贴一个标志，这个顾客可以给司机低等级的评价，这个司机最终会从app上消除。可知， “deactivated”意为“除掉”。故选A。  ‎ ‎【名师点睛】 猜测词义题解。阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。33.A词义猜测题。根据文章第三段的句子“If they ask a customer for a tip or put up a sign, that customer could give the driver a low star-rating, and the driver could finally be deactivated from the app.”如果他们要顾客 付小费或张贴一个标志，这个顾客可以给司机低等级的评价，这个司机最终会从app上消除。可知， “deactivated”意为“除掉”。故选A。 ‎ 考点：考查社会现象类阅读 ‎ ‎3. 【内蒙古赤峰二中2017届高三上学期第三次模拟】C ‎ It is bad to have food stuck between your teeth for long periods of time. This is because food attracts germs; germs produce acid, and acid hurts your teeth and gums. Flossing (使用牙线) helps to remove the food that gets stuck between your teeth. This explains why flossing helps to keep your mouth healthy, but some doctors say that flossing can also be good for your heart.‎ ‎ It may seem strange that something you do for your teeth can have any effect on your heart. Doctors have come up with a few ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy. One idea is that the germs that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood.Germs that get into the blood can then attack your heart. Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too many germs in your mouth, the body tries to fight against there germs. For some reason, the way the body fights these mouth germs may end up weakening the heart overtime.‎ ‎ Not every doctor agrees about these ideas. Some doctors think that the link between good flossing habits and good heart health is only a coincidence. The incidence (发生率) of two or more events is completely random, as they do not admit of any reliable cause and effect relationship between them. For example, every time I wash my car, it rains. This does not mean that when I wash my car, I somehow change the weather. This is only a coincidence. Similarly, some doctors think that people who have bad flossing habits just happen to also have heart problems, and people who have good flossing habits just happen to have healthy hearts.‎ ‎ The theory that flossing your teeth helps to keep your heart healthy might not be true. But every doctor agrees that flossing is a great way to keep your teeth healthy. So even if flossing does not help your heart, it is true to help your teeth. This is enough of a reason for everyone to floss their teeth every day.‎ ‎8. From the passage, we know that __________.‎ ‎ A. food stuck between your teeth may hurt your teeth.‎ ‎ B. all of the doctors agree that flossing is good for your heart.‎ ‎ C. doctors’ judgment about flossing is based on medical research.‎ ‎ D. not every doctor thinks flossing helps to keep your teeth healthy.‎ ‎9. The underlined sentence in Paragraph3 is to _________.‎ ‎ A. provide an example ‎ B. make a comparison ‎ C. introduce a new topic ‎ D. develop the previous statement ‎10. Which of the following best states the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ ‎ A. It is a fact that flossing can help your heart as well as your teeth.‎ ‎ B. There is no good reason to believe that flossing will help your heart.‎ ‎ C. Because doctors find flossing won’t help your heart, it is useless to floss.‎ ‎ D. Even if flossing is only good for your teeth, you should still do it every day.‎ ‎11. Which is the best title for the passage?‎ ‎ A. Flossing by Coincidence.‎ ‎ B. How to Keep Your Teeth Healthy ‎ C. Flossing Habits and Healthy Hearts ‎ D. Why Doctors Disagree About Flossing ‎【答案】‎ ‎8.A ‎9.D ‎10.D ‎11.C ‎9.D句意猜测题。Not every doctor agrees about these ideas不是每个医生都对这些问题持相同的态度，Some doctors think that the link between good flossing habits and good heart health is only a coincidence.一些医生认为用牙线剔牙与心脏健康之间的关系只是偶然Similarly, some doctors think that people who have bad flossing habits just happen to also have heart problems一些医生认为有剔牙习惯的碰巧有心脏问题，故引出以前的观点，因此选D项。‎ ‎10.D段落大意题。根据最后一段提到剔牙能保持你的心脏健康这一理论是不正确的，但医生同意剔牙能保证牙齿的健康，因此即使剔牙不能有助于你的心脏，肯定能保护你牙齿，这就是每天剔牙的重要原因，故选D项。‎ ‎11.C主旨标题题。本文提到经过研究，剔牙与保持心脏之间没有必然的联系，剔牙能保护牙齿的健康，这是可以肯定的，故选C项。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 选择标题 在英语阅读理解题中属主旨大意题，是深层理解题，它要求考生在通读全文的基础上，认真分析主人公的特定心态、文章大意及作者的写作意图。通常情况下，标题具有概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。所谓概括性，就是指标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题。针对性是对标题外延的一种界定，标题要直接指向文章的主要特点。而醒目性是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。常见的命题形式有：The best title for the text would be... / What can be the best title for this text? / Which of the following can be the best title for the text? 等。以下是此类题目的基本解题思路。‎ ‎1、确定最佳标题的方法 在阅读文章时，要注意文章中反复出现或强调的信息，寻找与文章大多数内容相关的信息，找出覆盖全文的核心词汇，看选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题，也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。‎ ‎2、寻找文章的主题句 了解文章主要论题的关键是找到全文的主题句。主题句通常在文章首段，但是也可能在文章的末段、在文章的某一段落，或者分散在文章的各个段落中。如果每个段落都有主题句，那么把各段落的主题句的中心思想集中起来，即为全文的主题句．‎ ‎3、概括文章的主题 要把握文章主旨，就必须根据具体的语言环境、陈述内容的逻辑关系（文章的结构）、上下文的连贯意思及文中有关暗示来理解文章的深层含义。‎ ‎4、逆向思维法 针对这类题型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到这样的标题，文章应该怎样写？”‎ 考点：考查说明科普类阅读 ‎ ‎5. 【贵州省遵义航天高级中学2017届高三第五次模拟】C Paying a higher price than usual for a ticket to see a film in 3D is the annoyance of many a cinema-goer’s life.‎ ‎ But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has found that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests. ‎ ‎ The research found that people who watched a movie in 3D improved cognitive (认知) skills, compared to those who watched it in 2D.‎ ‎ The research was led by neuroscientist(神经学家) Dr Patrick Fagan from Goldsmiths ‎ University in London. More than 100 people took part in the experiment, where participants watched Disney film Big Hero 6 in either standard format or RealD 3D. ‎ ‎ They also carried out a brain-training-style test before and after seeing a section from the film. The test covered memory, reaction times and cognitive function and the results were compared later.‎ ‎ According to the research, which was carried out in partnership with science group Thrill Laboratory, participants experienced a 23 percent increase in cognitive processing, as well as an 11 percent increase in reaction times.‎ ‎ Dr Fagan said that the results showed enough of an improvement in brain function to suggest that 3D could play a part in improving brain power in the future.‎ ‎ “These findings are more significant than you might think,” he said. “It is a fact that people are living longer and there is a noticeable decline in cognitive brain function in old age which can worsen future quality of life. There has never been a better time to look at ways to improve brain function. The initial results of this study show that 3D films may potentially play a role in slowing this decline.”‎ ‎ A second part of the experiment involved those watching the film being fitted with headsets that scanned brain activity and this too showed heightened (加强的) activity when watching 3D. According to the results, participants were seven percent more engaged with what they were watching, adding to argument that 3D movies are more like watching real-life--- something Professor Brendan Walker from Thrill Laboratory agreed with. ‎ ‎ “As Professor Brendan Walker’s test concluded, 3D films are more attractive and heighten the senses--- this, in turn, makes the brain run at quicker speeds,” Dr Fagan said.‎ ‎9. According to the research, people watching a movie in 3D ________.‎ ‎ A. have a good exercise for their brain ‎ ‎ B. lose their short memory of its plots ‎ C. are willing to pay a high price for tickets ‎ ‎ D. react the same way as those watching it in 2D ‎10. What can be learned from the research?‎ A. Watching 2D films limits brain function.‎ B. 3D would be a contributing factor in improving brain power.‎ C. The test was carried out after the whole film was viewed.‎ D. The participants took the brain-training-style test once.‎ ‎11. Paragraph 8 is mainly about________.‎ A . the application of 3D. B. the disadvantages of 2D films.‎ C. the change in brain function. D. the significance of the study.‎ ‎12 .The text is most likely to appear in ________.‎ A. a sports newspaper B. a biology textbook ‎ C. a science magazine D. a film review ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎9.A ‎10.B ‎11.D ‎12.C ‎【名师点拨】‎ 推理题的解题思路 如何做好推理判断题？笔者以为，考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的弦外之音。要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。10.B推理判断题。根据第二段But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has found that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests. 3D将是一个促进大脑力量的因素。故选B。‎ 考点：考查科技类阅读 ‎6. 【云南省师范大学附属中学2017届高考适应性月考（五）】C Marvin Minsky is often called the Father of Artificial Intelligence. His work helped inspire the creation of the personal computer and the Internet.‎ Artificial Intelligence Before Minsky, computers were more like calculators, performing math operations at speeds much faster than humans. Minsky was the first to say that computers can one day be as intelligent as human beings. He was so convinced about this, that in 1959, he and his friend John McCarthy invented the term “Artificial Intelligence” at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.‎ Minsky wrote a book called Perceptrons, describing a particular type of “artificial neural(神经的) network”. Neural networks have made a comeback in a new field of Computer Science called Deep Learning. Deep Learning is used to recognize things and people in pictures (as seen in Facebook and Google Photos), language translation( try Google Translate sometimes), and so on.‎ Robotics, Microscopes and Virtual Reality How many of you have done Robotics at school and loved it? You have Minsky to thank again, for his work on Robotics. One of his biggest inventions was the confocal scanning microscope, an instrument that is still widely used today in medical and scientific research.‎ Minsky was really futuristic. He created one of the first head-mounted graphics ‎ displays(头戴式图形显示), which gave rise to the exciting area of Virtual Reality. This year, Facebook is releasing Oculus, a virtual reality headset, which you can use to play games with your friends in a 3-D environment.‎ Minsky’s major prediction that computers will one day become as intelligent as humans is now called the Theory of Singularity.‎ ‎29. Which of the following statements is TRUE?‎ A. Minsky himself invented the term “Artificial Intelligence” in MIT.‎ B. Minsky transformed computer into a machine more intelligent than human beings.‎ C. Apart from Information Technology, Minsky’s invention is also used in medical field.‎ D. Minsky invented a headset, with which players can play games in a 3-D environment.‎ ‎30. Which is NOT the function of Deep Learning?‎ A. Recognize people in Facebook. B. Spot items in Google Photos.‎ C. Summarize main idea of a passage. D. Translate English into French.‎ ‎31. Which is NOT one of Minsky’s characteristics according to the passage?‎ A. Farsighted. B. Creative. C. Pioneering. D. Considerate.‎ ‎32. In which section of a newspaper can you read this passage?‎ A. Technology. B. Travel. C. Environment. D. Life.‎ ‎【答案】CCDA ‎30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段的句子“Deep Learning is used to recognize things and people in pictures (as seen in Facebook and Google Photos), language translation( try Google Translate sometimes), and so on.”可知，Deep Learning包括ABD，不包括总结文章的大意。故选C。‎ ‎31．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的句子“His work helped inspire the creation of the personal computer and the Internet.”可知，Minsky是有创造力的；根据第二段的“Minsky was the first to say that computers can one day be as intelligent as human beings.”可知，Minsky是有远见的和开创性的。文章没有提到Minsky是考虑周到的。故选D。‎ ‎32．推理判断题。文章介绍被称为人工智能之父的Marvin Minsky在信息科技方面做出的贡献。所以是出自报纸的科技版面，故选A。‎ ‎7. 【四川省广安、遂宁、内江、眉山2017届高三上学期一诊】 B ‎ In a shocking upset,70-year-old Republican candidate Donald Trump rode a wave to victory as voters elected him the 45th President of the United States.‎ ‎ Actually, a lot of experts had predicted that Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton would come out on top. Throughout the campaign, one of Trump's main challenges was to persuade voters that he has the attitude, knowledge and judgment to be president. In the end, he was able to attract more than enough voters to his side.‎ ‎ Hillary Clinton admitted the election to Trump in a phone call at around 2:30 am." Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time," Trump told his supporters during his victory speech. "We owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country."‎ ‎ Hillary Clinton delivered her speech later in the day. "We must accept this result and then look to the future," she told her disappointed supporters. " Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead. "‎ ‎ Trump's rise to the presidency comes after a long career as a real-estate developer. He built skyscrapers, resorts and golf courses. He also risked other businesses, introducing Trump Steaks, Trump Natural Spring Water, and an airline called Trump Shuttle. In 2004, he became a TV star with the reality show The Apprentice.‎ ‎ Now Trump and his team will have to face many difficult things. They'll have to work to bring the country together after a divisive campaign that upset millions ‎ of Americans. Throughout the country, millions of Americans are out of work and struggling to make ends meet. The new president must also address international issues. They include the war on terrorism and the refugee crisis. Still, Trump says he sees a bright future ahead. " Every single American will have the opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential," he told his supporters.‎ ‎24. What should many experts think of Trump's victory?‎ ‎ A. It is expected. B. It is satisfying.‎ ‎ C. It is annoying. D. It is surprising.‎ ‎25. How old was Donald Trump when he became a TV star?‎ ‎ A. 50 years old. B. 54 years old.‎ ‎ C. 58 years old. D. 62 years old.‎ ‎26. What can be learned about Donald Trump from the passage?‎ ‎ A. He is a successful businessman.‎ ‎ B. He has been serving in government.‎ ‎ C. He thought badly of Hillary Clinton.‎ ‎ D. He is worried about America.‎ ‎27. What is the last paragraph mainly about?‎ ‎ A. The problems with America.‎ ‎ B. The challenges Trump will face.‎ ‎ C. Trump's ideas about his future work.‎ ‎ D. The decisions Trump will have to make.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文为介绍说明文。文章介绍了最新当选的美国总统特朗普获胜的过程及人生经历和将要面临的各种新挑战。‎ ‎24．D推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Actually, a lot of experts had predicted that Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton would come out on ‎ top.”（实际上，很多专家曾预言，民主党总统候选人希拉里·克林顿将是胜出者）可推知，特朗普（Donald Trump）获胜是令人惊讶的。故选D。‎ ‎25．C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“In a shocking upset,70-year-old Republican candidate Donald Trump” 可推知，特朗普出生与1946年；再根据倒数第二段中的“In 2004, he became a TV star with the reality show The Apprentice.”可推算出，特朗普成为电视明星时，他是58岁。故选C。‎ ‎8. 【四川省广安、遂宁、内江、眉山2017届高三上学期一诊】C ‎ It is true that the tea comes from a plant known as Camellia sinensis. The different types of tea depend upon the region in which it is grown, harvesting time and the procedure of processing. Basically, there are four major classes of tea: white, oolong, green and black tea.‎ ‎ One of the least processed and, the purest forms of tea are the white tea. This tea type has very low content of caffeine and appears a light color, as the name also indicates and a mild flavor. Due to the presence of high amount of healthy chemicals, it is helpful in fighting skin-related health problems and in getting a fair color of skin.‎ ‎ Another tea type is the oolong tea, also called as wulong tea at some places which has very rich flavor and has a sweet fragrance. It is fermented(酝酿) but to a limited level because of which, the caffeine content in it is about 15% of what is in a cup of coffee. Drinking this tea proves to be useful in treating obesity, which is reducing the weight.‎ ‎ As opposing to oolong tea, the black tea is fully fermented, as a result of which it has caffeine of approximately 200/o of what is present in a cup of coffee.‎ ‎ If you consume black tea every day, you will be able to regulate the cholesterol(胆固醇) levels in the body and also keeping your circulatory system healthy. It also adjusts cardiovascular(心血管的 )function.‎ ‎ The last tea type is the green tea that is mostly preferred by many people owing to its multiple health benefits. Similar to the white tea, this tea also has less caffeine that is only ‎50/o -100/o of caffeine in one cup of coffee. This type of tea is also good to maintain the cholesterol and blood sugar levels within the acceptable range. In addition, they help in preventing tooth rot and other teeth-related illness. So, you can choose that variety that you find good with regard to its taste and health benefits.‎ ‎28. Which are you advised to drink if you want to become more beautiful?‎ ‎ A. White tea. B. Oolong tea.‎ ‎ C. Black tea. D. Green tea.‎ ‎29. What does the underlined word " regulate" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ ‎ A. Decrease. B . Increase. C . Improve. D. Adjust.‎ ‎30. The similarity of white tea and green tea is that .‎ ‎ A. they can prevent tooth rot B. they can keep the cholesterol levels ‎ C. they can contribute to losing weight D. they can contain low doses of caffeine ‎31. What is the best title of the passage?‎ ‎ A. The benefits of tea. B. Main varieties of tea.Z§X§X§K]‎ ‎ C. The differences of tea. D. Main functions of tea.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文为介绍说明文。文章主要介绍了主要的几类茶。‎ ‎28．A推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One of the least processed and, the purest forms of tea are the white tea…Due to the presence of high amount of healthy chemicals, it is helpful in fighting skin-related health problems and in getting a fair color of skin.”可知，白茶能有助于健康和皮肤的保养。故选A。‎ ‎29．D词义猜测题。根据本段中的“also keeping your circulatory system healthy. It also adjusts cardiovascular(心血管的 )function.”（也能保持你健康的循环系统。它也会调整心血管功能）可推知，此处指“如果你每天都喝红茶，你将能够调节你的胆固醇水平”。故选D。‎ ‎9. 【四川省广安、遂宁、内江、眉山2017届高三上学期一诊】D ‎ Over the next decade, technology will decimate more jobs in many professions.‎ ‎ Some robots already cost less to operate than the salaries of the humans they replace, and they are getting cheaper. Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2025, the operating cost of a robot that does welding(焊接) will be less than $2 per hour, for example. That's more affordable than the $25 per hour that a human welder earns today in America.‎ ‎ Uber and many other companies are working on developing cars and trucks that don't need a driver in the driver's seat. According to the American Trucking Associations, approximately 3 million truck drivers were employed in the United States in 2010,and 6. 8 million others were employed in other jobs relating to trucking activity. So roughly one of every 15 workers in the country is employed in the trucking business. We could be talking about millions of jobs disappearing in the early 2020s.‎ ‎ And then there is the " Gig Economy(零工经济 ) " that has some businesses moving toward part-time, on-demand employment. Uber has already done this to taxi drivers, and other technology companies are doing it to a wide range of jobs. A study by Intuit ‎ predicted that, by 2020,400/o of American workers will be self-employed, and that full-time jobs will be harder to find. We are talking about 60 million people in this category. The problem is that not only do such part-time workers lack reliable full-time jobs and sick pay, but they can't enjoy health insurance and longer-term benefits.‎ ‎ The measures to be taken are to raise trade barriers. But closing the doors to foreign trade won't bring jobs back. It will only slow the global economy and hurt American exports, shrinking the U. S. economy and accelerating job loss.‎ ‎32. The underlined word “decimate" in Paragraph l can be replaced by“____.‎ ‎ A. make someone interested in B. equip someone for ‎ C．wipe out D．bring back ‎33. What will happen with technologies developing according to the text?‎ ‎ A. Robots will become smarter and smarter.‎ ‎ B. Uber's labor cost will be lower and lower.‎ ‎ C. More and more truck drivers will be needed.‎ ‎ D. Taxi drivers can enjoy more insurance health.‎ ‎34. Which of the following does the writer agree on?‎ ‎ A. Welcoming foreign trade. B. Offering more part-time jobs.‎ ‎ C. Using fewer robots to stop job loss. D. Developing more new technologies.‎ ‎35. What's the writer's main purpose in writing the text?‎ ‎ A. To show technology advances in our daily life.‎ ‎ B. To prove technologies cause low incomes.‎ ‎ C. To introduce what the Gig Economy is.‎ ‎ D. To warn the Gig Economy is coming.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文为介绍说明文。文章介绍了随着科技的发展，高科技将逐渐摧毁更多行业的就业机会，企业使用高科技进行生产的成本会越来越低，零工经济正在来临。‎ ‎32．C词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Some robots already cost less to operate than the salaries of the humans they replace, and they are getting ‎ cheaper.”（一些机器人运行的费用比它们所代替的人的工资少，它们正变得越来越便宜）可知，画线词所在句意为“在接下来十年时间里，技术将逐渐摧毁更多行业的就业机会”。故选C。‎ ‎33．B推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Some robots already cost less to operate than the salaries of the humans they replace, and they are getting cheaper.”（一些机器人运行的费用比它们所代替的人的工资少，它们正变得越来越便宜）及倒数第二段中的“And then there is the"Gig Economy(零工经济)"that has some businesses moving toward part-time, on-demand employment. Uber has already done this to taxi drivers, and other technology companies are doing it to a wide range of jobs.”可推知，Uber公司的劳动力成本将越来越低。A选项文中没有涉及，C、D选项与文中陈述不符。故选B。‎ ‎10. 【安徽省“皖南八校”2017届高三第二次联考】 C ‎ The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is awarded for a novel written by a writer from the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland and it aims to represent the very best in contemporary fiction. The prize was originally called the Booker-McConnell Prize, which was the name of the company that sponsored it, though it was better-known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’. In 2002, the Man Group became the sponsor and they chose the new name, keeping ‘Booker’.‎ ‎ Publishers can submit books for consideration for the prize, but the judges can also ask for books to be submitted that they think should be included. Firstly, the Advisory Committee gives advice if there have been any changes to the rules for the prize and selects the people who will judge the books. The judging panel changes every year and usually a person is only a judge once.‎ ‎ Great efforts are made to ensure that the judging panel is balanced in terms of gender(性别) and professions within the industry, so that a writer, a critic, an editor and an academic are chosen along with a well-known person from wider society. However, when the panel of judges has been decided, they are left to make their own ‎ decisions. Meanwhile, the prize sponsor has no further right to take part in any more.‎ ‎ The Man Booker judges include critics, writers and academics to maintain the consistent quality of the prize and its influence is such that the winner will almost certainly see the sales increase considerably, in addition to the￡50,000 that comes with the prize.‎ ‎29. Who can submit books to the prize?‎ ‎ A. Judges. B. Writers. C. Readers. D. Sponsors.‎ ‎30. Why is the prize named the Man Booker Prize?‎ ‎ A. Because the prize is given to writers from the Commonwealth.‎ ‎ B. Because the prize was known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’.‎ ‎ C. Because the prize is sponsored by the Man Group and they kept the name.‎ ‎ D. Because the prize is aimed to award the very best contemporary fiction.‎ ‎31. Which task can be done by the Advisory Committee?‎ ‎ A. Changing the rules for the prize on their own.‎ ‎ B. Selecting the judging committee.‎ ‎ C. Making decisions on who is the winner.‎ ‎ D. Submitting books for consideration for the prize.‎ ‎32. The consistent quality of the prizes is guaranteed by _ .‎ ‎ A. the prize money. B. the gender of the judges.‎ ‎ C. the make-up of the panel of judges. D. the increase in sales of the winner.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎29.A ‎30.C ‎31.B ‎32.C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章讲述了英语小说界最重要的奖项之一布克奖的一些信息，包括它的起源、评选和影响等。‎ ‎29.A 细节理解题。根据Publishers can submit books for consideration for the prize, but the judges can also ask for books to be submitted that they think should be included.除了出版商，评审员也可以向该奖项提交书名。故选A。‎ ‎30.C 细节理解题。The prize was originally called the Booker-McConnell Prize, which was the name of the company that sponsored it, though it was better-known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’. In 2002, the Man Group became the sponsor and they chose the new name, keeping ‘Booker’.布克奖以赞助商布克公司命名，故答案为C。‎ ‎31.B 细节判断题。根据the Advisory Committee gives advice if there have been any changes to the rules for the prize and selects the people who will judge the books.顾问委员会可以选择评审书单的人员，故选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断题答题技巧。解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ 细节推断题是推理判断题中比较简单的一类试题，它要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，就可作出准确的推断。‎ 对于细节推断题来说，根据文章中的关键信息点进行推断是解答此类试题的关键。考生不但要理解文章的字面含义，还要运用逻辑判断能力，推断出文章更深层的含义。同时还要根据文章内容进行推断，不能凭空猜测。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立场上，设身处地地考虑实际情景，并据此展开合理的想象和推理。主观臆断是许多考生做这类题时普遍存在的一个问题。‎ 考点：考查社科类文章阅读 ‎