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2013届高考英语二轮专题复习_语法 介词连词
核心考点突破 考点 1 介词的分类与语法功能 1.介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句 等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如 at,in,for 等;合成介词,如 within,inside,onto,throughout 等;短语介词,如 according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of 等 ; 双 重 介 词 , 如 from behind/above/under,until after 等 ; 分 词 介 词 , 如 considering,including,judging(from/by)等。 2.介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如: This machine is in good condition.(表语) Where is the key to my bike?(定语) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语) She always thinks herself above others.(宾补) 考点 2 介词搭配 1.“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 (1)rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow 表示“夺去、除去”的动词与 of 连用。 (2)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine 表示“供给”的动词与 with 连用。 (3)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat 表示“制作、制造”与 of,from,into 连用。 (4)介词+the+部位与动词的关系=动词+sb.’s+部位 strike him on the head 表示“击,拍,碰,摸”与 on 连用。 catch him by the arm 表示“抓,拉,拿,扯”与 by 连用。 hit the boy in the face 表示“肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与 in 连用。 (5)say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper 与“对象”连用必须用 to)不可说 suggest sb.sth.。 同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。如: look for“寻找”/to“眺望”/at“看”,agree with sb./on sth./to sth. “同意……”,call for“需要”/on“拜 访”/in“请”,hear of“听说”/from“收到信” 同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。如: reply to the letter“回信”,sing (dance) to the music“和……唱(跳)”,amount to “达到,加起来有……”, devote to“把……贡献给”,drink to“为……干杯”,object to“反对”,look forward to “渴望”,come to“苏 醒”,belong to“属于”,search for“搜……”,ask...for...“寻找”,use...for“用作”,leave for“前往”,take...for“误 以为”,call of“倡导”,wait for“等待”,care for“喜欢”,make up for“弥补损失”,turn to“求助(救)于”, help oneself to“随意”,agree to“同意”,compare...to“把……比作”,send for“派人去请(拿)……”,sail for“驶 向,航向”,set out for“动身去”,go in for“爱好……”。 2.常见“形容词+介词”搭配。 afraid for “替……而担心”,afraid of“担心……”, 对某事生气”, different from“与……不同”,different to...“不关心……”,anxious for sth.“渴望……”,anxious about sth./sb. “担心……”,tired of“讨厌”,tired from/with“因……疲倦”,strict with sb. “对某人严格”,strict in sth.“对 某事要求严格”,good at“擅长”,good for“对……有益”,popular with sb.“受……欢迎”,popular in some place“流行”,popular for...“因……而流行”,helpful to“对……有帮助”,be familiar with“熟悉”,be familiar to“为……熟知(悉)”,sorry for...“替……后悔”,disappointed at sth.“对……失望”,absent from“缺席”,rich in“富有……”,worthy of“值得的”,glad about sth.for sb.“为某人某事高兴”,far from“离……远”,grateful for sth.to sb.“为某事感激某人”,free from“没有……(免除……)”,proud of(take pride in)“自豪”,satisfied with (by)“满意”,sure of/about“确信”,fond of“喜欢”,fit for“适合”,busy with sth.(in doing sth.)“忙着干 某事”,full of“充满”,ready for“准备”,similar to“相似”,wrong with“不对;有毛病……” 这些搭配还有很多,而且都是固定的,要熟练掌握,达到自然而然就能运用。 3.“名词+介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。如: the absence of water“缺水”,the hope of success“成功的希望”,have a chance of(for)entering college“上 大学的机会”,take pride in them“为他们感到骄傲”,the key to the question“问题的答案”,a medicine for cough“治咳嗽的药”,the ticket for tomorrow“明天的票”,his absence in Beijing“去了北京”,his absence from Beijing“不在北京 ” 考点 3 核心介词用法归纳与辨析 1.表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介 词 in,如:in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter in 和 during 表一段时间内两词可互用。如:in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但 略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用 during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用 in。如:during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel 2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用 on。 3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用 at,如小时、分钟等。 有些时间名词前有 one,each,any,every,some,all,next,last,that 修饰时,不接介词。如: that day,next Sunday some day,one day 4.till、until、to 的用法。 (1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如: He waited for me till twelve o’clock. He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用 to) 但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 。如: Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. (2)to 表“终结”时常和 from 连用,但要注意不与 from 连用时的意义。如: from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从……到……为止),但 from morning till night(从早到 晚),不能用 to。 5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词 (1)by the year/hour/day 按年/小时/天,但 to the pound 按磅算,to the ton 按吨计。 (2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity , by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope (3)交通工具类。另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……帮助下”。 (4)表方式、手段的其他用法。 He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器) One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官,但 by hand“手工,用手”) He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词) 注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用 in。如 in English(ink,pencil)。另外如: in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意) 6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。 (1)besides “除……以外,(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。如: It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired. (2)except“除去,除……之外(不再有)”。如: We all went except John. 在否定句中,两词可以换用,如: He has no other hats except/besides this one. (3)except for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或 what 从句,此时 与 except that+句子意思相同。如: He was very clever except for carelessness. (4)except that...“除了……一点以外”。如: He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. (5)but 和 except 在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:前面有不定人词、疑问代 词在意义上对称时,多用 but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语 为排除对象时,多用 but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有 do,后省 to);but 与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for... 如不是…… 7.介词的省略: 介词 for 表示时间的省略要求。 (1)以 all 开头的名词短语,for 要省略。如: I stayed with her all the morning. (2)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的 for 不能省略。如: I haven’t seen you for thirty years. (3)时间状语在主句之前,for 不能省略。如: For the whole morning,the old man kept reading. 8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。 (1)要求接 to 的名词有:key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road 等。 (2)要求接 in 的名词有:interest,satisfaction,expert 等。 He is expert in teaching small children. 介词的用法很繁杂,要在平时注意积累。 考点 4 并列连词 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。英语中常用的并列连词有:and(和),as well as(又,也), but(但是,而),both...and(两者都……),either...or(或者……或者),for(因为),hence(所以),however(不 管用什么方法,怎么样……都行),nevertheless(然而,但是),neither...nor(既不……也不,都不),nor(也 不),not only...but also(不但……而且),or(或,否则),so(这样,就), therefore(所以),yet(然而)等等。 这些连词在句中有些是表示并列或对称关系;有些是表示意思转折;还有些可以表示因果关系。 1.and 和 or (1)并列结构中,or 通常用于否定句,and 用于肯定句。如: She went to the library and I went to the park. She had a high fever and stayed in bed. We will die without air or water. (2)但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:如: There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用 or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用 and。 如: We can’t live without air and water. or 和 and 用在祈使句后,相当于一个条件状语从句,如: Hurry up,or you will miss the train. Use your head,and you’ll find a way. 2.下列连词连接两个主语时谓语动词采用就近原则。 not...but...意思为“不是……而是……”; either...or 意思为“或者……或者……”; neither...nor 既不……也不,都不; not only...but also 不但……而且。 注意:当 not only...but also 连接两个句子时,not only 置于句首时,第一个分句要倒装。如: Not only did she write more correctly,but(also)she wrote more quickly. 3.but,yet 和 while 表示转折或对比关系。如: He tried to do it but couldn’t. He is hardworking but not successful. It is very good,yet it can be better. but 表示转折,while 表示对比。 Some people love cats,while others hate them. 注意:but 用于否定词、疑问词之后,表示否定意义,相当于 that not,此时 but 作从属连词,引导 从句。如: No man is so old but he may learn.(=No man is so old that he may not learn/No man is too old to learn.) 4.for 与 because 及 because of 的区别: (1)for 表示因果关系,是对前面叙述情况的补充解释或原因推断。例如: It must be raining all night,for the ground is so wet. He may not have finished with the task,for he is such a slow man. for 是并列连词,连接的是并列分句,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个 分句中间。 (2)because 是从属连词,它引导的是原因状语从句,可放在句首,也可放在主句后,但是放在句首 时,because 引导的从句要用逗号与主句分开。如: I was late because there was a traffic jam. Because there was a traffic jam,I was late. 用 why 提问的句子通常用 because 回答,而不用 for 回答,如: —Why can’t you come? —Because I am not myself today. (3)because of 是短语介词,后面只能跟名词或者代词,不能跟从句。如: There were many traffic accidents today because of the heavy snow. 5.nor 和 neither,表示并列关系,用于否定句之后继续否定,并将其后的分句倒装。如: He can’t do it,nor can I,nor/neither can anybody else. 6.as well as,表示并列关系,如: The tailor will make the emperor’s clothes by night as well as by day. Her mother as well as she is going to the department store. 考点 5 从属连词 英语中常见的从属连词有 after,as,although,as soon as,as long as,as if,as...as,as though,before, because,even if,if,in order that,in case,now that,provided,since,so...that,so that,such...that, so...as,till,until,unless,when,while,whether 等等。从属连词主要是引导状语从句,名词性从句 等。 1.引导时间状语从句的连词主要有:when,while,as after,before,since,until,till,as soon as, once 等。 2.引导原因状语从句的连词通常有:because,as,since,now that 等。其中,because 语气最强, 表示理由充分,有必然的因果关系;since 次之,表示一种间接或附带的原因;as 更次之,并列连词 for 只起解释作用。 注意:as 比 because 语气弱,as 可译为“因为”,也可译为“由于”,as 引导的原因状语从句 一般置 于主句前,as 和 都不能和 so(所以)同时使用。如: As all of you are here,let’s begin our discussion. As he is not well today,let’s go without him. 3.引导条件状语从句的连词通常有:if,provided“如果”“假设”,unless“除非”“如果不”,相当于“if not”,in case “以防”“万一” as/so long as 意为“只要”等。 4.so...that 和 such...that 都引导结果状语从句,其中 so 修饰形容词或副词,而 such 修饰名词。 如: He is so helpful that we all like him. He is such a helpful fellow worker that we all like him. 如果名词前有表示数量的形容词 many,few,much,little 修饰,用 so 而不用 such。另外,二者都 可以用于下列结构,但是形式上要注意:so+adj.+a(n)+n.相当于 such+a(n)+adj.+n.。 5.so that 可以引导目的的状语从句,也可引导结果状语从句。表示目的时,是“为了、以便”的意 思。so that 常为 in order that 所代替,从句中通常有:may,will,can,should 这类情态动词。口语中 常省略 that,书面语中常省略 so。如: I went the lecture early so that I got a good seat. The teacher spoke through a microphone so that students in every classroom can hear him. The teacher spoke through a microphone so that students in every classroom can hear him. 6.though,although 的意思是“虽然”“尽管”,even if(though)的意思是“即 使”“纵然”。它们都可引 导一个让步状语从句 though,although 及 even if(though)不能和 but 连用,如: We’ll try to finish the work in time though there are some difficulties. Even if father were to object,we would not change our minds. 引导名词性从句的连词主要有 that,whether,if,wh-等。that 本身无词义, whether 和 if 都表示 “是否”。查看更多