【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解词意猜测十种方法学案（4页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解词意猜测十种方法学案（4页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解词意猜测十种方法 1. 构词法猜词 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able;其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。 2.利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。 3.利用反义词猜词 对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。 4.利用上下文语境猜词 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考(课程)考查的热点。 特别提醒：在做英语(课程)阅读理解题时，一定要注意熟词生义!这类猜词题也常见于各年高考题当中。熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有数量的规定，不得超过3%;其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解;其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。 5.利用定义和解释猜词 有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。 6.利用例证猜词 为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。 7.根据复述或同等关系猜测词义 为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。 ‎ 同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。 8.利用词义搭配关联猜词 任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。 9.根据语义转折猜词 有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。 10.利用经验和常识猜词 例如：Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral. 分析：通过“年轻的Hoover去世了”，根据我们的常识猜测出一千多人参加的应该是他的“葬礼”。 最后提醒考生，掌握了一定的生词推测技巧后，也不要去“死抠”个别词，除了人名、地名等一些专有名词不必去细究每一处，那些一时难以断定其意思却又不妨碍理解或答题的生词，大可不必理会。‎ 典题练习 ‎1.(2015·北京高考阅读C)‎ The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. ‎ ‎64．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________. ‎ A．silently B．gradually C．regularly D．completely ‎[分析]　选D　根据画线词dead所在句子的前一句可知，一些物质使光发散；而本句中的前半句说其他的物质吸收光，根据常识我们可以推知应该是“完全地”阻止光的传播。故正确答案为D项。‎ ‎2.Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.‎ ‎65．What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．Countries where their people need help.‎ B．Powerful states with higher civilization. ‎ C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.‎ D．Governments ruled with absolute power. ‎ ‎[分析]　选D　根据后面的独立主格结构“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”不难得知选项D与其意义一致，即“专政，暴君统治”。 ‎ ‎3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C) I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.‎ ‎29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? ‎ A．provider　　　　　　 　B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor ‎ 解析：选B　本题可利用下文线索猜测词义。根据画线单词后的“I’ve done 89 trips ... to carry stem cells (干细胞)”以及“...from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours ...”可知，“我”是一个运送干细胞的人，运送有严格的时间限制，故B项“送货员”与之相符合。‎ ‎4．猜代词指代义 ‎(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her bigcity friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion (团聚)．‎ ‎“My friend said：’Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added. “And I said: ’Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”‎ Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.‎ ‎“I don’t make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don’t have to.”‎ ‎26．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s ________.‎ A．readers B．parties C．friends D．stories 解析：选D　本题可利用上文线索猜测词义。根据画线词上文内容可知，朋友们相信Eudora Welty的故事是真实的，正是在现实生活中从这些陌生人的口中得到的信息才让她写出这些故事。由此可推出，them指代的应该是前面的stories。故选D。‎ ‎5．猜短语义 ‎(2015·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed.‎ ‎…‎ ‎2．Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?‎ A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed allnight movies 解析：选A　本题可利用上下文线索猜测词义。根据该短语前的“I would keep it on”说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一直看到电视台停止播放节目为止，所以A项“结束所有的节目”与短语sign off“结束广播/电视节目”意义相近，故选A项。‎ ‎6．猜句子义 ‎(2016·四川高考阅读B)If you could have one superpower, what would it be?‎ Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what_really_matters_in_your_life.‎ Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.‎ They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.‎ ‎24．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．Your life style. B．Your life value.‎ C．Your trouble in life. D．Your life experience.‎ 解析：选B　本题可利用下文线索猜测句意。根据下文第三、四段的内容，尤其是“to improve the world”及“to make a difference in the lives of others”可知，画线部分指的应是帮助他人、改善世界的人生价值。故B项正确。‎