专题03代词（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题03代词（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题03代词（专题）‎ ‎2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 ‎【2017年高考考纲解读】‎ 在句中用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。近3年来，高考重点考查不定代词，所考题量占所考代词总量的50%左右，其次是it的用法和替代词。试题的设计注重语境设置，要求考生将句子意思和句子结构联系起来选出正确的代词。因此，做题时要在熟练掌握各类代词基本用法的基础上，特别注意句意和句子结构的结合，只靠死背语法是很难奏效的。‎ ‎【重点知识梳理】‎ 一：both，all，either，each，every，neither，none的用法 ‎1．both，either，neither用于两者。both意为“两者都”；either意为“两者中的任何一个”；neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。如：‎ Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。‎ Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。‎ Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。‎ ‎2．all，none，each，every用于多者。all意为“全部都”，指可数的东西时为复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；none意为“全都不，任何一个都不”，指可数的东西时可为单数或复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；each和every意为“每一个”，为单数，两者都能作定语用，但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。‎ All of the students are there.‎ All (of) the milk is there.‎ Every student in our school works hard.‎ 我们学校的学生都很用功。‎ Each student may have an edictionary./Each of the students has an edictionary./The students each have an edictionary.‎ 每个学生都可有一本电子词典。‎ 二：some和any的用法 ‎1．表示“一些”时，some常用于肯定句；any常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。如：‎ If you have any questions, please ask me.‎ ‎2．在疑问句中可用some，表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。如：‎ Would you like some coffee?‎ ‎3．some可接单数名词表示“某一个”；any可接单数名词表示“任何一个”。如：‎ I remember having read this article in some magazine.‎ Here are three novels.You may read any.‎ 三：复合不定代词的用法 由some，any，no，every加上body，one，thing构成的不定代词，叫复合不定代词。‎ ‎1．some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句，意为“某人或某物，重要的人或事”。如：‎ Somebody is waiting outside.‎ I have something for you.‎ She thinks she's something since she won the prize.‎ 获奖之后，她觉得自己了不起了。‎ ‎2．any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中，意为“随便某个人或物，无论什么人或物，什么人或物都可以”。如：‎ Does anybody else want to go?‎ There isn't anything in the box.‎ If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!‎ 有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如：‎ Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.‎ You can take anything you like.‎ ‎3．no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。如：‎ I know nothing about it.‎ There is nobody here.‎ ‎4．every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物，每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。如：‎ Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.‎ She does everything to help her mother.‎ Her son is everything to her.‎ 对她来说儿子就是一切。‎ 四：the other，other，another，others，the others的区别 the other/‎ other the other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另外的……”。other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义 another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……(多少)”‎ others/‎ the others others只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others He is willing to help others/other people.‎ Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other students/The others have not.‎ Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball.‎ We need another five chairs/five more chairs.‎ 五：none，no one，nobody，nothing的区别 none 既可指人，也可指物；侧重数量，通常指三者或三者以上的人或物；后可接of短语；作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句 ‎—How much money do you have?‎ ‎—None.‎ no one/‎ nobody 只能指人；是泛指概念，常用来回答由who引导的疑问句；不与of短语连用；作主语时，谓语动词用单数 ‎—Who is in the room?‎ ‎—Nobody./No one.‎ nothing 只能指物，且表泛指概念；常用来回答由what引导的疑问句 ‎—What are you doing ‎ now?‎ ‎—Nothing.‎ 考点六：替代词的用法和区别 it 替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物 ‎—Have you found your pen?‎ ‎—No, I haven't found it.‎ one/ones one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词。其复数形式为ones I think this book is better than the one I read last time.‎ These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.‎ that/‎ those that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词，是同类替代，但并非同一个，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.‎ 考点七：it的用法 ‎1．it可用于无人称句，表示自然现象、季节、时间、距离、环境等。如：‎ It is getting warmer and warmer.‎ It was already ten o'clock when he arrived home.‎ It's ten minutes' walk from here to our school.‎ It's very quiet at the moment.‎ ‎2．it可代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。如：‎ It's important for us to learn a second language.‎ We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.‎ ‎3．熟记下列有关it的固定句型 make it；get it；keep it up；see to it that；put it ‎【题型示例】‎ 题型一、 单句改错 ‎1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time.Instead，he hopes that our business will grow steadily.‎ ‎2．(2016·新课标Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.‎ ‎【解析】your→our　句意：如果我们出国旅游，我们就能拓宽视野并学到书本上学不到的知识。此处应该使用our与本句的主语we在人称上保持一致。‎ ‎3．(2016·新课标Ⅱ)It does not cost many，yet we can still learn a lot.‎ ‎【解析】many→much　句意：那样花费不多，而我们仍然可以学到很多。此处代词much指代不可数名词much money，作为动词cost的宾语，而many通常指代可数名词复数。‎ ‎4．(2016·新课标Ⅲ)I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.However，my parents didn't seem to think such.‎ ‎【解析】such→so　句意：然而，我的父母看起来不那样认为。so作指示代词时，可以代替前面的could make decisions by myself， such不能指代前面的内容。‎ ‎5．(2016·新课标Ⅲ)At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.‎ ‎6．(2016·新课标Ⅲ)At last，I will be on my own，but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.‎ ‎【解析】need前加I　句意：……但我还是想无论什么时候我需要帮助，都有父母可以让我求助。此处是让步状语从句，句子缺少主语，由前面的语境可知主语用I。‎ ‎7．(2016·四川)When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.‎ ‎【解析】her→his　句意：当他回来时，我发现他手里有一束花。根据句意可知应用his。‎ ‎8． (2015·新课标Ⅰ)We must find ways to protect your environment.‎ ‎【解析】your→our　句意：我们必须要找到保护环境的方法。根据句子结构及上文的意思可知，这里指保护“我们”的环境，与we相对应；此处应用our。‎ ‎9．(2015·陕西)I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.‎ ‎【解析】anything→something　句意：我想在他退休聚会上为他做些特别的事情。肯定句中用something。‎ ‎10．(2015·浙江)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.‎ ‎【解析】them→it　句意：靠近学校的是一个绿树成荫的公园。‎ 由于此处指公园里有许多树，应用it指代前面的公园。‎ 题型二 单句填空 ‎1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ， 68)On my recent visit，I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by ________(it)mother.‎ ‎【解析】its　句意：在我最近的一次参观中，可爱的三个月大的双胞胎中的一只被它的妈妈遗弃了。由后面的mother可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词its表示所属关系。‎ ‎2．(2016·四川，68)By that time，the panda no longer needed ________(it)mother for food.‎ ‎【解析】its　句意：到那时，这只熊猫不再需要从它的母亲那里获取食物。此处用形容词性物主代词its修饰mother。‎ ‎3．(2016·浙江，3)In many ways，the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK.‎ ‎【解析】that　句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不一样。这里指代前面的名词education system，所以用that。‎ ‎4．(2015·新课标Ⅰ， 63)A few hours before，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with ________(it)choking smog.‎ ‎【解析】its　句意：几小时之前，我待在香港的家，那儿的雾令人窒息。根据句子意思可知，此处的smog为香港的smog，所以需要一个形容词性物主代词修饰。‎ ‎5．(2015·四川，10)Niki is always full of ideas，but ________ is useful to my knowledge.‎ ‎6．(2015·重庆，2)The meeting will be held in September，but ________ knows the date for sure.‎ ‎【解析】nobody　句意：会议将在九月举行，但是没有人知道确切的日期。根据句中的转折词but可知，后面的句子应为否定含义，所以用nobody。‎ ‎7．(2014·辽宁，65)Raise your leg and let ________ stay in the air for seconds.‎ ‎【解析】it　句意：抬起腿，让它在空中待一会儿。let的宾语指的是前面的your leg，故填it。‎ ‎8．(2014·广西，25)—Who's that at the door?‎ ‎—________ is the milkman.‎ ‎【解析】It　句意：——门口的那个人是谁？——送牛奶的。指代身份、性别等不明确的人时用代词it。‎ ‎9．(2014·浙江，3)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year，making ________ the driest year since California became a state in 1850.‎ ‎【解析】it　句意：去年的平均降雨量是18.75厘米，这是加利福尼亚自1850年成立以来最干旱的一年。所填词指代last year，作making的宾语，故用it。‎ ‎10．(2014·陕西，21)I'd appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.‎ ‎【解析】it　句意：如果您能提前通知我来或者不来的话，我将会很感激。动词appreciate接if从句时，后面须用it作形式宾语，指代后面的if从句。‎ 题型三 语法填空 ‎1.(2015·福建，21)The research group produced two reports based on the survey，but ________ contained any useful suggestions.‎ ‎【解析】　neither　句意：研究组依据调查得出两份报告，但是这两份报告都没有任何有用的建议。由表示转折关系的but可知，后面表示否定意义；再分析句子意思可知，空白对应前面的two reports，那么其否定代词为neither。‎ ‎2. (2014·新课标Ⅱ，49)A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear！It's ________(I)．”‎