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专题02 代词和介词(命题猜想)-2018年高考英语命题猜想与仿真押题
【考向解读】 代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词类。在单项填空考查中主要考查人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定 代词以及it的特殊用法、代词的辨析、代词与否定词构成的否定与半否定等。对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法上,最常见的是介词短语的考查及介词的固定搭配。 【命题热点突破一】 人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和反身代词 例1、(2017·浙江卷)Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She thought I had hurt ________(I),” says Pahlsson. 【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself,...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. ______________ 【解析】此处介绍的是我的故事,因此这里应该是我高中时期的回忆。上下文的人称应该保持一致。 【答案】your→my 【变式探究】(2017江苏)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_____purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. A.which B.it’s C.whose D.whom 【答案】C 【解析】关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which,whom在定语从句中不能作定语,it’s不能引导定语从句,故选C。 【变式探究】Half of ________ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears. A.these B.some C.ones D.those 解析:考查代词辨析。句意:来自16个国家的受访人当中有一半人说,在他们有最强烈的愿望和最恐惧的时候,他们首先想到他们最亲近的朋友。所以这里用those来指代前面提到的那些被调查的人。 答案:D 1.在没有谓语动词的句子中,人称代词常用宾格。 —Glad to meet you.——很高兴见到你。 —Me,too.——我也是。 —I’d like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. ——这个周末我想去爬山。 —Me,too.——我也想去。 2.形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语。名词性物主代词通常在句中起名词作用,可以作主语、宾语和表语。名词 性 物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前。 We took our fishing pole and headed for the lake. 我们带上鱼竿朝湖走去。 This camera is mine and that is yours. 这部相机是我的,那个是你的。 3.反身代词的用法: (1)反身代词可以在be,feel,look,seem 等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态。 She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。 (2)含有反身代词的习惯用语: ①介词+反身代词:by oneself单独地,独自地;for oneself亲自,为自己 ②动词+反身代词:devote oneself to 致力于;apply oneself to 专心致志于;enjoy oneself 过得愉快;help oneself to 随便吃;随便用;make yourself at home 不拘束;seat oneself 坐下;behave oneself 举止得体; come to oneself恢复知觉; 苏醒过来;adapt/adjust oneself to适应于;abandon oneself to沉迷于,放纵于;express oneself 表达某人的思想;lose oneself in(=be lost in迷失);say to oneself心里想;talk to oneself自言自语 4.指示代词常见用法有:指上文提到的事,一般用that或 those;指下文或将要提到的事物,常用this或these。此外,this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that则为询问对方;this和 that还用作副词,相当于so。 Those are the facts;what do you conclude from them? 那些都是事实,你能从中得出什么结论? They are happy to learn in their own language,and that makes them eager to know more.他们很高兴能用自己的语 言学习,这就激发了他们的求知欲。 习惯搭配有: that is to say=that is... 也就是说…… That’s it! 正是如此!对了! That’s enough. 那就够了。 That’s that. 就这么决定了。 【变式探究】 —Mike,you don’t seem to be quite________ today. —Well,I hardly slept last night.I was preparing for a report. A.itself B.yourself C.you D.ourselves 解析:句意:——迈克,你今天的状态似乎不太好。—— 我昨晚几乎没有睡,我在准备一个报告。be o nese lf为固 定 用法,意为“(身体、精神等方面)处于正常状态”。根据主 语you可知,应选yourself。 答案:B 【命题热点突破二】 it的用法 例2、(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________ every day. 【解析】句意:然而,该地铁很快被证明是巨大的成功,在六个月内,每天超过25000人使用它。根据语境可知,此处应用it指代文中的the railway。 【答案】it 【变式探究】How would you like ________ if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? A.them B.one C.those D.it C. 指代前面所提到过的事物或说话者不清楚或没有必要说明说话对象的性别时。 The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in. 史密斯一家买了一套新房子,但是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。 2.It用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。 No matter where he is,he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管在哪里,他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。 It’s no use complaining without taking action. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。 It occurred to me that I had visited him before. 我突然想起我以前曾拜访过他。 3.某些及物动词或短语不能直接加宾语从句,此时须先用it作形式宾语,然后接宾语从句,有此用法的动词(短语):like,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on,see to等。 They would appreciate it,to be frank,if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. 坦率地说,如果货物尽快被送到,他们会感激不尽。 4.It的固定搭配: it depends 视情况而定 Don’t mention it. 不客气。 Believe it or not 信不信由你 make it 成功,做到,及时赶到 put it 表达 get it 明白了 when it comes to… 当谈到…… take it for granted that… 认为……是理所当然的 Laughter is the best medicine—at least when it comes to protecting your heart. 笑是最好的药,至少当涉及保护心脏的时候。 【变式探究】 Susan made________ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. A.that B.this C.it D.her 解析:考查代词的运用。句意:苏珊清楚地跟我表明她希望为自己创造新的生活。分析句子结构可以看出,该句中包含一个that引导的从句,而且根据语境可知,that从句的内容就是苏珊向我表明的事情,所以后置的that从句实际 上是made的真正宾语,故用形式宾语it指代that从句,所以选C。其 余代词均不能用作形式宾语。 答案:C 【命题热点突破三】 it,one(s),that,those的用法区别 例3、(2016·浙江卷)In many ways,the education system in the US is not very different from ________in the UK. 【解析】that用来替代the education system in the US. 【答案】that 【变式探究】The quality of education in this small school is better than ________ in some larger schools. A.that B.one C.it D.This 解析:考查替代词的用法。句意:这所小型学校的教学质量比有些较大的学校的教学质量还要好.空格处指代the quality of education,为不可数名词,故用that。 答案:A 【变式探究】To her joy,Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues. 令戴拉高兴的是,她首先赢得了她的学生的信任,然后又赢得了同事的信任。 We’ve been looking for a cheap house but haven’t found one yet.我一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没有找到。 I like this house with a beautiful garden in front,but I don’t have enough money to buy it.我喜欢这座前面有漂亮花园的房子,但是没有足够的钱来买它。 【变式探究】 The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ________on the small ones. A.one B.this C.that D.it 【命题热点突破四】 不定代词all,both,either,any,none,neither的用法区别 —When shall I call,in the morning or afternoon? —________.I’ll be in all day. A.Any B.None C.Neither D.Either 解析:考查代词。句意:——我什么时候(给你)打电话方便,上午还是下午?——都可以,我将一整天都在家。根据文中提到的in the morning or afternoon可知,此处指在两者之间作出选择,故排除A、B两项;又根据“I’ll be in all day.”可知应该是两个时间段均可以。 答案:D As the two dictionaries are useful,I’ll take both and either of them is very important to me. 由于这两本词典都有用,我会把它们都带走,每一本对我来说都非常重要。 All that’s important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. 重要的是你尽力朝正确的方向前进。 —Would you like tea or coffee? ——你想要茶还是咖啡? —Neither,thank you.I’ve just had some water. ——都不要,谢谢。我刚喝过一些水。 My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop. 我哥哥想买一块好表,但是在那家店里没有一块合适的。 【变式探究】 Of the forces shaping higher education________is more sweeping than the movement across borders. A.nothing B.none C.either D.anything 【命题热点突破五】 不定代词other,the other,others,the others,another的用法区别 例5、To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against ________. A.another B.the other C.other D.either 解析:考查不定代词。句意:为了暖和自己,那个海员坐 在火堆前,两只光脚丫互相蹭着。another另一个,指三者或三者以上中的另外一个; the other另一个,指两者中的另外 一个;other别的,其他的;either表示两者中的任意 一个。 由语境可知,此处表示“另一只赤着的脚”,指“两者中的 另外一个”,故用the other。 答案:B I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face another day like that. 昨天一整天我都感觉很糟糕,所以今天早晨我决定不能像那样面对另一天了。 I’ll spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing. 我准备把我假日时间的一半用来练习 英语,另一半时间学习绘画。 Some are singing and dancing,some are drawing,others are climbing the hill. 一些人在唱歌跳舞,一些人在画画,还有一些人在爬山。 【变式探究】 It’s one thing to send a short message but________to have the person receiving the message actually do something. A.another B.other C.the other D.others 解析:考查代词。 句意:发短信是一回事,而让收到短信的人做某事又是另外一回事.another表示另外一个,故选A项。 答案:A 【命题热点突破六】不定代词none,nothing,nobody(no one)的用法区别 例6、The meeting will be held in September,but ________ knows the date for sure. A.everybody B.nobody C.anybody D.somebody Sophia waited for a reply,but none came. 索菲亚等待答复,但一个都没有。 —How many students in your class went to the lecture? ——你们班有多少学生去听报告? —None. ——一个也没有。 —Who did you see enter the lonely house? ——你看见谁进了那间僻静的房间? —Nobody. ——没看见一个人。 —How much money do you have? ——你有多少钱? —Nothing. ——一点也没有。 【变式探究】 This project requires close teamwork.________ will be achieved unless we work well together. A.Nothing B.Anything C.Something D.Everything 解析:考查不定代词。句意:这个项目需要密切的合作,除非我们通力合作,否则一事无成。根据句意可知此处应用表示否定意义的词语,故选A。 答案:A 【易错警示】部分否定和全部否定:no one,none,nobody,nothing,not…any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定;all,both,everyone/everybody/everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定;当not出现在含有全部肯定意义的不定代词的句子中,不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后,都表示部分否定。 Both of them haven’t read this story. 并非他俩都读过这个故事。 Not all of them smoke.=All of them don’t smoke. 他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。 【命题热点突破七】介词的用法 例7、(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________work. 【解析】此处是指“当他们来回上下班时”。考生平时多用from...to...连接起始点,而本题涉及同一个地点,表示往返,一些考生由于没有掌握to和from的用法而误填其它介词。 【答案】from 【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road. ______________ 【变式探究】I hate it when she calls me at work—I'm always too busy to carry ________ a conversation with her. 【答案】on 【解析】句意:我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话——我总是太忙,不能和她进行会话。carry on“继续进行,从事”,符合句意。 常考介词归纳 1.against (表示方位)依靠着……;碰,撞;反对;以……为背景,衬托;预防 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.看来意见达成一致是不可能的,因为大多数委员会委员都表示反对。 2.off (表示位置)在……的外面;(表示方向)偏离;从……离开 Two miles off the coast,we sailed right into the storm. 在离海岸两英里处,我们迎面遇上了暴风雨。 3.by 不迟于;在……旁边;到……为止;按照,根据;通 过……方式;增减的幅度 This one is shorter than that one by three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 4.beyond (时间) 过了,比……晚,迟于;(位置) 在……另一边,超出……之外;(表示程度)为……所不及,超 出……的范围 No one hopes that the situation between China and Japan is beyond control due to the Diaoyu Islands. 没人希望中日局势因钓鱼岛事件失控。 5.with 和……在一起;带有,拥有;随着;用……工具;就……来说;对于,关于;(表示原因)由于,因为 I have an appointment with Dr.Smith,but I need to change it. 我与史密斯医生有约,但是我需要改变一下。 6.over 在……上方;越过;超过;(表示时间或过程)在……期间 I’m sorry I didn’t phone you,but I’ve been very busy over the past couple of weeks. 很抱歉没给你打电话,可是这几个星期我一直很忙。 7.for 为了;代表;因为,由于;对于,关于,在……方面;以……为代价;赞成,支持;就……而言 Before you pay a visit to a place of interest,look in your local library for a book about it. 在你到某一旅游胜地去浏览之前,先在你当地的图书馆找本有关的书看看。 The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children. 史密斯夫妇因为养育孩子的方式而受到了赞扬。 【变式探究】 The little pupil took his grandma ________ the arm and walked her across the street. A.on B.by C.in D.at 解析:考查固定搭配。句意:那个小学生 搀着他奶 奶的 胳膊,送她过了街道。“take sb.by+the+身体部位”为固定搭配,意为“抓住/触及某人的……”,故选B项。 答案:B 【命题热点突破八】介词短语和介词的固定搭配 例8、(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture. 【解析】此处表示得到一个在工程学或者建筑学方面的学位。此处考查in的本意“在……方面”。考生可能会误用on和about,这两个介词本意为“关于……”。degree与介词in搭配,表示在某方面的学位。 【答案】in 【变式探究】【2016·天津】2. The dictionary is ______: many words have been added to the language since it was published. A. out of control B. out of date C. out of sight D. out of reach 【答案】B 【解析】句意:这本字典过时了:自从它被出版,很多单词被增加到这个语言中。A.失去控制;B.过时的;C看不见的;D.够不着的。根据句意,故选B。 【考点】考查介词短语。 1.at+名词 at sea茫然,在大海上;at will任意地;at work在上班;at lunch在吃午饭;at table在吃饭;at peace处于和平状态 2.by+名词 by accident偶然地;by chance碰巧;by mistake错误地;by the way顺便说 3.beyond+名词 beyond description难以形容;beyond words无法用语言形 容;beyond doubt无疑;beyond one’s reach够不着 4.in+名词 in advance在前头,事先,预先;in case如果,万一;in charge主管,看管;in common共有,共同;in demand很需 要;in order按顺序,井然有序,情况良好;in progress进行 中;in return作为回报;in turn依次,转而;in vain徒劳; in shape健康状况良好 5.on+名词 on purpose故意地;on leave在休假;on holiday在度假;on sale出售;on time准时;on the air正在广播 6.under+名词 under construction在建设中;under consideration在考虑 中;under repair在修理中 7.out of+名词 out of breath上气不接下气;out of balance失去平衡;out of date过时;out of patience不耐烦;out of control失去控制; out of touch失去联系 8.in+名词+of in case of如果;in fear of担心,害怕;in honour of为纪 念……,对……表示敬意;in memory of为纪念……;in place of代替;in search of寻找,寻求;in sight of在看得见……的地方;in support of支持,支援;in face of面对;in exchange of 与……交换 9.其他常考介词短语 in terms of就……而言,依据;in view of鉴于,根据;for the sake of为了;on behalf of 代表;apart from除了;in addition to除了;on the basis of 以……为基础;regardless of不管; with regard to至于,关于 Our club is open to everyone regardless of age,sex or educational background. 我们的俱乐部对任何人开放,不管年龄、性别或教育背景。 I am always delighted when I receive an e-mail from you.With regard to the party on July 1st,I shall be pleased toattend. 当我收到你的e-mail时,我总是很高兴。至于7月1日的聚会,我将很乐意参加。 【变式探究】 I like that bookstore because whenever I buy a book there,they will offer me a book cover________. A.for good measure B.at any cost C.beyond my reach D.on their own 解析:句意:我喜欢那家书店,因为无论何时我在那里买书 时,他们就会________一个书皮.for good measure作为额外增添;at any cost无论如何,在任何情况下;beyond my reach我够不到;on their own独自,单独。 答案:A 【高考真题解读】 1、(2017·浙江卷)Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She thought I had hurt ________(I),” says Pahlsson. 2、(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself,...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. ______________ 【解析】此处介绍的是我的故事,因此这里应该是我高中时期的回忆。上下文的人称应该保持一致。 【答案】your→my 3、(2017江苏)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_____purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. A.which B.it’s C.whose D.whom 【答案】C 【解析】关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which,whom在定语从句中不能作定语,it’s不能引导定语从句,故选C。 4、(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________ every day. 【解析】句意:然而,该地铁很快被证明是巨大的成功,在六个月内,每天超过25000人使用它。根据语境可知,此处应用it指代文中的the railway。 【答案】it 5、(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________work. 【解析】此处是指“当他们来回上下班时”。考生平时多用from...to...连接起始点,而本题涉及同一个地点,表示往返,一些考生由于没有掌握to和from的用法而误填其它介词。 【答案】from 6、(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road. ______________ 【解析】in the middle of意为“在……的中间”,故把on改为of。此处为“道路的中央”,表示所属关系,而on后跟地点表示“在……上面”。此题只要熟悉介词本意就不存在解题的障碍。 【答案】on→of 1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,68)On my recent visit,I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by ________(it)mother. 答案:its 解析: 句意:在我最近的一次参观中,可爱的三个月大的双胞胎中的一只被它的妈妈遗弃了。由后面的mother可知,此处应用形容词性物主代词its表示所属关系。 2.(2016·四川,68)By that time,the panda no longer needed ________(it)mother for food. 答案: its 解析: 句意:到那时,这只熊猫不再需要从它的母亲那里获取食物。此处用形容词性物主代词its修饰mother。 3.(2016·浙江,3)In many ways,the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK. 答案:that 解析: 句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不一样。这里指代前面的名词education system,所以用that。 1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,64)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,when I was the first... 【答案】to 【解析】句意:但是我与熊猫之间的联系要追溯到20世纪80年代中期我在一档电视节目的时候,那是我第一次……。go back to“追溯到”,是固定短语。 2.(2016·新课标Ⅱ,44)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 【答案】on 【解析】句意:我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于……”。 3.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,70)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat ________ their hands. 【答案】with 【解析】句意:筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度,大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with“用……”,符合句意。 4.(2016·四川,67)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years. 【答案】for 【解析】句意:这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。“for+一段时间”作时间状语,表示“持续了一段时间”。 5.(2016·浙江,16)In this article,you need to back up general statements ________ specific examples. 【答案】with 【解析】句意:在这篇文章中,你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。根据句意及结构可知,这里用介词with表示“用……”。 6.(2016·天津,8)Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice ________ her opinion on the subject. 【答案】to 【解析】句意:在讨论刚开始时,玛丽一言不发,但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。give voice to“表达,吐露,发泄”,符合句意。 1.(2015·浙江,12)How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 解析 句意:如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了,你会怎么想。固定表达how would you like it if...,在此结构中it代替后面if句的内容。 答案 it 2.(2015·重庆,2)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure. 解析 句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的关键词为but,表转折,故nobody没有人,符合句意。 答案 nobody 3.(2015·陕西,13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the . 解析 句意:为了让自己暖和起来,这个水手坐在火堆旁,光着脚,用一只脚搓另一只脚。表示两者中的一个,另一个,用one...the other...。 答案 other 4.(2015·四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge. 解析 句意:Niki总是有很多想法,但是没有一个想法对我的知识有用。三者或三者否定以上用none,可指人也可指物。 答案 none 5.(2015·天津,2)The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools. 6.(2015·福建,21)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but contained any useful suggestions. 解析 句意:这个研究组发布了以调查为基础的两个报道,但是都没有有用的建议。考查代词。根据句意,两者都不用neither。 答案 neither 7.(2015·江苏,27)The university started some new language programs to cater the country's Silk Road Economic Belt. 解析 句意:大学开始开设一些新的语言项目,以迎合中国的丝绸之路经济带。固定表达cater for 迎合,满足所需。 答案 for 8.(2015·江苏,29)The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down. 解析 句意:整个团队依靠Cristians Ronaldo,他很少让他们失望。固定表达count on依靠,指望。 答案 on 9.(2015·江苏,34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but Thomas Edison. 解析 句意:如果没有托马斯·爱迪生的话,我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but for如果没有的话。 答案 for 10.(2015·浙江,3)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea? 解析 句意:你听说过既可生长在陆地上又可生长在海里的可作为动物家园的树吗?固定表达home to...是……的家园或故乡。 答案 to 11.(2015·浙江,10)Most people work because it's unavoidable. contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work. 解析 句意:大多数人工作是因为无法避免,相比之下,也有一些人真的喜欢工作。固定表达by contrast相比之下。 答案 By 12.(2015·浙江,11)We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal our emotions than for straight facts. 解析 句意:我们倾向于对令感官兴奋的或吸引我们情感的东西记忆深刻。固定表达appeal to对……有吸引力。 答案 to 查看更多