【英语】2018届二轮复习：副词学案（18页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习：副词学案（18页）

‎2018届二轮复习副词 一. 副词的语法功能 ‎ 副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。常在句中作状语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、介词宾语等成分。‎ ‎ 如He got up early this morning, Time is up. Please let me in.‎ ‎ The building there looks very small He has just come back from abroad.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： 只有少数地点副词和时间副词，如here，there，home，abroad，upstairs，around，above，below，yesterday等可以作定语。‎ 有些副词可修饰名词，用以加强语气，相当于状语。常用的这类副词为quite，rather，even等。如We held quite a party last weekend. ‎ Even a child won’t believe such a story you told. ‎ 有些副词可修饰部分不定代词和数词。常用的这类副词有almost，nearly，roughly，mostly等。如Nearly anyone present at, the meeting was an expert to SARS.‎ I learned three foreign languages at college, but now I have forgotten ‎ almost all of them.‎ 二. 副词的分类 ‎1. 时间副词 ‎ 说明全句或句中某一部分，如now，today，yesterday，recently，always，often，usually，already，early等。时间副词中包括频度副词，如always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never等。‎ ‎2. 地点副词 ‎ 说明全句或句中某一部分，如here，there，everythere，above，below，up，over，round，off，down，in，out等。‎ ‎3. 方式副词 ‎ 说明全句或句中某一部分，如carefully，suddenly，rapidly，slowly，successfully等。‎ ‎4. 程度副词 ‎ 说明形容词、副词或动词，如very，much，so，too，enough，almost，nearly，least，quite。‎ ‎5. 评论副词 ‎ 用来对主句中陈述的观点进行评价的副词，如luckily，happily，generally，honestly，roughly，briefly，broadly，narrowly，naturally，hopefully等。‎ ‎6. 疑问副词 ‎ 用来构成特殊疑问句，如when，where，why等。‎ ‎7. 连接副词 ‎ 用来连接从句（主语、宾语、表语），如how，when，where，why等。其他的如therefore，however，hence，then，so，otherwise等词起到副词和连词的作用。‎ ‎8. 关系副词 ‎ 用来连接定语从句，如when，where，why等。‎ ‎9. 其他副词表示肯定、否定、重复，如not，even，surely，too，really，practically，only等。‎ 三. 副词在句中的位置 ‎1. 时间副词和地点副词一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中，则把地点副词放在时间副词前面，也可把时间副词放在句首。但always，seldom，often，never，rarely等副词通常放在行为动词之前，放在情态动词、助动词和to be之后。如They will go there tomorrow. We ofter go there. Tom is always ready to help others. I often go to school at seven in the morning.‎ ‎2. 修饰形容词、其他副词时的位置 ‎ 修饰形容词、副词时，位于被修饰词的前面。如Computers work ‎ much faster than before.‎ ‎ Happy days pass too soon.‎ ‎ 易错误区： enough作为副词时总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。‎ 如The book is easy enough for little kids.‎ ‎ enough作形容词时，可置于名词之前或之后。‎ 如We haven’t enough time / time enough to prepare for the meeting.‎ 四. 形容词与副词的比较级和最高级 ‎1. 比较级和最高级的基本构成 ‎ 形容词和副词按有三个比较等级，即原级、比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。‎ 规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词末尾加-er，-est tall taller tallest great greater greatest nice nicer nicest 以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r，-st large larger largest able abler ablest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest 以辅音字母 + y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est easy easier easiest busy busier busiest 少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er，-est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest 其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 important more important most important easily more easily most easily ‎ ‎ ‎ 温馨提示：很多形容词可有两种形式的比较级和最高级。在现代英语中作表语的比较级和最高级，无论其音节多少，人们总喜欢用more，most形式。glad，fond，shy，fit等词可以在其后加-er，-est构成比较级和最高级，也可在其前加more，most构成比较级和最高级。但real只能通过加more，most构成比较级和最高级。‎ 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good / well better best bad / ill worse worst old older / elder oldest / eldest much / many more most little less least far farther / further farthest / furthest late later / latter latest / last ‎ ‎ ‎2. 没有比较等级的形容词和副词 表示“比较、特殊”意义的形容词和副词，如comparative（ly），relative（ly），particular（ly），special（ly）‎ 表示“绝对”意义的形容词和副词，如entire（ly），excellent（ly），perfect（ly），thorough（ly），total（ly），whole（wholly），complete（ly）‎ 表示大小、极限、主次、上下、对错等的形容词和副词，如main，minor，senior，junior，right，wrong，slmost，extreme（ly），maximum，minimum 表示性质、特征的形容词，如atomic，scientific，wooden，golden 表示状态的形容词，常作表语，如afraid，asleep，alive，ashamed，awake，alone，aware，alike，ashore，alight 表示独一无二的形容词，如only，mere，unique，single，matchless 表示国籍的形容词及由人名派生而成的形容词，如Japanese，American，Chinese，Marxist 表示时间、方位、处所的形容词和副词，如now，present，today，then，front，back，ahead，east，south，west，north，right，left，here，there 表示形状的形容词，如round，aquare，level ‎ 表示强调的形容词和副词，如very，own，simply，favourite，barely，hardly ‎3. 比较级和最高级的用法 比较级的用法 A. 双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。‎ 如This pen is better than that one.‎ B. 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。‎ 如This room is less beautiful than that one.‎ C. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰。如He works even harder than before.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： 英语的比较级前如无even，still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“……一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更”。如She is better than she was yesterday.‎ ‎ by far通常用于强调最高级，用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如He is taller by far than his brother.‎ ‎ He is by far the taller of the two brothers.‎ D. 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 +‎ ‎ 谓语），the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语）”的结构。如The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.‎ E. 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。‎ ‎ 如The weather is getting colder and colder.‎ ‎ The girl becomes more and more beautiful.‎ F. 某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等。如He is superior to Mr. Wang in mathematics.‎ G. 在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that（those），one（ones）代替前面出现的名词。that指物表特指，one既可指人，也可指物，表泛指。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。‎ 如The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.‎ H. 与比较等级相关的固定用法 a. more B than A = less A than B“与其说A不如说B” 。‎ 如He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.‎ b. more than“不仅仅……”。‎ 如Language is more than a tool with which people communicate with each other.‎ c. no more … than …“与……一样……，不比……多”。如He is no better than you.(否定意味)‎ d. no less … than …“与……一样……”。如He is no less diligent than you.(肯定意味)‎ e. not better than “不如……好”。如He is not better than you at football.‎ f. rather than“而不是”。如I want to help you rather than find trouble.‎ g. other than“不同于，除了……之外”如In that case, there is nothing you can do other than wait.‎ h. as much of a …as， more of a … than，less of a … than的用法。‎ 如It was as much of a success as I had hoped.‎ ‎ He is more of a sportsman than his brother.‎ ‎ He is less of a fool than I thought he was.‎ i. too … to … ‎ too + 形容词 / 副词 + to do …“太……而不能……”。‎ ‎ 如The boy is too young to go to school. = The boy is so young that he couldn’t go to school.‎ too +（ready，glad，willing等）+ to do表示肯定意义 ‎ too … not to do …“太……不会不”。 如He is too careful not to make such a foolish mistake.‎ ‎ not / never too … to do …“永 / 决不……”。如One is never too old to learn.‎ only too / but too … to do“十分，非常，极其”。如She is only too pleased to help you.‎ j. can not … too …与can never … too …“无论怎样都不过分；越……越好”。‎ ‎ 如New Year can not come too soon.‎ ‎ You can never be too careful when crossing the road.‎ k. A对于B犹如C对于D一样。如Air is to us (just) as water is to fish.‎ ‎ = Air is to us that water is to fish.‎ ‎ = (Just) As water is to fish, so is air to us.‎ ‎ = What water is to fish, that is air to us.‎ 最高级的用法 A. 三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.‎ ‎ He works (the) hardest in his class.‎ B. 最高级可被序数词以及much，by，far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really，nothing like等词语所修饰。如How much did the second most expensive hat cost? ‎ ‎ This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.‎ C. 形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。‎ ‎ 如He is the tallest (boy) in his class.‎ D. 最高级的多种表达法 a. 比较级与否定词连用，表示最高级。如You won’t find a better hotel ‎ I couldn’t have eaten a more expensive meal.‎ b. more … than the other …；more … than any other …‎ ‎ 如He is more fit for his office than anybody else.‎ c. no … more … than … 如No advice is better than this.‎ d. no … as … as … 如No doctor is as excellent as Tom’s father.‎ e. the least … 如This watch is the least expensive of all.‎ f. less than … 如All the other cities are less beautiful than this one.‎ E. 形容词、副词最高级前不用the的情况 a. 形容词最高级用于同自身不同场合相比较时不带the。如I’m busiest on Sundays.‎ b. 形容词最高级前有物主代词、名词所有格时不带the。如Jane is the old man’s eldest girl.‎ c. 两个或多个形容词最高级并列使用，从第二个起就不带the。‎ 如Tom is the youngest and tallest boy in our class.‎ d. 形容词最高级在句中作宾语补足语时常不带the。‎ 如We find listening hardest in our English study.‎ e. most常和多音节形容词连用构成最高级，但most前没有the或有a时，most等于very。 ‎ ‎ 如This is a most difficult problem to solve.‎ f. 有些习惯表达法中的形容词最高级常常不带the。如with best whishes g. 作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如Of all the boys he came ‎ (the) earliest.‎ 五. 原级的构成和用法 ‎1. 构成：形容词、副词的原级形式是其原形。‎ ‎2. 用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词或副词 + as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so（as）+ 原级形容词或副词 + as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数 + as + 原级形容词或副词 + as”的结构。‎ ‎ 如Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Liu. Ms. Sun speaks English as fluently as you.‎ ‎ This building looks not so (as) high as that one.‎ ‎ This room is three times as large as that one.‎ 六. 比较结构中的省略 ‎1. 在as …as结构和more than结构中，as或than从句可省略整个谓语，只保留主语。‎ ‎ 如Our library has as many books as yours.‎ ‎ Both Tom and I like you. But I like you more than he.‎ ‎2. as或than从句中可省去谓语保留主语和be，have或助动词。‎ ‎ 如Susan has done as much homework as you have.‎ ‎ The white-collar workers earn more than the blue-collar workers do.‎ ‎3. as或than从句中可省略主语和谓语，仅保留状语。如It isn’t as cold in Beijing as in Datong.‎ ‎ She is much better than yesterday.‎ ‎4. than从句有时可省略主谓部分，保留宾语；有时可省去主语，保留谓语部分；有时也可省去整个than从句。如Though Tom is a nice boy, I like you more than him.‎ ‎ She is much healthier and happier.‎ 七. 比较等级结构的特殊词 ‎ as soon as, no sooner … than, in the least, as well as, so / as far as, as much as, more than, nothing more or less than, as good as, not so much … as, no more than, least of all, less than, much less, as … as possible, as early as, as / so long as, as much … as ‎ 如They were more than willing to help.‎ ‎ The house was as good as sold.‎ ‎ He left without so much as saying goodbye.‎ 八. 常见的相似副词（短语）语义辨析 ‎1. ‎ 有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以-ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。‎ ‎ 如close接近地—closely仔细地，密切地 free免费地—freely自由地，无拘束地 ‎ hard努力地—hardly几乎不 late晚，迟—lately近来 most极，非常—mostly主要地 ‎ wide广阔地，充分地—widely广泛地 high高—highly高度地，非常地 ‎ deep深，迟—deeply抽象意义的“深” loud大声地—loudly大声地（含有喧闹的意思）‎ ‎ near邻近—nearly几乎 ‎2. 注意下列几组词的用法：‎ ago与before ‎ ago表示以现在为起点的“从前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“从前”。泛指“以前”，用before而不用ago。如I started working in the school three years ago.‎ ‎ Last year he left the army that he had joined eighteen years before.‎ ‎ We (have) never met them before.(没有具体时间，两种时态都可以)‎ already，yet与still ‎ already用于肯定句，表示“已经”；yet用于否定句作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解；still主要用于肯定句，表示动作或状态的持续，作“仍然”解。‎ ‎ 如I have already finished the work.‎ ‎ ---Have you read the book yet?---No, I have not read it yet.‎ ‎ He is still at school. He is still working.‎ ‎ 注意：already用于疑问句和否定句中，表示某种情绪。Have you done it already?(表惊讶) ‎ Have you done yet?(单纯问句) I’m growing impatient already.(表烦躁) ‎ yet和still用于比较级前，表示程度。如Tom sings well but Jim sings still better.‎ The manager has yet more important things to do.‎ too，also与either：三词都表示“也”‎ ‎ too一般用于肯定句，通常放在句末，有时也可放在主语之后；also多用于书面语，常放在行为动词前，助动词、系动词和情态动词之后；either用于否定句。‎ ‎ 如He likes this book. I like it, too. He, too, has been to London.‎ ‎ We also want to learn Japanese. My father is also a ‎ chain-smoker.‎ ‎ He won’t go either.‎ very，much与very much A. very修饰形容词或副词的原级，much修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级。‎ 如He walks very fast. He walks much faster than I.‎ ‎ He doesn’t talk much. He likes swimming very much.‎ B. very修饰用作形容词的现在分词，much与very much都能修饰过去分词。‎ ‎ 如This novel is very interesting. I was much moved by his words.‎ C. 有些常见的作形容词用的过去分词，按规则应用much或very much修饰，但在口语中可用very修饰；如果过去分词放在名词前作定语，一般用very修饰；tired，learned为形容词，用very而不用much修饰。如We are very (much , very much) surprised at the news.‎ ‎ She is very tired!‎ ‎ 常见的作形容词用的过去分词有：frightened，interested，delighted，pleased，excited，satisfied，disappointed，limited，worried，surpresed，troubled，ashamed，contented等。‎ D. 只能用作表语的形容词，多为以a-开头的形容词，如afraid，alone，alike，alive等，前面常用much或very much修饰。如They are much alike.‎ almost与nearly：两词都有“几乎”的意思 ‎ almost强调“差一点……就”，可用在no，nothing，none，never等前面，但nearly不行。almost不能用not修饰，nearly表示“接近”，可以和almost互换，但在具体数字前常用nearly。如He almost knocked me down before he saw me.‎ ‎ She said slmost nothing of importance in her speech.‎ ‎ The work is not nearly so easy as you think.‎ ‎ It’s nearly five o’clock.‎ now，just与just now ‎ now与一般现在时、现在进行时或现在完成时连用时，意为“现在”；just常与现在完成时、一般过去时和过去完成时连用，表示“刚……”；just now和过去时连用，表示“刚才”（= a moment ago）。和一般现在时或现在进行时连用时，与“just at the moment”同义，有加强now的语气的作用。‎ ‎ 如Where do you live now? He is working now. We have now finished the work.‎ ‎ I have just seen the film. He said he had just bought a dictionary.‎ ‎ He was here just now. She is doing her homework just now.‎ so，neither与nor：三词都表示后者和前者情况相似 ‎ so用于肯定句，用句型：so + 助动词（系动词或情态动词）+ 主语；neither和nor用于否定句，用句型：neither（nor）+助动词（系动词或情态动词）+ 主语。‎ ‎ 如He like stating. So do I. I have met the teacher. So has he.‎ ‎ The first one wasn’t good, and neither (nor) was the second.‎ ‎ He can’t do it, nor can I, nor can everybody.‎ rather与fairly ‎ rather“相当地；过于”，往往与含贬义的形容词或副词连用，有时可与含褒义的次连用；fairly“相当地；颇有几分”，一般修饰含褒义的形容词或副词。‎ ‎ 如Tom is fairly diligent, but Peter is rather lazy. It was a fairly interesting story.‎ fast，quickly与rapidly ‎ fast所表示的快侧重在“速度快”；quickly侧重在某一行为或动作的“迅速，敏捷”；rapidly侧重“行动 / 动作快”，常用于书面语。‎ 如Don’t walk so fast. He answered the question quickly. Mr. Li went by her rapidly.‎ 意义相近的同根副词 ‎ slow—slowly慢地（多置于动词之后） clean—cleanly 完全地；干净地 ‎ firm—firmly稳固地（firm常用于stand firm，hold firm to one’s beliefs，其余多用firmly）‎ ‎ easy—easily容易地 direct—directly直接地 fair—fairly公平地，适度地，不过分地