话题13+交通（Transport）-备战2018年高考英语必考话题分类解析

话题13+交通（Transport）-备战2018年高考英语必考话题分类解析

‎【话题解读】‎ 世界上的交通方式多种多样——雪橇、马车、自行车、汽车、轮船等等。轮子的发明和使用使人们的出行速度发生了翻天覆地的变化，轮子也是社会进步的推进者。远在天南地北、千里之外的新鲜果品，快速运到各地供人们尝鲜；上学、上班、旅游、物资运输、传递信息，可以风雨无阻，这些都是公共交通带给我们的好处，它既方便了人们的出行，又对减轻环境污染有重要的意义。‎ 高考试题对交通这一话题的考查以各种题型呈现着。如2017年新课标卷II语法填空，2016年北京卷完形填空，2017年天津卷阅读理解C篇，2015年江苏卷书面表达，2014年新课标卷II阅读理解D篇等。‎ ‎【相关词汇】‎ ‎ Ⅰ. 重点单词识记 ‎1. convey vt. 运送，输送；表达 ‎2. postpone vt. 延迟，延期 ‎3. section n. 部分；部件；部门 ‎4. undertake vt. & vi. 承担，从事；承诺，答应 ‎5. authority n. 权力，权威；官方，当权者；批准，授权 ‎6. enlarge vt. & vi. 扩大，扩展，增大 ‎7. anniversary n. 周年纪念日 ‎8. growth n. 增加，增长；成长，生长 ‎9. punctual adj. 准时的，守时的 ‎10. arise vi. 出现，产生 ‎11. pedestrian n. 行人，步行者；adj. 行人(使用)的 ‎12. aggressive adj. 好斗的，挑衅的，富于攻击性的 ‎13. crash n. & vi. & vt. 撞车；碰撞；倒闭；崩溃 ‎14. fine vt. 处以罚金 ‎15. drunk adj. 喝醉的；n. 醉汉，酒鬼 ‎16. unbelievable adj. 非常坏(或非常好、非常极端)的，令人难以置信的 ‎ ‎→believe v. 相信；认为 →belief n. 看法，信念 ‎17. enquiry n. 询问，咨询；调查，查究，探究 →enquire v. 询问，打听 ‎18. annual adj.每年的，一年一次的 →annually adv. 一年一次地 ‎19. detail n. 具体情况，详情，细节 →detailed adj. 详细的，细致的 ‎20. departure n. 离开，出发；背离，违反 →depart v. 离开，出发 ‎21. load n. 负荷，负载；大量，许多；vt. 装载，装上，装入 →unload vt. 卸货 Ⅱ. 重点短语识记 ‎1. drop off 中途下客或卸货 2. link up 联合，连接 ‎3. at (...) intervals 每隔……距离或时间 4. break out 突发，爆发 ‎5. make out 辨认出；理解，明白；假装 6. put through 给某人接通(电话)；使经历 ‎7. decide on/upon 决定，选定 8. put off 推迟，推延；使反感 ‎9. turn up 出现，到来；调高(音量等) 10. fill in 填写(表格)；消磨(时间)‎ ‎11. a handful of 少数的，少量的 12. split up 分组，分解；分离 ‎13. speed up (使)加速 14. arise from 起因于，由……引起 ‎15. apply to 适用于 为什么列车的座椅会如此丑陋不堪?‎ No matter how many subway lines, buses, trams, trains, and other public conveyances we ride, we are rarely left with a positive impression of the upholstery. How does this happen?‎ 无论我们坐多少次地铁、公交车、电车、火车和其它公共运输工具，我们很少会对垫衬套留下一个好的印象。这是为什么呢？‎ Excuse 1: The design constraints.‎ 理由之一：设计限制。‎ We ask a lot of transport fabric. It has to be durable, since each seat will cradle hundreds of backsides a day. It has to last for years, be easy to clean, and it has to be able to resist or disguise stains both accidental and vandalistic. It must also seem clean, even when it's not. Perhaps most important, it has to be safe: Fire, smoke, and smolder can be deadly, particularly dozens of feet underground in a poorly ventilated tunnel.‎ 我们需要大量用于交通的布料。它必须得耐用，因为每一个座位一天之内会有很多人去坐。它必须得能够用上很多年，易于打扫，并且必须得能够抵抗或者是掩盖无意或有意留下的污点。它还必须得看起来干净，即使是并非如此。也许最为重要的是，它必须得安全：火、烟和闷烧是致命性的，尤其是在地下几英尺、通风条件较差的隧道里。‎ Excuse 2: The design process.‎ 理由之二：设计流程。‎ A design for a new railway coach is a tremendous get for a design firm like Wallace Sewell, but an updated Tube coach isn't the central assignment for a transport textile designer. Instead, most designers are working on branding for private coach companies or on small municipal lines. There, design as a civic good may not be the highest priority.‎ 对于像华莱士·休厄尔这样的设计公司来说，设计一种新的铁路客车可以带来巨大收益，但是更新地铁并非交通纺织品设计师的核心任务。反而，大多数设计者在为民营长途公交公司或小型市政客运线的品牌推广工作。在这里，利于公民的设计可能就不是优先考虑的事情了。‎ Excuse 3: Fashion is fickle.‎ 理由之三：时尚是变化无常的。‎ ‎＂It's a trend industry now,＂ says Newton. Transport fabrics follow fashion just like any other designed commodity, with big name artists and textile designers fighting to create the next classic moquette. But when fashion trends are less understated, so too is the design of your subway seat back.‎ 牛顿表示，＂现在这是一个时尚产业＂。跟任何其它设计的产品一样，运输纺织品也会紧随潮流，大名鼎鼎的艺术家和纺织品设计师努力去创造下一个经典的针织地毯。但是，当流行趋势惹人注目时，地铁的座椅靠背的设计也会紧随潮流。‎ I wouldn't say it's a bike for lazy people, which a lot of people think, when they think electric cycles.‎ 在迪拜的沙漠骑自行车 我不会说这辆车适合懒人，虽然很多人一想到电动车时都这么认为。‎ It was more like, an action bike.‎ 它更像是一辆行动派的自行车。‎ Something between a motorcycle and a normal cycle.‎ 这是一种介于摩托车和普通自行车之间的车。‎ You can control the electric power, so you choose how much you wanna use it, but the actual trial is really, really tiring. It gives you a good workout.‎ 你可以控制它的功率，所以可以选择你用多大功率，‎ 但调试的过程真的很枯燥，运动量会很大。‎ It was just a hobby, really, at the time it was an idea, a concept, you know, let me build my own bike.‎ 做这个车原先只是一个兴趣，真的，那个时候还只有一个概念，你知道吗，就是让我弄一个属于我自己的自行车。‎ And, I think it was about three months later, I did have my own bike.‎ 我想，可能差不多3个月之后，我终于有了属于我自己的自行车。‎ It was my own mountain bike. (Frankenstein.)‎ 就是我的山地车。（弗兰肯斯坦）‎ Yeah, definitely looked like a Frankenstein bike and you had batteries everywhere, wires everywhere.‎ 是的，从外观上看它绝对是一辆可怕的自行车，到处都是电池，到处都是线。‎ it was faster but it was just too scary to ride because it was just too light.‎ 它比普通的自行车更快，但是很吓人，因为它太轻了。‎ We thought, ＂Okay, well at least the concept was there.＂‎ 我们想着，＂好吧，至少有那个意思了。＂‎ And then we're like, ＂This could be a viable business and you know, electric bike was something that was growing in around the world.＂‎ 之后，我们的感觉差不多是这样，＂或许我们还能靠它挣点儿钱，你知道的，电动自行车这种东西在全球范围内都越来越流行了。＂‎ We have to design a bike which was more for the U.A.E. market, which is something you can take out and actually use on the dunes.‎ 我们要设计一种专为阿联酋市场打造的自行车，要设计一种你能够把它骑出去在沙丘上骑的自行车。‎ Saluki, is a local dog breed, which is very skinny, it's very fast and it's quiet.‎ 萨卢基狗是我们这里的一种土狗，非常瘦，但非常快，而且很安静。‎ It's a desert dog so it really fits within our brand and that's why we picked it.‎ 它是一种沙漠狗，所以和我们的品牌非常搭，这也是我们选择用它来作为我们的标志的原因。‎ The fat bikes are made for the desert, mainly, and they can go up to 45 km per hour in the desert, quietly, without disturbing any wildlife, without creating any issues in the desert.‎ 粗轮自行车主要是为沙漠设计的，而且，它们在沙漠里的时速可达到45公里，很安静，不会惊扰到野生动物，不会给沙漠造成任何问题。‎ And it's a really seamless drive.‎ 真的是零伤害的骑行。‎ I mean, there was one of the amazing things when riding on the bike for the first time, you know, desert foxes, I saw desert rabbits, I saw bugs, I saw lizards, things I never saw riding my quad around in the back of the desert before.‎ 最神奇的事情就是，第一次骑这种车的时候，我看到了沙漠狐狸，我看到了沙漠兔，我还看见了昆虫、蜥蜴，而这些东西是我以前在沙漠中开车时所未曾见过的。‎ And it's just, in silence, it's you and the wind.‎ 寂静之中只有你和风。‎ It was phenomenal, just riding on the ridges of the sand dunes.‎ 沿着沙丘的边沿骑过是一种非凡的体验。‎ And then, the sun goes down, it's just amazing.‎ 之后，夕阳西下，那种景象简直是不可思议。‎ You've gotta try it. I mean, one thing that we've noticed, anyone that gets on these bikes, they come back with a big smile.‎ 你一定要尝试以下，我是说，我们注意到，每个骑上这种车的人，归来时都是春风满面。‎ 网约车在中国获合法地位 The Chinese government has formally legalised online car-hailing services, including San Francisco-based Uber and Beijing’s Didi Chuxing, giving a boost to an industry that has operated in a grey area.‎ 中国政府已正式将网约车服务合法化，包括总部位于旧金山的优步(Uber)和北京的滴滴出行(Didi Chuxing)，此举让这个一直在灰色地带运营的行业获得提振。‎ Both groups welcomed the provisional rules, unveiled by the transport ministry yesterday, which Didi referred to as ＂the world’s first nationwide online ride-booking regulations＂.‎ 两家公司都对中国交通部昨日公布的《网络预约出租汽车经营服务管理暂行办法》表示欢迎，滴滴称其为＂世界范围内颁布的第一个国家级的网约车法规＂。‎ Uber said the regulations sent ＂a clear message of support for ride-sharing and the benefits that it offers riders, drivers and cities＂.‎ 优步表示，《暂行办法》＂体现了政府对网约车新业态的认可和支持＂。‎ China was ＂a country that has consistently shown itself to be forward-thinking when it comes to business innovation＂, the US group added.‎ 优步补充称，中国在＂面对创新时一直具有前瞻性＂。‎ Car-hailing has been met with protests and bans in many countries, but Beijing has sought to co-opt the technology to promote economic growth.‎ 网约车服务在很多国家遭遇抗议和禁令，但中国政府寻求利用这种技术促进经济增长。‎ The car-hailing rules set a precedent for other industries in China — such as finance and healthcare — where regulators are considering how much disruption can be tolerated from fast-moving internet companies.‎ 网约车规定为中国其他行业（例如金融和医疗）设立了先例，在这些行业，监管者正考虑在多大程度上容忍快速发展的互联网公司造成的颠覆性影响。‎ Car-hailing has quickly grown from a niche sector to a large industry in China, where the ubiquity of smartphones has translated into millions of rides a day. Didi has claimed to be handling 14m rides a day across its platforms, including licensed taxis and car pooling as well as private car hailing.‎ 在中国，网约车已迅速从一个小众领域发展为一个大规模产业，智能手机的普及转变为每日数百万次出行。滴滴声称其平台每天在处理1，400万次的完成订单，这个平台包括有执照的出租车和拼车以及专车服务。‎ 骑车上班更环保 In many cities across the United States, May 20 was Bike to Work Day. The day encourages people to try bicycling to work instead of driving or taking a bus or train.‎ 在美国很多城市，5月20日是骑车上班日。这一节日的设立是为了鼓励人们骑车上班，而不是开车、乘坐公汽或火车。‎ Biking has not always been a popular kind of transportation in the United States. But, in some cities, using a bike to commute is increasingly normal. The League of American Bicyclists’ website says that, from 2000 to 2013, the number of people who biked to work regularly in the U.S. grew by 62 percent.‎ 在美国自行车并不是常用的交通工具。但在一些城市，骑车上下班越来越常见。美国骑车者联盟网站表示，从2000年到2013年，美国经常骑车上班的人数增长了62%。‎ This year, bike to workday 2016 even trended on Twitter Friday in the United States.‎ 今年，2016年骑车上班日甚至成为了美国推特周五的热点事件。‎ The League of American Bicyclists created National Bike Month in 1956. The month of May was chosen because it usually brings warmer weather. The month-long celebration aims to inspire cyclists and others to ＂share the road＂ and make biking more enjoyable and popular in America.‎ 美国骑车者联盟在1956年设立了全国自行车月。选择五月是因为五月的天气通常比较温暖。这一长达一个月的庆祝活动旨在鼓励骑车者和其他人共用车道，让骑车在美国更享受、更受欢迎。‎ National Bike to Work Day helps new bikers try cycling as a way to commute. In big U.S. cities, local bicycle groups provide Bike to Work Day participants with food, drinks and support as they make their journeys.‎ 全国骑车上班日可以帮助新骑手尝试骑车方式上下班。在美国大城市，当地自行车团体为节日参与者在骑车途中提供食物、饮水和其他支持。‎ The U.S. Census reported this year that around 1 million people regularly use a bicycle to get to work or school. But not everyone is interested in becoming a bike commuter.‎ 美国人口普查局今年报告称，大约有100万人经常骑车上班或上学。但并非所有人都愿意成为骑车通勤者。‎ Studies often cite the dangers of biking, especially in large cities with many cars. A 2007 study by the Centers for Disease Control found that you are two times as likely to die on a bike than in a car.‎ 研究总是显示骑车具有危险性，尤其是在有很多汽车的大城市。美国疾病控制预防中心2007年发布的一份研究表明，骑车死亡的风险是开车的两倍。‎ And, many U.S. cities do not yet have many bicycle lanes or bicycle-friendly roads.‎ 而且，很多美国城市尚不具备自行车道或适合骑自行车的道路。‎ Cycling, of course, does have many benefits. It is good for your heath. Research says that three hours of biking a week can reduce a person’s risk of heart disease by 50 percent. Cycling is also environmentally friendly. And, it is cheaper than other forms of transportation. On social media Friday, people celebrated the benefits of biking.‎ 当然骑车确实有很多好处，它对健康有益。研究称，每周骑车3个小时可以减少50%的心脏病风险。骑车也很环保，而且，它比其他交通方式更实惠。周五活动当天在社交媒体上，人们赞美了骑车的好处。‎ Here in Washington, DC, Bike to Work Day is especially important this year. Starting in June, many lines and stations along the district’s metro rail system will be closed for long-term repairs. Not being able to use the train has many people wondering how they will get around.‎ 在华盛顿特区，骑车上班活动尤为重要。从6月份开始，该区地铁系统沿线的很多线路和站点都将长期关闭维修。不能坐地铁让很多人担心出行问题。‎ One Twitter user joked that DC’s metro system must just be a proud sponsor — or supporter — of Bike to Work Day.‎ 一位推特用户开玩笑说，华盛顿特区的地铁系统肯定是骑车上班日的赞助商或支持者。‎ 高考试题一（2017年·新课标卷II）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 语法填空 说明文 地铁的最初发展史 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎10分钟 ‎ In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and ___62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ___63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.‎ ‎ Steam engines ___65 _(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day.‎ Later, engineers ___68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.‎ ‎【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了地铁的最初发展史。‎ ‎61.crowds ‎【解析】考查名词，此处表示复数概念，crowd前没有冠词，且它是可数名词，故填crowds。‎ ‎62.from ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词，to and from来回，故填from。‎ ‎66.fairly ‎ ‎【解析】考查副词，这里fair是形容词，pleasant也是形容词，所以需要将fair变为副词来修饰形容词，故填fairly。‎ ‎67.it ‎【解析】考查代词，这里用it指代前句的railway,故填it。‎ ‎68.managed ‎ ‎【解析】考查动词，此处表示过去的情况，所以这里也应用一般过去时，故填managed。‎ ‎69.introduction ‎【解析】考查词性转换，空格前是the,后面应该是名词，故填名词introduction。‎ ‎70.successful ‎【解析】考查形容词，空格前是most,其后要跟形容词构成最高级，故填successful。‎ 高考试题二（2016年·北京卷）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 完形填空 记叙文 接力送药就儿童 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎17分钟 A Race Against Death It was a cold January in 1925 in Nome, Alaska. The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.‎ On the 20th of that month, Dr. Welch 36 a sick boy, Billy, and knew he had diphtheria, a deadly infectious(传染的) disease mainly affecting children. The ‎ children of Nome would be 37 if it struck the town. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick. 38 , the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away, in Anchorage.‎ How could the medicine get to Nome? The town’s 39 was already full of ice, so it couldn’t come by ship. Cars and horses couldn’t travel on the 40 roads. Jet airplanes and big trucks didn’t exist yet.‎ ‎ 41 January 26, Billy and three other children had died. Twenty more were 42 . Nome’s town officials came up with a(n) 43 . They would have the medicine sent by 44 from Anchorage to Nenana. From there, dogsled(狗拉雪橇) drivers — known as ＂mushers＂ — would 45 it to Nome in a relay(接力).‎ The race began on January 27. The first musher, Shannon, picked up the medicine from the train at Nenana and rode all night. 46 he handed the medicine to the next musher, Shannon’s face was black from the extreme cold.‎ On January 31, a musher named Seppala had to 47 a frozen body of water called Norton Sound. It was the most 48 part of the journey. Norton Sound was covered with ice, which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below. He would 49 , and so would the sick children of Nome. But Seppala made it across.‎ ‎ A huge snowstorm hit on February 1. A musher named Kaasen had to brave this storm. At one point, huge piles of snow blocked his 50 . He had to leave the trail (雪橇痕迹) to get around them. Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to 51 the trail again. The only hope was Balto, Kaasen’s lead dog. Balto put his nose to the ground, 52 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. The minutes passed by. Suddenly, Balto began to 53 . He had found the trail.‎ ‎ At 5:30 am on February 2, Kaasen and his dog 54 in Nome. Within minutes, Dr. Welch had the medicine. He quickly gave it to the sick children. All of them recovered.‎ ‎ Nome had been 55 .‎ ‎36. A. examined B. warned C. interviewed ‎ ‎ D. cured ‎37. A. harmless B. helpless C. fearless D. careless ‎38. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However ‎39. A. airport B. station C. harbor D. border ‎40. A. narrow B. snowy C. busy D. dirty ‎41. A. From B. On C. By D. After ‎42. A. tired B. upset C. pale D. sick ‎43. A. plan B. excuse C. message D. topic ‎44. A. air B. rail C. sea D. road ‎45. A. carry B. return C. mail D. give ‎46. A. Though B. Since C. When D. If ‎47. A. enter B. move C. visit D. cross ‎48. A. shameful B. boring C. dangerous D. foolish ‎49. A. escape B. bleed C. swim D. die ‎50. A. memory B. exit C. way D. destination ‎51. A. find B. fix C. pass D. change ‎52. A. pretending B. trying C. asking D. learning ‎53. A. run B. leave C. bite D. play ‎54. A. gathered B. stayed C. camped D. arrived ‎55. A. controlled B. saved C. founded D. developed ‎【文章大意】文章讲述了一个人们接力运送药物来救患病儿童的感人故事。1925年1 月份的阿拉斯加北部极其寒冷，由于大雪，诺姆小镇与外界隔绝了。雪上加霜的是，那里的孩子患上了一种致命的传染病——白喉。为了拯救孩子们，人们接力运送药品到诺姆。最终，人们通过狗拉的雪橇把药物送到了诺姆。‎ ‎36. A A.examined检查；B.warned警告；C.interviewed 采访，面试；D.cured治愈。医生检查了一个生病的孩子，知道他患上了白喉，故选A。‎ ‎37. B A.harmless无害的；B.helpless无望的；C. fearless不怕的；D.careless粗心的。如果白喉肆虐诺姆，那里的孩子们都将毫无希望，故选B。‎ ‎38. D A.Moreover而且；B.Therefore因此；C.Otherwise否则；D.However然而。然而，最近的药品供应站距离诺姆一千多公里，前后是转折关系，故选D。‎ ‎39. C A.airport机场； B.station车站；C. harbor 港口；D.border边境。根据＂so it couldn’t come by ship＂可知，这里指港口结冰，故选C。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎42. D A. tired劳累的；B. upset难过的；C. pale苍白的；D. sick生病的。4个孩子相继去世，还有20几个孩子患病，故选D。‎ ‎43. A A. plan计划；B. excuse借口；C. message信息；D. topic话题。当地的官员想到了一个计划，故选A。‎ ‎44. B A. air空气；B. rail栏杆，铁轨；C. sea海洋；D. road道路。根据下一段中的＂from the train at Nenana＂可知，药物被用火车运到Nenana，故选B。‎ ‎45. A A. carry运送，携带；B. return返回，归还；C. mail邮寄；D. give给。然后再由乘坐狗拉的雪橇的人把药物接力送到诺姆，故选A。‎ ‎46. C A. Though虽然；B. Since因为，自从；C. When当；D. If如果。当他把药物交给下一个人时，他的脸已经被冻得乌青，故选C。‎ ‎47. D A. enter进入；B. move移动；C. visit拜访；D. cross穿过。根据＂Norton Sound was covered with ice＂可知，Norton Sound是一片冰冻的水域，Seppala必须穿过这片水域，故选D。‎ ‎ 50. C A. memory记忆；B. exit出口；C. way道路；D. destination目的地。根据下一句可知，有的地方被大雪挡住了去路，Seppala不得不绕道行驶，故选C。‎ ‎51. A A. find找到；B. fix固定，安装；C. pass通过；D. change改变。当时的天气状况极差，Seppala找到雪橇轨道是不可能的，只能靠他的狗，故选A。‎ ‎52. B A. pretending假装；B. trying努力；C. asking问，要求；D. learning学会。Seppala的狗努力嗅着其它狗的气味，故选B。‎ ‎53. A A. run跑；B. leave离开；C. bite咬；D. play玩耍。Seppala的狗找到了轨道，开始奔跑起来，故选A。‎ ‎54. D A. gathered聚集；B. stayed保持；C. camped露营；D. arrived到达。arrive in sp到达某地，这里指终于到达诺姆，故选D。‎ ‎55. B A. controlled控制；B. saved拯救；C. founded建立；D. developed发展。所有的孩子都得到了救治，诺姆活了下来，故选B。‎ ‎【试题分析】‎ 完形填空题的命题特点及答题方法：‎ ‎1. 侧重基础知识，考查学生对语言知识的运用能力 完形填空以文入手，结合文章的内容考查学生的基础知识，主要是词语搭配、固定句型、近义词辨析、辨析句子结构、掌握语法规则的能力，其中考查实词居多。‎ ‎2. 上下文对照，考查学生捕捉关键词的能力 解完形填空题时，单独看一句话是找不到正确答案的，需要注意句子间的关系及句子与段落的关系。所谓上下对照，即在上文和下文中找到与正确答案相关的关键词。因此，在做题时要边读边在大脑中储存上下文信息，捕捉关键词。例如第39空：A.airport机场； B.station车站；C. harbor 港口；D.border边境。根据＂so it couldn’t come by ship＂可知，这里指港口结冰，故选C。‎ ‎3. 设置语境，考查学生的分析推理能力 旨在考查学生在选项都符合语法及句子结构的情况下能否利用前后语境去推断出正确答案。‎ ‎4. 结合生活，考查学生利用常识解题的能力 目的是考查学生的生活常识，看看学生是否善于观察生活，积累生活常识，能否利用常识去做恰当的选择。‎ ‎5. 关注连词，考查学生对行文逻辑、句子关联的理解能力 此项用来考查学生在缺少连词的情况下，通过阅读能否理解句子与句子之间的关系，是否了解行文逻辑的要求，能否掌握表示因果、转折、并列、条件、让步等的连词的用法。例如第46空：A.Though虽然；B.Since因为，自从；C. When当；D.If如果。当他把药物交给下一个人时，他的脸已经被冻得乌青，故选C。‎ 高考试题三（2017年·天津卷）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 阅读理解 说明文 对新型交通工具——无人驾驶的全自动化的车辆负责 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎8分钟 ‎ This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. ‎ The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the ＂death valley＂ of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.‎ Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or ‎ race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.‎ ‎＂The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,＂ says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.‎ Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. ＂The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,＂ says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.‎ An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human ＂be watchful and monitoring the road＂ at every moment.‎ But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. ＂When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.＂ Merat says. ＂You know — no driver.＂‎ Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.‎ Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.‎ That would go down poorly in the US, however. ＂The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,＂ says Calo.‎ ‎46. What does the phrase ＂death valley＂ in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. A place where cars often break down.‎ B. A case where passing a law is impossible.‎ C. An area where no driving is permitted. ‎ D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.‎ ‎47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.‎ A. stop people from breaking traffic rules B. help promote fully automatic driving C. protect drivers of all ages and races D. prevent serious property damage ‎48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?‎ A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.‎ B. It should be the main concern of law makers.‎ C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.‎ D. It should involve no human responsibility.‎ ‎49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________.‎ A. Singapore B. the UK ‎ C. the US D. Germany ‎50. What could be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?‎ B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!‎ D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents ‎【语篇解读】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。‎ ‎46.D 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future可知选D。‎ ‎47.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段内容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the ＂death valley＂ of autonomous vehicles…可知选B。‎ ‎48.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六、七、八段内容可知选D。‎ ‎【话题解读】这篇文章的内容和每个人的生活都密切相关，讲的是谁对新型交通工具——无人驾驶的全自动化的车辆负责，各国意见不一，学生应该有兴趣阅读。材料涉及科技前沿，文章篇幅适中，设题考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，‎ 还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生的能力考查得比较全面。‎ 高考试题四（2016年·新课标卷III）‎ 题型 体裁 话题 难度 建议时间 书面表达 应用文 ‎ 交通问题 ‎★★★★☆‎ ‎20分钟 请阅读下面文字及图表，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。‎ ‎【写作内容】‎ ‎1. 用约30个单词概述上述信息的主要内容；‎ ‎2. 结合上述信息，简要分析导致交通问题的主要原因；‎ ‎3. 根据你的分析，从社会规范(rules and regulations)和个人行为两方面谈谈你得到的启示(不少于两点)。‎ ‎【写作要求】‎ ‎1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；‎ ‎2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；‎ ‎3. 不必写标题。‎ ‎【评分标准】‎ 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连，词数适当。‎ ‎ 【参考范文】‎ The traffic issue is a hard nut to crack. It not only affects our everyday life, but may also threaten people’s lives. The three selections presented above are typical examples. ‎ ‎ In fact, traffic rules are part of the rules and regulations closely related to public order. Without them, people could not enjoy harmony or the country would be in chaos. But rules alone don’t secure an orderly society. It is the people who obey the rules that matter. It is everybody’s duty to observe them to keep our society in order and being on the right track.‎ I.阅读理解 A 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ ‎ The private automobile (私家车)has long played an important role in the United States. In fact, it has become a necessary and important part of the American way of life. In 1986, sixty-nine percent of American families owned at least one car, and thirty-eight percent had more than one. By giving workers rapid transportation, the automobile has freed them from having to live near their place of work. This has encouraged the growth of the cities, but it has also led to traffic problems.‎ For farm families the automobile is very helpful. It has made it possible for them to travel to town very often for business and for pleasure, and also to transport their children to distant schools.‎ Family life has been affected(影响)in various ways. The car helps to keep families together when it is used for picnics, outings, and other shared experiences. However, when teenage children have the use of the car, their parents can’t keep an eye on them. There is a great danger if the driver has been drinking ‎ alcohol or taking drugs, or showing off by speeding or breaking down traffic laws. Mothers of victims(受害者)of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving). These women want to prevent further tragedies (悲剧). They have worked to encourage the government to limit the youngest drinking age. Students have formed a similar organization, SADD (Students Against Drunk Driving) and are spreading the same message among their friends.‎ For many Americans the automobile is a necessity. But for some, it is also a mark of social position and for young people, a sign of becoming an adult. Altogether, cars mean very much to Americans.‎ ‎1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?‎ A. Cars have encouraged the growth of the cities.‎ B. Cars can bring families together when they go for picnics.‎ C. Cars have enabled people to live far from their place of work.‎ D. Cars help city families to transport their children to faraway schools.‎ ‎2.What has been done to deal with the problem of drunk driving?‎ A. Parents have paid more attention to their children.‎ B. Some organizations have been set up against drunk driving.‎ C. Mothers have tried to persuade their children not to drink alcohol.‎ D. University students have asked the government to solve the problem.‎ ‎3.We can infer from the text that          in America.‎ A.it will be more difficult for people to get new cars B. parents will not allow their children to have their own cars C. the government will encourage people to use public transportation D. cars will still be popular though they have caused many problems B 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。‎ The Transport Industry In The UK The transport industry employs around 2.3 million people in the UK across some 196,000 companies. Worth over ￡75 billion to the economy, it ensures that goods,‎ ‎ services and people can move as efficiently as possible. 　 1 　  Traffic and transport construction jobs are essential to ensure that there are no long-term disruptions(中断) in transport. Without traffic and transport construction jobs, the Transport for London Organization wouldn’t be able to maintain its train or tube lines.‎ ‎　 2 　 Opportunities involve construction work and building services to maintain facilities(设施) such as airports and train stations. It also involves anything from designing and creating a new bridge or road, to developing a new harbor to increase sea freight(海运).‎ Some roles require shift work. 　 3 　 . Depending on the role, travel may also be required either locally, nationally, or in some cases, internationally.‎ Traffic and transport construction jobs have not escaped the effects of a global economic downturn. However, rising fuel costs have seen a huge increase in the number of people using public transport. 　 4 　‎ Traffic and transport construction jobs were important during the 2012 Games. Billions of pounds were invested into improving the capital’s transport facilities.‎ ‎　 5 　  It was a 12-carriage train that linked King’s Cross St. Pancras stations to the heart of London in just seven minutes.‎ A. With the transport industry, many people would be unemployed in UK.‎ B. This included the ＂Olympic Javelin＂.‎ C. This can mean working evenings, nights and possibly weekends.‎ D. Because of the size of the industry, a number of career opportunities are available.‎ E. Many stadiums were built at that time.‎ F. This is because transport construction jobs carry out all the necessary maintenance required to keep public transport safe and running.‎ G. The industry can be divided into three main sectors: surface, sea and air transport. ‎ II.完形填空 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。‎ Home on the Way People need homes: children 　1　their parents' place as home; 　2　call school ＂home＂ on weekdays; named couples work together to build new homes; and travelers. . . have no place to call ＂home＂, 　3　for a few nights. So how about people who have to travel for 　4　periods of time? Don't they have the right to a home? Of course they do. ‎ Some regular travelers take their own 　5　:like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos to make them feel like home 　6　they are; some stay for long periods in the same hotel and 　7　become very familiar with service and attendants; others may 　8　put some flowers by the hotel window to make things more homely 　9　,driving a camping car during one's travels and sleeping in the vehicle at night is just like home-only 　10　!‎ And how about maintaining relationships while in 　11　?Some keep 　12　with their friends via internet; some send letters and postcards, or even photos; others may just call and say hi, just to let their friends know that they' re still 　13　and well. People find ways to keep in touch. Making friends on the way helps travelers feel  　14　at home. Backpackers in youth hostels may become very good friends, 　15　closer than siblings. ‎ Nowadays, 　16　people are working in their local towns, so how do they develop a 　17　of belonging? Whenever we 　18　our local boundaries, there is always another ＂home ＂ waiting 　19　. Wherever we are, with just a little bit of effort and 　20　,we can make the place we stay ＂home＂. ‎ ‎1.A. assign B. assume C. assist D. associate ‎2.A. boarders B. farmers C. scholars D. residents ‎3.A. at last B. at most C. at least D. at best ‎4.A. expanded B. extended C. exposed D. exploited ‎5.A. belongings B. property C. treasure D. furniture ‎6.A. whenever B. wherever C. however D. whoever ‎7.A. in fact B. as a result C. even though D. on the contrary ‎8.A. frequently B. necessarily C. simply D. immediately ‎9.A. However B. Instead C. Furthermore D. Still ‎10.A. solid B. fragile C. dynamic D. mobile ‎11.A. transform B. transport C. transfer D. translation ‎12.A. control B. connection C. contact D. contract ‎13.A. busy B. free C. enjoyable D. alive ‎14.A. now and then B. whether or not C. more or less D. sooner or later ‎15.A. and B. so C. but D. even ‎16.A. fewer B. more C. many D. most ‎17.A. feeling B. emotion C. sense D. expression ‎18.A. keep out of B. drop out of C. step out of D. get out of ‎19.A. to find B. to be found C. to be finding D. to have been found ‎20.A. preparation B. imagination C. impression D. decision III.语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Whenever I use public transport and if I get a place to sit ,I offer that seat to someone who 　1　(need) it more than I，especially to the elderly ,to women or someone 　2　(desperate) looking for a seat . I have made habit of saying ‎ ＂Thank you＂ to those 　3　are sacrificing their places for the fellow passengers on public transport.‎ So many times I 　4　(experience) that showing kindness in public places spreads like Wildfire . I have seen that people around us get 　5　(inspire) after seeing our kindness behavior and they themselves also start behaving similarly， 　6　example, showing kindness in offing their places and adjusting 　7　(they)to others. Observing and experiencing such things give huge joy and 　8　(please)‎ I keep thinking that goodness will spread around the world through these ways. Every human being has  　9　pure soul having all goodness , but the only need is 　10　(come) out open to behave in a way that is already so natural within us.‎ IV.书面表达 目前，中国很多城市出现了共享单车bicycle-sharing)，受到人们的欢迎，同时也出现了一些问题。请以＂Bicycle Sharing＂为题写一篇英语短文，内容要点如下：‎ ‎1. 方便出行；健康环保 ‎2. 随意停放；人为损坏 ‎3. 你的看法 注意：‎ ‎1. 词数100左右；‎ ‎2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。‎ 参考词汇：randomly adv. 随意地 Bicycle Sharing Nowadays, bicycle sharing has come into people's lives in many cities in China and it has become a popular means of transport. ___________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 提分检测 I.阅读理解 A ‎【文章大意】本文主要介绍美国的私家车情况及私家车对美国人的影响。‎ ‎1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段的内容＂For farm families the automobile is very helpful.＂和＂…to transport their children to distant schools.＂可知，汽车帮助农民家庭而不是城市家庭送孩子去上远处的学校。故选D。‎ ‎2.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容＂There is a great danger if the driver has been drinking alcohol…＂和＂Mothers of victims(受害者)of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving).＂以及＂Students have formed a similar organization, SADD (Students Against Drunk Driving)…＂可知，为了解决酒驾问题，有关人士成立了不同的组织，如母亲们成立了MADD，学生们成立了SADD等等。故选B。‎ ‎ B ‎ 【文章大意】本文主要介绍了英国的交通运输行业里的一些基本情况。‎ ‎1.G 【解析】从后一句＂Traffic and transport construction jobs are essential to ensure….＂可以看出这里是在讲运输行业的具体方式。所以选G。‎ ‎2.D 【解析】从后一句的＂Opportunities involve construction work and building services…＂可以看出，这段话讲的是与工作机会有关的，故选D。‎ ‎3.C 　【解析】从第一句话的＂Some roles require shift work＂可知，工作的时间和地点等都会发生变化，故　　‎ ‎　　　　选C。‎ ‎4.F 　【解析】这段话的前半部分讲的是交通运输建设方面的工作也受到全球经济下滑的影响，特别是燃料成本的增加，因为不得不为了公工运输的安全与正常运行而将这个工作进行下去。故选F。‎ ‎5.B 　【解析】这段话是将与奥运会有关的情况，故选B。‎ II.完形填空 ‎ 【文章大意】这篇短文主要论述了家对于那些出门在外的人的意义，告诉我们无论我们身在何处，只需要付出一点点努力和想象，我们就能把我们的栖身之地营造成一个＂家＂！。‎ ‎1.B 句意：孩子们把父母所在的地方当作家。assume sth. as把某物假定为。故选B。‎ ‎2.A 根据下文关键词＂school＂可知在上学的日子，住宿生把学校称作＂家＂。boarders寄宿生。故选A。‎ ‎3.C 句意：至于旅者呢……至少有几个晚上他们没有能称之为＂家＂的地方！at least最少，至少。故选C。‎ ‎4.B 根据后一句可知句意为：那么那些不得不长期出门在外的人怎么办？extended延长的。故选B。‎ ‎5.A 根据下文＂like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos＂可知此处指的是一些旅行者带着自己的东西。belongings所有物。故选A。 ‎ ‎10.D 联系前半句可知此处指的是，只不过这个家能移动而已。mobile移动的，非固定的。故选D。‎ ‎11.B 根据后两句可知此处指的是人们在旅途中保持联系。transport交通，运输。故选B。‎ ‎12.C 根据前一句可知此处指的是保持联系。connection指的是连接在一起；contact指的是联系。故选C。‎ ‎13.D 根据前半句可知这只是为了让朋友们知道他们还活着，并且过得不错。alive活着的。故选D。‎ ‎14.C 句意：在旅途中交朋友能帮旅者或多或少地找到一点家的感觉。more or less或多或少。故选C。‎ ‎15.D 句意：青年旅店里的背包客也许会成为非常要好的朋友，甚至比手足还要亲！even甚至。故选D。‎ ‎16.A 根据后一句可知句意为：如今，在本地工作的人更少了，那么人们又如何能有归属感呢？fewer更少的。故选A。‎ ‎17.C 联系下文＂of belonging＂可知此处指的是归属感。sense感觉，意识。故选C。‎ ‎18.C 句意：每当我们走出家门，总会有一个新的＂家＂在等着我们去寻找。step out of走出。故选C。‎ ‎19.B 联系上一题分析可知此处用动词不定式作want的宾语，被修饰词home是动作对象，故不定式中用被动语态。选B。‎ ‎20.B 句意：无论我们身在何处，只需要一点点努力和想象，我们就能把我们的栖身之地营造成一个＂家＂！preparation准备；imagination想象；impression印象，影响；decision决定。分析语境可知只有选项B符合语境。‎ III.语法填空 ‎ 【文章大意 ‎】作者经常在乘坐公共交通工具时让座给别人，认为这样可以影响周围的人，让这种行为迅速传播开来，并高兴地看到很多人受到影响，也开始做一些善举。‎ ‎1.needs ‎ 2.desperately ‎【解析】考查副词。desperately作状语修饰现在分词短语looking for，作状语用副词。故填desperately。‎ ‎3.who ‎【解析】考查定语从句。＂______are sacrificing their places for the fellow passengers on public transport＂作定语修饰those，先行词是those，指人，从句中作主语，关系代词用who。故填who。‎ ‎4.have experienced ‎【解析】考查动词的时态。根据＂so many times＂可知，此处讲述过去发生的事情对现在造成的结果和影响，用现在完成时，且主语是第一人称。故填have experienced。‎ ‎5.inspired ‎【解析】考查形容词。句意：我看到我周围的人在看到我的善意举动以后他们成为受鼓舞的，他们自己也开始做类似的善举。get是连系动词，与已完全形容词化了的过去分词一起构成系表结构，强调状态的变化。故填inspired。‎ ‎6.for ‎【解析】考查介词。for example＂例如＂是固定搭配，此处举例解释上文提到他们也开始做类似的善意举动，例如，让座给别人或者让自己适应别人表现出善意。故填for。‎ ‎7.themselves【解析】考查代词。此处作宾语，与主语指同一个人，用反身代词。故填themselves。‎ ‎8.pleasure ‎【解析】考查名词。and连接并列成分，joy是名词，作宾语，所以空格处也用名词，根据语境可知，此处用不可数名词。故填pleasure。‎ ‎ IV.书面表达 ‎ Bicycle Sharing Nowadays, bicycle sharing has come into people’s lives in many cities in China and it has become a popular means of transport. Firstly, bicycle sharing makes it convenient for people to travel, for it is easy for us to find one near some public places. Secondly, bicycle sharing is not only beneficial to our health but also environmentally friendly.‎ However, with its rapid development, bicycle-sharing system also leads to some problems. First of all, some people may park the bicycle randomly instead of returning it to the parking places. What’s worse, many people break it, like throwing it into the river or tearing it apart.‎ As far as I’m concerned, we should take a developing view about bicycle sharing and with effective measures taken, it can be expected that it will become a more helpful way to daily travel. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎