高中英语Women of achievement-Learning about Language同步学案

高中英语Women of achievement-Learning about Language同步学案

Period Two　Learning about Language 主谓一致 在英语中，句子的谓语动词要与主语在人称和数上保持一致，即主谓一致。一般来说，主谓一致要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近原则。‎ 一、语法一致原则 即在语法形式上保持一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的形式决定。‎ ‎1．单数名词、不可数名词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ To start smoking is quite easy，but to give it up needs courage.开始吸烟很容易，但是戒烟却需要勇气。‎ Reading‎ aloud is very important in learning English.‎ 学习英语时大声朗读非常重要。‎ Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.‎ 我们是否去取决于天气。‎ 注意　在what引导的主语从句中，如果表语是复数时，谓谓动词用复数形式。‎ What we need are good teachers.‎ 我们需要的是好老师。‎ What I bought were three English books.‎ 我买的是三本英语书。‎ ‎2．复数名词，用and或both...and连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ Swimming and walking are good exercise.‎ 游泳和散步都是有益的活动。‎ Both his mother and his father have gone there.‎ 他父母二人都去那了。‎ 注意　(1)由and连接的两个词指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语用单数。‎ The bread and butter is served for breakfast.‎ 早餐供应黄油面包。‎ The professor and poet is going to give us a talk.‎ 那位教授兼诗人要给我们作个报告。‎ ‎(2)凡是由each...and each...，every...and every...，no...and no...，many a．..and many a．..连接名词作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company.‎ 在我们公司每个人都有机会得到提拔。‎ Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。‎ Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.‎ 许许多多的男孩和女孩都已看到它了。‎ ‎(3)复数主语与each连用时，不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。‎ The old workers and the young each have their own tools.‎ 每一位年老的和年轻的工人都有自己的工具。‎ ‎3．主语＋介词(短语)：with，except，as well as，no less than，rather than，more than，over，besides，together with，like，including，in addition to等连接的是名词时，谓语以介词(短语)前的主语为准，不受介词后的名词的影响。‎ My mother，as well as my father，has a key to the office.‎ 不仅我的父亲，我母亲也有办公室的钥匙。‎ The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.‎ 这个人和他的妻子、孩子坐在那儿看电视。‎ ‎4．不定代词either，each，one，another，anyone，anybody，no one，nobody，someone，somebody，anything，nothing，something，everything，everyone，everybody，neither等作主语时，谓语用单数；none作主语时，谓语单、复数均可。‎ Neither likes the friends of the other.‎ 两个人都不喜欢对方的朋友们。‎ Nothing in the world moves faster than light.‎ 世界上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。‎ Either of the shirts fits me very well.‎ 这两件衬衣我穿都非常合身。‎ None of the students has/have passed the exam.‎ 没有学生能通过这次考试。‎ ‎5．当“a pair of/a form of/a type of/a kind of/one of/a portion of/a series of/a species of/a chain of＋名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。但如果这些表示量的名词变为复数时，谓语动词也要用复数。‎ This pair of trousers fits you.‎ 这条裤子适合你。‎ This kind of apple tastes delicious.‎ 这种苹果吃起来很可口。‎ A series of prerecorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.‎ 一系列预先录制的磁带已经准备好了供语言实验室使用。‎ ‎6．“plenty of/half of/a lot of/lots of/heaps of/loads of/all of/most of/some of/the rest of/percent of/two thirds of＋名词”，“the majority of＋名词”，“none of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数视名词的单复数形式而定。‎ The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.‎ 大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。‎ Half of the buildings have been painted completely.‎ 这些楼有一半已完全粉刷。‎ Don’t worry！There is plenty of time.‎ 不要担心！时间很充裕。‎ There are plenty of eggs in the box.‎ 箱子中有足够的鸡蛋。‎ ‎7．many a/an＋名词或more than one＋名词作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ More than one student has passed the examination.‎ 不止一个学生通过了考试。‎ Many a child learns to swim before he can read.‎ 许多孩子在会读书之前就学游泳了。‎ ‎8．由“quantities of或amounts of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；而由“a quantity of或an amount of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词要根据名词的单复数形式而定。‎ Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.‎ 这座城市需要大量的牛奶。‎ Large quantities of food were wasted.‎ 大量的食物被浪费掉了。‎ ‎9．在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。‎ People who study the earthquake think that there will be another big one soon.‎ 研究地震的人认为不久还会有一次大的地震。‎ The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.‎ 拴在树上的那匹马是约翰的。‎ 注意　在“one of＋复数名词＋who/which/that引导的定语从句”中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，谓语动词常用复数；若one前有the(only/very/right)修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。‎ She is one of the engineers who are experts in German.‎ 她是精通德语的工程师中的一个。‎ He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.‎ 他是这些孩子中惟一得奖的一个。‎ 二、意义一致原则 即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的意义而不是形式所决定。‎ ‎1．有些集合名词，如crowd，family，team，orchestra(管弦乐队)，group，government，committee，class，school，union，firm，staff，public等作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其包含的意义而定。如果把它们作为一个集体单位时，谓语动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语动词用复数形式。‎ The crowd are gone.群众都散了。‎ His family are very well.他的家人非常健康。‎ ‎2．有的名词如police，cattle，people，clothes，trousers等没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语只能用复数；而有的名词则是单、复数形式相同，如sheep，aircraft，means等，作主语时，就必须根据意思来确定其谓语的单、复数形式。‎ Shortly after the accident，the police were sent to keep order.‎ 事故发生不久，警察就被派去维持秩序。‎ Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.‎ 允许牲畜在这个地区吃草。‎ One day this white sheep was lost.‎ 有一天，这只白绵羊丢了。‎ ‎3．当maths(mathematics)，politics，physics等学科名词作主语时，谓语用单数；但前有物主代词修饰，指某人的某方面知识时，谓语用复数。‎ Politics is a complicated subject.‎ 政治是一门复杂的学科。‎ His politics are very radical.‎ 他的政治观点很激进。‎ ‎4．用作书名、剧名、报名、国名、地区名称的复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.‎ ‎《天方夜谭》是一本很有趣的书。‎ The United States is a developed country.‎ 美国是一个发达国家。‎ ‎5．the＋形容词作主语时，如表示的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ The blind are taught trades in special schools.‎ 盲人在专门学校中学习手艺。‎ The sick is one of the students in our class.‎ 那位病人是我们班的一个学生。‎ ‎6．表示时间、距离、价格等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。‎ Ten years isn’t a long time.10年并不长。‎ Five thousand kilometres is a long distance.‎ ‎5 000公里是一段很长的距离。‎ 三、就近原则 即谓语动词的数由离它最近的主语而定。‎ ‎1．由连词or，neither...nor，either...or，not only...(but) also，nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按就近原则，与靠近它的主语一致。‎ He or you have taken my pen.‎ 要么是他，要么是你拿走了我的钢笔。‎ Either you or he is not telling the truth.‎ 要么是你，要么是他没有说实话。‎ Not only he but also his brothers have been to the USA.‎ 不但是他而且还有他的哥哥们已经去过美国了。‎ ‎2．在there be结构与here引起的倒装句中，如果主语不止一个，谓语动词的单复数形式一般与最临近的一个主语保持一致。‎ There is a desk and four benches in the office.‎ 办公室中有一张桌子和四张长凳。‎ There are two chairs and a desk in the office.‎ 办公室中有两把椅子和一张桌子。‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．Communication between people who speak different languages is difficult.‎ ‎2．The scientist has been making an exact observation of that star.‎ ‎3．They are striking(罢工)for better working conditions.‎ ‎4．How do you account for your behaviour(行为)on that night?‎ ‎5．I found the afternoon’s entertainment(娱乐表演)rather silly and would have preferred to do something more interesting.‎ ‎6．We all respect him for his honesty.‎ ‎7．She has achieved everything she wanted.‎ ‎8．The reason for their strike was their poor living conditions(条件)．‎ ‎9．He knew what he was doing but it was worthwhile(值得的)．‎ ‎10．It is usual for people to argue about the price of a new car.‎ Ⅱ.从括号中选出适当的动词填空(有必要时可选两个)‎ ‎1．Where is (is，are) that five dollars I lent you?‎ ‎2．The number of the students in that school has (has，have) greatly increased in recent years.‎ ‎3．A number of students in our class have (has，have) seen the film.‎ ‎4．No news is (is，are) good news.‎ ‎5．Ten weeks has (has，have) passed since the new term began.‎ ‎6．Five and eight is/are (is，are) thirteen.‎ ‎7．Few of his family really understand (understands，understand) him.‎ ‎8．Many a student enjoys (enjoys，enjoy) pop music.‎ ‎9．Every man and woman was (was，were) invited to the party.‎ ‎10．The rest of the lecture was (was，were) not interesting.‎ ‎11．After the exam there is (is，are) a lot of time for us to relax.‎ ‎12．Here come (comes，come) three naughty boys from next door.‎ ‎13．None of this milk is (is，are) sour(酸的)．‎ Ⅲ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1．A library with five thousand books has_been_offered (offer)to the nation as a gift.‎ ‎2．Statistics is (be) his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he won’t pass the test.‎ ‎3．What we need are (be) good textbooks.‎ ‎4．The Olympic Games are (be) held every four years.‎ ‎5．Outside the school stand (stand) crowds of students，too anxious to know the results of the exam.‎ ‎6．No bird and no beast is_seen (see) on the lonely island.‎ ‎7．The New York Times was (be) first published in the early 1860s.‎ ‎8．Many people say 1,000 dollars is (be) a lot of money.‎ ‎9．I，who am (be) your teacher，will try my best to help you with your study.‎ ‎10．The public is (be) the best judge because the public always express (express) their thoughts correctly.‎ ‎11．Zhang Hua together with Wu Ming has_gone (go) shopping already.‎ ‎12．None of the books are/is (be) easy enough for us.‎ ‎13．Ten dollars was (be) what he wanted most at that moment.‎ ‎14．Canada is the only one of the countries that has (have) good supply of fresh water.‎ ‎15．The rich are (be) not always happy.‎ Ⅳ.翻译句子 ‎1．每个老师和学生都发了一张票。‎ Each_teacher_and_each_student_was_given_a_ticket.‎ ‎2．除了他的支持者外，没有人同意他的意见。‎ No_one_except_his_supporters_agrees_with_him.‎ ‎3．地球表面的四分之三是水。‎ Threefourths_of_the_earth’s_surface_is_water.‎ ‎4．那位农民作家正在会议室里演讲。‎ The_peasant_and_writer_is_making_a_speech_in_the_meeting_room.‎ ‎5．如何解决这个问题要在会上讨论。‎ How_to_solve_the_problem_is_to_be_discussed_at_the_meeting.‎ ‎6．两个小时对我们来说足够了。‎ Two_hours_is_enough_for_us.‎ Ⅴ.单项填空　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎1．Nobody but Jane ________ the secret.‎ A．know B．knows C．have known D．is known 答案　B ‎2．All but one ________ here just now.‎ A．is B．was C．has been D．were 答案　D ‎3．Not only I but also Jane and Mary ________ tired of having one examination after another.‎ A．is B．are C．am D．be 答案　B ‎4．When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.‎ A．is not decided B．are not decided C．has not decided D．have not decided 答案　A ‎5．The number of people invited ________ fifty，but a number of them ________ absent for different reasons.‎ A．were；was B．was；was C．was；were D．were；were 答案　C ‎6．________ of the land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.‎ A．Two fifth；is B．Two fifth；are C．Two fifths；is D．Two fifths；are 答案　C ‎7．This is one of the most interesting questions that ________ asked.‎ A．have B．has C．have been D．has been 答案　C ‎8．Between the two rows of trees ________ the teaching building.‎ A．stand B．stands C．standing D．are 答案　B ‎9．All that can be done ________.‎ A．has been done B．has done C．have done D．were done 答案　A ‎10．Each of you ________ responsible for the accident.‎ A．are B．is C．am D．be 答案　B ‎11．________ to finish quickly.‎ A．No every student wants B．No every student want C．Not every student wants D．Not every student want 答案　C ‎12．You and I ________ of the same age.‎ A．am B．are C．be D．is 答案　B ‎13．The manager or his assistant ________ planning to go.‎ A．was B．were C．be D．will 答案　A ‎14．Either your teacher or you ________ mistaken.‎ A．are B．is C．has D．be 答案　A ‎15．Not only I but also Tom and Mary ________ fond of watching TV.‎ A．am B．is C．are D．be 答案　C ‎16．That country ________ good wine.‎ A．is famous for their B．are famous for their C．have been famous for its D．is famous for its 答案　D ‎17．Every means ________ been tried since then.‎ A．has B．have C．are D．is 答案　A ‎18．The number of articles published on cancer ________ amazing.‎ A．are B．is C．have been D．be 答案　B ‎19．The office staff ________ gathering to hear the president speak.‎ A．is B．are C．be D．will 答案　B Ⅵ.阅读理解 Does the Yangtze River still have baiji(白鳍豚)，the graceful(优雅的)，grey dolphin with tiny eyes and a long narrow beak?‎ Since November 6，a team of scientists from China，Switzerland，the United Kingdom，the United States，Germany and Japan have been searching for any sign of the freshwater dolphin on the middle and lower sections of the river.After six weeks，they came back emptyhanded.‎ Wang Ding，of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，who is the head of the team，said he had seen a sharp decline in the baiji population over the past few decades.However，he is still unwilling to call the species(物种) extinct，and adds，“We will try every effort to save them as long as they are not found to be extinct.”‎ The baiji is shy and nearly blind(瞎的) and is one of the world’s oldest dolphin species.It dates back to some 20 million years ago and is found only in the Yangtze.It’s listed as one of the 12 most endangered animal species in the world.‎ Around 400 baiji were believed to be living in the Yangtze until the 1980s.A 1997 survey spotted 13.Two years later their numbers were down to two.‎ The rapid disappearance of this dolphin over，the past two decades coincided with the rapid expansion of economic development along the river.Research on some dead baiji collected in recent years showed that more than 90 percent of the deaths were caused by human activities.‎ One reason is that overfishing has cut the dolphin’s food sources.Dams built along the river and neighbouring waterways have also kept them from swimming into and out of their habitats(居住地)．Meanwhile，waste discharge(排放) has seriously polluted the river.And heavy river traffic has greatly reduced their living space.‎ The disappearance of the baiji would be the first instance of a large aquatic(水生的) mammal(哺乳动物) being driven to extinction since hunting killed off the monk seal(僧海豹) ‎ around 1952.‎ ‎1．The team of scientists didn’t find any sign of baiji because ________.‎ A．they didn’t have the right equipment B．they had searched the wrong places C．there may no longer be baiji in the river D．they hadn’t searched long enough and were impatient 答案　C 解析　本题考查推理判断。第一段对长江中是否存在白鳍豚提出了质疑，第三段提到几十年来白鳍豚的数量急剧下降，再结合第五段的内容可判断此项正确。‎ ‎2．Wang Ding is still unwilling to call the species extinct because ________.‎ A．there isn’t enough evidence to prove baiji are extinct B．he is a Chinese expert and doesn’t want to accept the fact C．he doesn’t want foreign scientists to laugh at him D．it is certain that baiji are not extinct 答案　A 解析　本题考查细节理解。根据第三段末他所说的那句话可判断此项正确。文章中没有提到白鳍豚仍然存在或已经彻底灭绝的证据，因此B、D两项不正确。‎ ‎3．What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A．Baiji mostly live in the Yangtze River.‎ B．Catching so many fish results in the reduction of baiji’s food sources.‎ C．Heavy river traffic prevents baiji swimming into and out of their babitats.‎ D．It is pollution that has caused the extinction of baiji species.‎ 答案　B 解析　本题考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段第一句可推断此项正确。根据第四段第二句的后半句可排除A项；C项中的heavy river traffic要改为dams；是人类活动，而不是污染，导致了白鳍豚的数量下降，因此D项错误。‎ ‎4．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?‎ A．Scientists searched the Yangtze River，trying to find and save baiji.‎ B．It is really hard to find baiji in the river now.‎ C．The rapid disappearance of baiji is largely due to human activities.‎ D．Baiji would be the first large aquatic mammal driven to extinction by man.‎ 答案　D 解析　本题考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段的最后可知之前已有僧海豹因人类捕杀而灭绝，白鳍豚是在重蹈覆辙，所以此项不正确。‎ Ⅶ.阅读填空 ‎__1__You probably think you will never be a top student.This is not necessarily so, however.Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to.Here’s how：‎ Plan your time carefully.When planning your work, you should make a list of things that you have to do.After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time.First your time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc.Then decide a good, regular time for studying.__2__A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you to realize what is happening to your time.‎ Find a good place to study.Look around the house for a good study area.Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials.No games，radio，or television.When you sit down to study，concentrate on the subject.‎ Make good use of your time in class.__3__Listening carefully in class means less work later.Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says.‎ Study regularly.When you get home from school, go over your notes, review the important points that your teacher is going to discuss the next day，and read that material.__4__If you do these things regularly, the material will become more meaningful，and you’ll remember it longer.‎ Develop a good attitude towards tests.The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject.They help you remember your new knowledge.The world won’t end if you don’t ‎ pass a test, so don’t be over worried.‎ ‎__5__You will probably discover many others after you have tried these.‎ A．There are other methods that might help you with your studying.‎ B．Don’t forget to set aside enough time for entertainment.‎ C．Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teacher says.‎ D．No one can become a top student unless he or she works hard.‎ E．Maybe you are an average student.‎ F．Make full use of class time to take notes of what the teacher says in class.‎ G．This will help you understand the next class.‎ 答案　1.E　2.B　3.C　4.G　5.A